Sources of Ethnic Inequality in Vietnam:
March 2000 - To redress ethnic inequality in Vietnam, it is not enough to target poor areas. Policies must be designed to reach minority households in poor areas, to open up options by ensuring that minority groups are not disadvantaged (in labor markets, for example), to change the conditions that...
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| Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington, D.C
The World Bank
1999
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | BSB01 EUV01 HTW01 FHI01 IOS01 URL des Erstveröffentlichers |
| Zusammenfassung: | March 2000 - To redress ethnic inequality in Vietnam, it is not enough to target poor areas. Policies must be designed to reach minority households in poor areas, to open up options by ensuring that minority groups are not disadvantaged (in labor markets, for example), to change the conditions that have caused their isolation and social exclusion, and to explicitly recognize behavior patterns (including compensating behavior) that have served the minorities well but intensify ethnic inequalities in the longer term. Vietnam's ethnic minorities, who tend to live mostly in remote rural areas, typically have lower living standards than the ethnic majority. How much is this because of differences in economic characteristics (such as education levels and land) rather than low returns to characteristics? Is there a self-reinforcing culture of poverty in the minority groups, reflecting patterns of past discrimination? Van de Walle and Gunewardena find that differences in levels of living are due in part to the fact that the minorities live in less productive areas characterized by difficult terrain, poor infrastructure, less access to off-farm work and the market economy, and inferior access to education. Geographic disparities tend to persist because of immobility and regional differences in living standards. But the authors also find large differences within geographical areas even after controlling for household characteristics. They find differences in returns to productive characteristics to be the most important explanation for ethnic inequality. But the minorities do not obtain lower returns to all characteristics. There is evidence of compensating behavior. For example, pure returns to location - even in remote, inhospitable areas - tend to be higher for minorities, though not high enough to overcome the large consumption difference with the majority. The majority ethnic group's model of income generation is a poor guide on how to fight poverty among ethnic minority groups. Nor is it enough to target poor areas to redress ethnic inequality. Policies must be designed to reach minority households in poor areas and to explicitly recognize behavior patterns (including compensating behavior) that have served the minorities well in the short term but intensify ethnic inequalities in the longer term. It will be important to open up options for minority groups both by ensuring that they are not disadvantaged (in labor markets, for example), and by changing the conditions that have caused their isolation and social exclusion. |
| Beschreibung: | 1 Online-Ressource (38 Seiten)) |
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| 520 | 3 | |a March 2000 - To redress ethnic inequality in Vietnam, it is not enough to target poor areas. Policies must be designed to reach minority households in poor areas, to open up options by ensuring that minority groups are not disadvantaged (in labor markets, for example), to change the conditions that have caused their isolation and social exclusion, and to explicitly recognize behavior patterns (including compensating behavior) that have served the minorities well but intensify ethnic inequalities in the longer term. Vietnam's ethnic minorities, who tend to live mostly in remote rural areas, typically have lower living standards than the ethnic majority. | |
| 520 | 3 | |a How much is this because of differences in economic characteristics (such as education levels and land) rather than low returns to characteristics? Is there a self-reinforcing culture of poverty in the minority groups, reflecting patterns of past discrimination? Van de Walle and Gunewardena find that differences in levels of living are due in part to the fact that the minorities live in less productive areas characterized by difficult terrain, poor infrastructure, less access to off-farm work and the market economy, and inferior access to education. Geographic disparities tend to persist because of immobility and regional differences in living standards. But the authors also find large differences within geographical areas even after controlling for household characteristics. They find differences in returns to productive characteristics to be the most important explanation for ethnic inequality. But the minorities do not obtain lower returns to all characteristics. | |
| 520 | 3 | |a There is evidence of compensating behavior. For example, pure returns to location - even in remote, inhospitable areas - tend to be higher for minorities, though not high enough to overcome the large consumption difference with the majority. The majority ethnic group's model of income generation is a poor guide on how to fight poverty among ethnic minority groups. Nor is it enough to target poor areas to redress ethnic inequality. Policies must be designed to reach minority households in poor areas and to explicitly recognize behavior patterns (including compensating behavior) that have served the minorities well in the short term but intensify ethnic inequalities in the longer term. It will be important to open up options for minority groups both by ensuring that they are not disadvantaged (in labor markets, for example), and by changing the conditions that have caused their isolation and social exclusion. | |
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| spelling | Walle, devan Dominique Verfasser aut Sources of Ethnic Inequality in Vietnam Walle, devan Dominique Washington, D.C The World Bank 1999 1 Online-Ressource (38 Seiten)) txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier March 2000 - To redress ethnic inequality in Vietnam, it is not enough to target poor areas. Policies must be designed to reach minority households in poor areas, to open up options by ensuring that minority groups are not disadvantaged (in labor markets, for example), to change the conditions that have caused their isolation and social exclusion, and to explicitly recognize behavior patterns (including compensating behavior) that have served the minorities well but intensify ethnic inequalities in the longer term. Vietnam's ethnic minorities, who tend to live mostly in remote rural areas, typically have lower living standards than the ethnic majority. How much is this because of differences in economic characteristics (such as education levels and land) rather than low returns to characteristics? Is there a self-reinforcing culture of poverty in the minority groups, reflecting patterns of past discrimination? Van de Walle and Gunewardena find that differences in levels of living are due in part to the fact that the minorities live in less productive areas characterized by difficult terrain, poor infrastructure, less access to off-farm work and the market economy, and inferior access to education. Geographic disparities tend to persist because of immobility and regional differences in living standards. But the authors also find large differences within geographical areas even after controlling for household characteristics. They find differences in returns to productive characteristics to be the most important explanation for ethnic inequality. But the minorities do not obtain lower returns to all characteristics. There is evidence of compensating behavior. For example, pure returns to location - even in remote, inhospitable areas - tend to be higher for minorities, though not high enough to overcome the large consumption difference with the majority. The majority ethnic group's model of income generation is a poor guide on how to fight poverty among ethnic minority groups. Nor is it enough to target poor areas to redress ethnic inequality. Policies must be designed to reach minority households in poor areas and to explicitly recognize behavior patterns (including compensating behavior) that have served the minorities well in the short term but intensify ethnic inequalities in the longer term. It will be important to open up options for minority groups both by ensuring that they are not disadvantaged (in labor markets, for example), and by changing the conditions that have caused their isolation and social exclusion. Online-Ausg Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems Agriculture Basic Infrastructure Cash Crops Communities & Human Settlements Debt Markets Development Policies Disability Discrimination Ethnic Groups Finance and Financial Sector Development Financial Literacy Health Care Health, Nutrition and Population Housing and Human Habitats Ill-Health Income Inequality Indigenous Practices Knowledge Land Tenure Large Population Living Standards Minority Policies Policy Population Policies Poverty Poverty Reduction Public Services Rural Areas Rural Development Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems Rural Poverty Reduction Social Protections and Labor Urban Development Urban Housing Gunewardena, Dileni Sonstige oth Walle, devanDominique Sonstige oth Walle, devan Dominique Sources of Ethnic Inequality in Vietnam http://elibrary.worldbank.org/content/workingpaper/10.1596/1813-9450-2297 Verlag URL des Erstveröffentlichers Volltext |
| spellingShingle | Walle, devan Dominique Sources of Ethnic Inequality in Vietnam Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems Agriculture Basic Infrastructure Cash Crops Communities & Human Settlements Debt Markets Development Policies Disability Discrimination Ethnic Groups Finance and Financial Sector Development Financial Literacy Health Care Health, Nutrition and Population Housing and Human Habitats Ill-Health Income Inequality Indigenous Practices Knowledge Land Tenure Large Population Living Standards Minority Policies Policy Population Policies Poverty Poverty Reduction Public Services Rural Areas Rural Development Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems Rural Poverty Reduction Social Protections and Labor Urban Development Urban Housing |
| title | Sources of Ethnic Inequality in Vietnam |
| title_auth | Sources of Ethnic Inequality in Vietnam |
| title_exact_search | Sources of Ethnic Inequality in Vietnam |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Sources of Ethnic Inequality in Vietnam |
| title_full | Sources of Ethnic Inequality in Vietnam Walle, devan Dominique |
| title_fullStr | Sources of Ethnic Inequality in Vietnam Walle, devan Dominique |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sources of Ethnic Inequality in Vietnam Walle, devan Dominique |
| title_short | Sources of Ethnic Inequality in Vietnam |
| title_sort | sources of ethnic inequality in vietnam |
| topic | Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems Agriculture Basic Infrastructure Cash Crops Communities & Human Settlements Debt Markets Development Policies Disability Discrimination Ethnic Groups Finance and Financial Sector Development Financial Literacy Health Care Health, Nutrition and Population Housing and Human Habitats Ill-Health Income Inequality Indigenous Practices Knowledge Land Tenure Large Population Living Standards Minority Policies Policy Population Policies Poverty Poverty Reduction Public Services Rural Areas Rural Development Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems Rural Poverty Reduction Social Protections and Labor Urban Development Urban Housing |
| topic_facet | Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems Agriculture Basic Infrastructure Cash Crops Communities & Human Settlements Debt Markets Development Policies Disability Discrimination Ethnic Groups Finance and Financial Sector Development Financial Literacy Health Care Health, Nutrition and Population Housing and Human Habitats Ill-Health Income Inequality Indigenous Practices Knowledge Land Tenure Large Population Living Standards Minority Policies Policy Population Policies Poverty Poverty Reduction Public Services Rural Areas Rural Development Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems Rural Poverty Reduction Social Protections and Labor Urban Development Urban Housing |
| url | http://elibrary.worldbank.org/content/workingpaper/10.1596/1813-9450-2297 |
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