Russia in Africa: resurgent great power or bellicose pretender?
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New York, N.Y.
Oxford University Press
[2023]
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| Beschreibung: | 445 Seiten 23 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780197744598 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Introduction: Setting the Stage 1 1. The Tumultuous 1990s: A Lost Decade for Russian Geopolitical Influence in Africa 25 2. The Dawn of Russia’s Resurgence in Africa: 2000—08 53 3. The Medvedev Interregnum: The Consolidation of Russia’s Ambitions in Africa 77 4. Russia’s Anti-Western Tilt in Africa 105 5. Russia Rebuilds Its Influence in North Africa 135 6. Russia Becomes a Continent-Wide Great Power 163 7. Russia’s New Power Projection Tactics in Africa 199 8. Russia’s Africa Policy in the Age of COVID -19 235 9. New Frontiers of Russian Security Policy in Africa 255 10. The Ukraine War and Russia’s Africa Strategy 293 Postscript: A Look Ahead 321 Notes 329 Index 419 v
INDEX Note: Page numbers followed by ‘π’ refer to notes. Abacha regime, 45 Abacha, Sani, 41 Abdelaziz, Mohammed, 152—3 Abdel-Khalek, Osama, 301 Abdi, Rashid, 84, 324 Abkhazia, 202 Aboul-Gheit, Ahmed, 85 Abravitova, Liubov, 298 Abu Dhabi, 170, 212, 217, 261 Accra, 294—5 Achinov, Nikolay, 9 Adamishin, Anatoly, 39 Addax, 89 Addis Ababa, 9, 250-1, 253-4, 307 Aden clashes, 212 Aden,8 Aden, Abdirisak, 84 Afanasyeva,Yulia, 247 Afghanistan, 18, 70, 207, 211, 296, 316 Africa Kozyrev visit to, 30—3 Russia’s relationship with, 244-50 Soviet influence in, 7, 11, 16 See also Russia African Action Plan (AAP), 57 African National Congress (ANC), 22 African Union (AU), 54, 223, 240, 253, 281,289, 296 Libya, Russia’s intervention on, 206-12 African Union’s Mechanism for Police Cooperation (AFRIPOL), 188-9 AFRICOM, 222, 257-9, 282, 286 Afrika Sevodnya (Today’s Africa), 58 Afrikaners, 182—3 Afwerki, Isaías, 47 Agadir International Airport, 303 Ahmed, Abdullahi Yusuf, 83 Ahmed, Abiy, 235, 237, 251,253, 307 Ain Zara, 304 Ajaokuta steel plant, 315 Ajaokuta, 187 Ajbadiya, 304 419
INDEX Al Ahrar (TV channel), 258 Al Jazeera (TV network), 214, 295 Al Jufra Airbase, 256 Al-Ahram (newspaper), 137 AI-Ain, 278 Al-Arabiya (news channel), 144, 220-1,263 Al-Azhar University, 68 Alden, Chris, 3 Aleppo, 131 Alfano, Angelino, 158 Algeria, 269, 295, 297, 302-4, 315,326 Libya partnership with, 161 Russia’s vaccine diplomacy, 238-44 Russian-Algerian business forums, 70 Soviet Union signed an agreement with, 14 Algerian Hirak Protest Movement, 172 Algerians, 147 Algiers Summit (1973), 18 Ali, Wasil, 279 Aliba, Ahmed, 301 Al-Jazeera (TV network), 221,278 Al-Jufra, 258 Al-Kadim, 258 Alkhanov, Alu, 71 Allison, Roy, 99 Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), 209-10, 265,311 al-Qaeda, 50 Alrosa, 241 al-Shabab, 273 Alshateri, Albadr, 211—12 al-Shorouk (newspaper), 250 Aluminium Smelter Company of Nigeria (ALSCON), 60 Am Daga, 307 420 Amhàric language, 9 Amur class repair ship PM-138 278 ANC government, 317 Anglo-Boer War II (1899-1902), 10 Angola, 17, 31 Rogozin visit to, 114—15 Russia signed an agreement with, 44 trade between Russia and, 88 AngoSatl, 176 AngoSat2, 176 Ankara, 246 Anokhin, Vladimir, 217—18 Ansar al-Sharia, 152 Ansar al-Sunna, 229 Antananarivo, 224, 226—7 anti-apartheid movements, 316 Anti-Balaka, 205 anti-Western regimes, 55—6 Antonio, Tėte, 57—8 Antonov An-124 plane, 229 Antonov, Anatoly, 142 Arab League Summit, 322 Arab League, 86 Arab Misseriya tribes, 117 Arab Spring 2.0, 220 Arab Spring (2011), 75, 212—13, 221-2 Arab-Israeli conflict, 32 Argentina, 29—30 Arik, Mawien, 112 Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 36 Arkhangelskaya, Alexandra, 123, 167 Arman,
Abukar, 83-4 Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED), 311-12 Armed Islamic Group (GIA), 28
INDEX Armenia, 117 Army-2020 Forum, 273 Asmara, 17 al-Assad, Bashar, 101,217 al-Assar, Muhammad Said, 142 Association for Free Research and International Cooperation (AFRIC), 231-2 Astana Peace Process, 145, 217 AstraZeneca, 241—2, 243 Aswan High Dam, 252 Atlantic Ocean, 111 Aziz,Tariq, 63 Bab el-Mandeb Strait, 275 Babakin, Alexander, 71 al-Badri, Abdelbassat, 158 Bah, Amadou, 200 Bakassi, 296 Baker, James, 30, 249 Balcha Hospital, 9 Balmasov, Sergei, 146, 303 Bamako, 282, 284 Bambari, 270 Bandung Conference (1955), 11 Bang, 270 Bangui, 267—9 Bani Walid, 257 Barabanov, Mikhail, 148 Barabanov, Oleg, 172—3 el-Baradei, Mohammed, 95 ‘Barbarian Imperialist Aggression*, 74 al-Barghati, Mahdi, 157 Barrow, Adam, 111 Bashagha, Fathi, 263, 264-5, 305 al-Bashir, Omar, 51,79—80, 218-19 meetings with Russian officials, 119 Bastrykin, Alexander, 215 battalion tactical groups (BTGs), 304 Battle of Adwa (1895), 9 Bayoumi, Gamal, 171 Bazoum, Mohamed, 315 Béavogui, Mohamed, 296 Beijing, 117, 238, 246 Belarus, 294, 310 Belenkaya, Marianna, 263 Belmokhtar, Mokhtar, 146 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), 6 Ben Ali, Zine Abedine, 92 Bendjedid, Chadli, 20, 28 Benghazi, 208, 211, 264, 304 Benghazi-to-Marsa-Matrouh rail line, 266 Benghazi-to-Sirte railway project, 266 Benhamed, Lotfi, 241 Benin, 297, 323 Bensalah, Abdelkader, 173 —4 Berengo training centre, 206 Beriziky, Omer, 224 Berlin Conference, 266 Bialer, Seweryn, 16 Biden, Joe, 246-7, 266, 277, 303 Bigot, Christophe, 310 Bitcoin, 309 Biti, Tendai, 179 Black Sea grain export agreement, 325 Black Sea ports, 297 Black Sea, 299 Blackwater, 206
Blinken, Anthony, 252, 286, 302 Blue Nile, 272—3 Boeing F-15 Advanced Fighter Jets, 326 ‘Boer Lives Matter’ movement, 183 Boer War, 10 421
INDEX Bogdanov, Mikhail, 92—3,151, 195,207, 222-3, 262-3,299 Bokassa (emperor), 287 Bokassa era, 268 Boko Haram, 128, 129, 310 Bolad, Kamal, 277 Bolotnaya Square, 100 Bolshevik Revolution (1917), 10 Bolton, John, 165—6, 206 Bondarev, Viktor, 257—8 Bongo, Omar, 65 Borgia, Gaelle, 224 Borisenko, Georgy, 252 Borisova, Jana, 86 Bortnikov, Alexander, 154—5 Bosnia, 74 Bossangoa massacre, 310 Botes, Alvin, 316—17 Botha, Рік, 31—2 Boukadoum, Sabri, 174 Bout, Viktor, 48, 326 Bouteflika, Abdelaziz, 69, 102 Bovin, Aleksandr, 2Ί Bovt, Georgy, 74 Boyarishchev, Vladimir, 224 Bozizé, François, 131,267—8, 288 Brak, 258 Brasília, 184 Brazil, 29—30 Bregadze, Alexander, 201—2 Brezhnev era, 19 Brezhnev, Leonid, 187 BRI investments, 249 BRI. See Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), 52 BRICS summit (2009), 90-1 BRICS summit (2013), 137 BRICS summit (2014), 122 BRICS summit (2018), 163, 195 422 BRICS summit (2019), 184—5 Britain, 31,223, 246, 269-70, 272 vaccines, 235—6 Broadcasting company (BBC), 224, 304 Brookings Institution report, 325 Brown, Brittany, 106 Bucha Massacre, 311 Bucharest Summit (2008), 78 Buhari, Muhammadu, 131, 186 Bulgaria, 16 el-Burhan, Abdel Fattah, 218, 222-3,274,276,306 Burkina Faso, 18, 281, 313—14 Burundi, 112, 295 Bush administration, 68 Bush, George W., 59 Buthelezi, Mzayifani, 184 Byschkov, Petr, 247 Cabo Delgado, 227—30 Cairo Declaration, 260 Cairo, 250-2, 261,266, 273, 301, 322 mass protests, 170 Putin’s visit to, 68 California, 310 Camara, Sadio, 282, 285 Cameroon,269,296,310,323 Campbell, John, 59, 129 Canada, 286,
305 Cape Town, 31 CAR (Central African Republic), 1, 106, 131-3, 199, 232, 278 Africa and Russia, 244—50 Central and West Africa, 308—16 Chad and Guinea, Russia’s influence in, 288—91 Russia’s consolidation, 267—72, 305-8 Russia’s intervention, 202—6
INDEX Carnegie Moscow Center, 204 Castro, Fidel, 18 Caucasus Strategie Research Center, 217 Çavu^Lglu, Mevlüt, 261—2 Cedar Revolution (200S), 69 Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 237 Central Asia, 9 Central Energy Fund, 317 Central Independent Election Commission, 226 Chad, 247-8, 255, 259, 278, 281 Russia’s influence, 288—91 Chad-CAR border, 289 Chamisa, Nelson, 179 Chechen War II, 53, 55, 66-7 Chemezov, Sergei, 72, 141 China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC), 197 China, 238, 301,318, 321, 324, 329n9, 330n8 Africa and Russia, 244—50 Port Sudan facility, 276 PPE,235 Russia aligned with, 111 signed deal for minerals, 200 vaccines, 235—8 China’s National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC), 113 China-Africa Cooperation Forum, 54 Chinese naval bases, 276 Christians, 137 Chuprygin, Andrey, 209, 212, 217, 259,261 Churkin, Vitaly, 32, 39, 79, 97-8 views on Russia’s policies, 154—5 Cinar, HuriyeYildrim, 217 clandestine agreement, 304 Clinton, Bill, 51 Clinton, Hillary, 108 Clunan, Anne, 330n8 CNN (Media company), 226, 235 Coalition of Patriots for Change (CPC), 270 Coega special economic zone, 317 Cohen, Herman, 191 ColdWar, 7, 8, 85 Colonial Era (Pre-1960), 7 Committee for State Security (KGB), 36 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 19,20 Comoros, 277 Conakry, 202 Condé, Alpha, 110, 200, 201—2, 240, 281, 289-90 Congo crisis (1960), 12 Congo War I, 48 Congo, 13, 241,295, 321-2 Conkar, Ahmet Berat, 217 Constantine, 241 Conte, Lansana, 64—5 Coptic Christians, 68 Cornegay, Francis, 91 Cossa, Constantino, 231 Côte d’Ivoire, 103—+, 297 COVAX, 242 COVID-19 pandemic, 170, 233,
267, 299, 322 Africa and Russia, 244—50 Russia’s vaccine diplomacy, 238-Л4 Russia-Africa relations, 236—8 vaccines, 192 CPSU. See Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) Credit Suisse, 232 Crimea, 121,294,301,316-17 Crimean Peninsula, 105 Crocker, Chester, 19 423
INDEX CSIS report, 295 Cuban Missile Crisis, 294 Cup of Hope campaign, 205 Cyprus, 153 Cyrenaica, 209, 260 Czech Republic, 129, 285 Czechoslovakia, 16 Dahshan, Ahmed, 144 Daily Maverick, The (online newspaper), 121,317—18 Daily Sabah (newspaper), 216 Dajunshi (Chinese defence website), 230 Damiba, Paul-Henri, 313 Dandykin, Vasily, 185 Daoud, Oumar Ibn, 288—9 Darfur, 64, 118,272-3 Davydov, Oleg, 37 al-Dbeibah, Abdul Hamid, 240, 263-4 De Carvalho, Gustavo, 243 de Klerk, E W, 31, 32 Déby, Idriss, 281 Déby, Mahamat, 281,289 DeLisi, Scott, 113 Dembélé, Moussa, 287 Democratic Alliance Party, 125, 181,317 Democratic Party, 316 Democratic Republic Congo, 310 Deng Xiaoping, 16 Dengov, Lev, 161—2, 214 Denisova,Tatyana, 290 Derg regime, 16, 254 Deripaska, Oleg, 5, 201,290 Desalegn, Hailemariam, 188—9 Diallo, Cellou Dalein, 202 Dian-Dian mine, 200—1 Diaw, Malick, 282 al-Din, Omar Qamar, 275 424 Djemal, Orkhan, 203 Djibouti, 107, 254, 276, 297, 306 Dlamini-Zuma, Nkosazana, 62 Dmitriev, Kirill, 239 Dolgov, Boris, 69, 279 Donaldson, Robert, 34 Donbas, 118, 121, 304, 310 Dondra, Henri-Marie, 269 Donetsk People’s Republics, 294, 303 Donetsk, 299 dos Santos, Isabel, 178 Dos Santos, José Eduardo, 30—1, 46-7 Dossier Center, 219, 225 Doumbouya, Mamady, 281 Draghi, Mario, 319 DRS. See Intelligence and Security (DRS) Dubai, 307 Dujarric, Stéphane, 259 Dumbuya, Mamadi, 290 Dunne, Michelle, 143 Dygało, Igor, 81 Dzhabarov, Vladimir, 258 East Africa, 228, 250, 308 East Germany, 16, 17 eastern Africa, 276 Eastern Europe, 11,71,294 eastern Ghouta, 146 Eastern Indian Ocean region, 276 eastern
Mediterranean, 275—6 Ebola, 201,237, 239-40 ECFR report, 307 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 57, 111,287 Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) Party, 316 Economic Progress Party, 316
INDEX Egypt, 46, 68-9, 236-9, 297, 301-3,326 Russia’s balancing strategy, 250-4 Russia’s partnership with, 8 Russia’s strategy recalibration, 256-67 signed an agreement with Russia, 143 Sputnik Light vaccine, 244 Sputnik V, 239 support for Haftar, 211 Egyptian military, 140 Egyptian Museum, 173 Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company (EGAS), 142 Egyptian Revolution (2011), 95, 138 Egyptians, 92—3 El Dabaa Nuclear Power Plant, 143, 301-2, 323 El Salvador, 309 El-Sharara oil field, 258 Emam, Shaik, 318 Endiama, 177 Era of Soviet Adventurism (1975— 85), 7 Erdo“gan, Recep Tayyip, 215—16 Eritrea, 190-1, 273, 280, 294, 295, 307-8 Erkhov, Alexei, 216 Estonia, 269 Ethiopia, 47, 236, 247, 273, 295, 307, 322-4 East Germany ties with, 17 Italian invasion of, 10 pro-Russian sentiments in, 92 requested arms package from Russia, 61 Russia’s balancing strategy, 250-4 Ethiopia-Eritrea peace initiative, 57 Ethiopia-Eritrea War (1998—2000), 60 Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), 28 ethno-confessional conflicts, 61 EU-Africa Summit (2000), 54 Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), 143 Europe, 25, 236, 330n8 European Union (EU), 217, 236— 7, 240, 268, 285, 302-4, 322 Russia and Southern Africa, 316-19 Russia’s military expansion, 206-12 Sudanese revolution and democratic transition, 218—23 Everstov, Nikolai, 277 Evstigneeva, Anna, 313 ex-Seleka, 205 ExxonMobil, 81, 227 Eyrice, Elem, 249 Fabricius, Peter, 184, 185 Facebook accounts, 268, 287 Facebook, 210, 283 FACT rebels, 288-9 Fahmy, Nabil, 140 al-Fargh, 304 Farid, Mohamed, 251 Fayed, Abdelaziz, 239 Federal News Agency, 219,
226—7, 264-5, 284, 287 Federation Council, 6 Fedorenko, Nikolay, 13 Fedorov,Yuri, 59 Feltman, Jeremy, 247 Fezzan, 260 FIFA World Cup (2018), 145 425
INDEX Filatova, Irina, 290 Filipov, Vasily, 248 financial crisis (2008), 77 Fitin, Vladimir, 222 Fomin, Alexander, 278 Forces for Freedom and Change (FFC), 222, 277 Ford, Vicky, 311 Foreign Policy Concept (2000), 54 Fotyga, Anna, 166—7, 285—6 Fouad, Mahmoud, 239 Foundation for the Protection of National Values, 213—14, 287 Fradkov, Mikhail, 58 France, 204-5, 209, 211-12, 226, 314, 321,323-4 Chad and Guinea, Russia’s influence in, 288—91 Operation Barkhane campaign, 128 Operation Sangaris campaign, 132 Russia’s Involvement, 262—7 Russian security involvement, 281-8 vaccines, 235—6 views on Russia’s vaccine diplomacy, 245—7 Free Officers Coup (1952), 11 Freedom and Justice Party (FJP), 136 Frolovskiy, Dmitry, 215 Front for Change and Concord in Chad (FACT), 281 G20 countries, 237 G20 summit (2019), 183 G8 meeting (1999), 56 G8 summit (2002), 57 G8 summit (2008), 79 Gabon, 295 426 al-Gaddafi, Muammar, 20, 27, 74, 96 Gaddafi, Saif al-Islam, 213, 265—6 Galenica, 239 Gamaleya National Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 242-3 Gambia River, 111 Gambia, 111 GamEvac-Combi Ebola vaccine, 239-40 Gardner, Anthony, 108 Gargash, Anwar, 212 Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF), 138 Gathara, Patrick, 295—6 Gavin, Michelle, 106, 116, 245 Gaydamak, Arcadi, 45 Gaza Strip, 137 Gazprom, 60, 75 Gazprombank, 317 Gbagbo, Laurent, 103֊-4 Geneva Convention, 101 Georgian War (2008), 6, 77 Gerasimov, Igor, 223 Gerasimov, Pavel, 217 Gerasimov, Valery, 219 GERD. See Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) Germany, 223, 259, 272, 285—6 Ghana, 11, 240, 241,244 Ghanem, Dalia, 146 Ghardabiya, 258
Ghozlan, Mahmoud, 138 GIA. See Armed Islamic Group (GIA) Gijimą Technologies, 62 Gintsburg, Alexander, 243 GKChP. See State Committee on the State of Emergency (GKChP)
INDEX Global South, 3, 7, 27, 235, 240, 246, 293, 330n8 Libyan revolution (2011), 95 101 NATO airstrikes in, 98 Russia and, 91 Goble, Paul, 249 Go ita, Assimi, 249, 313 Russian security involvement, 281-8 Golts, Alexander, 27, 148 El-Gomati, Anas, 159—60, 209 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 8 Gorbachev-era policy, 20 Gordhan, Pravin, 122—3 Gordile village, 309 Gossi, 312 Gouend, Louis, 325—6 Government of National Accord (GNA), 135, 157, 210-16 Russia’s strategy recalibration, 256-67 Government of National Unity (GNU), 255 Russia’s involvement, 262—72 Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), 189, 191-2, 236, 250-3, 273,278,302 Grand Inga Dam, 194 Greenfield, Linda-Thomas, 323 Grey, Robert, 18 Gromyko, Igor, 282 Grozny Conference (2016), 145 Guangzhou racism controversy, 238 Guangzhou, 238 Guardian, The (newspaper), 307 Guatemala, 244 Guevara, Che, 284 Guinea, 11, 14, 199, 232-3, 255 Russia’s hybrid intervention, 200-2 Russia’s influence, 288—91 Russia’s vaccine diplomacy, 238-44 SputnikV, 239-40 Gulf of Aden, 81,82, 254 Gulf ofTadjoura, 9 GulfWar (1991), 43 Gumede, Robert, 62 Guterres, Antonio, 237—8, 259 Gwanyanya, Persistence, 318 Habineza, Frank, 243-4 Hadfield, Gregory, 166 Hadi, Abd Rabbuh Mansur, 272 Haftar, Khalifa, 108, 153-Ч, 214, 288 clandestine agreement, 304 GNU and Russia’s involvement, 262-72 Libya, Russia’s intervention on, 206-12 Russia’s strategy re calibration, 256—67 stagnation in, Russia’s intervention, 213—18 Haftar-Assad alliance, 217—18 Hagel, Chuck, 139 Hamdan, Mohammed, 221 Hamdok, Abdalla, 274, 276, 281 Hamid, Al-Hadi, 119 Handule, Mohammed, 83 Harare, 92
Harchaoui, Jalel, 212, 304 Hargeisa, 280 Harvard University, 245 Hemedti, 221, 306 HIV-AIDS, 243, 245 Hoffman, Jonathan, 257 Hokkaido, 79 Hong Kong, 238 ‘honorary consuls’, 34 427
INDEX Horn of Africa, 9, 247, 2S0, 300, 305—8 Soviet influence in, 16—17 House of Representatives (HoR), 154 Houthi drone strikes, 273 Hoxha, Enver, 28 Hrytsak,Vasyl, 219 al-Hudhud, Ibrahim Salah, 145 Hudson, Cameron, 275 Human RightsWatch, 310, 311 Hussein, Abdel Rahim Mohammed, 63^f Hussein, Emad Eddine, 250 Hussein, Hisham, 277 el-Hussein, Mohamed Osman, 274,278 Hussein, Nur Hassan, 83 al-Huweij, Abdel Hadi, 264 ICC. See International Criminal Court (ICC) Idlib, 215, 217 Idris (King), 156 Ignatenko, Alexander, 96—7, 138—9 11-114,277 Ilichev, Petr, 112 IMF. See International Monetary Fund (IMF) India, 9, 246, 276-7, 296, 329n9 India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA), 91 Indian Ocean Rim Association, 185 Indian Ocean, 120, 224, 273, 275-6, 280, 305-6 Indo-Pacific region, 8 Institute for International and Strategic Studies (IISS), 248 Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO), 38 428 Intelligence and Security (DRS), 36 Intergovernmental Development Authority (IGAD), 57 International Affairs, 55 International Anticrisis Center (IAC), 231 International Criminal Court (ICC), 79-81 International Crisis Group, 84 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 22, 237, 278 International Projects Centre (IPC), 31 ‘internationalist camp’, 25 Iran, 79, 217, 325-6 Iranian Revolution (1979), 95 Iraq War (2003), 53, 119 Iraq, 238, 316 Ireland, 269 Islamic extremism, 61 Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), 28 Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS), 311 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS), 206-7, 210, 229-30, 238 Islamists, 138, 152 Israel, 226, 254 Israel-Gaza war (2008—09), 84
Israel-Hamas conflict, 84—5 Israel-Palestine conflict, 67 Issaev, Leonid, 66—7 Italo-Ethiopian War I (1895—96), 9 Italy, 212, 237, 324 Ivan IV, Tsar, 8 Ivanov, Alexander, 180, 270, 271, 287,314 Ivanov, Igor, 67 Ivanov, Sergei, 98, 241 Ivashov, Leonid, 216, 274
INDEX Izmir, 249 Izvestia (newspaper), 27, 61, 271, 282 Jabal Amer gold mine, 275 Jabr, Abu-Bakr Yunis, 96 Jama’at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimim (JNIM), 286 Jammeh,Yahya, 110, 111 Japan, 25, 246, 251 Joachim, Patriarch, 8 Johnson Johnson, 241,243 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), 325 Jokonya, Callisto, 179 Jonah, James, 165—6 Jonathan, Goodluck, 128 Jordan,211 Jordan, Pallo, 62 Jufra, 257 Jumail, 256 al-Kabir, Siddiq, 157 Kaboré, Roch Marc Christian, 313 Kadomtsev, Andrey, 245—6 Kadyrov, Ramzan, 71, 145, 162, 215 Kagame, Paul, 195—6 Kainerugaba, Muhoozi, 294 Kalana gold project, 286 Kalibr anti-ship missiles, 208 al-Kani, Mohammed, 264 al-Kaniyat, 264 Kapchanga, Mark, 297—8 Karaganov, Sergei, 42 Karasin, Grigory, 38, 41 Kasrills, Ronnie, 62 Kasyanov, Mikhail, 61 Katz, Mark, 70, 143 Kaunda, Kenneth, 18 Kazagui, Maxime, 267—8 Kazakhstan, 117, 176 Keïta, Ibrahim Boubacar, 281—2 Keita, Modibo, 14 Kenya, 106, 192, 242, 289, 295, 303,308,323 Kenyatta, Uhuru, 192—3 Kerry, John, 157 Ketchley, Neil, 360nl4 KGB. See Committee for State Security (KGB) Khaddad, Mohammed, 151 Khalilzad, Zalmay, 79 Khannenje, Hassan, 299—300, 324 Kharief, Akram, 35—6, 174 Kharkiv University, 9 Khartoum Agreement, 190, 205 Khartoum massacre, 222—3 Khartoum, 204, 222, 273, 274, 275,277-9, 281 Khelifa, Mohamed, 147 Kherson Region, 299 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 203, 219, 225 Khrushchev, Nikita, 11, 12, 15, 147 Kiir, Salva, 110, 111 Kimani, Martin, 295 Kirill, Patriarch, 137 Kiriyenko, Sergei, 86, 124 Klintsevich, Franz, 119—20 Klishas, Andrei, 221 Kolokolov, Boris, 40 Kommersant (newspaper), 59, 64, 136,
222, 263 Kondiano, Claude, 201 Konovalov, Ivan, 158 Korea, 153 Korendyasov, Evgeny, 282, 284 Kortunov, Andrei, 211 Kosachev, Konstantin, 99, 221 Kosovo War (1999), 6 429
INDEX Kostelyanets, Sergei, 280 Kouki, 309 Koyagbélé, Pascal Bida, 272 Koyara, Marie-Noëlle, 206, 271 Kozyrev, Andrei, 25, 27 visit to Africa, 30—3 Kozyrev-era, 45 Kramar, Andrei, 224 Kramnik, Ilya, 280 Krašnja Vesna (newspaper), 289 Krasov, Andrei, 258 Kritinsyn, Oleg, 159, 208-9, 275 Krylova, Galina, 21 Kubinka, 117 Kuleba, Dmytro, 302, 324 Kurdish state, 147 Kuznetsov, Vasily, 69, 70, 210 views on Arab Spring, 93 Kyrgyzstan, 26 L-29 fighter jets, 14 Lamamra, Ramtane, 173, 261 Laos, 273 ‘Late to the Party: Russia’s Return to Africa’, 4 Latin America, 29—30, 109 Lavrentiyev, Alexander, 145 Lavrov, Sergei, 50, 101,207, 211, 217, 227-8,321-3 met with Desalegn, 188—9 met with Mubarak, 84 Russia’s strategy recalibration, 256—67 Russian security involvement, 281-8 Ukraine war and Russia’s vision, 298-300 visit to Tunisia, 66 Le Drian, Jean-Yves, 285—6 Le Fontenil (newspaper), 194 Le Monde (newspaper), 205 430 Lefa gold mine, 201 Lenin Political-Military Academy, 175 Lenta.ru (online newspaper), 289 Lev Dengov, 208 Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR), 37 Liberia, 303 Libya National Army (LNA), 135, 157 Russia’s strategy recalibration, 256-67 Libya, 199, 232, 237, 255-6, 278, 297, 321,348—9n86 Africa and Russia, 244—50 Chad and Guinea, Russia’s influence in, 288—91 GNU and Russia, 262-72 Moscow’s interventions in, 3 Museveni on, 294 North Africa, Russian influence in, 301—5 partnership with Algeria, 161 Russia relationship with, 72—5 Russia’s intervention, 206—12 Russia’s strategy recalibration, 256-67 stagnation in, Russia’s intervention, 213—18 US bombing in, 74 Libyan
civil war, 223, 236 Libyan government, 152 Libyan parliament, 153 Libyan Political Dialogue Forum (LPDF), 263 Libyans, 152, 160 Lisbon Agreement (1991), 31 Lisbon Peace Process (1991), 30—1 LNA forces, 304 LNA. See Libya National Army (LNA)
INDEX Lobaye Invest, 132 Logunov, Denis, 242—3 Lopatov, Vladimir, 43-4, 58 Lourenço, João, 319 Luanda Norte, 319 Luhansk People’s Republics, 294, 310 Luhansk, 299 Lukyanov, Fyodor, 100, 104, 329—30n9 Lukyanov, Grigory, 287 Lumumba, Patrice, 12—13 Luo Jinyi, 168 Lusaka, 316 Lyamin,Yuri, 276 Lynn-White, Betty, 226—7 Μ Finans, 132 Maaraf, Ismail, 146 Mabote, Motsamai, 184 Mabuza, David, 318 Macedonia, 127 Machel, Samora, 308 Macron, Emmanuel, 245, 246, 248,261-2, 269, 283, 286, 323 attempt to de-escalate tensions with Russia, 166 Putin consulted with, 167 Timofeev on, 287—8 Madagascar Tribune (newspaper), 226 Madagascar, 85, 199, 232, 276-7 Russia’s political interference campaign, 224—7 Madrid Conference (1991), 32 Maduekwe, Ojo, 85 Maduro, Nicolas, 183 Maghreb, 8, 65, 240 Magna Carta PR company, 124 Mahamat, Moussa Faki, 296 Mahboub, Waiel, 279 Mahbuli, Faouzi, 108 al-Mahdi, Mariam al-Sadiq, 278 Mahjoub, Khaled, 304 Mahlobo, David, 122 Maïga, Choguel Kokalla, 285 Mail and Guardian (newspaper), 121 Mailhol (Pastor), 224—5 Mailhol, Andre, 224 Maiteeq, Ahmad, 157, 162, 262, 263 Makarevich, Oleg, 219 Makgoba,Thabo, 317 Makri, Abderrazak, 174 Makri, Noureddine, 302 Maksimychev, Dmitry, 308 Malanga, Christian, 194 Malashenko, Alexei, 95 Malema, Julius, 316 Mali, 11,247-8,255,269, 304, 321 France’s withdrawals, 323 Mali coup (2012), 126-7 Russia’s security, 308—16 Russian security involvement, 281-8 Malian gold mines, 286 Malkevich, Alexander, 214 Mandela, Nelson, 31 relations with Russia, 40 Yeltsin met with, 51 Manga, 270 Mangoush, Najla, 305 Mansour, Adly, 139 Mantashe, Gwede,
183 Manturov, Denis, 115—16, 193, 263 Mao Zedong, 15 Maputo, 232 Marchenko, Vladimir, 178—9 Mardasov, Anton, 275 431
INDEX Margelov, Mikhail, 71,80 1,99 Markov, Sergei, 314 Marten, Kimberly, 3, 4 Marxism, 11 Marxist-Leninism, 13 Maskhov,V.Е, 9 Maslov, Andrey, 179, 298, 300 Maslova, Elena, 155 Matoshin, Lev, 283 Mauritania, 69, 237 Mauritius, 276—7 Maximov, Yevgeny, 10 Mazov, Sergei, 13 Mbau region, 231 Mbeki,Thabo, 62 McKenzie, Kenneth, 326 Mechichi, Hichem, 240 Medelei, Murad, 102 Meduza, 214 Medvedev, Dmitry, 6, 77, 321 embarked on four-country tour, 85-6 views on UNSC resolution, 97 Medvedev-era, 111 Meeks, Gregory, 247 Mekele, 60 Mekonnen, Derneke, 254 memorandum of understanding (MOU), 72 MENA conflict zones, 238 MENA region, 95 Menelik I (Emperor), 9 al-Menfi, Mohammed, 263, 324 Meroe Gold, 307 Mersa Matruh, 252—3 Meskel,Yemane, 280 Messahel, Abdelkader, 172 Mexico, 30 Mfeketo, Nomaindia, 122 Mhaka,Tafi, 296 Mi֊ 17 helicopter, 229 432 МІ-35М attack helicopters, 311 Middle East, 29, 215, 220, 236, 261,283 MiG-15 fighter jets, 14 MiG-21 jets, 18 MiG-29 fighter jet, 72, 257-8 MİG-29SMT fighters, 72 Migranyan, Andranik, 42 Miliband, David, 79 Miller, Andrew, 143 Millett, Peter, 158 Minapharm, 241 Ministry of Defence (Russia), 6 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), 34—5 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia), 6 MINUSCA. See Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the CAR (MINUSCA) M-Invest, 219—20 Mir Afriki (Africa World), 58 Mirzayan, Gevorg, 136 al-Mishri, Khalid, 217 Mishustin, Mikhail, 274 al-Mismari, Ahmed, 154, 162, 256 Misrata Brigades, 161 Misrata, 152, 209—10, 265 Miss Bangui beauty pageant, 205 Mitiga airport, 240 Mkhize, Zweli, 243 Mkuju River, 193 Mnangagwa, 180
Mnangagwa, Emmerson, 117, 308, 318 Modrzhinskaia, E.D., 12 Mohamed, Abdirisak, 280 MohammedVI (King), 66, 150—1 Moldova, 26, 258 Mombasa, 192 Momoh, Joseph, 47—8
INDEX Mongolia, 273—4 Moran Security Group, 128 Morocco, 8, 237, 239, 242, 247, 303 Morozov, Oleg, 282 Morsi, Mohammed, 136—8 Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO), 38 Moscow Times, The, 93—4, 98 Moscow Messahel visited to, 172 Sisi visit to, 168 Moscow-Tripoli relations, 213 Moussa, Amr, 33 Movement for Democratic Change (MDC),78, 179 Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND), 86 Mozambican National Resistance (Renamo), 21—2, 231—2 Mozambican National Resistance Movement (RENAMO), 21—2, 231-2 Mozambique Asset Management, 232 Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), 231 Mozambique, 199, 250 Russia’s failure, 227—33 Mpahlwa, Mandisi, 91 Mpango, Philip, 297 Mphoko, Phelekezela, 117 MPLA. See People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) MS-21 passenger aircraft, 263 MS-2 Is, 277 Mthembu, Jackson, 117 Mtumuke, Athanasius Salvador, 228 Mubarak, Hosni, 33, 45, 84 Mugabe era, 115 Mugabe, Robert, 18, 64 Look East strategy, 115 victory of, 78—9 Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA), 127 Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the CAR (MINUSCA), 132, 133 Mumbengegwi, Simbarashe, 115 Munir, Mamdouh, 250—1 Murakhovsky,’Viktor, 120 Musavuli, Kambale, 291 Museveni, Yoweri, 102, 110—11, 114,294 Muslim Brotherhood, 67 N’Diaye, Mankeur, 271 Nabbanja, Robinah, 297 Načala Airport, 229 al-Nadoori, Abdulrazek, 153—4 Nagy,Tibor, 109, 245 Naiya, Liu, 168 Nam cor (Namibia), 88 Namibia, 88, 240 Nampula, 231 Narison, Stephen, 227 Naryshkin, Sergei, 150 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 11 National Committee for the Salvation of
the People (NCSP), 282 National Defense University (NDU), 5 National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), 17 National Intelligence and Security Services (NISS), 219 National Liberation Front (FLN), 15 433
INDEX National Oil Company (NOC), 75 National Transitional Council (NTC), 99 National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), 17 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 78, 251,262, ЗОЇ, 316, 318, 327 airstrikes in Libya, 98 Ramaphosa on, 294 NATO Parliamentary Assembly, 217 Naumkin, Vitaly, 210 Naval Force Mediterranean Operation irini, 266 Nayed,Aref, 265 Ndah village, 309 Ndaw, Bah, 283 Ndjoni Sango (newspaper), 271 NDU. See National Defense University (NDU) Nebenzia, 204 Nebenzia, Vasily, 190, 203, 251, 253 Nebenzia, Vassily, 190, 203, 251, 253 Nechai, Ruslan, 301 Nemtsov, Boris, 45 Nene, Nhlanhla, 126 neo-imperialism, 108 New Delhi, 276 New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) programme, 57 NewYork Times (newspaper), 5, 26, 224,225,306-7 Nezavisimaya Gazeta (newspaper), 64, 221,279 80 Nguema, Sylvain, 271 Niaina, 224—5 434 Nicholas II, Tsar, 8 Nigaz, 87 Niger Delta, 86 Niger, 239, 242, 247, 271, 281, 289, 295-7,314 Nigeria, 14, 41,90 Nigerian Atomic Energy Commission, 187 Nigerian military, 129—30 Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), 87 Nile River, 254, 280-1 Nimeiry, Gafaar, 20 9/11 attacks, 67 Nioni, 312 Nishanov, Rafik, 28 Nizhny Novgorod, 6 Nkomo, Joshua, 18 Nkurunziza, Pierre, 110, 111 NNPC. See Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) ‘No-Fly Zone’, 348—9n86 Nokra Island, 17 Nordgold, 201 Norland, Richard, 266 Norov, A.S., 80 North Africa, 54, 220, 240-1,287 301-5 Arab Spring protests in, 92—5 North Caucasus, 33, 94, 137 North Korea, 294 Northeast Asia, 29 Norway, 71,272 Novavax scheme, 241—2 Novaya Gazeta (newspaper), 203,
222 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 40 al-Nur, Abdul Wahid, 222 Nyerere, Julius, 11,15
INDEX Nyusi, Filipe, 228—9, 231—2 OAU. See Organization of African Unity (OAU) Obama administration, 107 Obama, Barack, 77, 85, 245, 247 Obasanjo, Olusegun, 41, 59—60, 185 Oboronexport, 35 Obraztsova, Margarita, 34—5 Odesa port strike, 323 Odinga, Raila, 308 Officers Union for International Security (OUIS), 270 Ogaden War (1978), 17 Okitundu, Leonard, 194 Olivier, Darren, 184-5 Olivier, Gerrit, 39-40 Omer, Ibrahim, 118 Onishchenko, Gennady, 290 Ontikov, Andrei, 210 Operation Barkhane, 248, 285, 313-14 Operation Peace Storm, 256 Operation Serval, 127, 249 Operation Spring Shield Offensive, 217 Orabi, Mohammed, 251—2 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), 259 Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), 67, 150—1 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 77 Organization of African Unity (OAU), 54, 56 Orthodox Christianity, 8 Ouagadougou, 313—14 Ouane, Moctar, 283 Ouattara, Alassane, 103-4 Ozerov, Oleg, 236, 254, 325 Ozerov, Viktor, 160 Pacheco, José, 227, 229 Palermo Conference, 208 Palestine, 296 Pan Am Flight (103), 33 Pandor, Naledi, 183 Panov, Vladimir, 251 Pantsir S-l air defence system, 257 Paris Club, 44—5 Paris, 166,287,314 Parly, Florence, 205, 285 Patriot, 200 Patriotic Front, 316 Patrushev, Nikolay, 220, 263, 302 Paul,T.V, 330n8 Pazvakavambwa, Liberty (Zimbabwean commentator), 231 ‘PeaceThrough Eyes of Children’, 205 Peking University (PKU), 248 People’s Liberation Army Daily, The (newspaper), 276 People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), 14, 17 Perendzhiev, Alexander, 206 Persian Gulf, 33 personal protective
equipment (PPE), 235 Peskov, Dmitry, 196, 206, 216—19, 226,270,284 Russia’s failure, 227—33 Pfizer, 241 Piebalgs, Andris, 81 piracy, 61 Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 206 435
INDEX PMCs. See private military contractors (PMCs) Podtserob, Alexey, 37, 92 Pohamba, Hifikepunye, 87, 102 Polat, Ferhat, 266 Poluboyarenko, Vladimir, 182 Polyanskiy, Dmitry, 189—90, 223, 270,274, 304-5 Popov, Veniamin, 37, 98—9 Port Sudan agreement, 275—6 Port Sudan, 255, 306 Russia’s security presence, 273-81 Portugal, 30 Possony, Stefan, 12 post-Arab Spring period, 135 post-Cold War era, 133 Post-Colonial Era (1960—75), 7 post-Soviet period, 4—5 Potekhin, Ivan, 11 Potepkin, Mikhail, 306—7 Power, Samantha, 323 Pozdnyakov, Roman, 224 Poznyakov, Vasily, 8 ‘pragmatist camp’, 25 Pravda (newspaper), 29 Premium Times (online newspaper), 324,325 Pretoria, 22,317, 325 Pribyshin, Taras, 247 Prigozhin,Yevgeny, 5, 200, 204—5, 207, 208-9,213-14,224, 225 fake Facebook accounts, 268 Russia’s consolidation, 305—7 Russia’s security, 308—16 Russia’s strategy recalibration, 256-67 Russian security involvement, 281-8 Sudanese revolution, 218—23 Prikhodko, Sergei, 88 436 Primakov era, 78 Primakov,Yevgeny, 25, 42—3, 66 Prince, Erik, 206-7 private military contractors (PMCs), 1 private security companies (PSCs), 229 Psaki, Jen, 245, 246 PSC Black Hawk, 229 Pugo, Boris, 26 Pushkin, Alexander, 9 Pushkov, Alexey, 100—1 Putin, Vladimir, 224, 237, 253, 261-2,293-4 Bongo met with, 65 co-chaired first Russia-Africa Summit, 1 consulted with Macron, 167 emphasis on Russia-Africa relations, 55—6 France’s withdrawals, 323 invited Museveni, 114 Libya, Russia’s intervention on, 206-12 meeting with Gaddafi, 74, 96 met with Morsi, 137—8 met with Shalkam, 72—3 met with Zuma, 121 Russia’s security, 308—16
stagnation in, Russia’s intervention, 213—18 trip to Abu Dhabi, 170 views on Central African Republic, 202—6 visit to Cairo, 68 Pyadushkin, Maxim, 61 Pyramids of Giza, 86 al-Qashat, Muhammad Saeed, 207 Qatar, 96, 212,221,227-8 Qiang Xiaoyun, 168
INDEX Rabaa Massacre, 139 Rabochaya Tribuna (newspaper), 31-2 Radchenko, Kirill, 203 Rajaonarimampianina, Hery, 224-5 Rajoelina, Andry, 85, 225 Ramaphosa, Cyril, 237, 294, 297-8,316-17 Rapid Support Forces (RSF), 221 Raqqa, 160 RAS. See Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) Rasheed, Olawale, 186 Rasolovoagy, Roseline, 227 Rastorguev, Alexander, 203 Ravalomanana, Marc, 226—7 Red Sea, 41, 275-6, 305-8 Russia consolidation, 273—81 Russia’s expansion, 272—3 Regdalein, 256 RENAMO. See Mozambican National Resistance Movement (RENAMO) Renova, 120 Renzi, Matteo, 155 Republic of Congo, 244, 319 Rhodesian Bush War, 17—18 RIA FAN, 227, 230-1 RIA Novosti (News agency company), 205, 216, 265 RIAC report, 236 RIAC-PKU policy report, 248 Richards Bay Coal Facility, 318 Rio Tinto, 319 Rivière, Nicolas de, 270 Riyadh Agreement, 272—3 Roadmap for Peace plan, 67 Rogozin, Dmitry, 82—3, 114—15 Roll, Stephen, 360nl4 Romanovsky, Kirill, 204 Rosatom agreement (2019), 126 Rosatom, 5, 251,302, 323 Rosbalt, 270 Roscoe, James, 270 Rosneft, 227 Rosoboronexport, 5, 68, 148 Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), 167,212 Rozhin, Boris, 314 RSB Group, 208 RT Arabic (television news channel broadcasting), 209—10, 216, 220-2,226 RT article, 290—1 RT Global, 113 Rusakova, Vlada, 227 Rusal opaque contracts, 200—1 Rusal, 239-40, 290 Russia in Global Affairs (journal), 298 Russia aligned with China, 111 annexed Crimean Peninsula, 105 Ethiopia requested arms package from, 61 Mandela relations with, 40 military campaign in Syria, 131 military interventions in Crimea and Donbas, 121 pipeline diplomacy against Ukraine,
71 presence in Maghreb, 65 pro-Russian sentiments in Ethiopia, 92 relations with Eritrea, 190—1 relationship with Libya, 72—5 relationship with Rwanda, 195-6 relationship with Zimbabwe, 115 437
INDEX response to Arab Spring protests in North Africa, 92 5 resurgence in Africa, 2 scholarship programme (1996) in Africa, 56 signed an agreement with Angola, 44 South Africa and, 30 trade between Angola and, 88 See also Egypt Russia-Africa Business Council, 58 Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 6 Russian Air Force, 229 Russian Armed Forces, 82 Russian Central Bank, 43, 307 Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF), 238-41 Russian Embassy, 278 Russian Engagements: On Libyan Politics and Libyan-Russian Relations (Nayed), 265 Russian Foreign Ministry, 237 Russian government, 43 Russian International Affairs Council (RIAC), 139, 211, 237, 246,280 Russian International Aid Agency, 91 Russian MFA, 203—4 Russian Ministry of Finance, 44 Russian Orthodox Church, 68 Russian State Duma, 6 Russian State University of the Humanities, 221 RussianT-90 tanks, 96 Russian-Arab Cooperation Forum, 211 Russian-Libyan Trade House, 208 Russia-South Africa Business Council, 120 438 Russia-Sudan bilateral relationship, 277 Rwanda, 42, 195-6, 243-4, 268, 271-2,323 Rwandan MINUSCA bodyguards, 203 S-300 air defence missile systems, 208 S-400 anti-aircraft systems, 280 SA-6 missiles, 35 Sabha, 258 SADC. See South African Development Community (SADC) Sahel, 233,246,255-6, 281, 288-9,300 Sahin, Erkan, 249—50 Salafists, 139 Saleh, Aguila, 256, 259—60, 263, 265 Saleh, Osman, 308 Sall, Macky, 296, 297-8, 315-16 Sal tanov, Alexander, 55, 84—5 Sanallah, Mustafa, 258 Sandinha, Carlos, 325 Sangwa, Jean-Claude, 310 Sankara,Thomas, 314 Sanya, Eduardo, 188 Sapronova, Maria, 127 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 213 al-Sarraj,
Fayez, 214—15, 256, 260, 262-3 Satanovsky, Yevgeny, 94—5 Saudi Arabia, 137, 141—2, 218, 220-1,273,279,302 Saudi Gazette (newspaper), 141—2 Savimbi, Jonas, 30 Scherbakov, Nikolai, 282 Scholz, Olaf, 297, 316 Scientific Electronic Database, 213
INDEX Security Service of Ukraine (SSUA), 219 Seifan, Samer, 262, 265 Seifan, Samir, 213, 214, 262 Sékou Touré, Ahmed, 13 Selassie, Haile (Emperor), 16 Semenov, Kirill, 210, 220 Senkovsky, O.I., 80 Senoussi, Kag, 133, 206 al-Senussi, Abdullah, 99 Serbia, 273-4 Seregichev, Sergei, 221, 279 Serraj, 206, 207, 214, 215, 216-17 Seychelles, ΎΊζ ֊Ί Shabayev,Yevgeny, 209, 230 Shagari, Shehu, 187 Shaimiev, Mintimer, 73 Shalkam, Abdel, 72—3 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), 168 Sharia law, 136 Sharpeville Massacre (1960), 14 Shenouda III (Pope), 68 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 21 Shinn, David, 249 Shirinsky, Mirgayas, 119 Shoigu, Sergei, 208, 217, 228, 263 Shoukry, Sameh, 156, 211, 250, 252 Shubin, Vladimir, 55, 90, 180—1, 243 Shugaley, Maxim, 213, 214, 224, 231,262-3,265,304 pro-Touadéra propaganda, 269 Shumeleva, Tatiana, 173 Shvytkin,Yuri, 215 Sibut, 203 Sidiropoulos, Elizabeth, 3, 121—2 Siegle, Joseph, 5 Sierra Leone Civil War, 47 Sigov,Yuri, 298—9 Sinai Peninsula, 8 Sin opharm, 241 Sino-Soviet Split, 7, 15 Sinovac, 241 SIPRI, 228 Sirte Airbase, 256 Sirte, 160 el-Sisi, Abdel Fattah, 138—9, 140-1,301-2,326,360nl4 visit to Moscow, 168 Siyala, Mohamed, 211, 214, 263 Skhirat Agreement, 260 Slepnev, Andrey, 177 Slutsky, Leonid, 221—2 Smirnov, Alexander, 34 Smirnov,Yevgeny, 298 Soami, Rajesh, 276 SOCAR company, 317 Sochi Summit (2019), 163, 165—6, 199, 205-6, 214-15, 228, 232-3 Russia’s balancing strategy, 250-4 Russia’s vaccine diplomacy, 238-44 Sochi, 1,214, 262,298 Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT), 297, 299, 308, 325-6 Socotra, 212 Solaiman,
Hossein, 302 Somali government, 83 Somali National Army, 16 Somali piracy crisis, 82 Somalia, 6, 247, 273, 280, 297, 323 Sonara, 193 Sonatrach, 72 Sorokin, Pavel, 196 439
INDEX Sotnikov, Vladimir, 93 South Africa, 239, 242-3, 294, 295,297,317-18,323-4 exclusion from BRICS summit, 90-1 South Africa’s Umbria Aviation, 229 South African Air Force (SAAF), 184 South African Communist Party, 317 South African Development Community (SADC), 57, 116 South African Institute of International Affairs (SAHA), 121 South African Medical Journal, 242 South African variant, 243 South Kordofan, 272—3 South Korea, 251 South Ossetia, 78, 202 South Sudan, 80, 106, 112 Southwest Africa People’s Organization (SWAPO), 87 Southern Africa, 21,316—19 Southern African Development Community (SADC), 57, 116 Southern African Faith Communities Environment Institute (SAFCEI), 126 southern Europe, 208 Southern Transitional Council (STC), 272 Soviet Union-Benin Friendship Accord (1986), 20 Soviet Union, 10, 286, 314, 322 partnership with Somalia, 16 relationship with Uganda, 112 support to MPLA, 17 See also Algeria; Horn of Africa Soviet-Afghan War, 314 Spetzvneshtechnika, 35 440 Sputnik Light vaccine, 244 SputnikV vaccine, 235, 239, 241 Russia’s balancing strategy, 250 4 Russia’s vaccine diplomacy, 238-44 Sputnik, 204, 222, 226, 238 Sredin, Vasilii, 55 SSJ100 passenger aircraft, 263 St Petersburg Economic Forum, 211,298 St Petersburg, 31, 224, 268, 299, 326 Stalin, Joseph, 28 Stalinism, 125 State Committee on the State of Emergency (GKChP), 26 State Duma Committee on Defence, 215 State Security Agency (SSA), 125 States Africa Command (AFRICOM), 108 Steenhuisen, John, 317 Stepanova, Ekaterina, 151—2 Stevens, J. Christopher, 152 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
(SIPRI), 63 Storchak, Sergei, 73 Stroitransgaz, 70 Stronski, Paul, 3, 4 Su-24 fighter jet, 257, 258 Su-30, 280 Su-35 jets, 252, 273, 280 Su-35 jet deal, 326 Su-75 Checkmate fighter jet, 326 Suakin port, 275—6 Sub-Saharan Africa, 59, 215, 230, 242,308,323 Suchkov, Maxim, 207 Sudan Liberation Movement (SLMAW), 222
INDEX Sudan Revolutionary Front (SRF), 272-3 Sudan Tribune (news portal), 118, 279 Sudan, 199, 232, 237, 251,272-3, 297, 321 Africa and Russia, 244—50 ‘positive neutrality’ between South Sudan and, 112 Red Sea and Horn of Africa, 305-8 revolution, 218—23 Russia’s political interference campaign, 224 7 Russia’s security presence, 273-81 Russia’s strategy recalibration, 256-67 Sudanese Communist Party, 20 Sudanese National Assembly, 80 Sudanese revolution Russia’s response, 218—23 Suez Canal Authority, 302 Suez Canal Industrial Zone, 144 Suez Canal Special Economic Zone, 143 Suez Canal, 8, 170, 251-2, 276 Suez Crisis (1956), 11 Sukhankin, Sergei, 3, 194 Sukhankin, Sergey, 3, 194 Sukhoi Superjet, 277 Sun, The (tabloid newspaper), 188, 208 Sunday Independent (newspaper), 121 al-Sunna, Asnar, 230 Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF), 136 Surikov, Mozambique Alexander, 228 Surur, Fathi, 86 Suslov, Dmitry, 298, 300 al-Suwayda, 256—7 Suweilam, Husam, 141 Svitzer, 81 Sylva,Timipre, 315 Syria, 118,207,215-16,238, 261-2,276,283,294,311 Russia’s military campaign in, 131 Sudanese revolution and democratic transition, 218-23 T-72 tanks, 35 Tabe, Crispin, 195 Tahnoon, Sheikh, 212 Tajikistan, 26 Takuba peacekeeping force, 286 al-Tamimi, Heiri, 264 Tangier, 8 Tanzania, 112, 193, 297 Tarhuna, 209, 260 Tartous, 276 Tar útin, Igor, 29 Tashkent, 254 Tatarov, Vladimir, 176 Tatarstan, 6 el-Tayeb, Ahmed, 145 Taylor, Charles, 48 Tegenu, Alemayehu, 254 Tehran, 326 Telegraph, The (newspaper), 209 Terekhin, Yevgeny, 254 Teshome, Grum, 189 al-Thani, Abdullah, 214 Third World, 25, 27 Tigray
People’s Liberation Front, 273 Tigray Province, 47 Tigray War, 253, 280, 308 Tigray, 21,251,253-4, 307, 324 441
INDEX Timbuktu, 285 Timofeev, Ivan, 287—8 Titorenko, Vladimir, 271,288 Tkachenko, Vsevolod, 248 Tobruk, 154, 208 Tokmakov, Viktor, 205 Lengő Songo 98.9 FM radio, 205 Tolstoy, Leo, 10 Touadéra government, 309 Touadéra, 202—3, 204—6, 255, 309 GNU and Russia, 262—72 Toungui, Paul, 104 Tourist, The (film), 271 Townsend, Stephen, 247, 257, 306 Transitional Military Council (TMC), 223, 281 Transvaal Republic, 10 Traore, Ibrahim, 314 Traore, Moussa, 14 Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation (1974), 16 Treaty of Rome, 80 Tripoli, 20, 73, 152, 209, 217, 240 GNU and Russia’s involvement, 262-72 Russia’s strategy recalibration, 256-67 Trud (newspaper), 63 Trump administration, 109, 112 Trump, Donald, 206—7, 222, 238, 247,253,325 Tsegai, Petros, 280 Tselunov, Alexei, 312 Tselunov, Alexey, 290 Tsinamdzgvrishvili, Artyom, 239 Tu-154jet, 286 Tu֊154M airliners, 219 Tunisia, 66, 93237, 289, 303 Russia’s vaccine diplomacy, 238-44 442 Tunisian revolution, 93 Turkey, 212-13, 215-18, 246, 249-50,261,273,275,322-3 Libya, Russia’s involvement in, 262-7 Macron on, 248 PPE,235 Turkey-Russia relations, 249—50, 266 Tutu, Desmond, 317 Twitter, 231,251 223rd Flight Unit, 229 224th Flight Unit, 229 UAE.See United Arab Emirates (UAE) Udugov, Movladi, 51 Uganda, 112-13,244,247,321-2 Ugbah, Steve, 185 Ukraine war, 287—8, 300—1, 326, 409n4 Africa’s reaction, 294—8 North Africa, Russia’s influence in, 301—5 Red Sea and Horn of Africa, 305-8 Russia and Southern Africa, 316-19 Russia’s security, 308—16 Russia’s vision, 298—300 Ukraine, 26, 202, 258, 321-6 Africa’s reaction, 294—8 North Africa, Russia’s influence
in, 301—5 Red Sea and Horn of Africa, 305-8 Russia and Southern Africa, 316-19 Russia pipeline diplomacy against, 71 Russia’s security, 308—16
INDEX Ukraine war and Russia’s vision, 298-300 Ukrainian Defence Ministry, 304 UN (United Nations), 209, 238, 253, 259, 266-7, 323 peacekeeping operation in Macedonia, 127 See also UN Security Council (UNSC); Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) UN Conference (1985), 22 UN General Assembly (UNGA), 239, 301, 316 Africa’s reaction, 294—8 UN Human Rights Council, 253, 295,305 UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA), 312 UN Panel of Experts, 256, 258—9 UN report, 269-70 UN resolution, 202 UN Security Council (UNSC), 34, 209,223,237-8,249,263, 278, 289 Russia’s balancing strategy, 250 4 UN World Food Programme (WFP), 92 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 298-9 UNITAE See United Task Force (UNITAF) United Arab Emirates (UAE), 7, 118,209,211-12,217, 220-21,306 PPE,235 Russia’s strategy recalibration, 256-67 United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), 106-7 United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA), 270 United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI), 103 United States (US), 206, 209, 226, 237,268,274, 321,323, 330n8 bombings in Libya, 74 Nagy on,245 Russia’s balancing strategy, 250-4 Russian security involvement, 281-8 USSudan relations, 279—80 vaccines, 235—6 United Task Force (UNITAF), 38 University of Pennsylvania, 245 UNSC Resolution (1054), 49 UNSC Resolution (1070), 50 UNSC Resolution (1957), 103 UNSC Resolution (1970), 97 UNSC Resolution (1973), 102-3 UNSC Resolution (2085), 127 UNSC Resolution (748), 36 UNSC Resolution (794), 38 UNSC Resolution (883), 37 UNSC. See
UN Security Council (UNSC) Urnov, Andrey, 102 US government, 245 USTreasury Department, 247, 258 US. See United States (US) US-China ColdWar, 236 Uzbekistan, 26 Vasiliev, Alexei, 36 Vella, George, 159 Venezuela crisis, 221 Venezuela, 79, 184,215,222 Volin, Alexey, 114 443
INDEX Volodin, Duma Vyacheslav, 201 VTB bank, 232 Vybornov, Sergei, 89 Vystovsky, Vladimir, 82 Xyyglad (newspaper), 261, 299-300,313,322 Wadden, 258 Wagner Group, 200, 203 4, 230, 304-6,307,309,311-14 Africa and Russia, 244—50 Chad and Guinea, Russia’s influence in, 288—91 Libya, Russia’s intervention on, 206-12 Russia and Sudan, 273—81 Russia consolidation, 267—72 Russia’s security, 308—16 Russia’s strategy recalibration, 256-67 Russian security involvement, 281-8 stagnation in, Russia’s intervention, 213—18 Sudanese revolution, 218—23 Wahhabism, 145 Walubita, Keii, 50 Wangjiahao, 168 War on Terror, 66 Washington, 247, 279, 306 Weatherington, Matthew, 226—7 Welch-Larson, Deborah, 330n8 West Africa, 14, 185,201,290 Russia’s security, 308—16 Western liberalism, 75 Western Sahara, 151, 174, 247, 303 Williams, Stephanie, 207, 259, 265—6,304 Winer, Jonathan, 108 Wisner, Frank, 18 444 Wohlforth, William, 330n8 World Bank, 91,237 World Health Organization (WHO), 237, 243 World War II, 10 World War III, 301 Wu Peng, 248 Xinhua (News agency company), 238 Xinjiang, 238 Xu Guoqing, 89 Yalta Economic Forum (2019), 195 Yanayev, Gennady, 26, 27 Yar’Adua, Umaru, 59—60, 86—7 Yasar University, 249 Yeltsin era, 55 Yeltsin, Boris, 28 Ajaokuta Steel Project, 45 met with Mandela, 51 Yemen, 211,212,273 Yemeni civil war, 272 Yibeltal, Kalkidan, 253—4 Yom Kippur War (1973), 14 Youssef, Khaled Omar, 278 Yugoslavia, 46, 316 Yushkov, Igor, 303 Zakharov, Valeri, 202—3, 205, 272 Zakharov, Valery, 202—3, 205, 272 Zakharova, Maria, 219, 222 Zambia, 18, 316 Zangaro Today Telegram channel, 290 ZANU-PF,
78-9 Zaporizhzhia, 299 Zarubezhvodstroi, 70 el-Zayat, EIhamy, 252 Zayed, Abdullah bin, 212 Zayed, Mohammed bin, 212
INDEX Zaytsev, Vadim, 179 Zeila, 188 Zelensky, Volodymyr, 297—8, 301, 303,322,324-5 Zenawi, Meles, 28, 60, 92 Zene, Chérif Mahamat, 289 Zheltov, Vladimir, 119 Zhirinovksy, Vladimir, 37, 50—1 Zhou En-Lai, 15 Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), 18 Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU), 18, 115 Zimbabwe Consolidated Diamond Company (ZCDC), 180 Zimbabwe, 17—18,79, 115,241, 295,318 Zinyama, Tawanda, 318 Zultun, 256 Zuma, Jacob, 103, 121—2, 175, 316 Zyuganov, Gennady, 50 445
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CONTENTS Introduction: Setting the Stage 1 1. The Tumultuous 1990s: A Lost Decade for Russian Geopolitical Influence in Africa 25 2. The Dawn of Russia’s Resurgence in Africa: 2000—08 53 3. The Medvedev Interregnum: The Consolidation of Russia’s Ambitions in Africa 77 4. Russia’s Anti-Western Tilt in Africa 105 5. Russia Rebuilds Its Influence in North Africa 135 6. Russia Becomes a Continent-Wide Great Power 163 7. Russia’s New Power Projection Tactics in Africa 199 8. Russia’s Africa Policy in the Age of COVID -19 235 9. New Frontiers of Russian Security Policy in Africa 255 10. The Ukraine War and Russia’s Africa Strategy 293 Postscript: A Look Ahead 321 Notes 329 Index 419 v
INDEX Note: Page numbers followed by ‘π’ refer to notes. Abacha regime, 45 Abacha, Sani, 41 Abdelaziz, Mohammed, 152—3 Abdel-Khalek, Osama, 301 Abdi, Rashid, 84, 324 Abkhazia, 202 Aboul-Gheit, Ahmed, 85 Abravitova, Liubov, 298 Abu Dhabi, 170, 212, 217, 261 Accra, 294—5 Achinov, Nikolay, 9 Adamishin, Anatoly, 39 Addax, 89 Addis Ababa, 9, 250-1, 253-4, 307 Aden clashes, 212 Aden,8 Aden, Abdirisak, 84 Afanasyeva,Yulia, 247 Afghanistan, 18, 70, 207, 211, 296, 316 Africa Kozyrev visit to, 30—3 Russia’s relationship with, 244-50 Soviet influence in, 7, 11, 16 See also Russia African Action Plan (AAP), 57 African National Congress (ANC), 22 African Union (AU), 54, 223, 240, 253, 281,289, 296 Libya, Russia’s intervention on, 206-12 African Union’s Mechanism for Police Cooperation (AFRIPOL), 188-9 AFRICOM, 222, 257-9, 282, 286 Afrika Sevodnya (Today’s Africa), 58 Afrikaners, 182—3 Afwerki, Isaías, 47 Agadir International Airport, 303 Ahmed, Abdullahi Yusuf, 83 Ahmed, Abiy, 235, 237, 251,253, 307 Ain Zara, 304 Ajaokuta steel plant, 315 Ajaokuta, 187 Ajbadiya, 304 419
INDEX Al Ahrar (TV channel), 258 Al Jazeera (TV network), 214, 295 Al Jufra Airbase, 256 Al-Ahram (newspaper), 137 AI-Ain, 278 Al-Arabiya (news channel), 144, 220-1,263 Al-Azhar University, 68 Alden, Chris, 3 Aleppo, 131 Alfano, Angelino, 158 Algeria, 269, 295, 297, 302-4, 315,326 Libya partnership with, 161 Russia’s vaccine diplomacy, 238-44 Russian-Algerian business forums, 70 Soviet Union signed an agreement with, 14 Algerian Hirak Protest Movement, 172 Algerians, 147 Algiers Summit (1973), 18 Ali, Wasil, 279 Aliba, Ahmed, 301 Al-Jazeera (TV network), 221,278 Al-Jufra, 258 Al-Kadim, 258 Alkhanov, Alu, 71 Allison, Roy, 99 Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), 209-10, 265,311 al-Qaeda, 50 Alrosa, 241 al-Shabab, 273 Alshateri, Albadr, 211—12 al-Shorouk (newspaper), 250 Aluminium Smelter Company of Nigeria (ALSCON), 60 Am Daga, 307 420 Amhàric language, 9 Amur class repair ship PM-138 278 ANC government, 317 Anglo-Boer War II (1899-1902), 10 Angola, 17, 31 Rogozin visit to, 114—15 Russia signed an agreement with, 44 trade between Russia and, 88 AngoSatl, 176 AngoSat2, 176 Ankara, 246 Anokhin, Vladimir, 217—18 Ansar al-Sharia, 152 Ansar al-Sunna, 229 Antananarivo, 224, 226—7 anti-apartheid movements, 316 Anti-Balaka, 205 anti-Western regimes, 55—6 Antonio, Tėte, 57—8 Antonov An-124 plane, 229 Antonov, Anatoly, 142 Arab League Summit, 322 Arab League, 86 Arab Misseriya tribes, 117 Arab Spring 2.0, 220 Arab Spring (2011), 75, 212—13, 221-2 Arab-Israeli conflict, 32 Argentina, 29—30 Arik, Mawien, 112 Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 36 Arkhangelskaya, Alexandra, 123, 167 Arman,
Abukar, 83-4 Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED), 311-12 Armed Islamic Group (GIA), 28
INDEX Armenia, 117 Army-2020 Forum, 273 Asmara, 17 al-Assad, Bashar, 101,217 al-Assar, Muhammad Said, 142 Association for Free Research and International Cooperation (AFRIC), 231-2 Astana Peace Process, 145, 217 AstraZeneca, 241—2, 243 Aswan High Dam, 252 Atlantic Ocean, 111 Aziz,Tariq, 63 Bab el-Mandeb Strait, 275 Babakin, Alexander, 71 al-Badri, Abdelbassat, 158 Bah, Amadou, 200 Bakassi, 296 Baker, James, 30, 249 Balcha Hospital, 9 Balmasov, Sergei, 146, 303 Bamako, 282, 284 Bambari, 270 Bandung Conference (1955), 11 Bang, 270 Bangui, 267—9 Bani Walid, 257 Barabanov, Mikhail, 148 Barabanov, Oleg, 172—3 el-Baradei, Mohammed, 95 ‘Barbarian Imperialist Aggression*, 74 al-Barghati, Mahdi, 157 Barrow, Adam, 111 Bashagha, Fathi, 263, 264-5, 305 al-Bashir, Omar, 51,79—80, 218-19 meetings with Russian officials, 119 Bastrykin, Alexander, 215 battalion tactical groups (BTGs), 304 Battle of Adwa (1895), 9 Bayoumi, Gamal, 171 Bazoum, Mohamed, 315 Béavogui, Mohamed, 296 Beijing, 117, 238, 246 Belarus, 294, 310 Belenkaya, Marianna, 263 Belmokhtar, Mokhtar, 146 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), 6 Ben Ali, Zine Abedine, 92 Bendjedid, Chadli, 20, 28 Benghazi, 208, 211, 264, 304 Benghazi-to-Marsa-Matrouh rail line, 266 Benghazi-to-Sirte railway project, 266 Benhamed, Lotfi, 241 Benin, 297, 323 Bensalah, Abdelkader, 173 —4 Berengo training centre, 206 Beriziky, Omer, 224 Berlin Conference, 266 Bialer, Seweryn, 16 Biden, Joe, 246-7, 266, 277, 303 Bigot, Christophe, 310 Bitcoin, 309 Biti, Tendai, 179 Black Sea grain export agreement, 325 Black Sea ports, 297 Black Sea, 299 Blackwater, 206
Blinken, Anthony, 252, 286, 302 Blue Nile, 272—3 Boeing F-15 Advanced Fighter Jets, 326 ‘Boer Lives Matter’ movement, 183 Boer War, 10 421
INDEX Bogdanov, Mikhail, 92—3,151, 195,207, 222-3, 262-3,299 Bokassa (emperor), 287 Bokassa era, 268 Boko Haram, 128, 129, 310 Bolad, Kamal, 277 Bolotnaya Square, 100 Bolshevik Revolution (1917), 10 Bolton, John, 165—6, 206 Bondarev, Viktor, 257—8 Bongo, Omar, 65 Borgia, Gaelle, 224 Borisenko, Georgy, 252 Borisova, Jana, 86 Bortnikov, Alexander, 154—5 Bosnia, 74 Bossangoa massacre, 310 Botes, Alvin, 316—17 Botha, Рік, 31—2 Boukadoum, Sabri, 174 Bout, Viktor, 48, 326 Bouteflika, Abdelaziz, 69, 102 Bovin, Aleksandr, 2Ί Bovt, Georgy, 74 Boyarishchev, Vladimir, 224 Bozizé, François, 131,267—8, 288 Brak, 258 Brasília, 184 Brazil, 29—30 Bregadze, Alexander, 201—2 Brezhnev era, 19 Brezhnev, Leonid, 187 BRI investments, 249 BRI. See Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), 52 BRICS summit (2009), 90-1 BRICS summit (2013), 137 BRICS summit (2014), 122 BRICS summit (2018), 163, 195 422 BRICS summit (2019), 184—5 Britain, 31,223, 246, 269-70, 272 vaccines, 235—6 Broadcasting company (BBC), 224, 304 Brookings Institution report, 325 Brown, Brittany, 106 Bucha Massacre, 311 Bucharest Summit (2008), 78 Buhari, Muhammadu, 131, 186 Bulgaria, 16 el-Burhan, Abdel Fattah, 218, 222-3,274,276,306 Burkina Faso, 18, 281, 313—14 Burundi, 112, 295 Bush administration, 68 Bush, George W., 59 Buthelezi, Mzayifani, 184 Byschkov, Petr, 247 Cabo Delgado, 227—30 Cairo Declaration, 260 Cairo, 250-2, 261,266, 273, 301, 322 mass protests, 170 Putin’s visit to, 68 California, 310 Camara, Sadio, 282, 285 Cameroon,269,296,310,323 Campbell, John, 59, 129 Canada, 286,
305 Cape Town, 31 CAR (Central African Republic), 1, 106, 131-3, 199, 232, 278 Africa and Russia, 244—50 Central and West Africa, 308—16 Chad and Guinea, Russia’s influence in, 288—91 Russia’s consolidation, 267—72, 305-8 Russia’s intervention, 202—6
INDEX Carnegie Moscow Center, 204 Castro, Fidel, 18 Caucasus Strategie Research Center, 217 Çavu^Lglu, Mevlüt, 261—2 Cedar Revolution (200S), 69 Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 237 Central Asia, 9 Central Energy Fund, 317 Central Independent Election Commission, 226 Chad, 247-8, 255, 259, 278, 281 Russia’s influence, 288—91 Chad-CAR border, 289 Chamisa, Nelson, 179 Chechen War II, 53, 55, 66-7 Chemezov, Sergei, 72, 141 China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC), 197 China, 238, 301,318, 321, 324, 329n9, 330n8 Africa and Russia, 244—50 Port Sudan facility, 276 PPE,235 Russia aligned with, 111 signed deal for minerals, 200 vaccines, 235—8 China’s National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC), 113 China-Africa Cooperation Forum, 54 Chinese naval bases, 276 Christians, 137 Chuprygin, Andrey, 209, 212, 217, 259,261 Churkin, Vitaly, 32, 39, 79, 97-8 views on Russia’s policies, 154—5 Cinar, HuriyeYildrim, 217 clandestine agreement, 304 Clinton, Bill, 51 Clinton, Hillary, 108 Clunan, Anne, 330n8 CNN (Media company), 226, 235 Coalition of Patriots for Change (CPC), 270 Coega special economic zone, 317 Cohen, Herman, 191 ColdWar, 7, 8, 85 Colonial Era (Pre-1960), 7 Committee for State Security (KGB), 36 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 19,20 Comoros, 277 Conakry, 202 Condé, Alpha, 110, 200, 201—2, 240, 281, 289-90 Congo crisis (1960), 12 Congo War I, 48 Congo, 13, 241,295, 321-2 Conkar, Ahmet Berat, 217 Constantine, 241 Conte, Lansana, 64—5 Coptic Christians, 68 Cornegay, Francis, 91 Cossa, Constantino, 231 Côte d’Ivoire, 103—+, 297 COVAX, 242 COVID-19 pandemic, 170, 233,
267, 299, 322 Africa and Russia, 244—50 Russia’s vaccine diplomacy, 238-Л4 Russia-Africa relations, 236—8 vaccines, 192 CPSU. See Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) Credit Suisse, 232 Crimea, 121,294,301,316-17 Crimean Peninsula, 105 Crocker, Chester, 19 423
INDEX CSIS report, 295 Cuban Missile Crisis, 294 Cup of Hope campaign, 205 Cyprus, 153 Cyrenaica, 209, 260 Czech Republic, 129, 285 Czechoslovakia, 16 Dahshan, Ahmed, 144 Daily Maverick, The (online newspaper), 121,317—18 Daily Sabah (newspaper), 216 Dajunshi (Chinese defence website), 230 Damiba, Paul-Henri, 313 Dandykin, Vasily, 185 Daoud, Oumar Ibn, 288—9 Darfur, 64, 118,272-3 Davydov, Oleg, 37 al-Dbeibah, Abdul Hamid, 240, 263-4 De Carvalho, Gustavo, 243 de Klerk, E W, 31, 32 Déby, Idriss, 281 Déby, Mahamat, 281,289 DeLisi, Scott, 113 Dembélé, Moussa, 287 Democratic Alliance Party, 125, 181,317 Democratic Party, 316 Democratic Republic Congo, 310 Deng Xiaoping, 16 Dengov, Lev, 161—2, 214 Denisova,Tatyana, 290 Derg regime, 16, 254 Deripaska, Oleg, 5, 201,290 Desalegn, Hailemariam, 188—9 Diallo, Cellou Dalein, 202 Dian-Dian mine, 200—1 Diaw, Malick, 282 al-Din, Omar Qamar, 275 424 Djemal, Orkhan, 203 Djibouti, 107, 254, 276, 297, 306 Dlamini-Zuma, Nkosazana, 62 Dmitriev, Kirill, 239 Dolgov, Boris, 69, 279 Donaldson, Robert, 34 Donbas, 118, 121, 304, 310 Dondra, Henri-Marie, 269 Donetsk People’s Republics, 294, 303 Donetsk, 299 dos Santos, Isabel, 178 Dos Santos, José Eduardo, 30—1, 46-7 Dossier Center, 219, 225 Doumbouya, Mamady, 281 Draghi, Mario, 319 DRS. See Intelligence and Security (DRS) Dubai, 307 Dujarric, Stéphane, 259 Dumbuya, Mamadi, 290 Dunne, Michelle, 143 Dygało, Igor, 81 Dzhabarov, Vladimir, 258 East Africa, 228, 250, 308 East Germany, 16, 17 eastern Africa, 276 Eastern Europe, 11,71,294 eastern Ghouta, 146 Eastern Indian Ocean region, 276 eastern
Mediterranean, 275—6 Ebola, 201,237, 239-40 ECFR report, 307 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 57, 111,287 Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) Party, 316 Economic Progress Party, 316
INDEX Egypt, 46, 68-9, 236-9, 297, 301-3,326 Russia’s balancing strategy, 250-4 Russia’s partnership with, 8 Russia’s strategy recalibration, 256-67 signed an agreement with Russia, 143 Sputnik Light vaccine, 244 Sputnik V, 239 support for Haftar, 211 Egyptian military, 140 Egyptian Museum, 173 Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company (EGAS), 142 Egyptian Revolution (2011), 95, 138 Egyptians, 92—3 El Dabaa Nuclear Power Plant, 143, 301-2, 323 El Salvador, 309 El-Sharara oil field, 258 Emam, Shaik, 318 Endiama, 177 Era of Soviet Adventurism (1975— 85), 7 Erdo“gan, Recep Tayyip, 215—16 Eritrea, 190-1, 273, 280, 294, 295, 307-8 Erkhov, Alexei, 216 Estonia, 269 Ethiopia, 47, 236, 247, 273, 295, 307, 322-4 East Germany ties with, 17 Italian invasion of, 10 pro-Russian sentiments in, 92 requested arms package from Russia, 61 Russia’s balancing strategy, 250-4 Ethiopia-Eritrea peace initiative, 57 Ethiopia-Eritrea War (1998—2000), 60 Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), 28 ethno-confessional conflicts, 61 EU-Africa Summit (2000), 54 Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), 143 Europe, 25, 236, 330n8 European Union (EU), 217, 236— 7, 240, 268, 285, 302-4, 322 Russia and Southern Africa, 316-19 Russia’s military expansion, 206-12 Sudanese revolution and democratic transition, 218—23 Everstov, Nikolai, 277 Evstigneeva, Anna, 313 ex-Seleka, 205 ExxonMobil, 81, 227 Eyrice, Elem, 249 Fabricius, Peter, 184, 185 Facebook accounts, 268, 287 Facebook, 210, 283 FACT rebels, 288-9 Fahmy, Nabil, 140 al-Fargh, 304 Farid, Mohamed, 251 Fayed, Abdelaziz, 239 Federal News Agency, 219,
226—7, 264-5, 284, 287 Federation Council, 6 Fedorenko, Nikolay, 13 Fedorov,Yuri, 59 Feltman, Jeremy, 247 Fezzan, 260 FIFA World Cup (2018), 145 425
INDEX Filatova, Irina, 290 Filipov, Vasily, 248 financial crisis (2008), 77 Fitin, Vladimir, 222 Fomin, Alexander, 278 Forces for Freedom and Change (FFC), 222, 277 Ford, Vicky, 311 Foreign Policy Concept (2000), 54 Fotyga, Anna, 166—7, 285—6 Fouad, Mahmoud, 239 Foundation for the Protection of National Values, 213—14, 287 Fradkov, Mikhail, 58 France, 204-5, 209, 211-12, 226, 314, 321,323-4 Chad and Guinea, Russia’s influence in, 288—91 Operation Barkhane campaign, 128 Operation Sangaris campaign, 132 Russia’s Involvement, 262—7 Russian security involvement, 281-8 vaccines, 235—6 views on Russia’s vaccine diplomacy, 245—7 Free Officers Coup (1952), 11 Freedom and Justice Party (FJP), 136 Frolovskiy, Dmitry, 215 Front for Change and Concord in Chad (FACT), 281 G20 countries, 237 G20 summit (2019), 183 G8 meeting (1999), 56 G8 summit (2002), 57 G8 summit (2008), 79 Gabon, 295 426 al-Gaddafi, Muammar, 20, 27, 74, 96 Gaddafi, Saif al-Islam, 213, 265—6 Galenica, 239 Gamaleya National Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 242-3 Gambia River, 111 Gambia, 111 GamEvac-Combi Ebola vaccine, 239-40 Gardner, Anthony, 108 Gargash, Anwar, 212 Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF), 138 Gathara, Patrick, 295—6 Gavin, Michelle, 106, 116, 245 Gaydamak, Arcadi, 45 Gaza Strip, 137 Gazprom, 60, 75 Gazprombank, 317 Gbagbo, Laurent, 103֊-4 Geneva Convention, 101 Georgian War (2008), 6, 77 Gerasimov, Igor, 223 Gerasimov, Pavel, 217 Gerasimov, Valery, 219 GERD. See Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) Germany, 223, 259, 272, 285—6 Ghana, 11, 240, 241,244 Ghanem, Dalia, 146 Ghardabiya, 258
Ghozlan, Mahmoud, 138 GIA. See Armed Islamic Group (GIA) Gijimą Technologies, 62 Gintsburg, Alexander, 243 GKChP. See State Committee on the State of Emergency (GKChP)
INDEX Global South, 3, 7, 27, 235, 240, 246, 293, 330n8 Libyan revolution (2011), 95 101 NATO airstrikes in, 98 Russia and, 91 Goble, Paul, 249 Go'ita, Assimi, 249, 313 Russian security involvement, 281-8 Golts, Alexander, 27, 148 El-Gomati, Anas, 159—60, 209 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 8 Gorbachev-era policy, 20 Gordhan, Pravin, 122—3 Gordile village, 309 Gossi, 312 Gouend, Louis, 325—6 Government of National Accord (GNA), 135, 157, 210-16 Russia’s strategy recalibration, 256-67 Government of National Unity (GNU), 255 Russia’s involvement, 262—72 Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), 189, 191-2, 236, 250-3, 273,278,302 Grand Inga Dam, 194 Greenfield, Linda-Thomas, 323 Grey, Robert, 18 Gromyko, Igor, 282 Grozny Conference (2016), 145 Guangzhou racism controversy, 238 Guangzhou, 238 Guardian, The (newspaper), 307 Guatemala, 244 Guevara, Che, 284 Guinea, 11, 14, 199, 232-3, 255 Russia’s hybrid intervention, 200-2 Russia’s influence, 288—91 Russia’s vaccine diplomacy, 238-44 SputnikV, 239-40 Gulf of Aden, 81,82, 254 Gulf ofTadjoura, 9 GulfWar (1991), 43 Gumede, Robert, 62 Guterres, Antonio, 237—8, 259 Gwanyanya, Persistence, 318 Habineza, Frank, 243-4 Hadfield, Gregory, 166 Hadi, Abd Rabbuh Mansur, 272 Haftar, Khalifa, 108, 153-Ч, 214, 288 clandestine agreement, 304 GNU and Russia’s involvement, 262-72 Libya, Russia’s intervention on, 206-12 Russia’s strategy re calibration, 256—67 stagnation in, Russia’s intervention, 213—18 Haftar-Assad alliance, 217—18 Hagel, Chuck, 139 Hamdan, Mohammed, 221 Hamdok, Abdalla, 274, 276, 281 Hamid, Al-Hadi, 119 Handule, Mohammed, 83 Harare, 92
Harchaoui, Jalel, 212, 304 Hargeisa, 280 Harvard University, 245 Hemedti, 221, 306 HIV-AIDS, 243, 245 Hoffman, Jonathan, 257 Hokkaido, 79 Hong Kong, 238 ‘honorary consuls’, 34 427
INDEX Horn of Africa, 9, 247, 2S0, 300, 305—8 Soviet influence in, 16—17 House of Representatives (HoR), 154 Houthi drone strikes, 273 Hoxha, Enver, 28 Hrytsak,Vasyl, 219 al-Hudhud, Ibrahim Salah, 145 Hudson, Cameron, 275 Human RightsWatch, 310, 311 Hussein, Abdel Rahim Mohammed, 63^f Hussein, Emad Eddine, 250 Hussein, Hisham, 277 el-Hussein, Mohamed Osman, 274,278 Hussein, Nur Hassan, 83 al-Huweij, Abdel Hadi, 264 ICC. See International Criminal Court (ICC) Idlib, 215, 217 Idris (King), 156 Ignatenko, Alexander, 96—7, 138—9 11-114,277 Ilichev, Petr, 112 IMF. See International Monetary Fund (IMF) India, 9, 246, 276-7, 296, 329n9 India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA), 91 Indian Ocean Rim Association, 185 Indian Ocean, 120, 224, 273, 275-6, 280, 305-6 Indo-Pacific region, 8 Institute for International and Strategic Studies (IISS), 248 Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO), 38 428 Intelligence and Security (DRS), 36 Intergovernmental Development Authority (IGAD), 57 International Affairs, 55 International Anticrisis Center (IAC), 231 International Criminal Court (ICC), 79-81 International Crisis Group, 84 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 22, 237, 278 International Projects Centre (IPC), 31 ‘internationalist camp’, 25 Iran, 79, 217, 325-6 Iranian Revolution (1979), 95 Iraq War (2003), 53, 119 Iraq, 238, 316 Ireland, 269 Islamic extremism, 61 Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), 28 Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS), 311 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS), 206-7, 210, 229-30, 238 Islamists, 138, 152 Israel, 226, 254 Israel-Gaza war (2008—09), 84
Israel-Hamas conflict, 84—5 Israel-Palestine conflict, 67 Issaev, Leonid, 66—7 Italo-Ethiopian War I (1895—96), 9 Italy, 212, 237, 324 Ivan IV, Tsar, 8 Ivanov, Alexander, 180, 270, 271, 287,314 Ivanov, Igor, 67 Ivanov, Sergei, 98, 241 Ivashov, Leonid, 216, 274
INDEX Izmir, 249 Izvestia (newspaper), 27, 61, 271, 282 Jabal Amer gold mine, 275 Jabr, Abu-Bakr Yunis, 96 Jama’at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimim (JNIM), 286 Jammeh,Yahya, 110, 111 Japan, 25, 246, 251 Joachim, Patriarch, 8 Johnson Johnson, 241,243 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), 325 Jokonya, Callisto, 179 Jonah, James, 165—6 Jonathan, Goodluck, 128 Jordan,211 Jordan, Pallo, 62 Jufra, 257 Jumail, 256 al-Kabir, Siddiq, 157 Kaboré, Roch Marc Christian, 313 Kadomtsev, Andrey, 245—6 Kadyrov, Ramzan, 71, 145, 162, 215 Kagame, Paul, 195—6 Kainerugaba, Muhoozi, 294 Kalana gold project, 286 Kalibr anti-ship missiles, 208 al-Kani, Mohammed, 264 al-Kaniyat, 264 Kapchanga, Mark, 297—8 Karaganov, Sergei, 42 Karasin, Grigory, 38, 41 Kasrills, Ronnie, 62 Kasyanov, Mikhail, 61 Katz, Mark, 70, 143 Kaunda, Kenneth, 18 Kazagui, Maxime, 267—8 Kazakhstan, 117, 176 Keïta, Ibrahim Boubacar, 281—2 Keita, Modibo, 14 Kenya, 106, 192, 242, 289, 295, 303,308,323 Kenyatta, Uhuru, 192—3 Kerry, John, 157 Ketchley, Neil, 360nl4 KGB. See Committee for State Security (KGB) Khaddad, Mohammed, 151 Khalilzad, Zalmay, 79 Khannenje, Hassan, 299—300, 324 Kharief, Akram, 35—6, 174 Kharkiv University, 9 Khartoum Agreement, 190, 205 Khartoum massacre, 222—3 Khartoum, 204, 222, 273, 274, 275,277-9, 281 Khelifa, Mohamed, 147 Kherson Region, 299 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 203, 219, 225 Khrushchev, Nikita, 11, 12, 15, 147 Kiir, Salva, 110, 111 Kimani, Martin, 295 Kirill, Patriarch, 137 Kiriyenko, Sergei, 86, 124 Klintsevich, Franz, 119—20 Klishas, Andrei, 221 Kolokolov, Boris, 40 Kommersant (newspaper), 59, 64, 136,
222, 263 Kondiano, Claude, 201 Konovalov, Ivan, 158 Korea, 153 Korendyasov, Evgeny, 282, 284 Kortunov, Andrei, 211 Kosachev, Konstantin, 99, 221 Kosovo War (1999), 6 429
INDEX Kostelyanets, Sergei, 280 Kouki, 309 Koyagbélé, Pascal Bida, 272 Koyara, Marie-Noëlle, 206, 271 Kozyrev, Andrei, 25, 27 visit to Africa, 30—3 Kozyrev-era, 45 Kramar, Andrei, 224 Kramnik, Ilya, 280 Krašnja Vesna (newspaper), 289 Krasov, Andrei, 258 Kritinsyn, Oleg, 159, 208-9, 275 Krylova, Galina, 21 Kubinka, 117 Kuleba, Dmytro, 302, 324 Kurdish state, 147 Kuznetsov, Vasily, 69, 70, 210 views on Arab Spring, 93 Kyrgyzstan, 26 L-29 fighter jets, 14 Lamamra, Ramtane, 173, 261 Laos, 273 ‘Late to the Party: Russia’s Return to Africa’, 4 Latin America, 29—30, 109 Lavrentiyev, Alexander, 145 Lavrov, Sergei, 50, 101,207, 211, 217, 227-8,321-3 met with Desalegn, 188—9 met with Mubarak, 84 Russia’s strategy recalibration, 256—67 Russian security involvement, 281-8 Ukraine war and Russia’s vision, 298-300 visit to Tunisia, 66 Le Drian, Jean-Yves, 285—6 Le Fontenil (newspaper), 194 Le Monde (newspaper), 205 430 Lefa gold mine, 201 Lenin Political-Military Academy, 175 Lenta.ru (online newspaper), 289 Lev Dengov, 208 Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR), 37 Liberia, 303 Libya National Army (LNA), 135, 157 Russia’s strategy recalibration, 256-67 Libya, 199, 232, 237, 255-6, 278, 297, 321,348—9n86 Africa and Russia, 244—50 Chad and Guinea, Russia’s influence in, 288—91 GNU and Russia, 262-72 Moscow’s interventions in, 3 Museveni on, 294 North Africa, Russian influence in, 301—5 partnership with Algeria, 161 Russia relationship with, 72—5 Russia’s intervention, 206—12 Russia’s strategy recalibration, 256-67 stagnation in, Russia’s intervention, 213—18 US bombing in, 74 Libyan
civil war, 223, 236 Libyan government, 152 Libyan parliament, 153 Libyan Political Dialogue Forum (LPDF), 263 Libyans, 152, 160 Lisbon Agreement (1991), 31 Lisbon Peace Process (1991), 30—1 LNA forces, 304 LNA. See Libya National Army (LNA)
INDEX Lobaye Invest, 132 Logunov, Denis, 242—3 Lopatov, Vladimir, 43-4, 58 Lourenço, João, 319 Luanda Norte, 319 Luhansk People’s Republics, 294, 310 Luhansk, 299 Lukyanov, Fyodor, 100, 104, 329—30n9 Lukyanov, Grigory, 287 Lumumba, Patrice, 12—13 Luo Jinyi, 168 Lusaka, 316 Lyamin,Yuri, 276 Lynn-White, Betty, 226—7 Μ Finans, 132 Maaraf, Ismail, 146 Mabote, Motsamai, 184 Mabuza, David, 318 Macedonia, 127 Machel, Samora, 308 Macron, Emmanuel, 245, 246, 248,261-2, 269, 283, 286, 323 attempt to de-escalate tensions with Russia, 166 Putin consulted with, 167 Timofeev on, 287—8 Madagascar Tribune (newspaper), 226 Madagascar, 85, 199, 232, 276-7 Russia’s political interference campaign, 224—7 Madrid Conference (1991), 32 Maduekwe, Ojo, 85 Maduro, Nicolas, 183 Maghreb, 8, 65, 240 Magna Carta PR company, 124 Mahamat, Moussa Faki, 296 Mahboub, Waiel, 279 Mahbuli, Faouzi, 108 al-Mahdi, Mariam al-Sadiq, 278 Mahjoub, Khaled, 304 Mahlobo, David, 122 Maïga, Choguel Kokalla, 285 Mail and Guardian (newspaper), 121 Mailhol (Pastor), 224—5 Mailhol, Andre, 224 Maiteeq, Ahmad, 157, 162, 262, 263 Makarevich, Oleg, 219 Makgoba,Thabo, 317 Makri, Abderrazak, 174 Makri, Noureddine, 302 Maksimychev, Dmitry, 308 Malanga, Christian, 194 Malashenko, Alexei, 95 Malema, Julius, 316 Mali, 11,247-8,255,269, 304, 321 France’s withdrawals, 323 Mali coup (2012), 126-7 Russia’s security, 308—16 Russian security involvement, 281-8 Malian gold mines, 286 Malkevich, Alexander, 214 Mandela, Nelson, 31 relations with Russia, 40 Yeltsin met with, 51 Manga, 270 Mangoush, Najla, 305 Mansour, Adly, 139 Mantashe, Gwede,
183 Manturov, Denis, 115—16, 193, 263 Mao Zedong, 15 Maputo, 232 Marchenko, Vladimir, 178—9 Mardasov, Anton, 275 431
INDEX Margelov, Mikhail, 71,80 1,99 Markov, Sergei, 314 Marten, Kimberly, 3, 4 Marxism, 11 Marxist-Leninism, 13 Maskhov,V.Е, 9 Maslov, Andrey, 179, 298, 300 Maslova, Elena, 155 Matoshin, Lev, 283 Mauritania, 69, 237 Mauritius, 276—7 Maximov, Yevgeny, 10 Mazov, Sergei, 13 Mbau region, 231 Mbeki,Thabo, 62 McKenzie, Kenneth, 326 Mechichi, Hichem, 240 Medelei, Murad, 102 Meduza, 214 Medvedev, Dmitry, 6, 77, 321 embarked on four-country tour, 85-6 views on UNSC resolution, 97 Medvedev-era, 111 Meeks, Gregory, 247 Mekele, 60 Mekonnen, Derneke, 254 memorandum of understanding (MOU), 72 MENA conflict zones, 238 MENA region, 95 Menelik I (Emperor), 9 al-Menfi, Mohammed, 263, 324 Meroe Gold, 307 Mersa Matruh, 252—3 Meskel,Yemane, 280 Messahel, Abdelkader, 172 Mexico, 30 Mfeketo, Nomaindia, 122 Mhaka,Tafi, 296 Mi֊ 17 helicopter, 229 432 МІ-35М attack helicopters, 311 Middle East, 29, 215, 220, 236, 261,283 MiG-15 fighter jets, 14 MiG-21 jets, 18 MiG-29 fighter jet, 72, 257-8 MİG-29SMT fighters, 72 Migranyan, Andranik, 42 Miliband, David, 79 Miller, Andrew, 143 Millett, Peter, 158 Minapharm, 241 Ministry of Defence (Russia), 6 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), 34—5 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia), 6 MINUSCA. See Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the CAR (MINUSCA) M-Invest, 219—20 Mir Afriki (Africa World), 58 Mirzayan, Gevorg, 136 al-Mishri, Khalid, 217 Mishustin, Mikhail, 274 al-Mismari, Ahmed, 154, 162, 256 Misrata Brigades, 161 Misrata, 152, 209—10, 265 Miss Bangui beauty pageant, 205 Mitiga airport, 240 Mkhize, Zweli, 243 Mkuju River, 193 Mnangagwa, 180
Mnangagwa, Emmerson, 117, 308, 318 Modrzhinskaia, E.D., 12 Mohamed, Abdirisak, 280 MohammedVI (King), 66, 150—1 Moldova, 26, 258 Mombasa, 192 Momoh, Joseph, 47—8
INDEX Mongolia, 273—4 Moran Security Group, 128 Morocco, 8, 237, 239, 242, 247, 303 Morozov, Oleg, 282 Morsi, Mohammed, 136—8 Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO), 38 Moscow Times, The, 93—4, 98 Moscow Messahel visited to, 172 Sisi visit to, 168 Moscow-Tripoli relations, 213 Moussa, Amr, 33 Movement for Democratic Change (MDC),78, 179 Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND), 86 Mozambican National Resistance (Renamo), 21—2, 231—2 Mozambican National Resistance Movement (RENAMO), 21—2, 231-2 Mozambique Asset Management, 232 Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), 231 Mozambique, 199, 250 Russia’s failure, 227—33 Mpahlwa, Mandisi, 91 Mpango, Philip, 297 Mphoko, Phelekezela, 117 MPLA. See People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) MS-21 passenger aircraft, 263 MS-2 Is, 277 Mthembu, Jackson, 117 Mtumuke, Athanasius Salvador, 228 Mubarak, Hosni, 33, 45, 84 Mugabe era, 115 Mugabe, Robert, 18, 64 Look East strategy, 115 victory of, 78—9 Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA), 127 Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the CAR (MINUSCA), 132, 133 Mumbengegwi, Simbarashe, 115 Munir, Mamdouh, 250—1 Murakhovsky,’Viktor, 120 Musavuli, Kambale, 291 Museveni, Yoweri, 102, 110—11, 114,294 Muslim Brotherhood, 67 N’Diaye, Mankeur, 271 Nabbanja, Robinah, 297 Načala Airport, 229 al-Nadoori, Abdulrazek, 153—4 Nagy,Tibor, 109, 245 Naiya, Liu, 168 Nam cor (Namibia), 88 Namibia, 88, 240 Nampula, 231 Narison, Stephen, 227 Naryshkin, Sergei, 150 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 11 National Committee for the Salvation of
the People (NCSP), 282 National Defense University (NDU), 5 National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), 17 National Intelligence and Security Services (NISS), 219 National Liberation Front (FLN), 15 433
INDEX National Oil Company (NOC), 75 National Transitional Council (NTC), 99 National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), 17 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 78, 251,262, ЗОЇ, 316, 318, 327 airstrikes in Libya, 98 Ramaphosa on, 294 NATO Parliamentary Assembly, 217 Naumkin, Vitaly, 210 Naval Force Mediterranean Operation irini, 266 Nayed,Aref, 265 Ndah village, 309 Ndaw, Bah, 283 Ndjoni Sango (newspaper), 271 NDU. See National Defense University (NDU) Nebenzia, 204 Nebenzia, Vasily, 190, 203, 251, 253 Nebenzia, Vassily, 190, 203, 251, 253 Nechai, Ruslan, 301 Nemtsov, Boris, 45 Nene, Nhlanhla, 126 neo-imperialism, 108 New Delhi, 276 New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) programme, 57 NewYork Times (newspaper), 5, 26, 224,225,306-7 Nezavisimaya Gazeta (newspaper), 64, 221,279 80 Nguema, Sylvain, 271 Niaina, 224—5 434 Nicholas II, Tsar, 8 Nigaz, 87 Niger Delta, 86 Niger, 239, 242, 247, 271, 281, 289, 295-7,314 Nigeria, 14, 41,90 Nigerian Atomic Energy Commission, 187 Nigerian military, 129—30 Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), 87 Nile River, 254, 280-1 Nimeiry, Gafaar, 20 9/11 attacks, 67 Nioni, 312 Nishanov, Rafik, 28 Nizhny Novgorod, 6 Nkomo, Joshua, 18 Nkurunziza, Pierre, 110, 111 NNPC. See Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) ‘No-Fly Zone’, 348—9n86 Nokra Island, 17 Nordgold, 201 Norland, Richard, 266 Norov, A.S., 80 North Africa, 54, 220, 240-1,287 301-5 Arab Spring protests in, 92—5 North Caucasus, 33, 94, 137 North Korea, 294 Northeast Asia, 29 Norway, 71,272 Novavax scheme, 241—2 Novaya Gazeta (newspaper), 203,
222 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 40 al-Nur, Abdul Wahid, 222 Nyerere, Julius, 11,15
INDEX Nyusi, Filipe, 228—9, 231—2 OAU. See Organization of African Unity (OAU) Obama administration, 107 Obama, Barack, 77, 85, 245, 247 Obasanjo, Olusegun, 41, 59—60, 185 Oboronexport, 35 Obraztsova, Margarita, 34—5 Odesa port strike, 323 Odinga, Raila, 308 Officers Union for International Security (OUIS), 270 Ogaden War (1978), 17 Okitundu, Leonard, 194 Olivier, Darren, 184-5 Olivier, Gerrit, 39-40 Omer, Ibrahim, 118 Onishchenko, Gennady, 290 Ontikov, Andrei, 210 Operation Barkhane, 248, 285, 313-14 Operation Peace Storm, 256 Operation Serval, 127, 249 Operation Spring Shield Offensive, 217 Orabi, Mohammed, 251—2 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), 259 Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), 67, 150—1 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 77 Organization of African Unity (OAU), 54, 56 Orthodox Christianity, 8 Ouagadougou, 313—14 Ouane, Moctar, 283 Ouattara, Alassane, 103-4 Ozerov, Oleg, 236, 254, 325 Ozerov, Viktor, 160 Pacheco, José, 227, 229 Palermo Conference, 208 Palestine, 296 Pan Am Flight (103), 33 Pandor, Naledi, 183 Panov, Vladimir, 251 Pantsir S-l air defence system, 257 Paris Club, 44—5 Paris, 166,287,314 Parly, Florence, 205, 285 Patriot, 200 Patriotic Front, 316 Patrushev, Nikolay, 220, 263, 302 Paul,T.V, 330n8 Pazvakavambwa, Liberty (Zimbabwean commentator), 231 ‘PeaceThrough Eyes of Children’, 205 Peking University (PKU), 248 People’s Liberation Army Daily, The (newspaper), 276 People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), 14, 17 Perendzhiev, Alexander, 206 Persian Gulf, 33 personal protective
equipment (PPE), 235 Peskov, Dmitry, 196, 206, 216—19, 226,270,284 Russia’s failure, 227—33 Pfizer, 241 Piebalgs, Andris, 81 piracy, 61 Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 206 435
INDEX PMCs. See private military contractors (PMCs) Podtserob, Alexey, 37, 92 Pohamba, Hifikepunye, 87, 102 Polat, Ferhat, 266 Poluboyarenko, Vladimir, 182 Polyanskiy, Dmitry, 189—90, 223, 270,274, 304-5 Popov, Veniamin, 37, 98—9 Port Sudan agreement, 275—6 Port Sudan, 255, 306 Russia’s security presence, 273-81 Portugal, 30 Possony, Stefan, 12 post-Arab Spring period, 135 post-Cold War era, 133 Post-Colonial Era (1960—75), 7 post-Soviet period, 4—5 Potekhin, Ivan, 11 Potepkin, Mikhail, 306—7 Power, Samantha, 323 Pozdnyakov, Roman, 224 Poznyakov, Vasily, 8 ‘pragmatist camp’, 25 Pravda (newspaper), 29 Premium Times (online newspaper), 324,325 Pretoria, 22,317, 325 Pribyshin, Taras, 247 Prigozhin,Yevgeny, 5, 200, 204—5, 207, 208-9,213-14,224, 225 fake Facebook accounts, 268 Russia’s consolidation, 305—7 Russia’s security, 308—16 Russia’s strategy recalibration, 256-67 Russian security involvement, 281-8 Sudanese revolution, 218—23 Prikhodko, Sergei, 88 436 Primakov era, 78 Primakov,Yevgeny, 25, 42—3, 66 Prince, Erik, 206-7 private military contractors (PMCs), 1 private security companies (PSCs), 229 Psaki, Jen, 245, 246 PSC Black Hawk, 229 Pugo, Boris, 26 Pushkin, Alexander, 9 Pushkov, Alexey, 100—1 Putin, Vladimir, 224, 237, 253, 261-2,293-4 Bongo met with, 65 co-chaired first Russia-Africa Summit, 1 consulted with Macron, 167 emphasis on Russia-Africa relations, 55—6 France’s withdrawals, 323 invited Museveni, 114 Libya, Russia’s intervention on, 206-12 meeting with Gaddafi, 74, 96 met with Morsi, 137—8 met with Shalkam, 72—3 met with Zuma, 121 Russia’s security, 308—16
stagnation in, Russia’s intervention, 213—18 trip to Abu Dhabi, 170 views on Central African Republic, 202—6 visit to Cairo, 68 Pyadushkin, Maxim, 61 Pyramids of Giza, 86 al-Qashat, Muhammad Saeed, 207 Qatar, 96, 212,221,227-8 Qiang Xiaoyun, 168
INDEX Rabaa Massacre, 139 Rabochaya Tribuna (newspaper), 31-2 Radchenko, Kirill, 203 Rajaonarimampianina, Hery, 224-5 Rajoelina, Andry, 85, 225 Ramaphosa, Cyril, 237, 294, 297-8,316-17 Rapid Support Forces (RSF), 221 Raqqa, 160 RAS. See Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) Rasheed, Olawale, 186 Rasolovoagy, Roseline, 227 Rastorguev, Alexander, 203 Ravalomanana, Marc, 226—7 Red Sea, 41, 275-6, 305-8 Russia consolidation, 273—81 Russia’s expansion, 272—3 Regdalein, 256 RENAMO. See Mozambican National Resistance Movement (RENAMO) Renova, 120 Renzi, Matteo, 155 Republic of Congo, 244, 319 Rhodesian Bush War, 17—18 RIA FAN, 227, 230-1 RIA Novosti (News agency company), 205, 216, 265 RIAC report, 236 RIAC-PKU policy report, 248 Richards Bay Coal Facility, 318 Rio Tinto, 319 Rivière, Nicolas de, 270 Riyadh Agreement, 272—3 Roadmap for Peace plan, 67 Rogozin, Dmitry, 82—3, 114—15 Roll, Stephen, 360nl4 Romanovsky, Kirill, 204 Rosatom agreement (2019), 126 Rosatom, 5, 251,302, 323 Rosbalt, 270 Roscoe, James, 270 Rosneft, 227 Rosoboronexport, 5, 68, 148 Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), 167,212 Rozhin, Boris, 314 RSB Group, 208 RT Arabic (television news channel broadcasting), 209—10, 216, 220-2,226 RT article, 290—1 RT Global, 113 Rusakova, Vlada, 227 Rusal opaque contracts, 200—1 Rusal, 239-40, 290 Russia in Global Affairs (journal), 298 Russia aligned with China, 111 annexed Crimean Peninsula, 105 Ethiopia requested arms package from, 61 Mandela relations with, 40 military campaign in Syria, 131 military interventions in Crimea and Donbas, 121 pipeline diplomacy against Ukraine,
71 presence in Maghreb, 65 pro-Russian sentiments in Ethiopia, 92 relations with Eritrea, 190—1 relationship with Libya, 72—5 relationship with Rwanda, 195-6 relationship with Zimbabwe, 115 437
INDEX response to Arab Spring protests in North Africa, 92 5 resurgence in Africa, 2 scholarship programme (1996) in Africa, 56 signed an agreement with Angola, 44 South Africa and, 30 trade between Angola and, 88 See also Egypt Russia-Africa Business Council, 58 Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 6 Russian Air Force, 229 Russian Armed Forces, 82 Russian Central Bank, 43, 307 Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF), 238-41 Russian Embassy, 278 Russian Engagements: On Libyan Politics and Libyan-Russian Relations (Nayed), 265 Russian Foreign Ministry, 237 Russian government, 43 Russian International Affairs Council (RIAC), 139, 211, 237, 246,280 Russian International Aid Agency, 91 Russian MFA, 203—4 Russian Ministry of Finance, 44 Russian Orthodox Church, 68 Russian State Duma, 6 Russian State University of the Humanities, 221 RussianT-90 tanks, 96 Russian-Arab Cooperation Forum, 211 Russian-Libyan Trade House, 208 Russia-South Africa Business Council, 120 438 Russia-Sudan bilateral relationship, 277 Rwanda, 42, 195-6, 243-4, 268, 271-2,323 Rwandan MINUSCA bodyguards, 203 S-300 air defence missile systems, 208 S-400 anti-aircraft systems, 280 SA-6 missiles, 35 Sabha, 258 SADC. See South African Development Community (SADC) Sahel, 233,246,255-6, 281, 288-9,300 Sahin, Erkan, 249—50 Salafists, 139 Saleh, Aguila, 256, 259—60, 263, 265 Saleh, Osman, 308 Sall, Macky, 296, 297-8, 315-16 Sal tanov, Alexander, 55, 84—5 Sanallah, Mustafa, 258 Sandinha, Carlos, 325 Sangwa, Jean-Claude, 310 Sankara,Thomas, 314 Sanya, Eduardo, 188 Sapronova, Maria, 127 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 213 al-Sarraj,
Fayez, 214—15, 256, 260, 262-3 Satanovsky, Yevgeny, 94—5 Saudi Arabia, 137, 141—2, 218, 220-1,273,279,302 Saudi Gazette (newspaper), 141—2 Savimbi, Jonas, 30 Scherbakov, Nikolai, 282 Scholz, Olaf, 297, 316 Scientific Electronic Database, 213
INDEX Security Service of Ukraine (SSUA), 219 Seifan, Samer, 262, 265 Seifan, Samir, 213, 214, 262 Sékou Touré, Ahmed, 13 Selassie, Haile (Emperor), 16 Semenov, Kirill, 210, 220 Senkovsky, O.I., 80 Senoussi, Kag, 133, 206 al-Senussi, Abdullah, 99 Serbia, 273-4 Seregichev, Sergei, 221, 279 Serraj, 206, 207, 214, 215, 216-17 Seychelles, ΎΊζ ֊Ί Shabayev,Yevgeny, 209, 230 Shagari, Shehu, 187 Shaimiev, Mintimer, 73 Shalkam, Abdel, 72—3 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), 168 Sharia law, 136 Sharpeville Massacre (1960), 14 Shenouda III (Pope), 68 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 21 Shinn, David, 249 Shirinsky, Mirgayas, 119 Shoigu, Sergei, 208, 217, 228, 263 Shoukry, Sameh, 156, 211, 250, 252 Shubin, Vladimir, 55, 90, 180—1, 243 Shugaley, Maxim, 213, 214, 224, 231,262-3,265,304 pro-Touadéra propaganda, 269 Shumeleva, Tatiana, 173 Shvytkin,Yuri, 215 Sibut, 203 Sidiropoulos, Elizabeth, 3, 121—2 Siegle, Joseph, 5 Sierra Leone Civil War, 47 Sigov,Yuri, 298—9 Sinai Peninsula, 8 Sin opharm, 241 Sino-Soviet Split, 7, 15 Sinovac, 241 SIPRI, 228 Sirte Airbase, 256 Sirte, 160 el-Sisi, Abdel Fattah, 138—9, 140-1,301-2,326,360nl4 visit to Moscow, 168 Siyala, Mohamed, 211, 214, 263 Skhirat Agreement, 260 Slepnev, Andrey, 177 Slutsky, Leonid, 221—2 Smirnov, Alexander, 34 Smirnov,Yevgeny, 298 Soami, Rajesh, 276 SOCAR company, 317 Sochi Summit (2019), 163, 165—6, 199, 205-6, 214-15, 228, 232-3 Russia’s balancing strategy, 250-4 Russia’s vaccine diplomacy, 238-44 Sochi, 1,214, 262,298 Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT), 297, 299, 308, 325-6 Socotra, 212 Solaiman,
Hossein, 302 Somali government, 83 Somali National Army, 16 Somali piracy crisis, 82 Somalia, 6, 247, 273, 280, 297, 323 Sonara, 193 Sonatrach, 72 Sorokin, Pavel, 196 439
INDEX Sotnikov, Vladimir, 93 South Africa, 239, 242-3, 294, 295,297,317-18,323-4 exclusion from BRICS summit, 90-1 South Africa’s Umbria Aviation, 229 South African Air Force (SAAF), 184 South African Communist Party, 317 South African Development Community (SADC), 57, 116 South African Institute of International Affairs (SAHA), 121 South African Medical Journal, 242 South African variant, 243 South Kordofan, 272—3 South Korea, 251 South Ossetia, 78, 202 South Sudan, 80, 106, 112 Southwest Africa People’s Organization (SWAPO), 87 Southern Africa, 21,316—19 Southern African Development Community (SADC), 57, 116 Southern African Faith Communities Environment Institute (SAFCEI), 126 southern Europe, 208 Southern Transitional Council (STC), 272 Soviet Union-Benin Friendship Accord (1986), 20 Soviet Union, 10, 286, 314, 322 partnership with Somalia, 16 relationship with Uganda, 112 support to MPLA, 17 See also Algeria; Horn of Africa Soviet-Afghan War, 314 Spetzvneshtechnika, 35 440 Sputnik Light vaccine, 244 SputnikV vaccine, 235, 239, 241 Russia’s balancing strategy, 250 4 Russia’s vaccine diplomacy, 238-44 Sputnik, 204, 222, 226, 238 Sredin, Vasilii, 55 SSJ100 passenger aircraft, 263 St Petersburg Economic Forum, 211,298 St Petersburg, 31, 224, 268, 299, 326 Stalin, Joseph, 28 Stalinism, 125 State Committee on the State of Emergency (GKChP), 26 State Duma Committee on Defence, 215 State Security Agency (SSA), 125 States Africa Command (AFRICOM), 108 Steenhuisen, John, 317 Stepanova, Ekaterina, 151—2 Stevens, J. Christopher, 152 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
(SIPRI), 63 Storchak, Sergei, 73 Stroitransgaz, 70 Stronski, Paul, 3, 4 Su-24 fighter jet, 257, 258 Su-30, 280 Su-35 jets, 252, 273, 280 Su-35 jet deal, 326 Su-75 Checkmate fighter jet, 326 Suakin port, 275—6 Sub-Saharan Africa, 59, 215, 230, 242,308,323 Suchkov, Maxim, 207 Sudan Liberation Movement (SLMAW), 222
INDEX Sudan Revolutionary Front (SRF), 272-3 Sudan Tribune (news portal), 118, 279 Sudan, 199, 232, 237, 251,272-3, 297, 321 Africa and Russia, 244—50 ‘positive neutrality’ between South Sudan and, 112 Red Sea and Horn of Africa, 305-8 revolution, 218—23 Russia’s political interference campaign, 224 7 Russia’s security presence, 273-81 Russia’s strategy recalibration, 256-67 Sudanese Communist Party, 20 Sudanese National Assembly, 80 Sudanese revolution Russia’s response, 218—23 Suez Canal Authority, 302 Suez Canal Industrial Zone, 144 Suez Canal Special Economic Zone, 143 Suez Canal, 8, 170, 251-2, 276 Suez Crisis (1956), 11 Sukhankin, Sergei, 3, 194 Sukhankin, Sergey, 3, 194 Sukhoi Superjet, 277 Sun, The (tabloid newspaper), 188, 208 Sunday Independent (newspaper), 121 al-Sunna, Asnar, 230 Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF), 136 Surikov, Mozambique Alexander, 228 Surur, Fathi, 86 Suslov, Dmitry, 298, 300 al-Suwayda, 256—7 Suweilam, Husam, 141 Svitzer, 81 Sylva,Timipre, 315 Syria, 118,207,215-16,238, 261-2,276,283,294,311 Russia’s military campaign in, 131 Sudanese revolution and democratic transition, 218-23 T-72 tanks, 35 Tabe, Crispin, 195 Tahnoon, Sheikh, 212 Tajikistan, 26 Takuba peacekeeping force, 286 al-Tamimi, Heiri, 264 Tangier, 8 Tanzania, 112, 193, 297 Tarhuna, 209, 260 Tartous, 276 Tar útin, Igor, 29 Tashkent, 254 Tatarov, Vladimir, 176 Tatarstan, 6 el-Tayeb, Ahmed, 145 Taylor, Charles, 48 Tegenu, Alemayehu, 254 Tehran, 326 Telegraph, The (newspaper), 209 Terekhin, Yevgeny, 254 Teshome, Grum, 189 al-Thani, Abdullah, 214 Third World, 25, 27 Tigray
People’s Liberation Front, 273 Tigray Province, 47 Tigray War, 253, 280, 308 Tigray, 21,251,253-4, 307, 324 441
INDEX Timbuktu, 285 Timofeev, Ivan, 287—8 Titorenko, Vladimir, 271,288 Tkachenko, Vsevolod, 248 Tobruk, 154, 208 Tokmakov, Viktor, 205 Lengő Songo 98.9 FM radio, 205 Tolstoy, Leo, 10 Touadéra government, 309 Touadéra, 202—3, 204—6, 255, 309 GNU and Russia, 262—72 Toungui, Paul, 104 Tourist, The (film), 271 Townsend, Stephen, 247, 257, 306 Transitional Military Council (TMC), 223, 281 Transvaal Republic, 10 Traore, Ibrahim, 314 Traore, Moussa, 14 Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation (1974), 16 Treaty of Rome, 80 Tripoli, 20, 73, 152, 209, 217, 240 GNU and Russia’s involvement, 262-72 Russia’s strategy recalibration, 256-67 Trud (newspaper), 63 Trump administration, 109, 112 Trump, Donald, 206—7, 222, 238, 247,253,325 Tsegai, Petros, 280 Tselunov, Alexei, 312 Tselunov, Alexey, 290 Tsinamdzgvrishvili, Artyom, 239 Tu-154jet, 286 Tu֊154M airliners, 219 Tunisia, 66, 93237, 289, 303 Russia’s vaccine diplomacy, 238-44 442 Tunisian revolution, 93 Turkey, 212-13, 215-18, 246, 249-50,261,273,275,322-3 Libya, Russia’s involvement in, 262-7 Macron on, 248 PPE,235 Turkey-Russia relations, 249—50, 266 Tutu, Desmond, 317 Twitter, 231,251 223rd Flight Unit, 229 224th Flight Unit, 229 UAE.See United Arab Emirates (UAE) Udugov, Movladi, 51 Uganda, 112-13,244,247,321-2 Ugbah, Steve, 185 Ukraine war, 287—8, 300—1, 326, 409n4 Africa’s reaction, 294—8 North Africa, Russia’s influence in, 301—5 Red Sea and Horn of Africa, 305-8 Russia and Southern Africa, 316-19 Russia’s security, 308—16 Russia’s vision, 298—300 Ukraine, 26, 202, 258, 321-6 Africa’s reaction, 294—8 North Africa, Russia’s influence
in, 301—5 Red Sea and Horn of Africa, 305-8 Russia and Southern Africa, 316-19 Russia pipeline diplomacy against, 71 Russia’s security, 308—16
INDEX Ukraine war and Russia’s vision, 298-300 Ukrainian Defence Ministry, 304 UN (United Nations), 209, 238, 253, 259, 266-7, 323 peacekeeping operation in Macedonia, 127 See also UN Security Council (UNSC); Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) UN Conference (1985), 22 UN General Assembly (UNGA), 239, 301, 316 Africa’s reaction, 294—8 UN Human Rights Council, 253, 295,305 UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA), 312 UN Panel of Experts, 256, 258—9 UN report, 269-70 UN resolution, 202 UN Security Council (UNSC), 34, 209,223,237-8,249,263, 278, 289 Russia’s balancing strategy, 250 4 UN World Food Programme (WFP), 92 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 298-9 UNITAE See United Task Force (UNITAF) United Arab Emirates (UAE), 7, 118,209,211-12,217, 220-21,306 PPE,235 Russia’s strategy recalibration, 256-67 United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), 106-7 United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA), 270 United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI), 103 United States (US), 206, 209, 226, 237,268,274, 321,323, 330n8 bombings in Libya, 74 Nagy on,245 Russia’s balancing strategy, 250-4 Russian security involvement, 281-8 USSudan relations, 279—80 vaccines, 235—6 United Task Force (UNITAF), 38 University of Pennsylvania, 245 UNSC Resolution (1054), 49 UNSC Resolution (1070), 50 UNSC Resolution (1957), 103 UNSC Resolution (1970), 97 UNSC Resolution (1973), 102-3 UNSC Resolution (2085), 127 UNSC Resolution (748), 36 UNSC Resolution (794), 38 UNSC Resolution (883), 37 UNSC. See
UN Security Council (UNSC) Urnov, Andrey, 102 US government, 245 USTreasury Department, 247, 258 US. See United States (US) US-China ColdWar, 236 Uzbekistan, 26 Vasiliev, Alexei, 36 Vella, George, 159 Venezuela crisis, 221 Venezuela, 79, 184,215,222 Volin, Alexey, 114 443
INDEX Volodin, Duma Vyacheslav, 201 VTB bank, 232 Vybornov, Sergei, 89 Vystovsky, Vladimir, 82 Xyyglad (newspaper), 261, 299-300,313,322 Wadden, 258 Wagner Group, 200, 203 4, 230, 304-6,307,309,311-14 Africa and Russia, 244—50 Chad and Guinea, Russia’s influence in, 288—91 Libya, Russia’s intervention on, 206-12 Russia and Sudan, 273—81 Russia consolidation, 267—72 Russia’s security, 308—16 Russia’s strategy recalibration, 256-67 Russian security involvement, 281-8 stagnation in, Russia’s intervention, 213—18 Sudanese revolution, 218—23 Wahhabism, 145 Walubita, Keii, 50 Wangjiahao, 168 War on Terror, 66 Washington, 247, 279, 306 Weatherington, Matthew, 226—7 Welch-Larson, Deborah, 330n8 West Africa, 14, 185,201,290 Russia’s security, 308—16 Western liberalism, 75 Western Sahara, 151, 174, 247, 303 Williams, Stephanie, 207, 259, 265—6,304 Winer, Jonathan, 108 Wisner, Frank, 18 444 Wohlforth, William, 330n8 World Bank, 91,237 World Health Organization (WHO), 237, 243 World War II, 10 World War III, 301 Wu Peng, 248 Xinhua (News agency company), 238 Xinjiang, 238 Xu Guoqing, 89 Yalta Economic Forum (2019), 195 Yanayev, Gennady, 26, 27 Yar’Adua, Umaru, 59—60, 86—7 Yasar University, 249 Yeltsin era, 55 Yeltsin, Boris, 28 Ajaokuta Steel Project, 45 met with Mandela, 51 Yemen, 211,212,273 Yemeni civil war, 272 Yibeltal, Kalkidan, 253—4 Yom Kippur War (1973), 14 Youssef, Khaled Omar, 278 Yugoslavia, 46, 316 Yushkov, Igor, 303 Zakharov, Valeri, 202—3, 205, 272 Zakharov, Valery, 202—3, 205, 272 Zakharova, Maria, 219, 222 Zambia, 18, 316 Zangaro Today Telegram channel, 290 ZANU-PF,
78-9 Zaporizhzhia, 299 Zarubezhvodstroi, 70 el-Zayat, EIhamy, 252 Zayed, Abdullah bin, 212 Zayed, Mohammed bin, 212
INDEX Zaytsev, Vadim, 179 Zeila, 188 Zelensky, Volodymyr, 297—8, 301, 303,322,324-5 Zenawi, Meles, 28, 60, 92 Zene, Chérif Mahamat, 289 Zheltov, Vladimir, 119 Zhirinovksy, Vladimir, 37, 50—1 Zhou En-Lai, 15 Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), 18 Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU), 18, 115 Zimbabwe Consolidated Diamond Company (ZCDC), 180 Zimbabwe, 17—18,79, 115,241, 295,318 Zinyama, Tawanda, 318 Zultun, 256 Zuma, Jacob, 103, 121—2, 175, 316 Zyuganov, Gennady, 50 445 |
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| geographic | Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd Afrika (DE-588)4000695-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russland Afrika |
| id | DE-604.BV049064162 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:25:09Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:54:12Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780197744598 |
| language | English |
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| physical | 445 Seiten 23 cm |
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| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
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| spelling | Ramani, Samuel Verfasser (DE-588)1209904187 aut Russia in Africa resurgent great power or bellicose pretender? Samuel Ramani New York, N.Y. Oxford University Press [2023] 445 Seiten 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1992- gnd rswk-swf Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Afrika (DE-588)4000695-5 gnd rswk-swf Russia (Federation) / Foreign relations / Africa Africa / Foreign relations / Russia (Federation) Diplomatic relations Africa Russia (Federation) Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 s Afrika (DE-588)4000695-5 g Geschichte 1992- z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034326249&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034326249&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Ramani, Samuel Russia in Africa resurgent great power or bellicose pretender? Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003846-4 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4000695-5 |
| title | Russia in Africa resurgent great power or bellicose pretender? |
| title_auth | Russia in Africa resurgent great power or bellicose pretender? |
| title_exact_search | Russia in Africa resurgent great power or bellicose pretender? |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Russia in Africa resurgent great power or bellicose pretender? |
| title_full | Russia in Africa resurgent great power or bellicose pretender? Samuel Ramani |
| title_fullStr | Russia in Africa resurgent great power or bellicose pretender? Samuel Ramani |
| title_full_unstemmed | Russia in Africa resurgent great power or bellicose pretender? Samuel Ramani |
| title_short | Russia in Africa |
| title_sort | russia in africa resurgent great power or bellicose pretender |
| title_sub | resurgent great power or bellicose pretender? |
| topic | Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Außenpolitik Russland Afrika |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034326249&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034326249&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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