Thinking Russia's history environmentally:
"Historians of Russia were relative latecomers to the field of environmental history. Yet, in the past decade, the exploration of Russian environmental history has burgeoned. Thinking Russia's History Environmentally showcases collaboration amongst an international set of scholars who focu...
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York ; Oxford
Berghahn
2023
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| Schriftenreihe: | The environment in history international perspectives
25 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "Historians of Russia were relative latecomers to the field of environmental history. Yet, in the past decade, the exploration of Russian environmental history has burgeoned. Thinking Russia's History Environmentally showcases collaboration amongst an international set of scholars who focus on the contribution that the study of Russian environments makes to the global environmental field. Through discerning analysis of natural resources, the environment as a factor in historical processes such as industrialization, and more recent human-animal interactions, this volume challenges stereotypes of Russian history and inso doing, highlights the unexpected importance of Russian environments across a time framewell beyond the ecological catastrophes of the Soviet period"-- |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | xiv, 330 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781805390275 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Thinking Russia's history environmentally |c edited by Catherine Evtuhov, Julia Lajus, and David Moon |
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| 490 | 1 | |a The environment in history : international perspectives |v volume 25 | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 505 | 8 | |a Introduction / Catherine Evtuhov, Julia Lajus, and David Moon -- Part I. Industrialization and its environmental contexts -- Natural resources and management expertise in the monastic salt industry of the White Sea area in the 16th and 17th centuries / Alexei Kraikovsky and Margarita Dadykina -- Early Russian industrialization : an environmental perspective / Catherine Evtuhov -- Seeing oil : Isaak Levitan and the industrial Volga / Jane Costlow -- Kazan' citizens against air pollution : the case of the Ushkov & Co. Chemical Factory (1893-1917) / Andrei Vinogradov -- "Environing" the North : fishing and hunting in the industrial development of Khanty Mansi Okrug, 1960-1975 / Evgenii Gololobov -- Part II. Humans and animals -- Camels in European Russia : exotic farm animals and agricultural knowledge / Anna Olenenko -- Public health across species : domestic animals and sanitary reforms in Imperial Russia / Anna Mazanik -- Part III. Environment and politics in the late Soviet space / How wetlands entered the transnational spaces of late Soviet environmentalism / Katja Bruisch -- "You ought to love nature!" : peoples' control committees-environmental whistleblowers and West Siberian Oil in the 1970s / Valentina Roxo -- Part IV. Geography and environment past and present -- Empire, settlement and environment : the Russian empire and Donald Meinig's "Macrogeography of Western Imperialism" / Denis Shaw -- Tracks across the tundra : making a living from nature in the borderland of the Russian Northwest / Urban Wråkberg and Peter Haugseth -- Afterwords / J.R. McNeill and Sverker Sörlin | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "Historians of Russia were relative latecomers to the field of environmental history. Yet, in the past decade, the exploration of Russian environmental history has burgeoned. Thinking Russia's History Environmentally showcases collaboration amongst an international set of scholars who focus on the contribution that the study of Russian environments makes to the global environmental field. Through discerning analysis of natural resources, the environment as a factor in historical processes such as industrialization, and more recent human-animal interactions, this volume challenges stereotypes of Russian history and inso doing, highlights the unexpected importance of Russian environments across a time framewell beyond the ecological catastrophes of the Soviet period"-- | |
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Contents List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgments x Notes on the Text xi List of Abbreviations xii Introduction Catherine Evtuhov, Julia Lajus, and David Moon 1 PART I. INDUSTRIALIZATION AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXTS Chapter 1. Natural Resources and Management Expertise in the Monastic Salt Industry of the White Sea Area in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries Alexei Kraikovski and Margarita Dadykina Chapter 2. Early Russian Industrialization: An Environmental Perspective Catherine Evtuhov Chapter 3. Seeing Oil: Isaak Levitan and the Industrial Volga Jane Costlow Chapter 4. Kazan Citizens against Air Pollution: The Case of the Ushkov Co. Chemical Factory (1893-1917) Andrei Vinogradov Chapter 5. “Environing” the North: Fishing and Hunting in the Industrial Development of Khanty-Mansi Okrug, 1960-75 Evgenii Gololobov 25 48 74 98 123
vi Contents PART II. HUMANS AND ANIMALS Chapter 6. Camels in European Russia: Exotic Farm Animals and Agricultural Knowledge Anna Olenenko 151 Chapter 7. Public Health across Species: Domestic Animals and Sanitary Reforms in Imperial Russia Anna Mazanik 174 PART III. ENVIRONMENT AND POLITICS IN THE LATE SOVIET SPACE Chapter 8. How Wetlands Entered the Transnational Spaces of Late Soviet Environmentalism Katja Bruisch Chapter 9. “You Ought to Love Nature!” People’s Control Committees—Environmental Whistleblowers and Western Siberian Oil in the 1970s Valentina Roxo 201 224 PART IV. GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT PAST AND PRESENT Chapter 10. Empire, Settlement, and Environment: The Russian Empire and Donald Meinig’s “Macrogeography of Western Imperialism” Denis J. B. Shaw 253 Chapter 11. Tracks across the Tundra: Making a Living from Nature in the Borderland of the Russian Northwest Urban Wrâkberg and Peter Haugseth 277 Afterword. Russian and Soviet Environmental History: Unexceptionalism and Exceptionalism J. R. McNeill 301 Glossary 312 Index 314
Index Above Eternal Repose [Nad vechnym pokoem] (Levitan, 1894), 79, 94n8 acid rain, 202 actynomicosis, 187 Africa, 151, 256, 267, 303, 305; rare earth elements (REE) mined in, 287; “Scramble for Africa,” 257 After the Rain. Plyos [Posle dozhdia. Pies] (Levitan, 1889), 77,78, 80-82, 81, 86 Agan River, 134 Âgren, Maria, 67 agriculture, 106,108,138, 209, 278, 304; animal habitats destroyed by, 65; black earth region, 152,153,154-58, 164-65,166; climate and, 3, 26; in colonization of steppe and forest-steppe, 265; dekulakization and, 281; drainage of wetlands and, 202,212; European colonialism and, 256; in Far East, 270; monasteries and, 31; phosphate fertilizers and, 281-82; Russian and Soviet Ministry of Agriculture, 157, 204, 206, 211, 212; “scientific” principles and, 165; in Siberia, 230; slow expansion of farming in world history, 303. See also camels, in Russian agriculture; soil conditions agronomy, 5 air travel, 1 Aivazovsky, Ivan, 89, 93 Alachugin, Lavrentii, 37 Alachugin family, 37 Alaska, 253, 264 Aleksei Mikhailovich, Tsar, 269 All-Union Research Institute of Game Management and Fur Farming (VNIIOZ), 139 Amu-Dar’ia River, planned diversion of, 269, 274n39 Amur River, 263 Andreev Bay, radioactive waste cleanup at, 289,289 animal diseases: animal disease control, 179-85; of camels, 162-63; Moscow abbatoir and, 187; science of animal diseases, 178-79; vaccines, 183-84; zoonotic, 174,176,186,188,192n7. See also epizootics; specific diseases animals, 4,186; criminalization of cruelty to, 187; of Ekaterinburg Region, 64-66; human and animal health linked, 175-79; humans
and multispecies communities, 174; hunting/trapping/ breeding of, 138-40; of Pacific maritime environment, 264; public health system in imperial Russia and, 13; quest for sanitary city and, 185-89. See also camels, in Russian agriculture Anna, Empress, 48,60 anthrax, 163,180,187; animal death rates from, 183; vaccines for, 183,184, 193n38 Anthropocene concept, 10,48, 278 apiculture (beekeeping), 63, 66, 67 Aral Sea, 8, 9,156, 305, 306, 307 Arctic Ocean, 8, 277, 289 area studies, 12 Argentina, 257, 267, 292 Arkhangelsk, city of, 26,27, 29, 277 Armenia, 269 Arnold, Ivan, 74-75, 83, 91; Volga oil pollution recorded by, 83-86, 95n22 artisans/artisanal production, 63, 64 Ash, Eric, 29-30
Index 315 Asia, tourists from, 291, 293 Astrakhan’, 83,156,161, 162, 268 Astrakhan Nature Reserve, 206, 207,207 At the Whirlpool [U omuta] (Levitan, 1892), 91 Australia, 257, 267, 303, 305 Autumn. Sokolniki (Levitan), 78 Autumn Track (Levitan), 95n30 Baer, Karl Ernst von, 4 Baikal, Lake, 8,13 Baklanov, I. B., 58 Baltic Iron in the Atlantic World in the Eighteenth Century (Evans and Ryden), 67 Baltic provinces, 4 Baltic Sea, 67,206, 268 Bardakh, Iakov, 183 Barent Euroarctic Region, 283 Barents Sea, 41, 277, 280 Barge Haulers on the Volga (Repin, 1873), 90 Barr, Jessica Marion, 93 Bashkirov, R, 235 Bashkirs, 62-66, 67,265 Belarus/Belorussia, 208,250, 262; former dependency on Lithuania and Poland, 262; greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in, 307; Russian annexation of Polish territory and, 268 Benois, Alexandre, 92 Berezov, Fedor, 184-85 Berg, L. S., 258 Beringia, 9,280 Bering Sea, 95n28 Bering Strait, 9, 253, 263 Bessarabia, 268 Bessolitsyn, A. A., 83 biodiversity, 85, 203 “biogeocenology’7“biogeocenosis,” 209, 210,213,219n31 Black Sea region, 180 “black sky” air pollution, 99 blacksmiths, 34, 37,48 Blanchard, Ian, 67 Bogorodskii, Aleksei, 120n36 Bolsheviks, 99, 270 Bol’shoe Igumnovo, 106,113; chemical factory in, 98,104,114; diseases linked to pollution in, 109,109,115; environmental disaster in, 108; map, 105 Bondiuga chemical factory, 101,102,103, 104 Boch, Marina, 212, 213, 214, 219n42 bovine pleuropneumonia, 180,188 bovine tuberculosis, 187 Bowlt, John, 90 Brain, Stephen, 205 Brandt, Eduard, 161 Braudel, Fernand, 28 Brazil, 257, 267, 307 Brehm, Alfred, 161,169n66 Brezhnev,
Leonid L, 201, 208,227, 238 Britain, 57, 68, 305; geopolitical rivalry with Russian Empire, 270; industrialization in, 50, 67, 68, 68n9; iron imported from Russia, 67; overseas empire of, 253, 260 Brooke, John, 308n3 Brown, Kate, 309nl4 Bruisch, Katja, 11 Brunner, Georg, 243n21 Bruno, Andy, 2, 6, 288 Bryullov, Karl, 89 Bug River, 128 Bukhara, khanate of, 269, 270 Bulgakov, Sergei, 5 camels, in Russian agriculture, 12,13, 65,150; acclimatization of camels in European Russia, 160-65; anatomy of camels, 160-61,165,169n66; breeding of camels, 164-65,166; camels come to black earth region, 154-58; care of camels, 163-64; diseases of camels, 16263; harnesses for camels, 159; history of camels’ introduction to various world regions, 151-52; negative opinions about camels, 161-62; nomadic peoples’ use of camels, 153-54; productivity of camels, 158-60; search for "ideal animal” and, 152-53
316 Index Canada, 256, 285, 307; as “boreal empire,” 265; as “settler empire,” 257 canals, 30, 54, 95n22,134, 301, 305 capitalism, 2-3,285 carbon sinks, 203 Carpathian Mountains, 6 carpenters, 37 Caspian Sea, 74, 82,269,304-5 Catherine I, 56 Catherine II (the Great), 4,50, 56, 266,269 Caucasus region, 5,182,266; North Caucasus, 266,268, 271; Transcaucasus, 268 Central Asia, 6, 7, 9,164; camels in, 152, 153; as cattle-raising region, 180; deserts of, 258; diversion of Siberian rivers to, 306; geopolitical contest in, 270; Russia’s outer empire in, 269; salinization of cotton fields in, 305 Central Hunting Administration (Glavokhota), 125 Central Russia, 104,181; agriculture in, 153; connection to the White Sea, 26; epizootics in, 153; salt transported by river to, 41; Volga River as connection to other regions, 82,102 Chamisso, Adelbert von, 95n28 charcoal, 57-59, 68n9 Chechnya, 271 Chekhov, Mikhail, 76, 77, 78, 91 chemical industry workers, 12 chemistry, 5 Chernaia River, 136 Chernigov Province, 156 Chernobyl’ nuclear disaster (1986), 8,13, 290, 306, 309nl4 Chernyi, Viktor A„ 226 China, 287, 301-2; agricultural frontiers, 303; Far East territories seized from, 270; as market for Russian furs, 263-64; water manipulation in Maoist period, 309nl3 Chu, Pey-Yi, 14 Chusovaia River, 52, 56, 65, 69nl5 Ciscaucasia, 180 city-states, Italian, 255 civil society, 11 “class struggle,” 29 climate, 25, 50,98,185,308n3; climate change, 202, 305; dams built in Urals and, 55; geographical zones and, 258; harshness of, 3; in northwest Siberia, 127,130 Climates of the Earth [Klimaty zemnogo
shara], 5 climatology, 5 coal resources, exploitation of, 10, 50, 68, 302, 308n6 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 30,70n26 Cold War, 190, 201,205,277,283,288, 289 Cole, Thomas, 89 collective farms (kolkhozes), 125 colonialism, 127,254 commodification (resourcification), 40,41 communism, 2-3,8, 288 Communist Party, Soviet (CPSU), 123,126, 130,227, 228; KNKs (people’s control committees) and, 236,241; rational use of natural resources ordered by, 237; technocracy in, 281; Tiumen' Regional Party Committee (Obkom), 230 concentration, socioeconomic, 28-29, 30, 31,40,41 Congress of Farmers (1869), 152 conservation, 59, 66,226,241; of forests, 139,142; industrial development and, 143; shift toward (from 1967), 237-38; of wetlands, 201, 203-7,211,215 consumer goods, production of, 138 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (1971), 207 copper, 48 Cort, Henry, 68n6 cossacks, 155,160, 263,266, 267; in compulsory colonization of Far East, 270; as “freebooters,” 256 Coumel, Laurent, 208 Council for the Study of Productive Forces (SOPS), 123 Council of Ministers of the USSR, 136,210, 219n36
Index COVID-19 lockdowns, 290 credit, 38-39 Crimean Peninsula, 153 Cyffka, Bernd, 288 dams, 52,53, 55, 57, 59, 64,133 Dargomyzhsky, Alexander, 90 Daugava River, 128 deforestation, 35, 57, 59,66,70n29; in Europe, 303; oil industry and, 141 Demidov, Nikita, 48, 61 Demidov family, 69nl6 Demuth, Bathsheba, 9, 280 Denisov, V. D., 205 deoxygenation, of water, 135 desertification, 202 Devkin channel, 134 Dmitriev, Maksim, 81, 90 Dmitrieva, Zoia, 38 Dnieper (Dnipro) River, 8 Dnister River, 128 Dobrosmyslov, A. I., 162 Dokuchaev, Vasilii, 5, 57,258 Don River, 8 Douglas, Mary, 186 drilling technology, 34,41 Durnovo, Ivan, 98,106 Dzhunkovskii, E. R, 163 East Asia, 303 East Sami people, 277, 278 echinococcosis, 187 economic development, 2,8,28, 266; dependence on oil and gas industry, 143; “integrated resource use” and, 208; nature transformed into environment, 9; pollution and, 135; of territories inhabited by Indigenous peoples, 125— 26. See also industrialization/industrial development Egan River, 134 Ekaterinburg, 13, 52, 56; animals of, 64-66; Grace (Blagodat’) Mountain, 60-62, 61; metallic deposits of, 67 Ekaterinoslav Province, 156,184 Elabuga District, 104,106 317 Elizabeth, Empress, 48, 57, 60, 269 Ely, Christopher, 6, 94nl0 Emba River, 269 entrepreneurs, 26,70n36; development of entrepreneurship, 31; diversification of entrepreneurship, 48; entrepreneurial social groups, 28 environment: alleged malign influence on people and political regimes, 10; determinism and, 3; historical chronologies and, 10-11; as history, 8-10; nature distinguished from, 9; social history and, 11-12
environmental history (ekologicheskaia istoriia), 5, 8,13, 308n3; exceptionalism in, 4, 306-7; global, 14; human-natural interactions and, 9,10; of Kazan’ 107; of Murmansk, 280, 283, 292; of Norwegian-Russian borderland, 277, 278, 284, 293; Russian-language literature on, 7; Russia’s representation in, 301; social/political history and, 12; survey of, 6; unexceptionality in, 302, 305-6; universal and particular in, 2-3 environmentalism, Soviet, 203, 208, 210, 214-16, 305 environmentalism, Western, 215, 285 epizootics, 153,181,182-83,185,189; economic damage from, 178; state policy animal diseases, 175. See also animal diseases erosion, 5, 209, 213, 267 Erve, Raul'-Iurii, 224 Estonia, 268 Eurasia, 11; geographical zones of, 258, 259; German blitzkrieg in “Eurasian funnel,” 282; “heartland” of, 7; Russian territorial expansion in, 253; steppes of, 5,154,180 Europe, Western, 7,127,176, 253, 257, 272 European History Review, 7 European Union (EU), 292 European University (St. Petersburg), 6,12 Evans, Chris, 67 Evening. Golden Plyos [Vecher. Zolotoi Pies] (Levitan, 1889), 77-78, 79-80, 79, 91
318 Index Evening on the Volga [Vecher na Volge] (Levitan, 1887-88), 77,78, 80 Evtuhov, Catherine, 278, 301, 302, 304 exceptionalism, in Russian history, 2,4, 7, 11,306 expertise and experience (SEE), 29-31, 40-41; fuel and expertise of timber production, 33-36; trade and commercial, 37-40; in transportation and shipping, 36-37 export, production for, 48 extinction, 4 Faltz-Fein, Friedrich, 155,159,168n33 Far East (Amur and Maritime Territories), 270-71 Fedor, monastic elder, 25, 27, 28 Fedorov, Nikolai, 5, 6 Fedorov-Davydov, Aleksei, 75 Fennoscandian Shield, 287 Fersman, Alexander, 281, 288 Finland, 268, 287 Finnmark County (Norway), 277,278, 281; destruction in World War II, 282-83; subarctic tundra region of, 278 Finno-Ugrian peoples, 262 fisheries: effects of industrialization on, 133-34; on margin of state interests, 143; in northwestern Siberia, 130-33; pollution and declining fish stocks, 84, 95n22,135; timber operations’ negative impacton, 134 Five-Year Plans, 99,118, 237, 238,281 Fletcher, Giles, 27 Floating Coast (Demuth), 9 flood control, 59,203 Fonshtein, Mikhail, 113 food security, 179 foot-and-mouth disease, 163,180,187 forests: forest sprites, 4; iron production and, 57-59; protection of, 141-42; reforestation, 58; salt industry and, 35-36; of Surgut District, 141-42. See also deforestation; taiga fossil fuel economy, 13, 50; Anthropocene concept and, 48; in iron production, 57 France, 30,100,253,260 Franklin, Jonathan, 151,169n66 Free Economic Society, 155,183 Fresh Wind. Volga (Levitan, 1895), 75,77, 78, 86-89, 88, 91,93 Frierson, Cathy, 94nl0 frontier
outposts/fortresses, 52,69nll Fukushima nuclear disaster (2011), 306 fur trade, 139,140,263,265 Gamaleia, Nikolai, 181,183 game husbandry, 139 Gennin, Vil'gel'm de, 56, 57, 58, 59-60,62, 64-65 geography, 4,253,263, 280; Aivazovsky’s paintings and, 90; “biogeocenology”/“biogeocenosis,” 20910,213, 219n31; camels in agricultural use and, 156; of cattle trade, 181; concept of space and, 283; ethnography and, 62; imperial geographies, 11; macrogeography of imperialism, 254, 258,261,271; oil boom in late 19th century and, 76; of Urals, 55 geology, 2, 85,126,224 geopolitics, 4,254, 269; in NorwegianRussian borderland, 278,280-83,285, 293; oil industry and, 241 Georgia, 269 German settlers, 155 Germany, 3,180, 270, 305 Girai, Devlet, 265 GKNT (State Committee for Science and Technology), 210 glanders, 180,187-88 Glavtiumen’gazprom (Main Tiumen Gas Production Association), 126 Glavtiumen’geologiia (Main Tiumen’ Geological Administration), 126,228 Glavtiumenneftegaz (Main Tiumen Production Administration for the Oil and Gas Industry), 126,228,239 Glavtiumenneftegazstroi (Main Tiumen Oil and Gas Industry Construction Administration), 228,233 Global Environment (journal), 7
Index 319 globalization, 176, 254 Gmelin, Johann Georg, 4,57,60 Godnev, Ivan, 108 Golden Autumn (Levitan), 95n30 Golden Horde, 260 Golikova, Svetlana, 56 Gololobov, Evgenii, 7,99-100 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 214,283 Gorbatov, Aleksei V., 230 Grace (Blagodat’) Mountain, 60-62,61 Great Northern War, 268 Great Plains, of North America, 5,267 Great Reforms, 177,180 green diplomacy, 201 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 306-7 Greenland, 255,285 Gregory, Serge, 95n31 Grimm, Oscar Andreevich, 85 Gurin, Gavriil, 178 Hachten, Elizabeth, 193n38 Hanseatic League, 255,262 health resorts (Kurort), 5 Heise, Ursula, 234 Herzen, Alexander, 244n33 Hilgard, Eugene, 5 Hill, Malcolm R., 51, 67, 68n9 Hitler, Adolf, 282 human-animal relations, 174,175,188-89; medicalization of, 190; transformation of, 186; veterinary scientists as mediators of, 176 human-natural interactions, 4,10,11,203, 242 Humboldt, Alexander von, 4 hunting/hunters, 138-40,143, 263 hydraulic energy, 54, 66 hydroelectric plants, 64,133,206 lamalo-Nenets National/Autonomous Okrug, 139 iasak (fur tribute), 63,66,264 ICBP (International Council for Bird Protection), 204 ichthyologists, 84 Igor Tale, 4 Imperial Academy of Sciences, 4, 57,161 imperialism, 254,271; Eurocentric model of empire, 254,255, 258,260; “Scramble for Africa,” 257; sea empires, 256, 262. See also Russian Empire Imperial Russian Society for Fisheries and Fishing, 84 India, British, 257, 305 Indigenous peoples, 7,12,123; European colonialism and, 254, 255; fishing and hunting as main economic activities of, 127; hunting and fur trapping economy of, 137-40; in Latin
America, 271-72; negative consequences of industrial development and, 143; nomadic peoples of Central Asia, 154; of North Pacific and Alaska, 264; obstacles to integration into Soviet economy, 125-26; Russian expansion into Siberia and, 264; as “small peoples of the North,” 124, 126,127; “socialist reconstruction” of economy of, 124; Soviet fishing industry and, 131,132-33; traditional knowledge of, 165-66, 278; tribute extracted from, 263,264 industrialization/industrial development, 2,6,10,75,278,280; awareness of forest management and, 66; Baku oilfields and, 269; in Britain, 50, 67, 68, 68n9; burdens and benefits of, 288-90,289; costs of, 293; effect on animal life, 64; environmental cost of, 98; “industrial landscape” paintings of Levitan, 75; of meat production, 191; nature reserves under pressure from, 206; in northwest Siberia, 124,130,133; pollution from, 8; Russian settlement and, 264; Soviet, 190; of Stalin regime, 48,118; vast distances of Russia and, 68n7. See also economic development; iron production; oil and gas industry intelligentsia: Siberian oil industry and, 226,227; Ushkov factory protests and, 112 International Biological Programme, 211 Iran, 268, 302
320 Index Irkutsk, city of, 13 Iron-Making Societies (Âgren, ed.), 67 Kazakhs, 64, 153,155,156,157,158; breeding of camels by, 165; camel meat iron production, 28,48, 66-68; in Bashkir consumed by, 160; knowledge about territory of Orenburg, 62-64; British camels, 160,161,162,163-64 imports from Russia, 50, 51; comparison Kazakhstan, 133, 265, 269,274n33; Kazakh of Russia and Sweden, 67, 71n62; steppe, 154,155, 182, 269; “Virgin forest wood in, 50, 57-59, 70n36; in Lands” scheme in, 267, 304 Norwegian-Russian borderland, 283; Kazan,’ city of, 13, 98, 304; City Council ores (metallurgy) and, 50, 59-62; commission to investigate factory, 103, production centers in Urals (map), 48, 107-8,110; City Duma as defender of 49, 50; puddling technique in, 50, 68n6; citizen interests, 111, 113,114,116,117; Russian imports from Sweden, 34; water as an economic center of Volga region, and, 50, 51-52,53, 54-57, 302 101; map, 105; protests against pollution irrigation, 8, 9, 202, 211, 305 in, 107-18; provincial authorities in Isakov, Iurii, 206 confrontation with state power, 114-16; Iset’ River, 55 provincial board, 111, 112,114-18, Itinerants (painting school), 92 120n36; urban air pollution in, 305; IUCN (International Union for the veterinary institute in, 176 Conservation of Nature and Natural Kazan, khanate of, 101, 263 Resources), 204, 205, 206, 211, 218nl3 Kazanka River, 98,104,106 Ivan III, Tsar, 262, 263 Kern’, town of, 25, 36 Ivanov, Aleksei, 4 Kerenskii, Alexander, 108 Ivanov, Konstantin, 212, 219n42 Khalin, Aleksei, 94nl6 Ivan the Terrible, 101, 268 Khanty-Mansiisk, town of,
124, 227-28 IWRB (International Wildfowl Research Khanty-Mansi National/Autonomous Bureau), 204, 205 Okrug, 7,143nl; controversial development of hunting/fishing Japan, 289, 305, 306 economy of, 142-43; fisheries in, Josephson, Paul, 99 130-33; growth in population of, 245n58; hunting/trapping/breeding of kabala (type of credit relation), 38, 39,40 animals in, 137-40; Indigenous peoples Kabardino-Balkaria, 271 as proportion of population, 128; map, Kalimullin, Aidar, 99-100 124; Torskoe lumber mill, 232. See also Kalmyks, 153,156,160,161, 265 Surgut District; Tinmen’ region Kaluga Province, 156 Khanty people, 130,131,132,133,137-38 Kamchatka Expeditions, 4, 60 Kharkov, city and province of, 155,156, Kamchatka Peninsula, 264 159,176,177,183 Kandalaksha Nature Reserve, 206, 207, Kherson Province, 155,156,184 207 Khibiny Mountains, 281, 286, 288,290 Kappeler, Andreas, 254 Khiva, khanate of, 269, 270 Karabash, copper smelting factory in, 99 Khivan campaign (1839-40), 154 Karachai, Lake, 306 Kholmogory, town of, 36 Karakalpaks, 269 Khomiakov, G. P., 141-42 Karelia, 268 Khomutov, Pavel Fedorovich, 112 Kargopolets, Ivan, 39, 40 Khrshchonovich, Lev, 112 Kargopolets, Severian, 39 Khrushchev, Nikita, 209,227, 267
Index 321 Kievan Rus’, 262, 303 Kirgiz people, 64, 269 Kirillo-Belozerskii monastery, 39 Kirilov, Ivan, 57 Kirk, Robert, 174 Kirkenes, town of (Norway), 284, 291; iron mine in, 283, 285; liberated by Red Army (1944), 282; Nike!’ as twin town of, 279 Kirov, Sergei, 281 Kirovsk, town of, 281, 290 Kivelson, Valerie, 264 Klein, Ursula, 30 Klubnikin, Kheryn, 231 KNKs (peoples control committees), 224, 226, 241-42, 243n21; cost saving/ thriftiness principles and, 238-41; critique of river pollution in Ob’ basin, 228-29; as “inside critics” of Promethean production goals, 236-37; in late 1960s and early 1970s, 227-28; sibiriaki (nonIndigenous Siberians) and, 229-31, 233-34,235 knowledge, 7, 32,101; agricultural, 152; commercial, 31, 32; environmental protection and, 203, 210, 211, 241, 289; expertise and, 29,236; of Indigenous peoples, 7,165-66, 278; Kazakh knowledge about camels, 160,161, 162,163-64; medical (veterinary), 175,177,179,187,189; in mining and metallurgical industry, 288; power and, 12; in salt-making industry, 34; technical, 30 Koch, Robert, 178,183 Kogan, G. N., 133 Kokand, khanate of, 269,270 Kokshan chemical factory, 101,102,103, 106 Kola Nuclear Power Plant, 284 Kola Peninsula, 277; forced labor in, 281; mineral resources of, 282, 287; Monchegorsk metallurical plant, 287; as Russia in miniature, 280-83, 291, 293; subarctic tundra region of, 278. See also Murmansk Region (oblast’) Komsomol, 130, 227-28, 281,288 Kontorovich, Alexey, 292 Kosygin, Aleksei, 237 Kotilaine, Jarmo, 38 KPGK (Party-State Control Committee), 227 Krasheninnikov, Stepan, 60 Krasnoiarsk, 99
Krusenstern, Adam Johann von, 4 Kubenskoe Zaozerie, village of, 36 Kulebiakin, Ivan, 37 Kuptsis, I., 92 Kursk Province, 156,184 Kuvshinnikova, Sofiia, 76, 81 Kvashninskoi mining area, 60 Kyiv, city of, 13 Kyshtym nuclear disaster (1957), 306 labor history, “greening” of, 12 Lajus, Julia, 6, 301, 304 Lake Chad, 305 lakes, 132, 217n6, 282; artificial, 52; dams and stagnant lakes, 8; fisheries and, 65, 130,131,132; oxygenation and, 135; pollution in, 286; salt lakes, 131,134 Land Reclamation and Nature Protection (monograph), 210 Langovoi, Aleksei, 91 Latin America, 271-72, 301, 302 Latvia, 268 Lebedev, Aleksandr, 110,114 Leblanc, Nicolas, 101-2 LeDonne, John, 254 Levitan, Isaak, 74, 85; fascination with qualities of water, 90-91; “industrial landscape” paintings of, 75, 86-90, 8789; late-life optimism of, 86,95n30; letter to M. Chekhov (1887), 76, 77; manic depression of, 87, 95n31; paintings of the Volga, 75,76-86, 79-81; sadness and mourning in, 75, 92-93; Symbolism and Art Nouveau linked to, 94n8 Levitan en Plein-air (Dmitriev, 1889), 80, 81 Lieven, Dominic, 262 Lithuania, 268
322 Index Livonia, 268 Loskutova, Marina, 59 Lütke, Friedrich Benjamin Graf von [Litke, Fedor], 4 Lvov, Georgii, 108 Mackinder, Halford, 7 “Macrogeography of Western Imperialism, A” (Meinig, 1968), 255-58 Mahoney, Michael, 30 Malaia Sos’va River, 232 Maloe Igumnovo, 106,109,113, 115 Malyi Balyk River, 135 Mansi people, 130,131,132 March (Levitan), 95n30 MAR project, 204,205,217n9 Marx, Karl, 71n64 Maslov, Boris, 210-11,214 Massard-Guilbaud, Geneviève, 100 Matsalu Nature Reserve (Estonia), 206 Matthews, G.V.T., 205 Mazanik, Anna, 11 Mazing, Viktor, 212, 213,214,219n42 McNeill, John, 6,215 "McNeill Gap,” 6-10 measles, 264, 304 Mechnikov, Ilia, 178,181,183 medicine, history of, 7 Meinig, Donald, 255-58, 262, 271; on “boreal empire,” 257, 265; as historical geographer of North America, 254; on “nationalistic empire,” 257,267, 270; on “settler empires,” 257, 265; on Spains Continental Empire, 256,272 Mel’nikova, Alla, 38 Mendeleev, Dmitrii, 5, 83, 98; chemical factory built with authority of, 117; Ushkov's chemical factories and, 102, 103,106,107 merchants, 29, 32; chemical factory pollution in Kazan’ and, 111; kabala credit and, 38, 39; Plan for Settlement (1764) and, 266; of Simbirsk, 62, 63 Merridale, Catherine, 271 Meshchera Lowlands, 214 Meyer, John, 236 Miasnikov, Ivan, 63 Michell, Thomas, 82, 83 Middendorff, Alexander von, 4 Middle East, 301, 302, 305 military production, 48 Milosz, Czeslaw, 1, 2 Minaev, Ivan, 210-11 Ministry of Fisheries (Minrybkhoz), 125, 131 Minvodkhoz (Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Management), 201,210,214 Mire Ecosystems in the USSR (Boch
and Mazing, 1979), 212, 213 Mire Types in the USSR and Principles of Their Classification (Academy of Sciences, 1974), 213 modernity, 28, 77, 90, 93, 99 modernization, 75,128,174 Molokan religious sect, 155 Monahan, Erica, 38 Monet, Claude, 81, 96n39 money: coins, 38; transportation of physical money, 40 Mongols/Mongol Empire, 3,163,260,301 monks/monasteries, 12,27, 34, 37; credit development and, 38; of Kirillo-Belozerskii monastery, 39; resourcification of nature and, 41. See also Spaso-Prilutskii Monastery, salt industry of Moon, David, 284, 301, 304 Morozov, Mikhail, 87 Morris, Edward, 92 Moscow, 3,40, 57, 291; efforts to exclude animals from, 186, 188; factories prohibited in vicinity of, 57; municipal abbatoir of, 186-87,191; population of, 185; regulations on diseased animals, 188 Mudko, Efrem, 25 Mudko, Maksim, 25,27,28 Müller, Gerhard Friedrich, 60 multispecies communities, 174
Index Muravlenko, Viktor, 224, 237 Murchison, Roderick, 4 Murmansk Region (oblast’), 277, 279, 283; German air raids on Murmansk, 282; mining and metallurgical industry, 288; tourism in city of Murmansk, 290-91. See also Kola Peninsula Muscovy, 26, 28, 38, 250, 265 Nagorskii, Valentin, 177 Nat, Adol’f, 155, 159,164 natural cycles, 33 natural sciences, 4,108 nature, 127, 201, 283; animistic view on, 278; confrontation with, 1; conquest of, 236, 241; from “enemy” to “friend,” 127; environment distinguished from, 9; humans in, 8-10; interrelationship with culture, 10; “living from nature,” 278; Marxist-Leninist concept of, 237; resourcification of, 40, 41; Siberian peasants and, 230, 231; Soviet policies toward, 100; Stalin plan for transformation of, 306; tourism and, 291; universal human encounter with, 1 Nefediev, Arefa and Bulat, 39 Nefteiugansk, town and district of, 227, 228, 238; oil pipeline ruptures in, 239; population of, 243n20 Nenets people, 130,131,132,140 Nenoksa, salt production in, 26 Nenufar (Levitan, 1895), 91 Netherlands (United Provinces), 31 Neukh River, 134 New Zealand, 257, 267 NGDU (Nizhnevartovsk and Region Oil and Gas Extraction), 229 NGOs (nongovernmental organizations), 202, 217n6 Nikel’, town of, 279 Nikitin, Bogdanets, 25, 26 Nitsenko, Andrei, 212 Nixon, Rob, 93 Nizhnevartovsk, town of, 227, 228, 238, 239 323 Nizhnii Novgorod, city of, 56, 57, 76,81; harbor of, 82; oil pollution in Volga and, 84 Nizhnii Tagil: fish in river and reservoirs, 65; mines, 49, 56, 58, 61 Nobel brothers (Robert, Ludvig, Alfred), 83 nomadic peoples, 153-54,166, 265,267,
273n23 noosphere, 6,211 Norilsk Nickel [Nikel'] (Nornickel) company, 284, 285, 286, 290 North Africa, 302 North America, 12, 304; camels in, 151; European sea empires and, 257; geography of, 254; Great Plains, 5, 267; Indigenous peoples overrun by settlers in, 271; trade and empire in, 256. See also Canada; United States Northern Dvina River, 25, 26, 36 Northern Sea Route, 277, 290 Northern Ural Water Inspection, 239 North Ossetia, 271 North Ural Water Inspectorate, 233 Norway, 280, 287; as NATO member, 277, 283, 291; Nazi occupation of, 282; whaling industry, 306 Norwegian-Russian borderland, 14, 277, 279, 280; Cross-Border Cooperation (CBC) programs, 290, 293; geopolitics of, 280-83; nuclear waste danger in, 289-90 Novgorod, city of, 25, 34, 263; Hanseatic League and, 255, 262; Muscovite annexation of, 262 Novosibirsk, city of, 133, 271 nuclear disasters, 8,13, 290, 306, 307 Ob’River and basin, 124-25,128,131; industrialization in, 141; industries of, 133; pollution in, 134,135, 228; sibiriaki identity and, 230 Obrosimov, Zhdan, 39 Ob’ Ugr people, 140 Ochemkin River, 134 Odessa Bacteriological Station, 183
324 Index Ogorodnov, Evgenii, 224 Oil and Gas Extraction Administration (NGDU), 134 oil and gas industry, 7,12,13,292; Baku fields, 83, 93,269; bunkering practice, 233, 245n48; conquest of nature narrative and, 224; deforestation and, 141; environmental protest and, 14; environmental whistleblowers and, 226; lands of Indigenous peoples and, 140; Ministry of Construction of Oil and Gas Industry Enterprises, 234, 245n52; in northwest Siberia, 123,134-36,143; in Ob’-Irtysh River basin, 228-29; “oil heroes,” 224,225, 242n4; Omsk refinery, 239; Promethean goals attacked by “inside critics,” 234-37; as “sacred cow” in late Soviet/post-Soviet era, 241; Soviet state against “oil loss,” 237-41; in Tiumen' region (oblast), 126,128,130, 242n3; Volga as key transportation route for, 82-86 oil pollution, 74-75, 92-93; appearance in Levitans “sad pictures,” 76; critique by peoples control committees, 228-29; from machinery fuels and lubricants, 135-36; manifestations in Russia, 76,93; in northwestern Siberia, 134-36,139; as “oil loss,” 237-41; in United States and Europe, 76, 85,93, 94n4 Oka River, 76,214 Old Believers, 230-31 Onega River, 25 One Health agenda, 174 On the Hydraulic Mining Economy (Rozhkov), 52 On the River. Steamship on the Volga (Levitan, late 1880s), 86, 87 On the Volga [Na Volge] (Levitan, 1888), 77, 78, 79, 80 Orel Province, 155,156 Orenburg Region, 52, 57; camels used in, 156,157; metallic deposits of, 67 ores and minerals, 50, 59-62, 67, 70n44, 281,283 ornithologists, wetland protection and, 204, 205 Orthodox Christianity, 86, 230; monasteries, 25, 26,27; in
NorwegianRussian borderland, 286; Russian Empire and, 262; symbolism of water within, 90 Ostriatskii Zhivets River, 134 Ottoman Empire, 3, 255,266,268, 302 ozdorovlenie (“healthification”), 174 Pakhotin, Timofei Evtifeevich, 230-31, 233,236, 237, 240,246n69 Pallas, Peter Simon, 4, 65 Pankeev, K., 193n38 Pankeev affair, 183,184 Paris Agreement (1902), on bird protection, 215 Pasteur, Louis, 178,183 pastoralism, 302, 303 Pasvik River Valley Nature Reserve, 286 Pavlov, M., 58 peasants, 26,28, 29, 304; camel meat rejected by, 160; Plan for Settlement (1764) and, 266; pollution encountered by, 100,106; protests against air pollution, 117; salt industry and, 32; seasonal production of charcoal and, 58-59; taxation of, 263; veterinarians animal diseases, 184 Pechenga Nickel controversy, 285 Penza Province, 156 perestroika, 215,241-42 Perm’, 13, 57, 67 Permian geological period, 4 Peterson, Maya, 9 Peter the Great, 4,48,266,268 petrolization, 234, 245n57 Petrovskii, A. R, 163 phenology, 85 P’iavchenko, Nikolai, 209 Pim River, 134 Pinkham, Sophie, 9 Pirogov Society of Russian Physicians, 177 Place and Nature (Moon et al.), 6,13,284
Index 325 poaching/poachers, 136,139,140, 234 Poduzhemie, village of, 25 podzols (soils under coniferous forests), 5 Poika River, 135 Pokoriteliam Samotlora [To the Samotlor conquerors] (1978 monument), 225 Poland, 268,282 pollution, 2, 8,201,208, 226; animals killed or sickened by, 106; diseases from, 109, 109; institutionalization of, 100; Kazan citizens’ protest against air pollution, 98-99,107-18; Kazan provincial authorities versus St. Petersburg Senate, 114-16; nineteenth-century protests against, 10,11; in Norwegian-Russian borderland, 284-85,286; post-Stalinist Soviet leadership and, 202; Russia in global context, 304-5; in Surgut District, 129. See also oil pollution Poltava Province, 156 Poltoratskii, Petr Alekseevich, 106,107, 110, 111, 112 Pomors, 127,277, 293 ponds, 54, 55, 56, 59,66, 69nl8 Popov, I., 160-61 Popriadukhin, Aleksandr, 114-15 Portal, Roger, 50, 69n25 Potanin, Vladimir, 285, 287 potash production, 67, 70n29 Price, Archibald Grenfell, 255 Priezzhii, Timofei, 39 “primitive accumulation,” 30 Pripiat’ marshlands, 208 Prokof'eva, Liudmila, 33 Prokudin, Gorskii, S. M., 62 Przheval’skii, Nikolai, 161,169n66 Putin, Vladimir, 293 rabies, 180,188 railways, 190, 233,290; in Kazan’, 99, 101, 104; Moscow abbatoir and, 186; Murmansk-Leningrad connection, 281; Tiumen’-Surgut railway, 229; TransCaspian railroad, 154,157 rain, artificial, 5 Ramsar Convention [International Conference on the Conservation of Wetlands and Waterfowl] (1971), 201, 203,205,206, 207, 211; drainage of wetlands and, 216; prehistory of, 214-15 rare earth elements (REE), 283,287 Razin,
Sten’ka, 90 “Reconquista,” Spanish and Portuguese, 255-56 record keeping, 38 Red Fortress (Merridale), 271 reindeer herding, 143, 278 Reise durch Sibirien von dem Jahr 1733 bis 1743 (Gmelin), 60 religion, environmental change and, 304 Repin, Ilya, 90 Report on Measures for Improved Protection and Use ofLand, 211 reservoirs, 52,53, 55, 66, 69nl8 Reshetskoi mining area, 60 Riasentsev, Aleksandr, 109,115-16,117 rinderpest (cattle plague), 180,181-82, 187; death rates from, 182; decline of, 184,185; worldwide campaign to eradicate, 190-91 Riquet, Pierre-Paul, 30 rivers, 2, 3; Eurasian winter and, 56; in Germany, 55; iron production and, 67; planned diversion of, 269,274n39, 306; Rozhkov’s classification of, 52, 69nl5; talking, 4. See also specific rivers Roginko, Alexei Yu., 234 Rojansky, Milkhail, 230 Roux, Émile, 178 Roxo, Valentina, 7,11 Rozhkov, V. L, 52, 54, 69nl5 RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic), 125,125,130,208; law on nature protection in Tiumen’ region, 240; State Planning Committee of, 139; Supreme Soviet of, 227 Rusalka (Dargomyzhsky), 90 Russia: autocratic and authoritarian rule in, 2, 3; environmental thinking in, 4-6; “European Russia,” 152,167n9;
326 Index exceptionalism in environmental history of, 306-7; financial system, 38; foreign visitors in, 27; representation in environmental history, 301; Revolution (1905), 112-13,114,117; Revolution (1917), 118, 268; sparse population of, 4; unexceptionality in environmental history of, 303-6. See also Central Russia; Russian North Russian Empire, 2, 3,10; agrarian modernization in, 152; autocratic and authoritarian rule in, 201; birth of modern world and, 68; boreal empire, 261, 262-65; camel population of, 166; comparison with European empires, 253; “core” territories (Russian “homeland”), 7, 255, 258, 260,261, 262, 271; ethnic composition of population, 254; geographical zones of, 258; human and livestock population of, 179,180, 192n22; macrogeography of, 261; maps of, 57; “nationalistic” or outer empire, 261,267; nomadic peoples and territorial expansion of, 153-54,165; politically peripheral regions of, 9; sanitary reforms, 174-75,189,190; settlement empire, 261, 265-67; study of nature in, 4; veterinary medicine in, 176-77 Russian Federation, 12,130, 270, 271; Academy of Sciences, 292; deaths from air pollution, 99; greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in, 306-7; oligarch capitalism in, 285 Russian literature, 4 Russian North, 7, 9, 25, 26, 306; complex economy of, 29; map, 27; modernization of, 128; monasteries in, 27, 28, 31, 32; northwest, 278, 281; peasant communities in, 26; resourcification of nature in, 41; salt market of, 32. See also Kola Peninsula; Murmansk Region Russian Pictures Drawn with Pen and Pencil (Mitchell), 82 Russian Revolution, First (1905-7), 112-14
Russian Society for the Protection of Animals, 188 Russian Technical Society [Russkoe tekhnicheskoe obshchestvo] (RTO), 5 Russo-Turkish wars, 266 Rychkov, Petr Ivanovich, 52, 62-63, 65, 69nl2 Ryden, Göran, 67 Sabaneev, L. P., 65 Sablia, Semen, 34 St. Petersburg, city of, 57,67,186,187, 268, 291 St. Petersburg Society of Vegetarians, 5 salt-boiling industry, White Sea area, 25-29, 40-41; organizational skill and expertise in, 30; of Spaso-Prilutskii Monastery, 31-33; timber production for fuel used in, 33-36; trade and commercial expertise in, 37-40; transportation and shipping expertise in, 36-37 Salym River, 134 Samara Province, 155,156,157,182,184 Sami. See East Sami people Samotlor oil deposit, 224 San Francisco Bay, 1 Sarab’ianov, Dmitrii, 89, 92, 94n8, 95n30 Saratov Province, 156,184 Savich, Aleksandr, 35 Savrasov, Alexei, 76, 78, 79 Savvaitov, Nikolai, 179 Saxony, 54, 56 Sayler, Susannah, 92 scabies, 188 Scandinavia, tourists from, 291 Schönberg, Baron, 60 Secchi disk, 86, 91, 95n28 Shakhov (landowner), 155 Shaposhnikov, Lev, 204,205 Shilovskii mining area, 60 shipbuilding, 37, 67, 70n29 Shirokova, Vera, 30 Shtil'mark, F. R., 138 Shumkov, I. V, 157-58,160 Shuvalov, Petr Ivanovich, 57, 60 Siberia, 3,7, 263, 306; colonization of, 27; as colony, 271; khanate of Sibir,’ 263; mapping and exploration of,
Index 4; movement of Russians into, 127; production and transportation in, 68n7; rivers of, 51, 306; sparse population of, 4; taiga (coniferous forest) zone, 124, 139,141,258; Western, 13,182. See also Khanty-Mansi National/Autonomous Okrug; ZSNGK (Western Siberian Oil and Gas Complex) sibiriaki (non-Indigenous Siberians), 229-31, 233-34,235, 244n33 Simbirsk Province, 156 Simskii Factory, 65 Skadovskii, G. L., 183 Skalon, V. N., 141 Skvortsov, Vasilii, 112,113,120n36 slavery, 256, 257 Slezkine, Yuri, 127 “slow violence,” 93 smallpox, 162, 264, 304 social history, “greening” of, 12 social sciences, 174 soil conditions, 2,185, 209; black earth (chernozem'), 265; erosion, 5, 209, 213, 267; geographical zones and, 258; in northwest Siberia, 127; soil science, 5 Sokolov, Ivan, 87 solonchaks (saline soils), 5 Solovetskie (Solovki) Islands, 9,13, 36 Solovetskii Monastery, 25, 26, 32, 263 Solov’ev, Bogdashka (Bogdan), 37 Solov’ev, Manasiia, 37 Soloviev, Vladimir, 5 Sol’ Vychegodskaia, saltworks of, 26, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 40 Sonderweg (“special path”), Russian, 11, 253, 301 Sosninskaia River, 229 South Africa, 151, 257, 306 South America, 303 South Asia, 303 Soviet Academy of Sciences, 204, 208,209, 213 Soviet Union (USSR), 2,10,12,93; administrative divisions of RSFSR, 125, 125; camel population of, 166; “core” territories of, 7; dualistic approach to 327 nature, 2-3,11; economy of Indigenous peoples and, 123,124,138-40; fall of, 214,280; Five-Year Plans, 99,118,237, 238, 281; geographical zones of, 258,259; Gosplan (State Planning Committee), 126, 208, 210, 212,238; land
reclamation policy in, 201-2,202, 208-11,212,214, 215; memory of Soviet empire, 292; peat reserves of, 211; politically peripheral regions of, 9; protection of fish resources in, 136-37; Ramsar Convention and, 191; “technocratic environmentalism” in, 208, 210; wetlands protection in, 203, 204-7; whaling industry, 306 space, geographical concept of, 283 Spain, American empire of, 256,272 Spary, Emma, 30 Spaso-Prilutskii Monastery, salt industry of, 31-33, 36, 39 Spring Flood (Levitan), 95n30 Stalin, Joseph, 118, 202, 204, 288, 293; industrialization project of, 48; Kirov’s assassination and, 281; plan for transformation of nature, 306 Stalinism, 6, 288 Stanovskii mining area, 60 State Duma, 98,108 state farms (sovkhozes), 125,132 steamships, 77, 78, 81-83,100,102; in paintings, 89, 90; shift from wood- to oil-powered, 83, 94nl6 Steinwedel, Charles, 69nl2 Stepanov, Alexei, 76, 81 steppe and forest-steppe, 5,180,259, 265, 267 stereotypes, 8 Stockholm Conference (1972), 205, 215 strongylosis, 163 Stroganov family, 27, 28, 48,263 Strumilin, S. G„ 58 Sudkovsky, Rufin, 91 Sukachev, Vasilii, 209, 213, 219n31 Sukhona River, 26, 36, 37 Surgut District, 126-28,129,130, 134; hunting economy of, 139,140; taiga forests of, 141-42. See also Khanty-
328 Index Mansi National/Autonomous Okrug; Tiumen’ region Sviatoslav Ol’govich, Prince, 25 Sviblova, Olga, 93 Swabe, Joanna, 175 Sweden, 3, 34, 50, 54, 67, 268, 287 swine erysipelas, 180 swine fever (pig plague), 180 Sysoev, Vsevolod, 139 taiga (coniferous forest) zone: in Norwegian-Russian borderland, 277; in Siberia, 124,139,141,258 Tambov Province, 156,184 tariffs (internal), abolition of, 57, 70n26 Tartakovskii, Mikhail, 163 Tatars, Crimean, 153,154, 159, 265,266 Tatars, Nogai, 265 Tatarstan, 13 Tatishchev, V, N., 62 Tauride Province, 155,156, 159 technology, 102,108, 111, 138, 289; agriculture and, 281; drilling, 34; endlessly perfectible, 246n63; human natural interactions and, 238; hydraulic, 55; iron production, 50, 51, 68n6, 283; limits of, 224,288; oil and gas industry, 235, 236; sociotechnical imaginary about risks and benefits, 235,246n63; Soviet vision of empire and, 292; technological innovation, 62; transformation of nature and, 9 TELMA project, 211-12,214 “There Is Fish, but.” (Trushenkov, 1972), 229 Tierleben (Brehm, 1864-69), 169n66 Tikhomirov, Boris, 211-12 timber resources, 26,28, 57; “convergence point” of resources, 59; Torskoe lumber mill, 232 Timofeev, Dementii, 39 Timofeev, Samoila, 39,40 Tiumen Region (oblast’), 124,128,143nl; fisheries in, 130; KNKs (people’s control committees) in, 227, 243nl8; law on nature protection in, 240. See also Khanty-Mansi National/Autonomous Okrug; Surgut District Tlingit peoples, 264 Tobol’sk Province, 182 Tolstoi, Illarion, 155,159 Tomb on the Volga [Mogila na Volge] (Savrasov, 1874), 78-79 Topografiia
Orenburgskaia (Rychkov, 1762), 62 Tot’ma. saltworks of, 26, 31, 34, 35, 37 tourism, 14,76-77, 86; dark tourism genre, 286,287; in Murmansk Region, 277,292; in Norwegian-Russian borderland, 279, 284,286,287 Transparent Water. Dead Calm (Sudkovsky, 1879-85), 91 transport: in agriculture, 152,154; water as key to, 56-57, 3O8n3 trees, replanting of, 58 Tret’iakov, L. A., 163 Tret’iakov, Pavel, 78 trichinosis, 186,187 Troepol’skii, Gavriil, 213 Trushenkov, N. R, 229 trypanosomiasis, 163 Tsaritsyn (Volgograd), city of, 82,84,156 Tsenkovskii, Lev, 183,193n38 Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin, 6 tsren (iron pan for boiling brine), 34 tuberculosis, 163,180 Tula Province, 156 tundra, subarctic, 259,277, 278, 283,286 Tura River, 233 Turgai Province, 162 Turgai River region, 154 Turkestan, 269, 270 Turkmen, 269 Tverdyshev family, 62,63 Uekötter, Frank, 100 Ufa Province, 156 Uklein, Vladimir, 115,117 Ukraine/Ukrainians, 6,7,12,118,250, 265; environment and, 11-12; former dependency on Lithuania and Poland, 260,262; greenhouse gas (GHG)
Index emissions in, 307; Russian annexation of Polish territory and, 268; Russian war with (2022- ), 293; Russia’s settler empire and, 266 Una, salt production in, 26, 31, 33, 35, 37 United States, 305, 307; camels introduced to, 151; frontier capitalism of, 280; livestock population of, 180; oil pollution in, 76, 85, 93, 94n4; sale of Russian Alaska to, 253; as “settler empire,” 257 Upper Isetsk ironworks, 55 Ural Mountains, 4, 7,13, 27,48,104; Bashkir people of, 62-64; as cattle raising region, 180; factories in, 48, 49, 50, 52; forests of, 57; metallic richness of, 59-60; mixed-forest zone and, 258; nuclear waste deposited in, 289; production and transportation in, 68n7; rivers in, 51,52; South Urals, 57, 62; water systems in, 53, 54, 55, 56, 302. See also iron production Ural River, 157 Uralsk, city of, 156 Uralsk Province, 162,163 urban history, 7 Urengoi Oil Prospecting Expedition (1977), 235 Uruguay, 257, 267 Ushkov, Ivan Petrovich, 104, 111, 120n36 Ushkov, Kapiton Iakovlevich, 101 Ushkov, Petr Kapitonovich, 98,101,102-3, 106-7 Ushkov 8 Co. chemical factory (Kazan’), 99,101-4,115,120n36; alliance of industrialists and Governor Poloratskii, 110-12; beginning of operations (1894), 107; citizen protests during First Russian Revolution, 112-14; environmental situation around, 104,106-9; illegal productions in, 103-4,107 US-Soviet Treaty on the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment (1976), 211 Ust’-Balyk oil drilling operation, 134,135, 136,140 Ust’-Balyk-Omsk oil pipeline, 229 329 varnitsa (salt-boiling enterprises), 32-33, 39 Vartanov, Raphael V., 234
Vasiliev, Aleksei, 115,117 Vasilii III, Grand Duke, 36 Vat’egan oil deposit, 224 Vcherashniaia, Anna, 76 Vedernikov, V, 160,162 Veluwenkamp, Jan Willem, 31 Venovcevs, Anatolijs, 288 Vernadsky, Vladimir, 6,210, 281 Vesinskii, Dei and Ivan, 39, 40 veterinary medicine, 175,187,189; AllRussian Veterinary Congress, 177, 184; institutionalization of, 181-82, 184; livestock health as state policy, 179-80; need to study animal diseases, 178; veterinarians recognized as part of medical profession, 177; veterinary schools, 176 Viled’ River, 35 Vinogradov, Andrei, 11 Virchow, Rudolf, 178 “virgin land” rhetoric, 209, 267, 304 Vladivostok, city of, 271 Voeikov, Alexander, 5, 54, 69nl5 Volga. Barges (Levitan, 1890s), 86 Volga River near the Zhiguli Range (Aivazovsky, 1887), 89-90, 89 Volga River, 7,8,13, 69nl5; delta of, 206; fish of, 65, 85; “Great Artistic Inspiration Volga,” 76, 77; Levitan’s paintings of, 76-86, 79-81; oil industry and shipping on, 82-86; pollution of, 11, 74-75, 83, 304; tourist industry and, 76-77 Vologda, town of, 31, 32, 36, 39 VOOP (All-Russian Society for Nature Protection), 234 Voznesenskoe village (Kurgan District), 230, 231 Vronskii, Iurii, 214 Vychegda River and region, 32, 35 waste treatment, 136 water clarity, measurement of, 86, 95n28 Water History (journal), 7
330 Index Water Movement in Mirelands (Ivanov, 1975), 212 Weiner, Douglas, 12, 99,127-28, 308n3 Western Siberian Oil and Gas Complex (ZSNGK), 130,140,224,226,228,240 wetlands, 11,13,128,216; beneficial functions of, 203; defined, 217n6; drainage of, 128,134, 201-3,202,20816,216,219n35, 219n43; heterogeneity of late Soviet environmentalism and, 214-16; peatlands, 211-12; protection and “wise use” of, 201; rational resource use and, 208-11, 219n35; Soviet postage stamps issued about, 207,207; as vulnerable ecosystems, 211-14,219n43; as waterbird habitat, 204-7 whaling, 306 White, Lynn, 304 White Sea, 13,25,26, 36, 37,206; fisheries, 41; Pomor homes on coast of, 277 Winds of the Globe (Smithsonian Institution), 5 Worboys, Michael, 174 working class, oil industry impact on nature and, 226,228 World War 1,156 World War II, 268,280,282 “You Ought to Love Nature” (Bashkirov), 235 zemstvos, 174,183,185; anti-cattle plague measures animal diseases, 181; sanitary congresses, 177 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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Contents List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgments x Notes on the Text xi List of Abbreviations xii Introduction Catherine Evtuhov, Julia Lajus, and David Moon 1 PART I. INDUSTRIALIZATION AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXTS Chapter 1. Natural Resources and Management Expertise in the Monastic Salt Industry of the White Sea Area in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries Alexei Kraikovski and Margarita Dadykina Chapter 2. Early Russian Industrialization: An Environmental Perspective Catherine Evtuhov Chapter 3. Seeing Oil: Isaak Levitan and the Industrial Volga Jane Costlow Chapter 4. Kazan Citizens against Air Pollution: The Case of the Ushkov Co. Chemical Factory (1893-1917) Andrei Vinogradov Chapter 5. “Environing” the North: Fishing and Hunting in the Industrial Development of Khanty-Mansi Okrug, 1960-75 Evgenii Gololobov 25 48 74 98 123
vi Contents PART II. HUMANS AND ANIMALS Chapter 6. Camels in European Russia: Exotic Farm Animals and Agricultural Knowledge Anna Olenenko 151 Chapter 7. Public Health across Species: Domestic Animals and Sanitary Reforms in Imperial Russia Anna Mazanik 174 PART III. ENVIRONMENT AND POLITICS IN THE LATE SOVIET SPACE Chapter 8. How Wetlands Entered the Transnational Spaces of Late Soviet Environmentalism Katja Bruisch Chapter 9. “You Ought to Love Nature!” People’s Control Committees—Environmental Whistleblowers and Western Siberian Oil in the 1970s Valentina Roxo 201 224 PART IV. GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT PAST AND PRESENT Chapter 10. Empire, Settlement, and Environment: The Russian Empire and Donald Meinig’s “Macrogeography of Western Imperialism” Denis J. B. Shaw 253 Chapter 11. Tracks across the Tundra: Making a Living from Nature in the Borderland of the Russian Northwest Urban Wrâkberg and Peter Haugseth 277 Afterword. Russian and Soviet Environmental History: Unexceptionalism and Exceptionalism J. R. McNeill 301 Glossary 312 Index 314
Index Above Eternal Repose [Nad vechnym pokoem] (Levitan, 1894), 79, 94n8 acid rain, 202 actynomicosis, 187 Africa, 151, 256, 267, 303, 305; rare earth elements (REE) mined in, 287; “Scramble for Africa,” 257 After the Rain. Plyos [Posle dozhdia. Pies] (Levitan, 1889), 77,78, 80-82, 81, 86 Agan River, 134 Âgren, Maria, 67 agriculture, 106,108,138, 209, 278, 304; animal habitats destroyed by, 65; black earth region, 152,153,154-58, 164-65,166; climate and, 3, 26; in colonization of steppe and forest-steppe, 265; dekulakization and, 281; drainage of wetlands and, 202,212; European colonialism and, 256; in Far East, 270; monasteries and, 31; phosphate fertilizers and, 281-82; Russian and Soviet Ministry of Agriculture, 157, 204, 206, 211, 212; “scientific” principles and, 165; in Siberia, 230; slow expansion of farming in world history, 303. See also camels, in Russian agriculture; soil conditions agronomy, 5 air travel, 1 Aivazovsky, Ivan, 89, 93 Alachugin, Lavrentii, 37 Alachugin family, 37 Alaska, 253, 264 Aleksei Mikhailovich, Tsar, 269 All-Union Research Institute of Game Management and Fur Farming (VNIIOZ), 139 Amu-Dar’ia River, planned diversion of, 269, 274n39 Amur River, 263 Andreev Bay, radioactive waste cleanup at, 289,289 animal diseases: animal disease control, 179-85; of camels, 162-63; Moscow abbatoir and, 187; science of animal diseases, 178-79; vaccines, 183-84; zoonotic, 174,176,186,188,192n7. See also epizootics; specific diseases animals, 4,186; criminalization of cruelty to, 187; of Ekaterinburg Region, 64-66; human and animal health linked, 175-79; humans
and multispecies communities, 174; hunting/trapping/ breeding of, 138-40; of Pacific maritime environment, 264; public health system in imperial Russia and, 13; quest for sanitary city and, 185-89. See also camels, in Russian agriculture Anna, Empress, 48,60 anthrax, 163,180,187; animal death rates from, 183; vaccines for, 183,184, 193n38 Anthropocene concept, 10,48, 278 apiculture (beekeeping), 63, 66, 67 Aral Sea, 8, 9,156, 305, 306, 307 Arctic Ocean, 8, 277, 289 area studies, 12 Argentina, 257, 267, 292 Arkhangelsk, city of, 26,27, 29, 277 Armenia, 269 Arnold, Ivan, 74-75, 83, 91; Volga oil pollution recorded by, 83-86, 95n22 artisans/artisanal production, 63, 64 Ash, Eric, 29-30
Index 315 Asia, tourists from, 291, 293 Astrakhan’, 83,156,161, 162, 268 Astrakhan Nature Reserve, 206, 207,207 At the Whirlpool [U omuta] (Levitan, 1892), 91 Australia, 257, 267, 303, 305 Autumn. Sokolniki (Levitan), 78 Autumn Track (Levitan), 95n30 Baer, Karl Ernst von, 4 Baikal, Lake, 8,13 Baklanov, I. B., 58 Baltic Iron in the Atlantic World in the Eighteenth Century (Evans and Ryden), 67 Baltic provinces, 4 Baltic Sea, 67,206, 268 Bardakh, Iakov, 183 Barent Euroarctic Region, 283 Barents Sea, 41, 277, 280 Barge Haulers on the Volga (Repin, 1873), 90 Barr, Jessica Marion, 93 Bashkirov, R, 235 Bashkirs, 62-66, 67,265 Belarus/Belorussia, 208,250, 262; former dependency on Lithuania and Poland, 262; greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in, 307; Russian annexation of Polish territory and, 268 Benois, Alexandre, 92 Berezov, Fedor, 184-85 Berg, L. S., 258 Beringia, 9,280 Bering Sea, 95n28 Bering Strait, 9, 253, 263 Bessarabia, 268 Bessolitsyn, A. A., 83 biodiversity, 85, 203 “biogeocenology’7“biogeocenosis,” 209, 210,213,219n31 Black Sea region, 180 “black sky” air pollution, 99 blacksmiths, 34, 37,48 Blanchard, Ian, 67 Bogorodskii, Aleksei, 120n36 Bolsheviks, 99, 270 Bol’shoe Igumnovo, 106,113; chemical factory in, 98,104,114; diseases linked to pollution in, 109,109,115; environmental disaster in, 108; map, 105 Bondiuga chemical factory, 101,102,103, 104 Boch, Marina, 212, 213, 214, 219n42 bovine pleuropneumonia, 180,188 bovine tuberculosis, 187 Bowlt, John, 90 Brain, Stephen, 205 Brandt, Eduard, 161 Braudel, Fernand, 28 Brazil, 257, 267, 307 Brehm, Alfred, 161,169n66 Brezhnev,
Leonid L, 201, 208,227, 238 Britain, 57, 68, 305; geopolitical rivalry with Russian Empire, 270; industrialization in, 50, 67, 68, 68n9; iron imported from Russia, 67; overseas empire of, 253, 260 Brooke, John, 308n3 Brown, Kate, 309nl4 Bruisch, Katja, 11 Brunner, Georg, 243n21 Bruno, Andy, 2, 6, 288 Bryullov, Karl, 89 Bug River, 128 Bukhara, khanate of, 269, 270 Bulgakov, Sergei, 5 camels, in Russian agriculture, 12,13, 65,150; acclimatization of camels in European Russia, 160-65; anatomy of camels, 160-61,165,169n66; breeding of camels, 164-65,166; camels come to black earth region, 154-58; care of camels, 163-64; diseases of camels, 16263; harnesses for camels, 159; history of camels’ introduction to various world regions, 151-52; negative opinions about camels, 161-62; nomadic peoples’ use of camels, 153-54; productivity of camels, 158-60; search for "ideal animal” and, 152-53
316 Index Canada, 256, 285, 307; as “boreal empire,” 265; as “settler empire,” 257 canals, 30, 54, 95n22,134, 301, 305 capitalism, 2-3,285 carbon sinks, 203 Carpathian Mountains, 6 carpenters, 37 Caspian Sea, 74, 82,269,304-5 Catherine I, 56 Catherine II (the Great), 4,50, 56, 266,269 Caucasus region, 5,182,266; North Caucasus, 266,268, 271; Transcaucasus, 268 Central Asia, 6, 7, 9,164; camels in, 152, 153; as cattle-raising region, 180; deserts of, 258; diversion of Siberian rivers to, 306; geopolitical contest in, 270; Russia’s outer empire in, 269; salinization of cotton fields in, 305 Central Hunting Administration (Glavokhota), 125 Central Russia, 104,181; agriculture in, 153; connection to the White Sea, 26; epizootics in, 153; salt transported by river to, 41; Volga River as connection to other regions, 82,102 Chamisso, Adelbert von, 95n28 charcoal, 57-59, 68n9 Chechnya, 271 Chekhov, Mikhail, 76, 77, 78, 91 chemical industry workers, 12 chemistry, 5 Chernaia River, 136 Chernigov Province, 156 Chernobyl’ nuclear disaster (1986), 8,13, 290, 306, 309nl4 Chernyi, Viktor A„ 226 China, 287, 301-2; agricultural frontiers, 303; Far East territories seized from, 270; as market for Russian furs, 263-64; water manipulation in Maoist period, 309nl3 Chu, Pey-Yi, 14 Chusovaia River, 52, 56, 65, 69nl5 Ciscaucasia, 180 city-states, Italian, 255 civil society, 11 “class struggle,” 29 climate, 25, 50,98,185,308n3; climate change, 202, 305; dams built in Urals and, 55; geographical zones and, 258; harshness of, 3; in northwest Siberia, 127,130 Climates of the Earth [Klimaty zemnogo
shara], 5 climatology, 5 coal resources, exploitation of, 10, 50, 68, 302, 308n6 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 30,70n26 Cold War, 190, 201,205,277,283,288, 289 Cole, Thomas, 89 collective farms (kolkhozes), 125 colonialism, 127,254 commodification (resourcification), 40,41 communism, 2-3,8, 288 Communist Party, Soviet (CPSU), 123,126, 130,227, 228; KNKs (people’s control committees) and, 236,241; rational use of natural resources ordered by, 237; technocracy in, 281; Tiumen' Regional Party Committee (Obkom), 230 concentration, socioeconomic, 28-29, 30, 31,40,41 Congress of Farmers (1869), 152 conservation, 59, 66,226,241; of forests, 139,142; industrial development and, 143; shift toward (from 1967), 237-38; of wetlands, 201, 203-7,211,215 consumer goods, production of, 138 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (1971), 207 copper, 48 Cort, Henry, 68n6 cossacks, 155,160, 263,266, 267; in compulsory colonization of Far East, 270; as “freebooters,” 256 Coumel, Laurent, 208 Council for the Study of Productive Forces (SOPS), 123 Council of Ministers of the USSR, 136,210, 219n36
Index COVID-19 lockdowns, 290 credit, 38-39 Crimean Peninsula, 153 Cyffka, Bernd, 288 dams, 52,53, 55, 57, 59, 64,133 Dargomyzhsky, Alexander, 90 Daugava River, 128 deforestation, 35, 57, 59,66,70n29; in Europe, 303; oil industry and, 141 Demidov, Nikita, 48, 61 Demidov family, 69nl6 Demuth, Bathsheba, 9, 280 Denisov, V. D., 205 deoxygenation, of water, 135 desertification, 202 Devkin channel, 134 Dmitriev, Maksim, 81, 90 Dmitrieva, Zoia, 38 Dnieper (Dnipro) River, 8 Dnister River, 128 Dobrosmyslov, A. I., 162 Dokuchaev, Vasilii, 5, 57,258 Don River, 8 Douglas, Mary, 186 drilling technology, 34,41 Durnovo, Ivan, 98,106 Dzhunkovskii, E. R, 163 East Asia, 303 East Sami people, 277, 278 echinococcosis, 187 economic development, 2,8,28, 266; dependence on oil and gas industry, 143; “integrated resource use” and, 208; nature transformed into environment, 9; pollution and, 135; of territories inhabited by Indigenous peoples, 125— 26. See also industrialization/industrial development Egan River, 134 Ekaterinburg, 13, 52, 56; animals of, 64-66; Grace (Blagodat’) Mountain, 60-62, 61; metallic deposits of, 67 Ekaterinoslav Province, 156,184 Elabuga District, 104,106 317 Elizabeth, Empress, 48, 57, 60, 269 Ely, Christopher, 6, 94nl0 Emba River, 269 entrepreneurs, 26,70n36; development of entrepreneurship, 31; diversification of entrepreneurship, 48; entrepreneurial social groups, 28 environment: alleged malign influence on people and political regimes, 10; determinism and, 3; historical chronologies and, 10-11; as history, 8-10; nature distinguished from, 9; social history and, 11-12
environmental history (ekologicheskaia istoriia), 5, 8,13, 308n3; exceptionalism in, 4, 306-7; global, 14; human-natural interactions and, 9,10; of Kazan’ 107; of Murmansk, 280, 283, 292; of Norwegian-Russian borderland, 277, 278, 284, 293; Russian-language literature on, 7; Russia’s representation in, 301; social/political history and, 12; survey of, 6; unexceptionality in, 302, 305-6; universal and particular in, 2-3 environmentalism, Soviet, 203, 208, 210, 214-16, 305 environmentalism, Western, 215, 285 epizootics, 153,181,182-83,185,189; economic damage from, 178; state policy animal diseases, 175. See also animal diseases erosion, 5, 209, 213, 267 Erve, Raul'-Iurii, 224 Estonia, 268 Eurasia, 11; geographical zones of, 258, 259; German blitzkrieg in “Eurasian funnel,” 282; “heartland” of, 7; Russian territorial expansion in, 253; steppes of, 5,154,180 Europe, Western, 7,127,176, 253, 257, 272 European History Review, 7 European Union (EU), 292 European University (St. Petersburg), 6,12 Evans, Chris, 67 Evening. Golden Plyos [Vecher. Zolotoi Pies] (Levitan, 1889), 77-78, 79-80, 79, 91
318 Index Evening on the Volga [Vecher na Volge] (Levitan, 1887-88), 77,78, 80 Evtuhov, Catherine, 278, 301, 302, 304 exceptionalism, in Russian history, 2,4, 7, 11,306 expertise and experience (SEE), 29-31, 40-41; fuel and expertise of timber production, 33-36; trade and commercial, 37-40; in transportation and shipping, 36-37 export, production for, 48 extinction, 4 Faltz-Fein, Friedrich, 155,159,168n33 Far East (Amur and Maritime Territories), 270-71 Fedor, monastic elder, 25, 27, 28 Fedorov, Nikolai, 5, 6 Fedorov-Davydov, Aleksei, 75 Fennoscandian Shield, 287 Fersman, Alexander, 281, 288 Finland, 268, 287 Finnmark County (Norway), 277,278, 281; destruction in World War II, 282-83; subarctic tundra region of, 278 Finno-Ugrian peoples, 262 fisheries: effects of industrialization on, 133-34; on margin of state interests, 143; in northwestern Siberia, 130-33; pollution and declining fish stocks, 84, 95n22,135; timber operations’ negative impacton, 134 Five-Year Plans, 99,118, 237, 238,281 Fletcher, Giles, 27 Floating Coast (Demuth), 9 flood control, 59,203 Fonshtein, Mikhail, 113 food security, 179 foot-and-mouth disease, 163,180,187 forests: forest sprites, 4; iron production and, 57-59; protection of, 141-42; reforestation, 58; salt industry and, 35-36; of Surgut District, 141-42. See also deforestation; taiga fossil fuel economy, 13, 50; Anthropocene concept and, 48; in iron production, 57 France, 30,100,253,260 Franklin, Jonathan, 151,169n66 Free Economic Society, 155,183 Fresh Wind. Volga (Levitan, 1895), 75,77, 78, 86-89, 88, 91,93 Frierson, Cathy, 94nl0 frontier
outposts/fortresses, 52,69nll Fukushima nuclear disaster (2011), 306 fur trade, 139,140,263,265 Gamaleia, Nikolai, 181,183 game husbandry, 139 Gennin, Vil'gel'm de, 56, 57, 58, 59-60,62, 64-65 geography, 4,253,263, 280; Aivazovsky’s paintings and, 90; “biogeocenology”/“biogeocenosis,” 20910,213, 219n31; camels in agricultural use and, 156; of cattle trade, 181; concept of space and, 283; ethnography and, 62; imperial geographies, 11; macrogeography of imperialism, 254, 258,261,271; oil boom in late 19th century and, 76; of Urals, 55 geology, 2, 85,126,224 geopolitics, 4,254, 269; in NorwegianRussian borderland, 278,280-83,285, 293; oil industry and, 241 Georgia, 269 German settlers, 155 Germany, 3,180, 270, 305 Girai, Devlet, 265 GKNT (State Committee for Science and Technology), 210 glanders, 180,187-88 Glavtiumen’gazprom (Main Tiumen Gas Production Association), 126 Glavtiumen’geologiia (Main Tiumen’ Geological Administration), 126,228 Glavtiumenneftegaz (Main Tiumen Production Administration for the Oil and Gas Industry), 126,228,239 Glavtiumenneftegazstroi (Main Tiumen Oil and Gas Industry Construction Administration), 228,233 Global Environment (journal), 7
Index 319 globalization, 176, 254 Gmelin, Johann Georg, 4,57,60 Godnev, Ivan, 108 Golden Autumn (Levitan), 95n30 Golden Horde, 260 Golikova, Svetlana, 56 Gololobov, Evgenii, 7,99-100 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 214,283 Gorbatov, Aleksei V., 230 Grace (Blagodat’) Mountain, 60-62,61 Great Northern War, 268 Great Plains, of North America, 5,267 Great Reforms, 177,180 green diplomacy, 201 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 306-7 Greenland, 255,285 Gregory, Serge, 95n31 Grimm, Oscar Andreevich, 85 Gurin, Gavriil, 178 Hachten, Elizabeth, 193n38 Hanseatic League, 255,262 health resorts (Kurort), 5 Heise, Ursula, 234 Herzen, Alexander, 244n33 Hilgard, Eugene, 5 Hill, Malcolm R., 51, 67, 68n9 Hitler, Adolf, 282 human-animal relations, 174,175,188-89; medicalization of, 190; transformation of, 186; veterinary scientists as mediators of, 176 human-natural interactions, 4,10,11,203, 242 Humboldt, Alexander von, 4 hunting/hunters, 138-40,143, 263 hydraulic energy, 54, 66 hydroelectric plants, 64,133,206 lamalo-Nenets National/Autonomous Okrug, 139 iasak (fur tribute), 63,66,264 ICBP (International Council for Bird Protection), 204 ichthyologists, 84 Igor Tale, 4 Imperial Academy of Sciences, 4, 57,161 imperialism, 254,271; Eurocentric model of empire, 254,255, 258,260; “Scramble for Africa,” 257; sea empires, 256, 262. See also Russian Empire Imperial Russian Society for Fisheries and Fishing, 84 India, British, 257, 305 Indigenous peoples, 7,12,123; European colonialism and, 254, 255; fishing and hunting as main economic activities of, 127; hunting and fur trapping economy of, 137-40; in Latin
America, 271-72; negative consequences of industrial development and, 143; nomadic peoples of Central Asia, 154; of North Pacific and Alaska, 264; obstacles to integration into Soviet economy, 125-26; Russian expansion into Siberia and, 264; as “small peoples of the North,” 124, 126,127; “socialist reconstruction” of economy of, 124; Soviet fishing industry and, 131,132-33; traditional knowledge of, 165-66, 278; tribute extracted from, 263,264 industrialization/industrial development, 2,6,10,75,278,280; awareness of forest management and, 66; Baku oilfields and, 269; in Britain, 50, 67, 68, 68n9; burdens and benefits of, 288-90,289; costs of, 293; effect on animal life, 64; environmental cost of, 98; “industrial landscape” paintings of Levitan, 75; of meat production, 191; nature reserves under pressure from, 206; in northwest Siberia, 124,130,133; pollution from, 8; Russian settlement and, 264; Soviet, 190; of Stalin regime, 48,118; vast distances of Russia and, 68n7. See also economic development; iron production; oil and gas industry intelligentsia: Siberian oil industry and, 226,227; Ushkov factory protests and, 112 International Biological Programme, 211 Iran, 268, 302
320 Index Irkutsk, city of, 13 Iron-Making Societies (Âgren, ed.), 67 Kazakhs, 64, 153,155,156,157,158; breeding of camels by, 165; camel meat iron production, 28,48, 66-68; in Bashkir consumed by, 160; knowledge about territory of Orenburg, 62-64; British camels, 160,161,162,163-64 imports from Russia, 50, 51; comparison Kazakhstan, 133, 265, 269,274n33; Kazakh of Russia and Sweden, 67, 71n62; steppe, 154,155, 182, 269; “Virgin forest wood in, 50, 57-59, 70n36; in Lands” scheme in, 267, 304 Norwegian-Russian borderland, 283; Kazan,’ city of, 13, 98, 304; City Council ores (metallurgy) and, 50, 59-62; commission to investigate factory, 103, production centers in Urals (map), 48, 107-8,110; City Duma as defender of 49, 50; puddling technique in, 50, 68n6; citizen interests, 111, 113,114,116,117; Russian imports from Sweden, 34; water as an economic center of Volga region, and, 50, 51-52,53, 54-57, 302 101; map, 105; protests against pollution irrigation, 8, 9, 202, 211, 305 in, 107-18; provincial authorities in Isakov, Iurii, 206 confrontation with state power, 114-16; Iset’ River, 55 provincial board, 111, 112,114-18, Itinerants (painting school), 92 120n36; urban air pollution in, 305; IUCN (International Union for the veterinary institute in, 176 Conservation of Nature and Natural Kazan, khanate of, 101, 263 Resources), 204, 205, 206, 211, 218nl3 Kazanka River, 98,104,106 Ivan III, Tsar, 262, 263 Kern’, town of, 25, 36 Ivanov, Aleksei, 4 Kerenskii, Alexander, 108 Ivanov, Konstantin, 212, 219n42 Khalin, Aleksei, 94nl6 Ivan the Terrible, 101, 268 Khanty-Mansiisk, town of,
124, 227-28 IWRB (International Wildfowl Research Khanty-Mansi National/Autonomous Bureau), 204, 205 Okrug, 7,143nl; controversial development of hunting/fishing Japan, 289, 305, 306 economy of, 142-43; fisheries in, Josephson, Paul, 99 130-33; growth in population of, 245n58; hunting/trapping/breeding of kabala (type of credit relation), 38, 39,40 animals in, 137-40; Indigenous peoples Kabardino-Balkaria, 271 as proportion of population, 128; map, Kalimullin, Aidar, 99-100 124; Torskoe lumber mill, 232. See also Kalmyks, 153,156,160,161, 265 Surgut District; Tinmen’ region Kaluga Province, 156 Khanty people, 130,131,132,133,137-38 Kamchatka Expeditions, 4, 60 Kharkov, city and province of, 155,156, Kamchatka Peninsula, 264 159,176,177,183 Kandalaksha Nature Reserve, 206, 207, Kherson Province, 155,156,184 207 Khibiny Mountains, 281, 286, 288,290 Kappeler, Andreas, 254 Khiva, khanate of, 269, 270 Karabash, copper smelting factory in, 99 Khivan campaign (1839-40), 154 Karachai, Lake, 306 Kholmogory, town of, 36 Karakalpaks, 269 Khomiakov, G. P., 141-42 Karelia, 268 Khomutov, Pavel Fedorovich, 112 Kargopolets, Ivan, 39, 40 Khrshchonovich, Lev, 112 Kargopolets, Severian, 39 Khrushchev, Nikita, 209,227, 267
Index 321 Kievan Rus’, 262, 303 Kirgiz people, 64, 269 Kirillo-Belozerskii monastery, 39 Kirilov, Ivan, 57 Kirk, Robert, 174 Kirkenes, town of (Norway), 284, 291; iron mine in, 283, 285; liberated by Red Army (1944), 282; Nike!’ as twin town of, 279 Kirov, Sergei, 281 Kirovsk, town of, 281, 290 Kivelson, Valerie, 264 Klein, Ursula, 30 Klubnikin, Kheryn, 231 KNKs (peoples control committees), 224, 226, 241-42, 243n21; cost saving/ thriftiness principles and, 238-41; critique of river pollution in Ob’ basin, 228-29; as “inside critics” of Promethean production goals, 236-37; in late 1960s and early 1970s, 227-28; sibiriaki (nonIndigenous Siberians) and, 229-31, 233-34,235 knowledge, 7, 32,101; agricultural, 152; commercial, 31, 32; environmental protection and, 203, 210, 211, 241, 289; expertise and, 29,236; of Indigenous peoples, 7,165-66, 278; Kazakh knowledge about camels, 160,161, 162,163-64; medical (veterinary), 175,177,179,187,189; in mining and metallurgical industry, 288; power and, 12; in salt-making industry, 34; technical, 30 Koch, Robert, 178,183 Kogan, G. N., 133 Kokand, khanate of, 269,270 Kokshan chemical factory, 101,102,103, 106 Kola Nuclear Power Plant, 284 Kola Peninsula, 277; forced labor in, 281; mineral resources of, 282, 287; Monchegorsk metallurical plant, 287; as Russia in miniature, 280-83, 291, 293; subarctic tundra region of, 278. See also Murmansk Region (oblast’) Komsomol, 130, 227-28, 281,288 Kontorovich, Alexey, 292 Kosygin, Aleksei, 237 Kotilaine, Jarmo, 38 KPGK (Party-State Control Committee), 227 Krasheninnikov, Stepan, 60 Krasnoiarsk, 99
Krusenstern, Adam Johann von, 4 Kubenskoe Zaozerie, village of, 36 Kulebiakin, Ivan, 37 Kuptsis, I., 92 Kursk Province, 156,184 Kuvshinnikova, Sofiia, 76, 81 Kvashninskoi mining area, 60 Kyiv, city of, 13 Kyshtym nuclear disaster (1957), 306 labor history, “greening” of, 12 Lajus, Julia, 6, 301, 304 Lake Chad, 305 lakes, 132, 217n6, 282; artificial, 52; dams and stagnant lakes, 8; fisheries and, 65, 130,131,132; oxygenation and, 135; pollution in, 286; salt lakes, 131,134 Land Reclamation and Nature Protection (monograph), 210 Langovoi, Aleksei, 91 Latin America, 271-72, 301, 302 Latvia, 268 Lebedev, Aleksandr, 110,114 Leblanc, Nicolas, 101-2 LeDonne, John, 254 Levitan, Isaak, 74, 85; fascination with qualities of water, 90-91; “industrial landscape” paintings of, 75, 86-90, 8789; late-life optimism of, 86,95n30; letter to M. Chekhov (1887), 76, 77; manic depression of, 87, 95n31; paintings of the Volga, 75,76-86, 79-81; sadness and mourning in, 75, 92-93; Symbolism and Art Nouveau linked to, 94n8 Levitan en Plein-air (Dmitriev, 1889), 80, 81 Lieven, Dominic, 262 Lithuania, 268
322 Index Livonia, 268 Loskutova, Marina, 59 Lütke, Friedrich Benjamin Graf von [Litke, Fedor], 4 Lvov, Georgii, 108 Mackinder, Halford, 7 “Macrogeography of Western Imperialism, A” (Meinig, 1968), 255-58 Mahoney, Michael, 30 Malaia Sos’va River, 232 Maloe Igumnovo, 106,109,113, 115 Malyi Balyk River, 135 Mansi people, 130,131,132 March (Levitan), 95n30 MAR project, 204,205,217n9 Marx, Karl, 71n64 Maslov, Boris, 210-11,214 Massard-Guilbaud, Geneviève, 100 Matsalu Nature Reserve (Estonia), 206 Matthews, G.V.T., 205 Mazanik, Anna, 11 Mazing, Viktor, 212, 213,214,219n42 McNeill, John, 6,215 "McNeill Gap,” 6-10 measles, 264, 304 Mechnikov, Ilia, 178,181,183 medicine, history of, 7 Meinig, Donald, 255-58, 262, 271; on “boreal empire,” 257, 265; as historical geographer of North America, 254; on “nationalistic empire,” 257,267, 270; on “settler empires,” 257, 265; on Spains Continental Empire, 256,272 Mel’nikova, Alla, 38 Mendeleev, Dmitrii, 5, 83, 98; chemical factory built with authority of, 117; Ushkov's chemical factories and, 102, 103,106,107 merchants, 29, 32; chemical factory pollution in Kazan’ and, 111; kabala credit and, 38, 39; Plan for Settlement (1764) and, 266; of Simbirsk, 62, 63 Merridale, Catherine, 271 Meshchera Lowlands, 214 Meyer, John, 236 Miasnikov, Ivan, 63 Michell, Thomas, 82, 83 Middendorff, Alexander von, 4 Middle East, 301, 302, 305 military production, 48 Milosz, Czeslaw, 1, 2 Minaev, Ivan, 210-11 Ministry of Fisheries (Minrybkhoz), 125, 131 Minvodkhoz (Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Management), 201,210,214 Mire Ecosystems in the USSR (Boch
and Mazing, 1979), 212, 213 Mire Types in the USSR and Principles of Their Classification (Academy of Sciences, 1974), 213 modernity, 28, 77, 90, 93, 99 modernization, 75,128,174 Molokan religious sect, 155 Monahan, Erica, 38 Monet, Claude, 81, 96n39 money: coins, 38; transportation of physical money, 40 Mongols/Mongol Empire, 3,163,260,301 monks/monasteries, 12,27, 34, 37; credit development and, 38; of Kirillo-Belozerskii monastery, 39; resourcification of nature and, 41. See also Spaso-Prilutskii Monastery, salt industry of Moon, David, 284, 301, 304 Morozov, Mikhail, 87 Morris, Edward, 92 Moscow, 3,40, 57, 291; efforts to exclude animals from, 186, 188; factories prohibited in vicinity of, 57; municipal abbatoir of, 186-87,191; population of, 185; regulations on diseased animals, 188 Mudko, Efrem, 25 Mudko, Maksim, 25,27,28 Müller, Gerhard Friedrich, 60 multispecies communities, 174
Index Muravlenko, Viktor, 224, 237 Murchison, Roderick, 4 Murmansk Region (oblast’), 277, 279, 283; German air raids on Murmansk, 282; mining and metallurgical industry, 288; tourism in city of Murmansk, 290-91. See also Kola Peninsula Muscovy, 26, 28, 38, 250, 265 Nagorskii, Valentin, 177 Nat, Adol’f, 155, 159,164 natural cycles, 33 natural sciences, 4,108 nature, 127, 201, 283; animistic view on, 278; confrontation with, 1; conquest of, 236, 241; from “enemy” to “friend,” 127; environment distinguished from, 9; humans in, 8-10; interrelationship with culture, 10; “living from nature,” 278; Marxist-Leninist concept of, 237; resourcification of, 40, 41; Siberian peasants and, 230, 231; Soviet policies toward, 100; Stalin plan for transformation of, 306; tourism and, 291; universal human encounter with, 1 Nefediev, Arefa and Bulat, 39 Nefteiugansk, town and district of, 227, 228, 238; oil pipeline ruptures in, 239; population of, 243n20 Nenets people, 130,131,132,140 Nenoksa, salt production in, 26 Nenufar (Levitan, 1895), 91 Netherlands (United Provinces), 31 Neukh River, 134 New Zealand, 257, 267 NGDU (Nizhnevartovsk and Region Oil and Gas Extraction), 229 NGOs (nongovernmental organizations), 202, 217n6 Nikel’, town of, 279 Nikitin, Bogdanets, 25, 26 Nitsenko, Andrei, 212 Nixon, Rob, 93 Nizhnevartovsk, town of, 227, 228, 238, 239 323 Nizhnii Novgorod, city of, 56, 57, 76,81; harbor of, 82; oil pollution in Volga and, 84 Nizhnii Tagil: fish in river and reservoirs, 65; mines, 49, 56, 58, 61 Nobel brothers (Robert, Ludvig, Alfred), 83 nomadic peoples, 153-54,166, 265,267,
273n23 noosphere, 6,211 Norilsk Nickel [Nikel'] (Nornickel) company, 284, 285, 286, 290 North Africa, 302 North America, 12, 304; camels in, 151; European sea empires and, 257; geography of, 254; Great Plains, 5, 267; Indigenous peoples overrun by settlers in, 271; trade and empire in, 256. See also Canada; United States Northern Dvina River, 25, 26, 36 Northern Sea Route, 277, 290 Northern Ural Water Inspection, 239 North Ossetia, 271 North Ural Water Inspectorate, 233 Norway, 280, 287; as NATO member, 277, 283, 291; Nazi occupation of, 282; whaling industry, 306 Norwegian-Russian borderland, 14, 277, 279, 280; Cross-Border Cooperation (CBC) programs, 290, 293; geopolitics of, 280-83; nuclear waste danger in, 289-90 Novgorod, city of, 25, 34, 263; Hanseatic League and, 255, 262; Muscovite annexation of, 262 Novosibirsk, city of, 133, 271 nuclear disasters, 8,13, 290, 306, 307 Ob’River and basin, 124-25,128,131; industrialization in, 141; industries of, 133; pollution in, 134,135, 228; sibiriaki identity and, 230 Obrosimov, Zhdan, 39 Ob’ Ugr people, 140 Ochemkin River, 134 Odessa Bacteriological Station, 183
324 Index Ogorodnov, Evgenii, 224 Oil and Gas Extraction Administration (NGDU), 134 oil and gas industry, 7,12,13,292; Baku fields, 83, 93,269; bunkering practice, 233, 245n48; conquest of nature narrative and, 224; deforestation and, 141; environmental protest and, 14; environmental whistleblowers and, 226; lands of Indigenous peoples and, 140; Ministry of Construction of Oil and Gas Industry Enterprises, 234, 245n52; in northwest Siberia, 123,134-36,143; in Ob’-Irtysh River basin, 228-29; “oil heroes,” 224,225, 242n4; Omsk refinery, 239; Promethean goals attacked by “inside critics,” 234-37; as “sacred cow” in late Soviet/post-Soviet era, 241; Soviet state against “oil loss,” 237-41; in Tiumen' region (oblast), 126,128,130, 242n3; Volga as key transportation route for, 82-86 oil pollution, 74-75, 92-93; appearance in Levitans “sad pictures,” 76; critique by peoples control committees, 228-29; from machinery fuels and lubricants, 135-36; manifestations in Russia, 76,93; in northwestern Siberia, 134-36,139; as “oil loss,” 237-41; in United States and Europe, 76, 85,93, 94n4 Oka River, 76,214 Old Believers, 230-31 Onega River, 25 One Health agenda, 174 On the Hydraulic Mining Economy (Rozhkov), 52 On the River. Steamship on the Volga (Levitan, late 1880s), 86, 87 On the Volga [Na Volge] (Levitan, 1888), 77, 78, 79, 80 Orel Province, 155,156 Orenburg Region, 52, 57; camels used in, 156,157; metallic deposits of, 67 ores and minerals, 50, 59-62, 67, 70n44, 281,283 ornithologists, wetland protection and, 204, 205 Orthodox Christianity, 86, 230; monasteries, 25, 26,27; in
NorwegianRussian borderland, 286; Russian Empire and, 262; symbolism of water within, 90 Ostriatskii Zhivets River, 134 Ottoman Empire, 3, 255,266,268, 302 ozdorovlenie (“healthification”), 174 Pakhotin, Timofei Evtifeevich, 230-31, 233,236, 237, 240,246n69 Pallas, Peter Simon, 4, 65 Pankeev, K., 193n38 Pankeev affair, 183,184 Paris Agreement (1902), on bird protection, 215 Pasteur, Louis, 178,183 pastoralism, 302, 303 Pasvik River Valley Nature Reserve, 286 Pavlov, M., 58 peasants, 26,28, 29, 304; camel meat rejected by, 160; Plan for Settlement (1764) and, 266; pollution encountered by, 100,106; protests against air pollution, 117; salt industry and, 32; seasonal production of charcoal and, 58-59; taxation of, 263; veterinarians animal diseases, 184 Pechenga Nickel controversy, 285 Penza Province, 156 perestroika, 215,241-42 Perm’, 13, 57, 67 Permian geological period, 4 Peterson, Maya, 9 Peter the Great, 4,48,266,268 petrolization, 234, 245n57 Petrovskii, A. R, 163 phenology, 85 P’iavchenko, Nikolai, 209 Pim River, 134 Pinkham, Sophie, 9 Pirogov Society of Russian Physicians, 177 Place and Nature (Moon et al.), 6,13,284
Index 325 poaching/poachers, 136,139,140, 234 Poduzhemie, village of, 25 podzols (soils under coniferous forests), 5 Poika River, 135 Pokoriteliam Samotlora [To the Samotlor conquerors] (1978 monument), 225 Poland, 268,282 pollution, 2, 8,201,208, 226; animals killed or sickened by, 106; diseases from, 109, 109; institutionalization of, 100; Kazan citizens’ protest against air pollution, 98-99,107-18; Kazan provincial authorities versus St. Petersburg Senate, 114-16; nineteenth-century protests against, 10,11; in Norwegian-Russian borderland, 284-85,286; post-Stalinist Soviet leadership and, 202; Russia in global context, 304-5; in Surgut District, 129. See also oil pollution Poltava Province, 156 Poltoratskii, Petr Alekseevich, 106,107, 110, 111, 112 Pomors, 127,277, 293 ponds, 54, 55, 56, 59,66, 69nl8 Popov, I., 160-61 Popriadukhin, Aleksandr, 114-15 Portal, Roger, 50, 69n25 Potanin, Vladimir, 285, 287 potash production, 67, 70n29 Price, Archibald Grenfell, 255 Priezzhii, Timofei, 39 “primitive accumulation,” 30 Pripiat’ marshlands, 208 Prokof'eva, Liudmila, 33 Prokudin, Gorskii, S. M., 62 Przheval’skii, Nikolai, 161,169n66 Putin, Vladimir, 293 rabies, 180,188 railways, 190, 233,290; in Kazan’, 99, 101, 104; Moscow abbatoir and, 186; Murmansk-Leningrad connection, 281; Tiumen’-Surgut railway, 229; TransCaspian railroad, 154,157 rain, artificial, 5 Ramsar Convention [International Conference on the Conservation of Wetlands and Waterfowl] (1971), 201, 203,205,206, 207, 211; drainage of wetlands and, 216; prehistory of, 214-15 rare earth elements (REE), 283,287 Razin,
Sten’ka, 90 “Reconquista,” Spanish and Portuguese, 255-56 record keeping, 38 Red Fortress (Merridale), 271 reindeer herding, 143, 278 Reise durch Sibirien von dem Jahr 1733 bis 1743 (Gmelin), 60 religion, environmental change and, 304 Repin, Ilya, 90 Report on Measures for Improved Protection and Use ofLand, 211 reservoirs, 52,53, 55, 66, 69nl8 Reshetskoi mining area, 60 Riasentsev, Aleksandr, 109,115-16,117 rinderpest (cattle plague), 180,181-82, 187; death rates from, 182; decline of, 184,185; worldwide campaign to eradicate, 190-91 Riquet, Pierre-Paul, 30 rivers, 2, 3; Eurasian winter and, 56; in Germany, 55; iron production and, 67; planned diversion of, 269,274n39, 306; Rozhkov’s classification of, 52, 69nl5; talking, 4. See also specific rivers Roginko, Alexei Yu., 234 Rojansky, Milkhail, 230 Roux, Émile, 178 Roxo, Valentina, 7,11 Rozhkov, V. L, 52, 54, 69nl5 RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic), 125,125,130,208; law on nature protection in Tiumen’ region, 240; State Planning Committee of, 139; Supreme Soviet of, 227 Rusalka (Dargomyzhsky), 90 Russia: autocratic and authoritarian rule in, 2, 3; environmental thinking in, 4-6; “European Russia,” 152,167n9;
326 Index exceptionalism in environmental history of, 306-7; financial system, 38; foreign visitors in, 27; representation in environmental history, 301; Revolution (1905), 112-13,114,117; Revolution (1917), 118, 268; sparse population of, 4; unexceptionality in environmental history of, 303-6. See also Central Russia; Russian North Russian Empire, 2, 3,10; agrarian modernization in, 152; autocratic and authoritarian rule in, 201; birth of modern world and, 68; boreal empire, 261, 262-65; camel population of, 166; comparison with European empires, 253; “core” territories (Russian “homeland”), 7, 255, 258, 260,261, 262, 271; ethnic composition of population, 254; geographical zones of, 258; human and livestock population of, 179,180, 192n22; macrogeography of, 261; maps of, 57; “nationalistic” or outer empire, 261,267; nomadic peoples and territorial expansion of, 153-54,165; politically peripheral regions of, 9; sanitary reforms, 174-75,189,190; settlement empire, 261, 265-67; study of nature in, 4; veterinary medicine in, 176-77 Russian Federation, 12,130, 270, 271; Academy of Sciences, 292; deaths from air pollution, 99; greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in, 306-7; oligarch capitalism in, 285 Russian literature, 4 Russian North, 7, 9, 25, 26, 306; complex economy of, 29; map, 27; modernization of, 128; monasteries in, 27, 28, 31, 32; northwest, 278, 281; peasant communities in, 26; resourcification of nature in, 41; salt market of, 32. See also Kola Peninsula; Murmansk Region Russian Pictures Drawn with Pen and Pencil (Mitchell), 82 Russian Revolution, First (1905-7), 112-14
Russian Society for the Protection of Animals, 188 Russian Technical Society [Russkoe tekhnicheskoe obshchestvo] (RTO), 5 Russo-Turkish wars, 266 Rychkov, Petr Ivanovich, 52, 62-63, 65, 69nl2 Ryden, Göran, 67 Sabaneev, L. P., 65 Sablia, Semen, 34 St. Petersburg, city of, 57,67,186,187, 268, 291 St. Petersburg Society of Vegetarians, 5 salt-boiling industry, White Sea area, 25-29, 40-41; organizational skill and expertise in, 30; of Spaso-Prilutskii Monastery, 31-33; timber production for fuel used in, 33-36; trade and commercial expertise in, 37-40; transportation and shipping expertise in, 36-37 Salym River, 134 Samara Province, 155,156,157,182,184 Sami. See East Sami people Samotlor oil deposit, 224 San Francisco Bay, 1 Sarab’ianov, Dmitrii, 89, 92, 94n8, 95n30 Saratov Province, 156,184 Savich, Aleksandr, 35 Savrasov, Alexei, 76, 78, 79 Savvaitov, Nikolai, 179 Saxony, 54, 56 Sayler, Susannah, 92 scabies, 188 Scandinavia, tourists from, 291 Schönberg, Baron, 60 Secchi disk, 86, 91, 95n28 Shakhov (landowner), 155 Shaposhnikov, Lev, 204,205 Shilovskii mining area, 60 shipbuilding, 37, 67, 70n29 Shirokova, Vera, 30 Shtil'mark, F. R., 138 Shumkov, I. V, 157-58,160 Shuvalov, Petr Ivanovich, 57, 60 Siberia, 3,7, 263, 306; colonization of, 27; as colony, 271; khanate of Sibir,’ 263; mapping and exploration of,
Index 4; movement of Russians into, 127; production and transportation in, 68n7; rivers of, 51, 306; sparse population of, 4; taiga (coniferous forest) zone, 124, 139,141,258; Western, 13,182. See also Khanty-Mansi National/Autonomous Okrug; ZSNGK (Western Siberian Oil and Gas Complex) sibiriaki (non-Indigenous Siberians), 229-31, 233-34,235, 244n33 Simbirsk Province, 156 Simskii Factory, 65 Skadovskii, G. L., 183 Skalon, V. N., 141 Skvortsov, Vasilii, 112,113,120n36 slavery, 256, 257 Slezkine, Yuri, 127 “slow violence,” 93 smallpox, 162, 264, 304 social history, “greening” of, 12 social sciences, 174 soil conditions, 2,185, 209; black earth (chernozem'), 265; erosion, 5, 209, 213, 267; geographical zones and, 258; in northwest Siberia, 127; soil science, 5 Sokolov, Ivan, 87 solonchaks (saline soils), 5 Solovetskie (Solovki) Islands, 9,13, 36 Solovetskii Monastery, 25, 26, 32, 263 Solov’ev, Bogdashka (Bogdan), 37 Solov’ev, Manasiia, 37 Soloviev, Vladimir, 5 Sol’ Vychegodskaia, saltworks of, 26, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 40 Sonderweg (“special path”), Russian, 11, 253, 301 Sosninskaia River, 229 South Africa, 151, 257, 306 South America, 303 South Asia, 303 Soviet Academy of Sciences, 204, 208,209, 213 Soviet Union (USSR), 2,10,12,93; administrative divisions of RSFSR, 125, 125; camel population of, 166; “core” territories of, 7; dualistic approach to 327 nature, 2-3,11; economy of Indigenous peoples and, 123,124,138-40; fall of, 214,280; Five-Year Plans, 99,118,237, 238, 281; geographical zones of, 258,259; Gosplan (State Planning Committee), 126, 208, 210, 212,238; land
reclamation policy in, 201-2,202, 208-11,212,214, 215; memory of Soviet empire, 292; peat reserves of, 211; politically peripheral regions of, 9; protection of fish resources in, 136-37; Ramsar Convention and, 191; “technocratic environmentalism” in, 208, 210; wetlands protection in, 203, 204-7; whaling industry, 306 space, geographical concept of, 283 Spain, American empire of, 256,272 Spary, Emma, 30 Spaso-Prilutskii Monastery, salt industry of, 31-33, 36, 39 Spring Flood (Levitan), 95n30 Stalin, Joseph, 118, 202, 204, 288, 293; industrialization project of, 48; Kirov’s assassination and, 281; plan for transformation of nature, 306 Stalinism, 6, 288 Stanovskii mining area, 60 State Duma, 98,108 state farms (sovkhozes), 125,132 steamships, 77, 78, 81-83,100,102; in paintings, 89, 90; shift from wood- to oil-powered, 83, 94nl6 Steinwedel, Charles, 69nl2 Stepanov, Alexei, 76, 81 steppe and forest-steppe, 5,180,259, 265, 267 stereotypes, 8 Stockholm Conference (1972), 205, 215 strongylosis, 163 Stroganov family, 27, 28, 48,263 Strumilin, S. G„ 58 Sudkovsky, Rufin, 91 Sukachev, Vasilii, 209, 213, 219n31 Sukhona River, 26, 36, 37 Surgut District, 126-28,129,130, 134; hunting economy of, 139,140; taiga forests of, 141-42. See also Khanty-
328 Index Mansi National/Autonomous Okrug; Tiumen’ region Sviatoslav Ol’govich, Prince, 25 Sviblova, Olga, 93 Swabe, Joanna, 175 Sweden, 3, 34, 50, 54, 67, 268, 287 swine erysipelas, 180 swine fever (pig plague), 180 Sysoev, Vsevolod, 139 taiga (coniferous forest) zone: in Norwegian-Russian borderland, 277; in Siberia, 124,139,141,258 Tambov Province, 156,184 tariffs (internal), abolition of, 57, 70n26 Tartakovskii, Mikhail, 163 Tatars, Crimean, 153,154, 159, 265,266 Tatars, Nogai, 265 Tatarstan, 13 Tatishchev, V, N., 62 Tauride Province, 155,156, 159 technology, 102,108, 111, 138, 289; agriculture and, 281; drilling, 34; endlessly perfectible, 246n63; human natural interactions and, 238; hydraulic, 55; iron production, 50, 51, 68n6, 283; limits of, 224,288; oil and gas industry, 235, 236; sociotechnical imaginary about risks and benefits, 235,246n63; Soviet vision of empire and, 292; technological innovation, 62; transformation of nature and, 9 TELMA project, 211-12,214 “There Is Fish, but.” (Trushenkov, 1972), 229 Tierleben (Brehm, 1864-69), 169n66 Tikhomirov, Boris, 211-12 timber resources, 26,28, 57; “convergence point” of resources, 59; Torskoe lumber mill, 232 Timofeev, Dementii, 39 Timofeev, Samoila, 39,40 Tiumen Region (oblast’), 124,128,143nl; fisheries in, 130; KNKs (people’s control committees) in, 227, 243nl8; law on nature protection in, 240. See also Khanty-Mansi National/Autonomous Okrug; Surgut District Tlingit peoples, 264 Tobol’sk Province, 182 Tolstoi, Illarion, 155,159 Tomb on the Volga [Mogila na Volge] (Savrasov, 1874), 78-79 Topografiia
Orenburgskaia (Rychkov, 1762), 62 Tot’ma. saltworks of, 26, 31, 34, 35, 37 tourism, 14,76-77, 86; dark tourism genre, 286,287; in Murmansk Region, 277,292; in Norwegian-Russian borderland, 279, 284,286,287 Transparent Water. Dead Calm (Sudkovsky, 1879-85), 91 transport: in agriculture, 152,154; water as key to, 56-57, 3O8n3 trees, replanting of, 58 Tret’iakov, L. A., 163 Tret’iakov, Pavel, 78 trichinosis, 186,187 Troepol’skii, Gavriil, 213 Trushenkov, N. R, 229 trypanosomiasis, 163 Tsaritsyn (Volgograd), city of, 82,84,156 Tsenkovskii, Lev, 183,193n38 Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin, 6 tsren (iron pan for boiling brine), 34 tuberculosis, 163,180 Tula Province, 156 tundra, subarctic, 259,277, 278, 283,286 Tura River, 233 Turgai Province, 162 Turgai River region, 154 Turkestan, 269, 270 Turkmen, 269 Tverdyshev family, 62,63 Uekötter, Frank, 100 Ufa Province, 156 Uklein, Vladimir, 115,117 Ukraine/Ukrainians, 6,7,12,118,250, 265; environment and, 11-12; former dependency on Lithuania and Poland, 260,262; greenhouse gas (GHG)
Index emissions in, 307; Russian annexation of Polish territory and, 268; Russian war with (2022- ), 293; Russia’s settler empire and, 266 Una, salt production in, 26, 31, 33, 35, 37 United States, 305, 307; camels introduced to, 151; frontier capitalism of, 280; livestock population of, 180; oil pollution in, 76, 85, 93, 94n4; sale of Russian Alaska to, 253; as “settler empire,” 257 Upper Isetsk ironworks, 55 Ural Mountains, 4, 7,13, 27,48,104; Bashkir people of, 62-64; as cattle raising region, 180; factories in, 48, 49, 50, 52; forests of, 57; metallic richness of, 59-60; mixed-forest zone and, 258; nuclear waste deposited in, 289; production and transportation in, 68n7; rivers in, 51,52; South Urals, 57, 62; water systems in, 53, 54, 55, 56, 302. See also iron production Ural River, 157 Uralsk, city of, 156 Uralsk Province, 162,163 urban history, 7 Urengoi Oil Prospecting Expedition (1977), 235 Uruguay, 257, 267 Ushkov, Ivan Petrovich, 104, 111, 120n36 Ushkov, Kapiton Iakovlevich, 101 Ushkov, Petr Kapitonovich, 98,101,102-3, 106-7 Ushkov 8 Co. chemical factory (Kazan’), 99,101-4,115,120n36; alliance of industrialists and Governor Poloratskii, 110-12; beginning of operations (1894), 107; citizen protests during First Russian Revolution, 112-14; environmental situation around, 104,106-9; illegal productions in, 103-4,107 US-Soviet Treaty on the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment (1976), 211 Ust’-Balyk oil drilling operation, 134,135, 136,140 Ust’-Balyk-Omsk oil pipeline, 229 329 varnitsa (salt-boiling enterprises), 32-33, 39 Vartanov, Raphael V., 234
Vasiliev, Aleksei, 115,117 Vasilii III, Grand Duke, 36 Vat’egan oil deposit, 224 Vcherashniaia, Anna, 76 Vedernikov, V, 160,162 Veluwenkamp, Jan Willem, 31 Venovcevs, Anatolijs, 288 Vernadsky, Vladimir, 6,210, 281 Vesinskii, Dei and Ivan, 39, 40 veterinary medicine, 175,187,189; AllRussian Veterinary Congress, 177, 184; institutionalization of, 181-82, 184; livestock health as state policy, 179-80; need to study animal diseases, 178; veterinarians recognized as part of medical profession, 177; veterinary schools, 176 Viled’ River, 35 Vinogradov, Andrei, 11 Virchow, Rudolf, 178 “virgin land” rhetoric, 209, 267, 304 Vladivostok, city of, 271 Voeikov, Alexander, 5, 54, 69nl5 Volga. Barges (Levitan, 1890s), 86 Volga River near the Zhiguli Range (Aivazovsky, 1887), 89-90, 89 Volga River, 7,8,13, 69nl5; delta of, 206; fish of, 65, 85; “Great Artistic Inspiration Volga,” 76, 77; Levitan’s paintings of, 76-86, 79-81; oil industry and shipping on, 82-86; pollution of, 11, 74-75, 83, 304; tourist industry and, 76-77 Vologda, town of, 31, 32, 36, 39 VOOP (All-Russian Society for Nature Protection), 234 Voznesenskoe village (Kurgan District), 230, 231 Vronskii, Iurii, 214 Vychegda River and region, 32, 35 waste treatment, 136 water clarity, measurement of, 86, 95n28 Water History (journal), 7
330 Index Water Movement in Mirelands (Ivanov, 1975), 212 Weiner, Douglas, 12, 99,127-28, 308n3 Western Siberian Oil and Gas Complex (ZSNGK), 130,140,224,226,228,240 wetlands, 11,13,128,216; beneficial functions of, 203; defined, 217n6; drainage of, 128,134, 201-3,202,20816,216,219n35, 219n43; heterogeneity of late Soviet environmentalism and, 214-16; peatlands, 211-12; protection and “wise use” of, 201; rational resource use and, 208-11, 219n35; Soviet postage stamps issued about, 207,207; as vulnerable ecosystems, 211-14,219n43; as waterbird habitat, 204-7 whaling, 306 White, Lynn, 304 White Sea, 13,25,26, 36, 37,206; fisheries, 41; Pomor homes on coast of, 277 Winds of the Globe (Smithsonian Institution), 5 Worboys, Michael, 174 working class, oil industry impact on nature and, 226,228 World War 1,156 World War II, 268,280,282 “You Ought to Love Nature” (Bashkirov), 235 zemstvos, 174,183,185; anti-cattle plague measures animal diseases, 181; sanitary congresses, 177 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| author2 | Evtuhov, Catherine 1960- Lajus, Julija Aleksandrovna 1963- Moon, David 1959- |
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| author_GND | (DE-588)130295175 (DE-588)1194199461 (DE-588)130340855 |
| author_facet | Evtuhov, Catherine 1960- Lajus, Julija Aleksandrovna 1963- Moon, David 1959- |
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| bvnumber | BV049062378 |
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| contents | Introduction / Catherine Evtuhov, Julia Lajus, and David Moon -- Part I. Industrialization and its environmental contexts -- Natural resources and management expertise in the monastic salt industry of the White Sea area in the 16th and 17th centuries / Alexei Kraikovsky and Margarita Dadykina -- Early Russian industrialization : an environmental perspective / Catherine Evtuhov -- Seeing oil : Isaak Levitan and the industrial Volga / Jane Costlow -- Kazan' citizens against air pollution : the case of the Ushkov & Co. Chemical Factory (1893-1917) / Andrei Vinogradov -- "Environing" the North : fishing and hunting in the industrial development of Khanty Mansi Okrug, 1960-1975 / Evgenii Gololobov -- Part II. Humans and animals -- Camels in European Russia : exotic farm animals and agricultural knowledge / Anna Olenenko -- Public health across species : domestic animals and sanitary reforms in Imperial Russia / Anna Mazanik -- Part III. Environment and politics in the late Soviet space / How wetlands entered the transnational spaces of late Soviet environmentalism / Katja Bruisch -- "You ought to love nature!" : peoples' control committees-environmental whistleblowers and West Siberian Oil in the 1970s / Valentina Roxo -- Part IV. Geography and environment past and present -- Empire, settlement and environment : the Russian empire and Donald Meinig's "Macrogeography of Western Imperialism" / Denis Shaw -- Tracks across the tundra : making a living from nature in the borderland of the Russian Northwest / Urban Wråkberg and Peter Haugseth -- Afterwords / J.R. McNeill and Sverker Sörlin |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1388385067 (DE-599)BVBBV049062378 |
| discipline | Allgemeines |
| discipline_str_mv | Allgemeines |
| era | Geschichte 1500-2000 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1500-2000 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russland Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV049062378 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:24:32Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T08:03:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781805390275 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034324504 |
| oclc_num | 1388385067 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-29 DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-29 DE-83 |
| physical | xiv, 330 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme 24 cm |
| psigel | UBM-RCC BSB_NED_20230907 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Berghahn |
| record_format | marc |
| series | The environment in history international perspectives |
| series2 | The environment in history : international perspectives |
| spelling | Thinking Russia's history environmentally edited by Catherine Evtuhov, Julia Lajus, and David Moon New York ; Oxford Berghahn 2023 xiv, 330 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The environment in history : international perspectives volume 25 Includes bibliographical references and index Introduction / Catherine Evtuhov, Julia Lajus, and David Moon -- Part I. Industrialization and its environmental contexts -- Natural resources and management expertise in the monastic salt industry of the White Sea area in the 16th and 17th centuries / Alexei Kraikovsky and Margarita Dadykina -- Early Russian industrialization : an environmental perspective / Catherine Evtuhov -- Seeing oil : Isaak Levitan and the industrial Volga / Jane Costlow -- Kazan' citizens against air pollution : the case of the Ushkov & Co. Chemical Factory (1893-1917) / Andrei Vinogradov -- "Environing" the North : fishing and hunting in the industrial development of Khanty Mansi Okrug, 1960-1975 / Evgenii Gololobov -- Part II. Humans and animals -- Camels in European Russia : exotic farm animals and agricultural knowledge / Anna Olenenko -- Public health across species : domestic animals and sanitary reforms in Imperial Russia / Anna Mazanik -- Part III. Environment and politics in the late Soviet space / How wetlands entered the transnational spaces of late Soviet environmentalism / Katja Bruisch -- "You ought to love nature!" : peoples' control committees-environmental whistleblowers and West Siberian Oil in the 1970s / Valentina Roxo -- Part IV. Geography and environment past and present -- Empire, settlement and environment : the Russian empire and Donald Meinig's "Macrogeography of Western Imperialism" / Denis Shaw -- Tracks across the tundra : making a living from nature in the borderland of the Russian Northwest / Urban Wråkberg and Peter Haugseth -- Afterwords / J.R. McNeill and Sverker Sörlin "Historians of Russia were relative latecomers to the field of environmental history. Yet, in the past decade, the exploration of Russian environmental history has burgeoned. Thinking Russia's History Environmentally showcases collaboration amongst an international set of scholars who focus on the contribution that the study of Russian environments makes to the global environmental field. Through discerning analysis of natural resources, the environment as a factor in historical processes such as industrialization, and more recent human-animal interactions, this volume challenges stereotypes of Russian history and inso doing, highlights the unexpected importance of Russian environments across a time framewell beyond the ecological catastrophes of the Soviet period"-- Geschichte 1500-2000 gnd rswk-swf Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd rswk-swf Humanökologie (DE-588)4026152-9 gnd rswk-swf Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf Ökologische Bewegung (DE-588)4115439-3 gnd rswk-swf Industrialisierung (DE-588)4026776-3 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Human ecology / Russia / History Human ecology / Soviet Union / History Industrialization / Environmental aspects / Russia / History Industrialization / Environmental aspects / Soviet Union / History Environmentalism / Russia / History Environmentalism / Soviet Union / History Human-animal relationships / Russia / History Human-animal relationships / Soviet Union / History Environmentalism Human-animal relationships Human ecology Industrialization / Environmental aspects Russia Soviet Union History (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s Humanökologie (DE-588)4026152-9 s Industrialisierung (DE-588)4026776-3 s Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 s Ökologische Bewegung (DE-588)4115439-3 s Geschichte 1500-2000 z DE-604 Evtuhov, Catherine 1960- (DE-588)130295175 edt Lajus, Julija Aleksandrovna 1963- (DE-588)1194199461 edt Moon, David 1959- (DE-588)130340855 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-80539-028-2 The environment in history international perspectives 25 (DE-604)BV040700951 25 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034324504&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034324504&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Thinking Russia's history environmentally The environment in history international perspectives Introduction / Catherine Evtuhov, Julia Lajus, and David Moon -- Part I. Industrialization and its environmental contexts -- Natural resources and management expertise in the monastic salt industry of the White Sea area in the 16th and 17th centuries / Alexei Kraikovsky and Margarita Dadykina -- Early Russian industrialization : an environmental perspective / Catherine Evtuhov -- Seeing oil : Isaak Levitan and the industrial Volga / Jane Costlow -- Kazan' citizens against air pollution : the case of the Ushkov & Co. Chemical Factory (1893-1917) / Andrei Vinogradov -- "Environing" the North : fishing and hunting in the industrial development of Khanty Mansi Okrug, 1960-1975 / Evgenii Gololobov -- Part II. Humans and animals -- Camels in European Russia : exotic farm animals and agricultural knowledge / Anna Olenenko -- Public health across species : domestic animals and sanitary reforms in Imperial Russia / Anna Mazanik -- Part III. Environment and politics in the late Soviet space / How wetlands entered the transnational spaces of late Soviet environmentalism / Katja Bruisch -- "You ought to love nature!" : peoples' control committees-environmental whistleblowers and West Siberian Oil in the 1970s / Valentina Roxo -- Part IV. Geography and environment past and present -- Empire, settlement and environment : the Russian empire and Donald Meinig's "Macrogeography of Western Imperialism" / Denis Shaw -- Tracks across the tundra : making a living from nature in the borderland of the Russian Northwest / Urban Wråkberg and Peter Haugseth -- Afterwords / J.R. McNeill and Sverker Sörlin Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd Humanökologie (DE-588)4026152-9 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Ökologische Bewegung (DE-588)4115439-3 gnd Industrialisierung (DE-588)4026776-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4186812-2 (DE-588)4026152-9 (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4115439-3 (DE-588)4026776-3 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Thinking Russia's history environmentally |
| title_auth | Thinking Russia's history environmentally |
| title_exact_search | Thinking Russia's history environmentally |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Thinking Russia's history environmentally |
| title_full | Thinking Russia's history environmentally edited by Catherine Evtuhov, Julia Lajus, and David Moon |
| title_fullStr | Thinking Russia's history environmentally edited by Catherine Evtuhov, Julia Lajus, and David Moon |
| title_full_unstemmed | Thinking Russia's history environmentally edited by Catherine Evtuhov, Julia Lajus, and David Moon |
| title_short | Thinking Russia's history environmentally |
| title_sort | thinking russia s history environmentally |
| topic | Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd Humanökologie (DE-588)4026152-9 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Ökologische Bewegung (DE-588)4115439-3 gnd Industrialisierung (DE-588)4026776-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Umweltverschmutzung Humanökologie Ökologie Ökologische Bewegung Industrialisierung Russland Sowjetunion Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034324504&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034324504&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV040700951 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT evtuhovcatherine thinkingrussiashistoryenvironmentally AT lajusjulijaaleksandrovna thinkingrussiashistoryenvironmentally AT moondavid thinkingrussiashistoryenvironmentally |