Slovene immigrants and their descendants in North America: faces of identity
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Maribor
Univerza v Mariboru, Univerzitetna založba
2021
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| Schriftenreihe: | Mednarodna knjižna zbirka Zora
144 |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Personenregister Abstract Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Auflage 300. - Literaturverzeichnis Seite 251-263 |
| Beschreibung: | 292 Seiten 23 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789612865412 |
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| adam_text | Contents Preface ................................................................................................... 11 PART I: IMMIGRATION AND HERITAGE STUDIES Introduction........................................................................................... 15 The immigrant experience of Slovene Americans and Canadians through the prism of bilingualism and biculturalism .......................... 19 Slovene immigration to the U.S.A, and Canada.................................. 19 Ethnic organizations and activities...................................................... 22 The intergenerational variation of the immigrants and their descendants in terms of their bilingual competence........................... 26 Bilingual or ......................................................................................... 28 Slovene-English language contact: Language use and attitudes among Cleveland Slovene Americans.................................................... 30 The historical, social and cultural profile of the community .............. 30 Research design................................................................................... 32 Participants..................................................................................... 33 Data collection............................................................................... 33 The impact of extralinguistic factors on language use........................ 34 Bilingual discourse: borrowing vs. code switching ............................ 40 a)
Borrowing................................................................................... 41 Phonological adaptation...................................................................... 43 Morphological adaptation.................................................................... 44 5
b) Code switching.......................................................................... 46 c) The influence ofEnglish on monolingual Slovene discourse . . . . 48 Language maintenance and shift among Slovene Americans and Canadians ...................................................................................... 51 Individual bilingualism: language choice and communication accommodation.................................................................................. 51 Societal bilingualism: a shift from Slovene monolingualism through unstable bilingualism to English monolingualism................. 57 The role of language in ethnic identification of Americans and Canadians...................................................................................... 61 Language, literature, and ethnic identity among Vancouver Slovene Canadians................................................................................ 66 A brief description of the community and methodology..................... 66 Mother tongue and preferred conversational language................. 67 The importance and reasons for preserving Slovene...................... 69 Self-evaluation of competence in Slovene....................................... 69 The role of literature....................................................................... 71 The importance of being Slovene and changed perception of ethnic identity............................................................................. 74 The impact of heritage language competence and attitudes on the identity of Slovene Canadians: a case
study.............................. 79 Data presentation and analysis........................................................... 80 Family A......................................................................................... 80 Family В......................................................................................... 83 Teaching and learning Slovene as a mother/heritage tongue in the U.S.A, and Canada ..................................................................... 91 Saturday Schools................................................................................. 92 Slovene at Higher Education and Research Institutions...................... 96 6
Addressing the other: ti vs. viin Slovenia and in North America........ 99 Data analysis and interpretation................................................................. 101 Parti........................................................................................................... 101 Nuclear family......................................................................................... 101 Extended family..................................................................................... 102 Friends.................................................................................................... 103 Acquaintances ....................................................................................... 104 Strangers ................................................................................................ 105 Part II......................................................................................................... 105 How do you feel when someone addresses you as ti when you feel entitled to w? What do you do?................................................ 106 What do you think of the use of ti and vil Which do you prefer? .... 107 The expression of Slovene American and Canadian ethnic and cultural identity through music and song lyrics: a case study .................................................................................................... 112 Music and song lyrics as ethnic/cultural identification factors............. 113 Cleveland-Style Polka................................................................................. 114 Polka song
lyrics......................................................................................... 117 Themes and motifs..................................................................................... 118 Good times.............................................................................................. 118 Home........................................................................................................ 119 Love and romance................................................................................... 119 Humor......................................................................................................... 120 Ethnic polka history.............................................................................. 121 Pride and ethnic identity.......................................................................... 122 Spirituality (Polka Mass) ........................................................................ 122 Linguistic analysis ....................................................................................... 124 7
PART II: IMMIGRANT NARRATIVES Introduction............................................................................................................ 129 Structure and themes.......................................................................................... 131 Leaving the homeland..................................................................................... 131 Starting a new life in the U.S. or Canada..................................................... 132 The impact of Sloveneness on the narrators’ lives ..................................... 132 Linguistic aspects............................................................................................... 134 Concluding remarks .......................................................................................... 136 1. Slovene American narratives.......................................................................... 137 First generation....................................................................................................137 Lea Plut Pregl ................................................................................................. 137 Marta Pirnat-Greenberg................................................................................... 143 Second generation............................................................................................... 147 Jean Koci ...........................................................................................................147 Alexandra (Sandy) Pecharich ..........................................................................
149 Pauline Schubel Buzan...................................................................................... 150 Veronica Marie Novak Boucher........................................................................ 154 Ann Claesgens ................................................................................................. 158 Third generation................................................................................................. 162 Marie Dolores Strazar- Dolly.......................................................................... 162 Teresa Koci...................................................................................................... 175 Fred Mlakar........................................................................................................ 180 Nancy M. Kochevar.......................................................................................... 183 Gary Bukovnik.................................................................................................... 186 Caryn Bukovnik Krisha...................................................................................... 189 Joanna Plese Farrage........................................................................................ 189 Andrew Anzur Clement................................................................................... 190 8
Fourth generation................................................................................................ 193 Ellen Koci........................................................................................................... 193 2. Slovene Canadian narratives........................................................................... 195 First generation.................................................................................................... 195 Cvetka Kocjancic................................................................................................195 Milena Sorsak.................................................................................................... 203 Silva Plut............................................................................................................. 208 Mataya (Mateja) Varsek...................................................................................... 212 Second generation................................................................................................219 Margaret Rudolf................................................................................................219 Ida Krajsek........................................................................................................... 227 Milan Vincec...................................................................................................... 230 Third generation..................................................................................................233 Theresa
Plut...................................................................................................... 233 Joze Stemberger (Joseph P. Stemberger)........................................................ 236 Chantal Houle.................................................................................................... 249 References ............................................................................................................... 251 Appendix 1............................................................................................................... 264 Appendix 2............................................................................................................... 270 Index........................................................................................................................... 273 Recenziji.................................................................................................................... 277 Abstract .............................. 282 Povzetek.................................................................................................................... 284 Zora 1998-2021 .................................................................................................... 287 9
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Index A Achenbach, Sebastian Siebel 62, 259 Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 41,47, 251 Alatis, James E. 259 Ammon, Ulrich 258 Appel, René 40,43,251 Auer, Peter 40,47,48, 251, 263 Austin, William 261 В Backus, Ad 49, 251 Baker, Colin 61,251 Bell, Allan 55,251 Benet-Martinez, Verônica 29, 253, 257 Bennamoun, Elabbas 87,251 Bentahila, Abdelali 40, 251 Berry, David 59,251 Berry, John W. 19,75,79,112,251, 252 Bhabha, Homi 259 Biggins, Michael E. 98 Blau, Dick 117,255 Blom, Jan-Petter 40, 252 Bloomfield, Leonard 28, 252 Bohman, Thomas 87,252 Bond, Michael H. 29,253 Bonutti, Karl 30, 252 Bornstein, Marc H. 252 Bourhis, Richard 56, 89, 254 Bradac, James J. 56, 255 Brala Vukanovic, Maja 261 Bratanic, Maja 260 Braun, Friederike 100, 252 Bremen, J. J. 251 Brown, Clara L. 89,252 Brown, Penelope 252 Brown, Roger 99, 100, 252 Bullock, Barbara E. 251, 262 Burt, Susan Meredith 48, 252 Byrne, Donn Erwin 57, 252 C Cabo, Diego Pascual у 88, 252 Callan, Victor J. 57, 254 Canagarajah, Suresh 253 Cavallaro, Francesco 81,252 Cerar, Franc 95 Cheng, Ch-Ying 29, 253 Chen, Sylvia X. 29,253 Chisolm, Joan 78, 253 Cho, Gene 61,253 Clyne, Michael George 40,47,253 Connor-Linton, Jeff 43, 259 Coulmas, Florian 254, 257 Coupland, Justine 56, 254, 255 Coupland, Nikolas 56, 254, 255 D Daller, Helmut 62, 253 Davies, Eirlys 40, 251 Deater-Deckard, Kirby 252 De Fina, Anna 129, 253 De Vries, Tom 66, 88, 253 Dewaele, Jean-Marc 258 Dil, Anwar S. 254 Dittmar, Norbert 258 Dixon, Robert Malcolm Ward 251 Dolenz, Micky 115 Dolgan, Cecilia 117,122,253 273
Nada Sabec, Slovene Immigrants and their Descendants in North America: Faces of Identity Dorleijn, Margreet 49, 251 Duran, Ralph 257, 262 E Edwards, John 77, 78, 86,253 Edwards, Malcolm 41,253 Ehala, Martin 86, 88, 253 Elias-Olivares, Lucia 41,254 F Fase, Willem 260 Fasold, Ralph 259 Felsenthal, Julia 60, 254 Ferguson, Charles 254 Filipovic, Rudolf 260 Fillmore, Lily W. 64, 254 Fishman, Joshua Aaron 61,64,66,88, 254 Flores, Cristina 258 Fuller, Janet M. 48,254 G Gadpaille, Michelle 261 Gallois, Cindy 57, 254 Garcia, Ofelia 64, 66, 88, 254 Gardner-Chloros, Penelope 41,47, 253, 254 Giles, Howard 16,56,57,58,89,254, 255, 259 Gilman, Albert 99, 100,252 Grabowski, John 30, 262 Granic, Jagoda 261 Greenberg, Marc L. 96, 255 Groot, A. de 253 Grosjean, François 28, 29, 40, 255 Gruntar Jermol, Ada 261 Gumperz, John John 252 Gumperz, John Joseph 40, 56, 252, 255 Gunkel, Ann Hetzel 125, 255 H Harris, Roxy 61,255 Haspelmath, Martin 47, 255 274 Haugen, Einar 40, 43,49,255 Hölbling, Walter 260 Houle, Chantal 249 Housen, Alex 258 Hymes, Dell 252 J Jaspaert, Koen 260 Jesensek, Marko 261 John, David G. 62, 259 Johnson, Patricia 56, 58, 89,254,255 Jones, Sylvia Prys 61,251 К Kale, Aleksej 20, 255, 257,263 Kaufman, Terrence 41,45,262 Keil, Angelika Vellou 117, 255 Keil, Charles 117,255 Kennedy, Victor 261 Kess, Francis J. 151,255 Kirkup, James 81,256 Klemencic, Matjaz 20, 21, 25, 30, 31, 255,256 Klobuchar, Amy 60 Koci, Jean 147 Kocjancic, Cvetka 21,24, 132, 195, 256 Koletnik, Mihaela 27, 87,261 Kouritzin, Sandra G. 82,256 Krajsek, Ida 227 Kranjc, Simona 258 Kroll, J. F. 253 Kroon, Sjaak 260
Kueis, Vlasta 261 Kupisch, Tanja 88, 256 L Labov, William 16, 42, 129, 256 Lansford, Jennifer E. 252 Lave, Jean 42, 256 Lee, Fiona 253 Lee, S. K. 29,86,256 Levinson, Stephen C. 252 Liebscher, Grit 62, 259
Index Luna, David 29,259 Lutar, Mateja 258 IVl Macnamara, John 28,256 Matheier, Klaus J. 258 Matras, Yaron 41,257 Maver, Igor 260 May, Stephen 61,257 McClure, Erica 56, 257 Meisel, Jurgen 257 Memisevic, Anita 261 Mikolic, Vesna 261 Milharcic Hladnik, Mirjam 20, 129, 255, 257, 263 Miller, Christopher 40,42, 258 Milroy, Lesley 33,40,41,47,251, 257, 263 Montrai, Silvina 87,88,251,257 Moyer, Melissa 254 Mrdenovic, Milan 256 Muhvic-Dimanovski, Vesna 261 Mulac, Anthony 56, 255 Muysken, Peter 40, 43,47, 251, 257 Myers-Scotton, Carol 40,47, 257, 258 Myhill, John 61,66,88,258 N Nguyen, Angela-MinhTu D. 29, 257 Novak Boucher, Veronica Marie 154 Novak-Lukanovic, Sonja 261 О Ogay, Tania 16, 56,255 Omoniyi, Tope 61,258 Ostanek, Walter 116 P Paternost, Joseph 59, 258 Pecharich, Alexandra (Sandy) 149 Peracchio, Laura A. 29,259 Pfaff, Carol 40, 47, 258 Phinney, John 19, 252 Ping, Liu 57, 258 Pires, Acrisio 87, 88, 258 Pirnat-Greenberg, Marta 96, 143, 258 Plut Pregl, Lea 137 Plut, Silva 76, 94, 208, 258 Plut, Theresa 233 Polinsky, Maria 87, 88, 251, 258 Poplack, Shana 40,42,47, 258, 259 Prpic, George 30, 252 R Rampton, Ben 258 Rehlen, Markus 29,259 Renan, Ernest 66, 88, 259 Ringberg, Torsten 29,259 Romaine, Suzanne 40, 47, 259 Rosen, Yereth 91,259 Rothman, Jason 88, 252 Rudolf, Margaret 219 Runciman, Walter Garrison 57,259 S Sakel, Jeanette 257 Salmons, Joe 48, 259 Sam, David 19, 252 Samter, Wendy 255 Sankoff, David 40, 42, 47,258,259 Sankoff, Gillian 33, 259 Schiamberger Brezar, Mojca 261 Schmid, Monika 66, 87, 88, 259 Schubel Buzan, Pauline 150 Schulze, Mathias 62, 259 Schwartz, S. J. 252
Schwieter, Joseph 262 Shallcross, Bozena 119,259 Shukla, Shaligram 43,259 Sicherl, Eva 45, 259 Simard, Lise M. 57, 259 Singh, Rajendra 47, 259 Siriwardena, Reggie 108,259 Skidmore, James M. 62, 259 Smolicz, Jerzy 66, 88, 259 Sobin, Nicholas 41,260 Socanac, Lelija 261 275
Nada Sabec, Slovene Immigrants and their Descendants in North America: Faces ofIdentity Sorsak, Milena 203 Strie, Urska 129, 260 S Sabec, Nada 27,44,45,46,47, 49, 50, 67, 87, 113,249, 260, 261 S eruga, Tadej 21,256 Siskovic, Mojca 258 Stemberger, Joze (Joseph P. Stem berger) 236 V Valdes-Fallis, Geraldo 40, 262 Valencic, Joseph 115,116,262 Valencic, Vlado 21,262 Van Hell, Joseph 47, 262 Van Tassel, David 30, 262 Varsek, Mataya (Mateja) 212 Velikonja, Joze 25, 262 Veltman, Calvin 262 Vidovic Muha, Ada 260,261 Vincec, Milan 96, 230 T Tadmor, Uri 255 Tajfel, Henri 64,261 Tannen, Deborah 256, 259 Taylor, Donald M. 56, 57, 89, 254, 259 Thernston, Stephan 32, 261 Thomason, Sarah Grey 41, 45, 261, 262 Ting, Collin 47, 262 Toporisic, Joze 44, 110, 262 Toribio, Almeida Jacqueline 251, 262 Torres Caoullos, Rena 41,262 Travis, Catherine E. 41,262 Treffers-Daller, Jeanine 41,262 Trudgill, Peter 258 Tse, Linda 89, 262 Tseng, Amelia 129,253 Turner, John 64, 254, 261 Z Zentella, Ana Celia 40, 263 Zibelnik, Luka 98 Zrnec, Tone 95 U Unger, J. B. 252 Unsworth, Sharon 87, 262 Z Zitnik Serafin, Janja 20, 24, 255, 257, 263 276 W Wagnleitner, Reinhold 260 Wei, Li 36,41,254,256,258,262,263 Weinreich, Uriel 34, 35,40, 42,263 Wenger, Etienne 42, 256 Whaley, Bryan B. 255 White, Goodith 61,258 Winford, Donald 40, 57, 92, 263 Worchel, Stephen 261 Y Yankovich, Frankie 116 You, Byeon-keun 64, 263
Abstract Slovene Immigrants and their Descendants in North America: Faces of Identity Nada Sabec The monograph Slovene Immigrants and Their Descendants in North America: Faces of identity is divided into two parts: the first one presents the findings of the author’s decades-long research of Slovene American and Canadian communties, while the second consists of narratives authored by the immigrants and their descendants themselves. The first chapter of the first part discusses the issue of bilingualism and/or biculturalism in as far as it applies to the com munities under investigation (Cleveland, OH, Washington, DC, Laguna Niguel, CA; Toronto, ON, Vancouver, BC). In the following eight chapters, the author examines various aspects of the language use and language attitudes of Slovene Americans and Canadians as well as their sense of ethnic identity. Cleveland, as the largest Slovene American community on one hand, and Vancouver, as one of the smallest Slovene Canadian ones on the other, are the focus of research. While there exist differences between the two in terms of the resources affecting their ethnolinguistic vitality (Giles, Bourhis and Taylor 1977), the findings across the board point to a linguistic situation characterised by highly unstable bilingual ism, with Slovene experiencing a rapid shift to English across generations. Such a development is explained within the framework of Berry’s acculturation model (1990), whereby Slovene immigrants very early on adopted the integration strategy in order to become part of mainstream society. Slovene thus remains a
mother tongue only for the immigrants themselves and, in the case of early immigrants, Correspondence Address: Nada Sabec, University of Maribor, Faculty of Arts, Department of English and American Studies, Maribor, Slovenia, nada.sabec@um.si DOI https://doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-541-2 282 ISBN 978-961-286-541-2
Abstract for their children prior to entering school; for younger generations, Slovene has become a heritage language that has, in contact with the dominant English, little or any practical value and is spoken only exceptionally. Language choice in cases where Slovene is still used, both on individual and group levels, is analyzed in accordance with Communication Accommodation Theory (Giles and Ogay 2007), and types of bilingual discourse (code switching, borrowing) and contact-induced language changes in Slovene due to the English influence presented. Despite their diminishing competence in Slovene, the majoritiy of the respon dents (the research is based on questionnaires, interviews, and participant observa tion) attribute a relatively high degree of importance to it, at least symbolically. Yet, it is not language but culture - in a very broad sense of the word, encompassing customs, traditions, music, a way of thinking — that is cited as the most important factor in ethnic identification. Rather than being one-dimensional, identity is shown to be a complex, mutifaceted concept. For most of the respondents, it is at least dual, as they feel American or Canadian but at the same time also Slovene. For some, especially the young, it may be even more dynamic, which is perhaps a reflection of the interconnected nature of today’s globalized world. What stands out, however, is that the feeling of being Slovene for the majority means “ground edness”, that they see it as an enrichment of their lives, an enhancement of their postive self-image and a source of pride. As more
bicultural than bilingual then, Slovene Americans and Canadians stand a good chance of maintaining their dual sense of ethnic and cultural identity at least for the foreseeable future. The second part, which contains 16 Slovene American and 10 Slovene Canadian narratives, largely confirms the findings from the first part of the monograph. Through the authentic voice of each individual, the immigrant experience is presented personally and subjectively, complementing and enriching the first, research-focused, part of the monograph. Keywords: immigration, Slovene Americans, Slovene Canadians, Slovene-English language contact, code switching, ethnic and cultural identity, language main tenance and shift, narrative, Cleveland, Toronto, Vancouver, Washington, DC, Laguna Niguel 283
Povzetek Slovenski izseljenci in njihovi potomci v Severni Ameriki: obrazi identitete Nada Sabec Monografija za naslovom Slovene immigrants and their descendants in North Ame rica: Faces of identity se osredinja na vprasanje identitete in vloge jezika v njej med slovenskimi izseljenci in njihovimi potomci v ZDA in Kanadi. Sestavljata jo dva delà: v prvem so predstavljeni rezultati avtoricinega dolgoletnega raziskovanja slovensko-ameriskih in slovensko-kanadskih skupnosti (1 - Cleveland, Ohio; Wa shington, District of Columbia; Laguna Niguel, Kalifornija; 2 - Toronto, Ontario; Vancouver, Britanska Kolumbija), v drugem pa 26 narativov samih izseljencev in njihovih potomcev. V srediscu avtoricinega zanimanja je jezikovno stanje v slovenskih izseljenskih okoljih, ki sta jim skupna odtrganost od maticne domovine na eni strani in obkrozenost s prevladno anglescino na drugi. Slovenscina se v takih razmerah znajde v podrejenem, manjsinskem polozaju ter je primerna le za rabo v omejenih kontekstih in z omejenim krogom sogovorcev. Izredno mocan vpliv anglescine, s katero je v stiku, jo v veliki meri destablilizira in jo hkrati delà dovzetno za jezikovne spremembe. Na podlagi podatkov, zbranih s posnetimi intervjuji, anketami in participativnim opazovanjem, skusa avtorica ugotoviti, kaksen je druzbeni polozaj slovenscine v izseljenskem okolju, kateri zunajjezikovni dejavniki najbolj vplivajo na njeno rabo, v koliksni meri se je uspela ohraniti ter kaksen je odnos med stopnjo ohranitve slovenscine in obcutkom etnicne pripadnosti. Tako pri posameznikih kot na ravni skupnosti se
pokaze, da je kljuc do odgovorov na Naslov avtorice: Nada Sabec, Univerza v Mariboru, Filozofska fakulteta, Oddelek za anglistiko in amerikanistiko, Maribor, Slovenija, nada.sabec@um.si DOI https://doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-541-2 284 ISBN 978-961-286-541-2
Povzetek vecino teh vprasanj generacijska pripadnost izseljencev in njihovih potomcev. Na jezikovno izbiro se dvojezicnih govorcev vpliva poleg jezikovne kompetence predvsem psiholoska in socioloska naravnanost sogovorcev; avtorica to razlaga v okviru teorije komunikacijske akomodacije (Giles in Ogay 2007), medtem ko na ravni skupnosti opaza premik od prvotne slovenske enojezicnosti preko zelo prehodne dvojezicnosti к ponovni enojezicnosti, le da tokrat angleski. Poleg sociolingvisticnih vidikov jezikovne rabe razisce tudi lingvisticne dimenzije slovesko-angleskega jezikovnega stika in v okviru tega dve vrsti dvojezicnega diskurza: sposojanje in kodno preklapljanje. Raziskovanje etnicne identifikacije slovenskih Americanov in Kanadcanov pokaze, da jezik pri tem nima osrednje vloge. Ceprav mnogi slovenscini pripisujejo precejsen simbolni pomen, so vecini zaradi njene okrnjene sporazumevalne vrednosti pomembnejsi nekateri drugi dejavniki, zlasti kultura, in sicer v najsirsem pomenu besede (obicaji, etnicna kuhinja, vera, glasba, celo delovna etika, ki sama po sebi ni etnicna kategorija, in obcutek pripadnosti). Identiteta je torej kompleksen, vecplasten pojav z vec obrazi in vec oblikami. Bolj kot dvojezicne se slovenski Americani in Kanadcani pocutijo dvokulturne; so Americani oz. Kandcani, a hkrati tudi Slovenci. Vecina je zelo ponosna na svoje slovensko poreklo; iz njega crpajo samozavest in ga vidijo kot obogatitev svojih zivljenj. Ta naklonjenost do slovenskega je jasno vidna v narativih, ki zaradi avtenticnosti njihovih zivljenjskih izkusenj predstavljajo dragocen
prispevek к monografiji. Oba delà se tako dopolnjujeta in tvorita smiselno celoto. Monografija dokumentira stanje slovensko-angleskega jezikovnega stika med slovenskimi izseljenci in njihovimi potomci, dokler je to se mogoce. S tega vidika je zanimiva za jezikoslovce in sociolingviste, zaradi interdisciplinarnega pristopa pa tudi za sociologe, etnologe, antropologe, zgodovinarje in vse druge, ki se ukvarjajo z izseljenskimi, ameriskimi in kanadskimi studijami. Vrednost ji dodaja dejstvo, da je napisana v anglescini, saj doslej nismo imeli obsirnejsega opisa slovensko-angleskega jezikovnega stika, ki bi bil dostopen mednarodni strokovni javnosti. Pricujoca monografija zapolnjuje to vrzel. Kljucne besede: izseljenstvo, slovensko-angleski jezikovni stik, kodno prekla pljanje, etnicna in kulturna identiteta, jezikovno ohranjanje in jezikovni premik, narativ, Cleveland, Toronto, Vancouver, Washington, DC, Laguna Niguel 285
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Contents Preface . 11 PART I: IMMIGRATION AND HERITAGE STUDIES Introduction. 15 The immigrant experience of Slovene Americans and Canadians through the prism of bilingualism and biculturalism . 19 Slovene immigration to the U.S.A, and Canada. 19 Ethnic organizations and activities. 22 The intergenerational variation of the immigrants and their descendants in terms of their bilingual competence. 26 Bilingual or . 28 Slovene-English language contact: Language use and attitudes among Cleveland Slovene Americans. 30 The historical, social and cultural profile of the community . 30 Research design. 32 Participants. 33 Data collection. 33 The impact of extralinguistic factors on language use. 34 Bilingual discourse: borrowing vs. code switching . 40 a)
Borrowing. 41 Phonological adaptation. 43 Morphological adaptation. 44 5
b) Code switching. 46 c) The influence ofEnglish on monolingual Slovene discourse . . . . 48 Language maintenance and shift among Slovene Americans and Canadians . 51 Individual bilingualism: language choice and communication accommodation. 51 Societal bilingualism: a shift from Slovene monolingualism through unstable bilingualism to English monolingualism. 57 The role of language in ethnic identification of Americans and Canadians. 61 Language, literature, and ethnic identity among Vancouver Slovene Canadians. 66 A brief description of the community and methodology. 66 Mother tongue and preferred conversational language. 67 The importance and reasons for preserving Slovene. 69 Self-evaluation of competence in Slovene. 69 The role of literature. 71 The importance of being Slovene and changed perception of ethnic identity. 74 The impact of heritage language competence and attitudes on the identity of Slovene Canadians: a case
study. 79 Data presentation and analysis. 80 Family A. 80 Family В. 83 Teaching and learning Slovene as a mother/heritage tongue in the U.S.A, and Canada . 91 Saturday Schools. 92 Slovene at Higher Education and Research Institutions. 96 6
Addressing the other: ti vs. viin Slovenia and in North America. 99 Data analysis and interpretation. 101 Parti. 101 Nuclear family. 101 Extended family. 102 Friends. 103 Acquaintances . 104 Strangers . 105 Part II. 105 How do you feel when someone addresses you as ti when you feel entitled to w? What do you do?. 106 What do you think of the use of ti and vil Which do you prefer? . 107 The expression of Slovene American and Canadian ethnic and cultural identity through music and song lyrics: a case study . 112 Music and song lyrics as ethnic/cultural identification factors. 113 Cleveland-Style Polka. 114 Polka song
lyrics. 117 Themes and motifs. 118 Good times. 118 Home. 119 Love and romance. 119 Humor. 120 Ethnic polka history. 121 Pride and ethnic identity. 122 Spirituality (Polka Mass) . 122 Linguistic analysis . 124 7
PART II: IMMIGRANT NARRATIVES Introduction. 129 Structure and themes. 131 Leaving the homeland. 131 Starting a new life in the U.S. or Canada. 132 The impact of Sloveneness on the narrators’ lives . 132 Linguistic aspects. 134 Concluding remarks . 136 1. Slovene American narratives. 137 First generation.137 Lea Plut Pregl . 137 Marta Pirnat-Greenberg. 143 Second generation. 147 Jean Koci .147 Alexandra (Sandy) Pecharich .
149 Pauline Schubel Buzan. 150 Veronica Marie Novak Boucher. 154 Ann Claesgens . 158 Third generation. 162 Marie Dolores Strazar- Dolly. 162 Teresa Koci. 175 Fred Mlakar. 180 Nancy M. Kochevar. 183 Gary Bukovnik. 186 Caryn Bukovnik Krisha. 189 Joanna Plese Farrage. 189 Andrew Anzur Clement. 190 8
Fourth generation. 193 Ellen Koci. 193 2. Slovene Canadian narratives. 195 First generation. 195 Cvetka Kocjancic.195 Milena Sorsak. 203 Silva Plut. 208 Mataya (Mateja) Varsek. 212 Second generation.219 Margaret Rudolf.219 Ida Krajsek. 227 Milan Vincec. 230 Third generation.233 Theresa
Plut. 233 Joze Stemberger (Joseph P. Stemberger). 236 Chantal Houle. 249 References . 251 Appendix 1. 264 Appendix 2. 270 Index. 273 Recenziji. 277 Abstract . 282 Povzetek. 284 Zora 1998-2021 . 287 9
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Index A Achenbach, Sebastian Siebel 62, 259 Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 41,47, 251 Alatis, James E. 259 Ammon, Ulrich 258 Appel, René 40,43,251 Auer, Peter 40,47,48, 251, 263 Austin, William 261 В Backus, Ad 49, 251 Baker, Colin 61,251 Bell, Allan 55,251 Benet-Martinez, Verônica 29, 253, 257 Bennamoun, Elabbas 87,251 Bentahila, Abdelali 40, 251 Berry, David 59,251 Berry, John W. 19,75,79,112,251, 252 Bhabha, Homi 259 Biggins, Michael E. 98 Blau, Dick 117,255 Blom, Jan-Petter 40, 252 Bloomfield, Leonard 28, 252 Bohman, Thomas 87,252 Bond, Michael H. 29,253 Bonutti, Karl 30, 252 Bornstein, Marc H. 252 Bourhis, Richard 56, 89, 254 Bradac, James J. 56, 255 Brala Vukanovic, Maja 261 Bratanic, Maja 260 Braun, Friederike 100, 252 Bremen, J. J. 251 Brown, Clara L. 89,252 Brown, Penelope 252 Brown, Roger 99, 100, 252 Bullock, Barbara E. 251, 262 Burt, Susan Meredith 48, 252 Byrne, Donn Erwin 57, 252 C Cabo, Diego Pascual у 88, 252 Callan, Victor J. 57, 254 Canagarajah, Suresh 253 Cavallaro, Francesco 81,252 Cerar, Franc 95 Cheng, Ch-Ying 29, 253 Chen, Sylvia X. 29,253 Chisolm, Joan 78, 253 Cho, Gene 61,253 Clyne, Michael George 40,47,253 Connor-Linton, Jeff 43, 259 Coulmas, Florian 254, 257 Coupland, Justine 56, 254, 255 Coupland, Nikolas 56, 254, 255 D Daller, Helmut 62, 253 Davies, Eirlys 40, 251 Deater-Deckard, Kirby 252 De Fina, Anna 129, 253 De Vries, Tom 66, 88, 253 Dewaele, Jean-Marc 258 Dil, Anwar S. 254 Dittmar, Norbert 258 Dixon, Robert Malcolm Ward 251 Dolenz, Micky 115 Dolgan, Cecilia 117,122,253 273
Nada Sabec, Slovene Immigrants and their Descendants in North America: Faces of Identity Dorleijn, Margreet 49, 251 Duran, Ralph 257, 262 E Edwards, John 77, 78, 86,253 Edwards, Malcolm 41,253 Ehala, Martin 86, 88, 253 Elias-Olivares, Lucia 41,254 F Fase, Willem 260 Fasold, Ralph 259 Felsenthal, Julia 60, 254 Ferguson, Charles 254 Filipovic, Rudolf 260 Fillmore, Lily W. 64, 254 Fishman, Joshua Aaron 61,64,66,88, 254 Flores, Cristina 258 Fuller, Janet M. 48,254 G Gadpaille, Michelle 261 Gallois, Cindy 57, 254 Garcia, Ofelia 64, 66, 88, 254 Gardner-Chloros, Penelope 41,47, 253, 254 Giles, Howard 16,56,57,58,89,254, 255, 259 Gilman, Albert 99, 100,252 Grabowski, John 30, 262 Granic, Jagoda 261 Greenberg, Marc L. 96, 255 Groot, A. de 253 Grosjean, François 28, 29, 40, 255 Gruntar Jermol, Ada 261 Gumperz, John John 252 Gumperz, John Joseph 40, 56, 252, 255 Gunkel, Ann Hetzel 125, 255 H Harris, Roxy 61,255 Haspelmath, Martin 47, 255 274 Haugen, Einar 40, 43,49,255 Hölbling, Walter 260 Houle, Chantal 249 Housen, Alex 258 Hymes, Dell 252 J Jaspaert, Koen 260 Jesensek, Marko 261 John, David G. 62, 259 Johnson, Patricia 56, 58, 89,254,255 Jones, Sylvia Prys 61,251 К Kale, Aleksej 20, 255, 257,263 Kaufman, Terrence 41,45,262 Keil, Angelika Vellou 117, 255 Keil, Charles 117,255 Kennedy, Victor 261 Kess, Francis J. 151,255 Kirkup, James 81,256 Klemencic, Matjaz 20, 21, 25, 30, 31, 255,256 Klobuchar, Amy 60 Koci, Jean 147 Kocjancic, Cvetka 21,24, 132, 195, 256 Koletnik, Mihaela 27, 87,261 Kouritzin, Sandra G. 82,256 Krajsek, Ida 227 Kranjc, Simona 258 Kroll, J. F. 253 Kroon, Sjaak 260
Kueis, Vlasta 261 Kupisch, Tanja 88, 256 L Labov, William 16, 42, 129, 256 Lansford, Jennifer E. 252 Lave, Jean 42, 256 Lee, Fiona 253 Lee, S. K. 29,86,256 Levinson, Stephen C. 252 Liebscher, Grit 62, 259
Index Luna, David 29,259 Lutar, Mateja 258 IVl Macnamara, John 28,256 Matheier, Klaus J. 258 Matras, Yaron 41,257 Maver, Igor 260 May, Stephen 61,257 McClure, Erica 56, 257 Meisel, Jurgen 257 Memisevic, Anita 261 Mikolic, Vesna 261 Milharcic Hladnik, Mirjam 20, 129, 255, 257, 263 Miller, Christopher 40,42, 258 Milroy, Lesley 33,40,41,47,251, 257, 263 Montrai, Silvina 87,88,251,257 Moyer, Melissa 254 Mrdenovic, Milan 256 Muhvic-Dimanovski, Vesna 261 Mulac, Anthony 56, 255 Muysken, Peter 40, 43,47, 251, 257 Myers-Scotton, Carol 40,47, 257, 258 Myhill, John 61,66,88,258 N Nguyen, Angela-MinhTu D. 29, 257 Novak Boucher, Veronica Marie 154 Novak-Lukanovic, Sonja 261 О Ogay, Tania 16, 56,255 Omoniyi, Tope 61,258 Ostanek, Walter 116 P Paternost, Joseph 59, 258 Pecharich, Alexandra (Sandy) 149 Peracchio, Laura A. 29,259 Pfaff, Carol 40, 47, 258 Phinney, John 19, 252 Ping, Liu 57, 258 Pires, Acrisio 87, 88, 258 Pirnat-Greenberg, Marta 96, 143, 258 Plut Pregl, Lea 137 Plut, Silva 76, 94, 208, 258 Plut, Theresa 233 Polinsky, Maria 87, 88, 251, 258 Poplack, Shana 40,42,47, 258, 259 Prpic, George 30, 252 R Rampton, Ben 258 Rehlen, Markus 29,259 Renan, Ernest 66, 88, 259 Ringberg, Torsten 29,259 Romaine, Suzanne 40, 47, 259 Rosen, Yereth 91,259 Rothman, Jason 88, 252 Rudolf, Margaret 219 Runciman, Walter Garrison 57,259 S Sakel, Jeanette 257 Salmons, Joe 48, 259 Sam, David 19, 252 Samter, Wendy 255 Sankoff, David 40, 42, 47,258,259 Sankoff, Gillian 33, 259 Schiamberger Brezar, Mojca 261 Schmid, Monika 66, 87, 88, 259 Schubel Buzan, Pauline 150 Schulze, Mathias 62, 259 Schwartz, S. J. 252
Schwieter, Joseph 262 Shallcross, Bozena 119,259 Shukla, Shaligram 43,259 Sicherl, Eva 45, 259 Simard, Lise M. 57, 259 Singh, Rajendra 47, 259 Siriwardena, Reggie 108,259 Skidmore, James M. 62, 259 Smolicz, Jerzy 66, 88, 259 Sobin, Nicholas 41,260 Socanac, Lelija 261 275
Nada Sabec, Slovene Immigrants and their Descendants in North America: Faces ofIdentity Sorsak, Milena 203 Strie, Urska 129, 260 S Sabec, Nada 27,44,45,46,47, 49, 50, 67, 87, 113,249, 260, 261 S eruga, Tadej 21,256 Siskovic, Mojca 258 Stemberger, Joze (Joseph P. Stem berger) 236 V Valdes-Fallis, Geraldo 40, 262 Valencic, Joseph 115,116,262 Valencic, Vlado 21,262 Van Hell, Joseph 47, 262 Van Tassel, David 30, 262 Varsek, Mataya (Mateja) 212 Velikonja, Joze 25, 262 Veltman, Calvin 262 Vidovic Muha, Ada 260,261 Vincec, Milan 96, 230 T Tadmor, Uri 255 Tajfel, Henri 64,261 Tannen, Deborah 256, 259 Taylor, Donald M. 56, 57, 89, 254, 259 Thernston, Stephan 32, 261 Thomason, Sarah Grey 41, 45, 261, 262 Ting, Collin 47, 262 Toporisic, Joze 44, 110, 262 Toribio, Almeida Jacqueline 251, 262 Torres Caoullos, Rena 41,262 Travis, Catherine E. 41,262 Treffers-Daller, Jeanine 41,262 Trudgill, Peter 258 Tse, Linda 89, 262 Tseng, Amelia 129,253 Turner, John 64, 254, 261 Z Zentella, Ana Celia 40, 263 Zibelnik, Luka 98 Zrnec, Tone 95 U Unger, J. B. 252 Unsworth, Sharon 87, 262 Z Zitnik Serafin, Janja 20, 24, 255, 257, 263 276 W Wagnleitner, Reinhold 260 Wei, Li 36,41,254,256,258,262,263 Weinreich, Uriel 34, 35,40, 42,263 Wenger, Etienne 42, 256 Whaley, Bryan B. 255 White, Goodith 61,258 Winford, Donald 40, 57, 92, 263 Worchel, Stephen 261 Y Yankovich, Frankie 116 You, Byeon-keun 64, 263
Abstract Slovene Immigrants and their Descendants in North America: Faces of Identity Nada Sabec The monograph Slovene Immigrants and Their Descendants in North America: Faces of identity is divided into two parts: the first one presents the findings of the author’s decades-long research of Slovene American and Canadian communties, while the second consists of narratives authored by the immigrants and their descendants themselves. The first chapter of the first part discusses the issue of bilingualism and/or biculturalism in as far as it applies to the com munities under investigation (Cleveland, OH, Washington, DC, Laguna Niguel, CA; Toronto, ON, Vancouver, BC). In the following eight chapters, the author examines various aspects of the language use and language attitudes of Slovene Americans and Canadians as well as their sense of ethnic identity. Cleveland, as the largest Slovene American community on one hand, and Vancouver, as one of the smallest Slovene Canadian ones on the other, are the focus of research. While there exist differences between the two in terms of the resources affecting their ethnolinguistic vitality (Giles, Bourhis and Taylor 1977), the findings across the board point to a linguistic situation characterised by highly unstable bilingual ism, with Slovene experiencing a rapid shift to English across generations. Such a development is explained within the framework of Berry’s acculturation model (1990), whereby Slovene immigrants very early on adopted the integration strategy in order to become part of mainstream society. Slovene thus remains a
mother tongue only for the immigrants themselves and, in the case of early immigrants, Correspondence Address: Nada Sabec, University of Maribor, Faculty of Arts, Department of English and American Studies, Maribor, Slovenia, nada.sabec@um.si DOI https://doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-541-2 282 ISBN 978-961-286-541-2
Abstract for their children prior to entering school; for younger generations, Slovene has become a heritage language that has, in contact with the dominant English, little or any practical value and is spoken only exceptionally. Language choice in cases where Slovene is still used, both on individual and group levels, is analyzed in accordance with Communication Accommodation Theory (Giles and Ogay 2007), and types of bilingual discourse (code switching, borrowing) and contact-induced language changes in Slovene due to the English influence presented. Despite their diminishing competence in Slovene, the majoritiy of the respon dents (the research is based on questionnaires, interviews, and participant observa tion) attribute a relatively high degree of importance to it, at least symbolically. Yet, it is not language but culture - in a very broad sense of the word, encompassing customs, traditions, music, a way of thinking — that is cited as the most important factor in ethnic identification. Rather than being one-dimensional, identity is shown to be a complex, mutifaceted concept. For most of the respondents, it is at least dual, as they feel American or Canadian but at the same time also Slovene. For some, especially the young, it may be even more dynamic, which is perhaps a reflection of the interconnected nature of today’s globalized world. What stands out, however, is that the feeling of being Slovene for the majority means “ground edness”, that they see it as an enrichment of their lives, an enhancement of their postive self-image and a source of pride. As more
bicultural than bilingual then, Slovene Americans and Canadians stand a good chance of maintaining their dual sense of ethnic and cultural identity at least for the foreseeable future. The second part, which contains 16 Slovene American and 10 Slovene Canadian narratives, largely confirms the findings from the first part of the monograph. Through the authentic voice of each individual, the immigrant experience is presented personally and subjectively, complementing and enriching the first, research-focused, part of the monograph. Keywords: immigration, Slovene Americans, Slovene Canadians, Slovene-English language contact, code switching, ethnic and cultural identity, language main tenance and shift, narrative, Cleveland, Toronto, Vancouver, Washington, DC, Laguna Niguel 283
Povzetek Slovenski izseljenci in njihovi potomci v Severni Ameriki: obrazi identitete Nada Sabec Monografija za naslovom Slovene immigrants and their descendants in North Ame rica: Faces of identity se osredinja na vprasanje identitete in vloge jezika v njej med slovenskimi izseljenci in njihovimi potomci v ZDA in Kanadi. Sestavljata jo dva delà: v prvem so predstavljeni rezultati avtoricinega dolgoletnega raziskovanja slovensko-ameriskih in slovensko-kanadskih skupnosti (1 - Cleveland, Ohio; Wa shington, District of Columbia; Laguna Niguel, Kalifornija; 2 - Toronto, Ontario; Vancouver, Britanska Kolumbija), v drugem pa 26 narativov samih izseljencev in njihovih potomcev. V srediscu avtoricinega zanimanja je jezikovno stanje v slovenskih izseljenskih okoljih, ki sta jim skupna odtrganost od maticne domovine na eni strani in obkrozenost s prevladno anglescino na drugi. Slovenscina se v takih razmerah znajde v podrejenem, manjsinskem polozaju ter je primerna le za rabo v omejenih kontekstih in z omejenim krogom sogovorcev. Izredno mocan vpliv anglescine, s katero je v stiku, jo v veliki meri destablilizira in jo hkrati delà dovzetno za jezikovne spremembe. Na podlagi podatkov, zbranih s posnetimi intervjuji, anketami in participativnim opazovanjem, skusa avtorica ugotoviti, kaksen je druzbeni polozaj slovenscine v izseljenskem okolju, kateri zunajjezikovni dejavniki najbolj vplivajo na njeno rabo, v koliksni meri se je uspela ohraniti ter kaksen je odnos med stopnjo ohranitve slovenscine in obcutkom etnicne pripadnosti. Tako pri posameznikih kot na ravni skupnosti se
pokaze, da je kljuc do odgovorov na Naslov avtorice: Nada Sabec, Univerza v Mariboru, Filozofska fakulteta, Oddelek za anglistiko in amerikanistiko, Maribor, Slovenija, nada.sabec@um.si DOI https://doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-541-2 284 ISBN 978-961-286-541-2
Povzetek vecino teh vprasanj generacijska pripadnost izseljencev in njihovih potomcev. Na jezikovno izbiro se dvojezicnih govorcev vpliva poleg jezikovne kompetence predvsem psiholoska in socioloska naravnanost sogovorcev; avtorica to razlaga v okviru teorije komunikacijske akomodacije (Giles in Ogay 2007), medtem ko na ravni skupnosti opaza premik od prvotne slovenske enojezicnosti preko zelo prehodne dvojezicnosti к ponovni enojezicnosti, le da tokrat angleski. Poleg sociolingvisticnih vidikov jezikovne rabe razisce tudi lingvisticne dimenzije slovesko-angleskega jezikovnega stika in v okviru tega dve vrsti dvojezicnega diskurza: sposojanje in kodno preklapljanje. Raziskovanje etnicne identifikacije slovenskih Americanov in Kanadcanov pokaze, da jezik pri tem nima osrednje vloge. Ceprav mnogi slovenscini pripisujejo precejsen simbolni pomen, so vecini zaradi njene okrnjene sporazumevalne vrednosti pomembnejsi nekateri drugi dejavniki, zlasti kultura, in sicer v najsirsem pomenu besede (obicaji, etnicna kuhinja, vera, glasba, celo delovna etika, ki sama po sebi ni etnicna kategorija, in obcutek pripadnosti). Identiteta je torej kompleksen, vecplasten pojav z vec obrazi in vec oblikami. Bolj kot dvojezicne se slovenski Americani in Kanadcani pocutijo dvokulturne; so Americani oz. Kandcani, a hkrati tudi Slovenci. Vecina je zelo ponosna na svoje slovensko poreklo; iz njega crpajo samozavest in ga vidijo kot obogatitev svojih zivljenj. Ta naklonjenost do slovenskega je jasno vidna v narativih, ki zaradi avtenticnosti njihovih zivljenjskih izkusenj predstavljajo dragocen
prispevek к monografiji. Oba delà se tako dopolnjujeta in tvorita smiselno celoto. Monografija dokumentira stanje slovensko-angleskega jezikovnega stika med slovenskimi izseljenci in njihovimi potomci, dokler je to se mogoce. S tega vidika je zanimiva za jezikoslovce in sociolingviste, zaradi interdisciplinarnega pristopa pa tudi za sociologe, etnologe, antropologe, zgodovinarje in vse druge, ki se ukvarjajo z izseljenskimi, ameriskimi in kanadskimi studijami. Vrednost ji dodaja dejstvo, da je napisana v anglescini, saj doslej nismo imeli obsirnejsega opisa slovensko-angleskega jezikovnega stika, ki bi bil dostopen mednarodni strokovni javnosti. Pricujoca monografija zapolnjuje to vrzel. Kljucne besede: izseljenstvo, slovensko-angleski jezikovni stik, kodno prekla pljanje, etnicna in kulturna identiteta, jezikovno ohranjanje in jezikovni premik, narativ, Cleveland, Toronto, Vancouver, Washington, DC, Laguna Niguel 285 |
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| author | Šabec, Nada |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049058729 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1410703945 (DE-599)BVBBV049058729 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV049058729 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:23:38Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:54:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789612865412 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034320920 |
| oclc_num | 1410703945 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 292 Seiten 23 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20231116 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Univerza v Mariboru, Univerzitetna založba |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Mednarodna knjižna zbirka Zora |
| series2 | Mednarodna knjižna zbirka Zora |
| spelling | Šabec, Nada Verfasser aut Slovene immigrants and their descendants in North America faces of identity Nada Šabec Slovenski izseljenci in njihovi potomci v Severni Ameriki Maribor Univerza v Mariboru, Univerzitetna založba 2021 292 Seiten 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Mednarodna knjižna zbirka Zora 144 Auflage 300. - Literaturverzeichnis Seite 251-263 Slowenische Zusammenfassung: Slovenski izseljenci in njihovi potomci v Severni Ameriki slovensko-angleški jezikovni stiki / kulturna identiteta / jezikovno ohranjanje / ZDA / Kanada immigration / Slovene Americans / Slovene Canadians / Slovene-English language contacts / code switching / cultural identity / ethnical identity / language maintenance / narrative Jeziki v stiku sgc Slovenski izseljenci sgc Ameriški Slovenci sgc Etnična pripadnost sgc Jezikovni preklop sgc Kulturelle Identität (DE-588)4033542-2 gnd rswk-swf Slowenischer Einwanderer (DE-588)4575224-2 gnd rswk-swf Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 gnd rswk-swf Inkulturation (DE-588)4161769-1 gnd rswk-swf Kanada (DE-588)4029456-0 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Kanada (DE-588)4029456-0 g Slowenischer Einwanderer (DE-588)4575224-2 s Inkulturation (DE-588)4161769-1 s Kulturelle Identität (DE-588)4033542-2 s Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 s DE-604 Mednarodna knjižna zbirka Zora 144 (DE-604)BV012909439 144 Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034320920&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034320920&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034320920&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Personenregister Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034320920&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034320920&sequence=000009&line_number=0005&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Šabec, Nada Slovene immigrants and their descendants in North America faces of identity Mednarodna knjižna zbirka Zora slovensko-angleški jezikovni stiki / kulturna identiteta / jezikovno ohranjanje / ZDA / Kanada immigration / Slovene Americans / Slovene Canadians / Slovene-English language contacts / code switching / cultural identity / ethnical identity / language maintenance / narrative Jeziki v stiku sgc Slovenski izseljenci sgc Ameriški Slovenci sgc Etnična pripadnost sgc Jezikovni preklop sgc Kulturelle Identität (DE-588)4033542-2 gnd Slowenischer Einwanderer (DE-588)4575224-2 gnd Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 gnd Inkulturation (DE-588)4161769-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4033542-2 (DE-588)4575224-2 (DE-588)4153096-2 (DE-588)4161769-1 (DE-588)4029456-0 (DE-588)4078704-7 |
| title | Slovene immigrants and their descendants in North America faces of identity |
| title_alt | Slovenski izseljenci in njihovi potomci v Severni Ameriki |
| title_auth | Slovene immigrants and their descendants in North America faces of identity |
| title_exact_search | Slovene immigrants and their descendants in North America faces of identity |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Slovene immigrants and their descendants in North America faces of identity |
| title_full | Slovene immigrants and their descendants in North America faces of identity Nada Šabec |
| title_fullStr | Slovene immigrants and their descendants in North America faces of identity Nada Šabec |
| title_full_unstemmed | Slovene immigrants and their descendants in North America faces of identity Nada Šabec |
| title_short | Slovene immigrants and their descendants in North America |
| title_sort | slovene immigrants and their descendants in north america faces of identity |
| title_sub | faces of identity |
| topic | slovensko-angleški jezikovni stiki / kulturna identiteta / jezikovno ohranjanje / ZDA / Kanada immigration / Slovene Americans / Slovene Canadians / Slovene-English language contacts / code switching / cultural identity / ethnical identity / language maintenance / narrative Jeziki v stiku sgc Slovenski izseljenci sgc Ameriški Slovenci sgc Etnična pripadnost sgc Jezikovni preklop sgc Kulturelle Identität (DE-588)4033542-2 gnd Slowenischer Einwanderer (DE-588)4575224-2 gnd Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 gnd Inkulturation (DE-588)4161769-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | slovensko-angleški jezikovni stiki / kulturna identiteta / jezikovno ohranjanje / ZDA / Kanada immigration / Slovene Americans / Slovene Canadians / Slovene-English language contacts / code switching / cultural identity / ethnical identity / language maintenance / narrative Jeziki v stiku Slovenski izseljenci Ameriški Slovenci Etnična pripadnost Jezikovni preklop Kulturelle Identität Slowenischer Einwanderer Ethnische Identität Inkulturation Kanada USA |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034320920&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034320920&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034320920&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034320920&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034320920&sequence=000009&line_number=0005&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV012909439 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sabecnada sloveneimmigrantsandtheirdescendantsinnorthamericafacesofidentity AT sabecnada slovenskiizseljenciinnjihovipotomcivseverniameriki |