Praistorijska Gradina - Zok: istraživanja Narodnog muzeja u Beogradu
Праисторијска Градина - Зок истраживања Народног музеја у Београду
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| Format: | Buch |
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Beograd
Narodni muzej u Beogradu
2022.
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| Schriftenreihe: | Praistorija
5 |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Auflage 200. - Literaturverzeichnis Seite 181-183 |
| Beschreibung: | 195 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9788672692105 |
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| adam_text | / if / г САДРЖАЈ Праисторијска Градина-Зок. Истраживања Народног музеја у Београду Реч уредника Предговор I Александар Палавесшра 11 Увод/ 17 1. 0 разлозима организовања археолошке авантуре y Барањи/ 19 2. Барања након Првог светског рата/ 3. Први истраживач локалитета Градина-Зок • Душан Ђ. Карапанџић/ 31 4. Археолошко истраживање Градина-Зок 1920. године/ 35 5. Географске карактеристике локалитета Градина-Зок/ 6. Стратиграфија и хронологија праисторијских насеља на Градини-Зок/ 7. Типологија и опште карактеристике покретних археолошких налаза од керамике/ - Каталог покретних археолошких налаза од керамике са локалитета Градина-Зок/ 8. Општа својства, развој и феномени дуге употребе каменог оруђа на Градини-Зок Вера Богосављевић Петровић. u Дивна ЈовановиБ 9. Опште карактеристике и каталог покретних археолошких налаза од кости са локалитета Градина-Зок Селена Витезовић 159 Закључак/ 185 Resume / Összefoglalo/ 189 Поговор / Данило Шаренац, Арпад Хорњак 193 Јаме y рововима B, С и D (сликано са севера)
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Resume/ A CENTURY HAS PASSED SINCE SYSTEMATIC RESEARCH of the prehistoric Vârhegy began in Zôk, near Pécs, in today s Hungarian Baranya. With the support of the Ministry of Education of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the National Museum in Belgrade implemented these archeological excavations from August to November 1920. In less than three months, an area of 585 m2 was explored, and during that time over 3600 significant archaeological findings of ceramics, stone and bone were discovered. Stylistic characteristics of these findings indicated that they belonged to the Lasinja, Baden, Vučedol and Somogyvâr- Vinkovci cultures (from the end of the 5th to the end of the 3rd millennium BC). Before the end of the First World War, the Serbian army occupied AustroHungarian Baranya with the intention of that territory remaining, de facto, within the future Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. However, the Trianon Peace Agreement of June 4,1920 forced the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes to evacuate its army and administration. Coincidentally, that very month, the Serbian county government in Pécs invited experts from the National Museum in Belgrade to visit a site rich in prehistoric findings. The Ministry of Education of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and the National Museum in Belgrade approved the invitation and sent curator Dušan Đ. Karapandžić (1888-1963), an archaeologist and professor of Latin to organize the archeological research. In order understand the historical context that likely motivated archaeological research at the Zök site, it is
necessary to take into account two factors: the political circumstances during and after the war years and the idea that archaeology work at the time functioned as a sociopolitical statement. Indeed, due to the extensive damage to the Museum and its collections during the Austro-Hungarian bombing of Belgrade in 1914 and occupation of 1915-1918, the beginning of archaeological excavations at Vârhegy in Zôk could be interpreted as cultural backlash against the defeated Austro-Hungarian monarchy. However, were these the reasons for cultural revanchism towards the defeated Monarchy? Or was the archaeological adventure in Zôk in 1920 only part of the political game that the government in Belgrade played for purposes of national demagoguery to propagate the definitive stay of the Serbian administration and army in Baranya after the signing of the Trianon Peace Agreement? 189
From the above offered options, the motive to start the archaeological excavations of Vârhegy can be seen in the context of archaeology following war conflicts, political behind-the-scenes activities and simply taking advantage of opportunities. Thanks to the first excavations by Dušan Đ. Karapandžić, and the many years of research (1977-1987) by Istvan Ecsedy, PhD, knowledge of prehistoric Baranya was deepened and the significance in archaeological literature of the multi-layered site at Vârhegy in Zök was emphasized. From the discovered archaeological material and from horizontal and vertical stratigraphy (determined by Ecsedy) the oldest layer at Vârhegy in Zôk dates to the Middle Neolithic culture Lasinja-Balaton I (approx. 3900/3800 BC). The oldest settlement replaced dwelling horizons from the classical and late phase of the Baden culture (approx. 3300/3200-2900 BC). Stratigraphically, the largest layer belonged to the fortified settlement, which spread over the entire Vârhegy plateau, a regional northern variant of the Late Classical and Late Vučedol culture (ca. 280 0/2700-260 0/2500 BC). During this phase of development, the Vučedol culture experienced an explosion of cultural expansion outside the original Vučedol area. The Late Vučedol culture belonged to the transitional period (i.e., the transition from the Copper to the Bronze Age) and can be considered as a local proto-Bronze Age phenomenon. The most recent material traces discovered on the Vârhegy plateau belonged to the cultural phenomenon of the Early Bronze Age, Somogyvâr- Vinkovci (approx.
2600/2500-2300/2200 BC). The aim of this catalog is to provide an overview of published and unpublished archaeological artifacts found during the first, systematic archaeological excavations ofthe prehistoric site of Vârhegy in the village of Zôk, which have been in the National Museum in Belgrade since the end of November 1920. The temporal distance of one century, and the lack of field documentation, limited the collection of relevant and constructive data within the appropriate archaeological context. For instance, some specimens were signed with stated depths and probe markings, but in stratigraphic terms they mean nothing because they do not reflect the present stratigraphy and different phases of settlement. Despite numerous professional papers on archaeological findings from this region (Hungarian and Croatian part of Baranya), the importance of thise work can interpreted as a more thorough review of the history of archaeological scientific discipline in Serbia as well as to the study of archaeology’s social role. In this respect, the publication of archaeological findings after one century does not solve crucial scientific issues related to the spread or chronological determination of Copper Age or Bronze Age cultures in Baranya, but acknowledges and gives thanks to Professor Dušan Đ. Karapandžić, and all curators of the National Museum in Belgrade who have, after him, processed, adequately stored and presented objects from Vârhegy in Zôk through a permanent museum exhibition. 190 RESUME
ÖSSZEFOGLALÖ/ Egy egész évszâzad telt el azôta, hogy a mai magyar Baranyâban, Pécs közvetlen szomszédsâgâban, Zôk-Vârhegy kôzségben megkezdödött az ôskori Gradina môdszeres kutatâsa. A Belgrad! Nemzeti Mûzeum a Szerb-Horvât-Szlovén Kirâlysâg Oktatâsi Minisztériumânak tâmogatâsâval 1920. augusztusa és novembere között régészeti feltârâsokat végzett ezen a helyen. Kevesebb, mint hârom hônap alatt 585 m2-es területet târtak fel, és a kutatâs sorân több mint 3600 jelentôs régészeti kerâmia-, kô- és csontlelet került elô, amelyek stilusjegyei a siksâgi, a balaton-lasinjai, a badeni, a vučedoli és a vinkovci-kultûrâra utalnak (i.e. 5. szâzad végétôl a 3. szâzad végéig). Az elsô vilâghâborû vége elôtt a szerb hadsereg elfoglalta az Osztrâk-Magyar fennhatôsâg alatt allô Baranyât azzal a szândékkal, hogy ez a terület, de facto a leendô Szerb-Horvât-Szlovén Kirâlysâg (SzHSz) hatârain belül maradjon. Az 1920. jûnius 4-i trianoni békeszerzôdés azonban arra kényszeritette a Szerb-Horvât-Szlovén Kirâlysâgot, hogy kivonja hadseregét és kôzigazgatâsât a területrôl. Véletlen vagy nem, a pécsi szerb megyei kormânyzat még abban a hônapban meghivta a Belgrad! Nemzeti Mûzeum szakembereit, hogy lâtogassâk meg az ôskori leletekben gazdag lelôhelyet. Tekintettel arra, hogy a mûzeum és gyüjteményei mekkora kart szenvedtek Belgrâd 1914-es osztrâkmagyar bombâzâsâban és az 1915-1918-as megszâllâs idején, a Gradina régészeti âsatâsainak megkezdése Zôkon a legyôzôtt Osztrâk-Magyar Monarchia elleni kulturâlis bosszûként is értelmezhetô. A Szerb-Horvât-Szlovén Kirâlysâg Oktatâsi Minisztériuma és a
Belgrâd! Nemzeti Mûzeum pozitiv vâlaszt adott a meghivâsra, és elküldte munkatârsât, Dušan Đ. Karapandžić (1888-1963) régészt, alatinnyelvprofesszorât, aki sikerrel szervezte meg Gradina régészeti kutatâsât Zôkon. A Zôk régészeti lelôhely kutatâsânak megkezdését megelôzô kôrülmények következetes és âtfogô âttekintése érdekében figyelembe kell venni a hâborûs évek alatti és utâni politikai kôrülményeket, valamint azt a tényt, hogy a régészet az SZHSZ Kirâlysâgban, de mâsutt is, egészen mâs târsadalmi és nemzeti funkciôt töltött be a XX. szâzad elsô felében, mint napjainkban. Tény, hogy a Nemzeti Mûzeum épületei és gyüjteményei sûlyosan megsérültek Belgrâd 1914. augusztusi osztrâk-magyar bombâzâsa sorân, az is igaz, hogy a mûzeumi gyûjteményt elpusztitotta a hâborû, valamint az osztrâkmagyar katonai és polgâri hatôsâgok gondatlansâga 1914-1918 között, de vajon ezek voltak a kulturâlis bosszûâllâs okai a legyôzôtt Monarchia irânyâban? Vagy az 1920 -as zôki régészeti kaland csak egy kis része volt annak a politikai jâtszmânak, amelyet a belgrâdi kormâny tudatosan nemzeti demagôgiâra hasznâlt fel a szerb kôzigazgatâs és hadsereg végleges baranyai tartôzkodâsânak propagâlâsâra a trianoni békeszerzôdés utân? A felkinâlt lehetôségek kôzül a hâborûs konfliktusokat, politikai kulisszâk mögötti tevékenységet kôvetô, a lehetôségeket egyszerüen kihasznâlô régészet kontextusâban mutatkozik meg a Zôk kôzségben talâlhatô Gradina régészeti feltârâsânak inditéka és kezdeményezése. Dušan Đ. Karapandžić elsô âsatâsai, és különösen Dr. Ecsedy Istvân sokéves kutatâsa (1977-1987) elmélyitette
ismereteinket az ôskori Baranyârôl, és hangsûlyozta a 191
zôki Gradina tôbbrétegû lelôhelyének igen nagyjelentôségét a régészeti szakirodalomban. Megâllapïtâst nyert, hogy a feltârt régészeti anyag és az Ecsedy âltal meghatârozott vizszintes illetve függôleges rétegrend szerint a zôkai Gradina legrégebbi rétege az I. Lasinja-Balaton kôzépsô neolit kultûrâhoz tartozik (i.e. kb. 3900/3800). A legrégebbi település valtja a lakôhorizontot a badeni kultura klasszikus és késôi szakaszâbôl (i.e. kb. 3300/3200-2900). Rétegtanilag a legerôsebb réteg az erôditett településé, amely a Gradina egész fennsikân elterjedt, a késô klasszikus és kései vučedoli- kultura regionâlis északi vâltozata (i.e. kb. 2800/2700-2600/2500). A fejlôdésnek ebben a szakaszâban a vucedoli-kultûra a kulturâlis terjeszkedés robbanâsszerû nôvekedését mutatja Vučedol elsôdleges területén kivül. A kései vucedoli-kultûra az âtmeneti idôszakhoz, vagyis a rézkorbôl a bronzkorba valô âtmenethez tartozik, és helyi korabronzkori jelenségnek tekinthetô. A Gradina-fennsikon feltârt legfiatalabb anyagnyomok a kora bronzkori Somogyvâr-Vinkovci (i.e. kb. 2600/2500-2300/2200) kulturâlis jelenségéhez tartoznak. A katalôgus célja, hogy âttekintést adjon a Zôk faluban talâlhatô Gradina ôskori lelôhely elsô, môdszeres régészeti feltârâsâbôl szârmazo publikâlt és kiadatlan régészeti leleteirôl, amelyek 1920 novemberének vége ôta a belgrâdi Nemzeti Mûzeumban talâlhatôak. Az egy évszâzados idôtâvolsâg és a terepi dokumentâciô hiânya korlâtozta a relevâns és épitô jellegû adatok megfelelô régészeti kontextusban tôrténô gyûjtését, mivel egyes példânyokat a megadott mélységekkel és
szondajelzésekkel lâttâk el, âm ezek rétegtani értelemben semmit sem jelentenek, mert nem tükrôzik ajelenlegi rétegrendet, illetve a letelepedés különbözö szakaszait. Ugyan szâmos szakmai kôzlemény szôl az errôl a vidékrôl (Baranya magyar és horvât része) szârmazo régészeti leletekrôl, e kiadvâny jelentôsége megmutatkozik a szerzô âltal véghezvitt egykori Szerb Kirâlysâg, azaz a Szerb-Horvât-Szlovén Kirâlysâg régészet tôrténetének és fejlôdésének alapos tanulmânyozâsâban és tükrôzi az elsô kutatâsok jelentôségét, amelyet példâul Dušan Karapandžić végzett. Ez a kiadvâny jelentôsen hozzâjârul a szerbiai régészettudomâny tôrténetének, valamint a régészet târsadalmi szerepének tanulmânyozâsâhoz. Noha a régészeti leletek egy évszâzad utâni publikâlâsa nem oldja meg a baranyai rézkori vagy kronolôgiai meghatârozâsâval kapcsolatos sarkalatos tudomânyos kérdéseket, a kôtet tisztelgés Dušan Karapandžić professzor és a Belgrâdi Nemzeti Mûzeum munkatârsainak munkâja elôtt, akik feldolgoztâk, megfelelôen ôrizték és âllandô mûzeumi kiâllitâs keretein belül bemutattâk a zôki Gradinarôl szârmazo târgyakat. 192 ÖSSZEFOGLALÖ
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/ if / г САДРЖАЈ Праисторијска Градина-Зок. Истраживања Народног музеја у Београду Реч уредника Предговор I Александар Палавесшра 11 Увод/ 17 1. 0 разлозима организовања археолошке авантуре y Барањи/ 19 2. Барања након Првог светског рата/ 3. Први истраживач локалитета Градина-Зок • Душан Ђ. Карапанџић/ 31 4. Археолошко истраживање Градина-Зок 1920. године/ 35 5. Географске карактеристике локалитета Градина-Зок/ 6. Стратиграфија и хронологија праисторијских насеља на Градини-Зок/ 7. Типологија и опште карактеристике покретних археолошких налаза од керамике/ - Каталог покретних археолошких налаза од керамике са локалитета Градина-Зок/ 8. Општа својства, развој и феномени дуге употребе каменог оруђа на Градини-Зок Вера Богосављевић Петровић. u Дивна ЈовановиБ 9. Опште карактеристике и каталог покретних археолошких налаза од кости са локалитета Градина-Зок Селена Витезовић 159 Закључак/ 185 Resume / Összefoglalo/ 189 Поговор / Данило Шаренац, Арпад Хорњак 193 Јаме y рововима B, С и D (сликано са севера)
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Mitrović, J. and Vitezović, S. 2017 Zok revisited: Excavations of D. Karapandžić at Z6k in 1920, Yearbook Ofjoanus Pannonius Museum/Jahrbuch des JanusPannonius-Museums/A Janus Pannonius Muzeum Évkônyve 54: 179-190. Newcomer, M. 1974 Study and replication of bone tools from Ksar Aldi (Lebanon), World Archaeology 6 / 2:138-153. Nicodemus A. and Lemke, A. K. 2016 Specialized bone working in the bronze age? The organization of production at Pecica-Banjul Mare, Romania, Cuadernos del Instituta Nacional de Antropologia y Pensamiento Latinoamericano Series Especiales 3/2; 103-120. Olsen, S. 1988 The identification of stone and metal tool marks on bone artifacts, in: Scanning Electron Microscopy in Archaeology, S. Olsen, ed., Oxford: BAR International Series 452:337360 Peltier, A. 1986 Étude expérimentale des surfaces osseuses façonnées et utilisées, Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 83/1:5-7. Provenzano, N. 2001 Worked Bone Assemblages from Northern Italian Terramares: A Technological Approach, in: Crafting Bone: Skeletal Technologies through Time and Space. Proceedings of the 2nd meeting of the (ICAZ) Worked Bone Research Group Budapest, 31 August - 5 September 1999, A. M. Choyke and Bartosiewicz, eds., Oxford: Archaeopress: British Archaeological Reports International Series 937,93-109. Rajković, D. i Baien, J. 2016 Sarvaš. Neolitičko i eneolitiško naselje!!, Osijek: Muzej Slavonije Osijek, Arheološki muzej Zagreb. Semenov, S. A1976 Prehistoric technology. An experimental study of the oldest tools and artefacts from traces of manufacture and wear, Wiltshire: Barnes
and Noble. Tasić, N. 1984a. Die Vatin-Kultur, in: Kulturen der Fruhbronzezeit das Karpatenbeckens und Nordbalkans, ed. N. Tasić. Beograd: Balkanološki institut SANU, Posebna izdanja 22,59-81. Тасић, H. 19846. Винча y бакарно и бронзано доба, y Винчаупраисторији u средњем веку С. Ћелић, ур„ Београд: Галерија Српске академије наука и уметности, 57-85. Torke, W. 1993 Die Fischerei am prähistorischen Federsee, Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 23:49-66. Toškan, B. 2009 Artefakti iz kosti, rogovij in zob z bakrenodobnih kolišč Stare Gmajne in Blatna Brezovica / Bone, antler and teeth artefacts from the Copper Age pile-dwellings Stare Gmajne and Blatna Brezovica, in: Koliščarska naselbina Stare gmajne in njen čas. Ljubljansko barjev2. polovici 4. tisočletja pr. Kr./Stare gmajne Pile-dwelling Settlement and Its Era. The Ljubljansko barje in the 2nd half of the 4th millennium BC, A. Velušček ed., Ljubljana: Založba Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU, 287-307. Vitezović, S. 2018 Bone industry in the Eneolithic period in the South-East Europe, u: Povratak u prošlost - Bakreno doba u sjevernoj Hrvatskoj/Back to the past - Copper Age in Northen Croatia), J. Baien, I. Miloglav and D. Rajković, eds., Zagreb, Osijek: Archaelogical Museum in Zagreb, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Archaeological Museum Osijek. Zagreb: 161-185, DOI: https://doi. org/10.17234/9789531758185-09 Vitezović, S. 2019 Manufacturing antler in the Late Vučedol culture: The case study of Zôk, in: 7th International Scientific Conference Methodology and archaeometry - MetArh 7, Zagreb,
2-3 dec. 2019,1. Miloglav ed„ Zagreb: Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, 45. Zalai-Gaal, 1.2005 Die Geweihharpunen und Harpunenfischer-ei im Spatneolithikum des Karpatenbeckens, Prähistorische Zeitschrift 79:133-144. Узелац, J. 1976 Предмети од кости и pora из Ватина y збирци Народног музеја y Вршцу, Старинар, н. с. XXVI: 131-141. Vitezović, S. and Krištofić, V. 2019 Bone industry in the Vučedol culture: some preliminary results, Paper presented at the Conference Prehistoric Communities along the Danube, Osijek, 28-30 Nov. 2019, Osijek: Arheološki muzej Osijek, 31. Vitezović, S. 2016 Metodologija proučavanja praistorijskih koštanih industrija, Beograd: Srpsko arheološko društvo. Vitezović, S. 2017 Antler exploitation and management in the Vinca culture: An overview of evidence from Serbia, Quaternary International 450:209-223, https://doi. org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.12.048 183
Resume/ A CENTURY HAS PASSED SINCE SYSTEMATIC RESEARCH of the prehistoric Vârhegy began in Zôk, near Pécs, in today's Hungarian Baranya. With the support of the Ministry of Education of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the National Museum in Belgrade implemented these archeological excavations from August to November 1920. In less than three months, an area of 585 m2 was explored, and during that time over 3600 significant archaeological findings of ceramics, stone and bone were discovered. Stylistic characteristics of these findings indicated that they belonged to the Lasinja, Baden, Vučedol and Somogyvâr- Vinkovci cultures (from the end of the 5th to the end of the 3rd millennium BC). Before the end of the First World War, the Serbian army occupied AustroHungarian Baranya with the intention of that territory remaining, de facto, within the future Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. However, the Trianon Peace Agreement of June 4,1920 forced the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes to evacuate its army and administration. Coincidentally, that very month, the Serbian county government in Pécs invited experts from the National Museum in Belgrade to visit a site rich in prehistoric findings. The Ministry of Education of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and the National Museum in Belgrade approved the invitation and sent curator Dušan Đ. Karapandžić (1888-1963), an archaeologist and professor of Latin to organize the archeological research. In order understand the historical context that likely motivated archaeological research at the Zök site, it is
necessary to take into account two factors: the political circumstances during and after the war years and the idea that archaeology work at the time functioned as a sociopolitical statement. Indeed, due to the extensive damage to the Museum and its collections during the Austro-Hungarian bombing of Belgrade in 1914 and occupation of 1915-1918, the beginning of archaeological excavations at Vârhegy in Zôk could be interpreted as cultural backlash against the defeated Austro-Hungarian monarchy. However, were these the reasons for cultural revanchism towards the defeated Monarchy? Or was the archaeological adventure in Zôk in 1920 only part of the political game that the government in Belgrade played for purposes of national demagoguery to propagate the definitive stay of the Serbian administration and army in Baranya after the signing of the Trianon Peace Agreement? 189
From the above offered options, the motive to start the archaeological excavations of Vârhegy can be seen in the context of archaeology following war conflicts, political behind-the-scenes activities and simply taking advantage of opportunities. Thanks to the first excavations by Dušan Đ. Karapandžić, and the many years of research (1977-1987) by Istvan Ecsedy, PhD, knowledge of prehistoric Baranya was deepened and the significance in archaeological literature of the multi-layered site at Vârhegy in Zök was emphasized. From the discovered archaeological material and from horizontal and vertical stratigraphy (determined by Ecsedy) the oldest layer at Vârhegy in Zôk dates to the Middle Neolithic culture Lasinja-Balaton I (approx. 3900/3800 BC). The oldest settlement replaced dwelling horizons from the classical and late phase of the Baden culture (approx. 3300/3200-2900 BC). Stratigraphically, the largest layer belonged to the fortified settlement, which spread over the entire Vârhegy plateau, a regional northern variant of the Late Classical and Late Vučedol culture (ca. 280 0/2700-260 0/2500 BC). During this phase of development, the Vučedol culture experienced an explosion of cultural expansion outside the original Vučedol area. The Late Vučedol culture belonged to the transitional period (i.e., the transition from the Copper to the Bronze Age) and can be considered as a local proto-Bronze Age phenomenon. The most recent material traces discovered on the Vârhegy plateau belonged to the cultural phenomenon of the Early Bronze Age, Somogyvâr- Vinkovci (approx.
2600/2500-2300/2200 BC). The aim of this catalog is to provide an overview of published and unpublished archaeological artifacts found during the first, systematic archaeological excavations ofthe prehistoric site of Vârhegy in the village of Zôk, which have been in the National Museum in Belgrade since the end of November 1920. The temporal distance of one century, and the lack of field documentation, limited the collection of relevant and constructive data within the appropriate archaeological context. For instance, some specimens were signed with stated depths and probe markings, but in stratigraphic terms they mean nothing because they do not reflect the present stratigraphy and different phases of settlement. Despite numerous professional papers on archaeological findings from this region (Hungarian and Croatian part of Baranya), the importance of thise work can interpreted as a more thorough review of the history of archaeological scientific discipline in Serbia as well as to the study of archaeology’s social role. In this respect, the publication of archaeological findings after one century does not solve crucial scientific issues related to the spread or chronological determination of Copper Age or Bronze Age cultures in Baranya, but acknowledges and gives thanks to Professor Dušan Đ. Karapandžić, and all curators of the National Museum in Belgrade who have, after him, processed, adequately stored and presented objects from Vârhegy in Zôk through a permanent museum exhibition. 190 RESUME
ÖSSZEFOGLALÖ/ Egy egész évszâzad telt el azôta, hogy a mai magyar Baranyâban, Pécs közvetlen szomszédsâgâban, Zôk-Vârhegy kôzségben megkezdödött az ôskori Gradina môdszeres kutatâsa. A Belgrad! Nemzeti Mûzeum a Szerb-Horvât-Szlovén Kirâlysâg Oktatâsi Minisztériumânak tâmogatâsâval 1920. augusztusa és novembere között régészeti feltârâsokat végzett ezen a helyen. Kevesebb, mint hârom hônap alatt 585 m2-es területet târtak fel, és a kutatâs sorân több mint 3600 jelentôs régészeti kerâmia-, kô- és csontlelet került elô, amelyek stilusjegyei a siksâgi, a balaton-lasinjai, a badeni, a vučedoli és a vinkovci-kultûrâra utalnak (i.e. 5. szâzad végétôl a 3. szâzad végéig). Az elsô vilâghâborû vége elôtt a szerb hadsereg elfoglalta az Osztrâk-Magyar fennhatôsâg alatt allô Baranyât azzal a szândékkal, hogy ez a terület, de facto a leendô Szerb-Horvât-Szlovén Kirâlysâg (SzHSz) hatârain belül maradjon. Az 1920. jûnius 4-i trianoni békeszerzôdés azonban arra kényszeritette a Szerb-Horvât-Szlovén Kirâlysâgot, hogy kivonja hadseregét és kôzigazgatâsât a területrôl. Véletlen vagy nem, a pécsi szerb megyei kormânyzat még abban a hônapban meghivta a Belgrad! Nemzeti Mûzeum szakembereit, hogy lâtogassâk meg az ôskori leletekben gazdag lelôhelyet. Tekintettel arra, hogy a mûzeum és gyüjteményei mekkora kart szenvedtek Belgrâd 1914-es osztrâkmagyar bombâzâsâban és az 1915-1918-as megszâllâs idején, a Gradina régészeti âsatâsainak megkezdése Zôkon a legyôzôtt Osztrâk-Magyar Monarchia elleni kulturâlis bosszûként is értelmezhetô. A Szerb-Horvât-Szlovén Kirâlysâg Oktatâsi Minisztériuma és a
Belgrâd! Nemzeti Mûzeum pozitiv vâlaszt adott a meghivâsra, és elküldte munkatârsât, Dušan Đ. Karapandžić (1888-1963) régészt, alatinnyelvprofesszorât, aki sikerrel szervezte meg Gradina régészeti kutatâsât Zôkon. A Zôk régészeti lelôhely kutatâsânak megkezdését megelôzô kôrülmények következetes és âtfogô âttekintése érdekében figyelembe kell venni a hâborûs évek alatti és utâni politikai kôrülményeket, valamint azt a tényt, hogy a régészet az SZHSZ Kirâlysâgban, de mâsutt is, egészen mâs târsadalmi és nemzeti funkciôt töltött be a XX. szâzad elsô felében, mint napjainkban. Tény, hogy a Nemzeti Mûzeum épületei és gyüjteményei sûlyosan megsérültek Belgrâd 1914. augusztusi osztrâk-magyar bombâzâsa sorân, az is igaz, hogy a mûzeumi gyûjteményt elpusztitotta a hâborû, valamint az osztrâkmagyar katonai és polgâri hatôsâgok gondatlansâga 1914-1918 között, de vajon ezek voltak a kulturâlis bosszûâllâs okai a legyôzôtt Monarchia irânyâban? Vagy az 1920 -as zôki régészeti kaland csak egy kis része volt annak a politikai jâtszmânak, amelyet a belgrâdi kormâny tudatosan nemzeti demagôgiâra hasznâlt fel a szerb kôzigazgatâs és hadsereg végleges baranyai tartôzkodâsânak propagâlâsâra a trianoni békeszerzôdés utân? A felkinâlt lehetôségek kôzül a hâborûs konfliktusokat, politikai kulisszâk mögötti tevékenységet kôvetô, a lehetôségeket egyszerüen kihasznâlô régészet kontextusâban mutatkozik meg a Zôk kôzségben talâlhatô Gradina régészeti feltârâsânak inditéka és kezdeményezése. Dušan Đ. Karapandžić elsô âsatâsai, és különösen Dr. Ecsedy Istvân sokéves kutatâsa (1977-1987) elmélyitette
ismereteinket az ôskori Baranyârôl, és hangsûlyozta a 191
zôki Gradina tôbbrétegû lelôhelyének igen nagyjelentôségét a régészeti szakirodalomban. Megâllapïtâst nyert, hogy a feltârt régészeti anyag és az Ecsedy âltal meghatârozott vizszintes illetve függôleges rétegrend szerint a zôkai Gradina legrégebbi rétege az I. Lasinja-Balaton kôzépsô neolit kultûrâhoz tartozik (i.e. kb. 3900/3800). A legrégebbi település valtja a lakôhorizontot a badeni kultura klasszikus és késôi szakaszâbôl (i.e. kb. 3300/3200-2900). Rétegtanilag a legerôsebb réteg az erôditett településé, amely a Gradina egész fennsikân elterjedt, a késô klasszikus és kései vučedoli- kultura regionâlis északi vâltozata (i.e. kb. 2800/2700-2600/2500). A fejlôdésnek ebben a szakaszâban a vucedoli-kultûra a kulturâlis terjeszkedés robbanâsszerû nôvekedését mutatja Vučedol elsôdleges területén kivül. A kései vucedoli-kultûra az âtmeneti idôszakhoz, vagyis a rézkorbôl a bronzkorba valô âtmenethez tartozik, és helyi korabronzkori jelenségnek tekinthetô. A Gradina-fennsikon feltârt legfiatalabb anyagnyomok a kora bronzkori Somogyvâr-Vinkovci (i.e. kb. 2600/2500-2300/2200) kulturâlis jelenségéhez tartoznak. A katalôgus célja, hogy âttekintést adjon a Zôk faluban talâlhatô Gradina ôskori lelôhely elsô, môdszeres régészeti feltârâsâbôl szârmazo publikâlt és kiadatlan régészeti leleteirôl, amelyek 1920 novemberének vége ôta a belgrâdi Nemzeti Mûzeumban talâlhatôak. Az egy évszâzados idôtâvolsâg és a terepi dokumentâciô hiânya korlâtozta a relevâns és épitô jellegû adatok megfelelô régészeti kontextusban tôrténô gyûjtését, mivel egyes példânyokat a megadott mélységekkel és
szondajelzésekkel lâttâk el, âm ezek rétegtani értelemben semmit sem jelentenek, mert nem tükrôzik ajelenlegi rétegrendet, illetve a letelepedés különbözö szakaszait. Ugyan szâmos szakmai kôzlemény szôl az errôl a vidékrôl (Baranya magyar és horvât része) szârmazo régészeti leletekrôl, e kiadvâny jelentôsége megmutatkozik a szerzô âltal véghezvitt egykori Szerb Kirâlysâg, azaz a Szerb-Horvât-Szlovén Kirâlysâg régészet tôrténetének és fejlôdésének alapos tanulmânyozâsâban és tükrôzi az elsô kutatâsok jelentôségét, amelyet példâul Dušan Karapandžić végzett. Ez a kiadvâny jelentôsen hozzâjârul a szerbiai régészettudomâny tôrténetének, valamint a régészet târsadalmi szerepének tanulmânyozâsâhoz. Noha a régészeti leletek egy évszâzad utâni publikâlâsa nem oldja meg a baranyai rézkori vagy kronolôgiai meghatârozâsâval kapcsolatos sarkalatos tudomânyos kérdéseket, a kôtet tisztelgés Dušan Karapandžić professzor és a Belgrâdi Nemzeti Mûzeum munkatârsainak munkâja elôtt, akik feldolgoztâk, megfelelôen ôrizték és âllandô mûzeumi kiâllitâs keretein belül bemutattâk a zôki Gradinarôl szârmazo târgyakat. 192 ÖSSZEFOGLALÖ |
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| genre | (DE-588)4135467-9 Ausstellungskatalog 2022 Belgrad gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Ausstellungskatalog 2022 Belgrad |
| geographic | Zók Várhegy (DE-588)1296388859 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Zók Várhegy |
| id | DE-604.BV049053851 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:22:18Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:53:55Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788672692105 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034316137 |
| oclc_num | 1390812320 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 195 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230717 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Narodni muzej u Beogradu |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Praistorija |
| series2 | Praistorija |
| spelling | 880-01 Mitrović, Jovan D., 1983- Verfasser aut 880-03 Praistorijska Gradina - Zok istraživanja Narodnog muzeja u Beogradu Jovan D. Mitrović, Nenad Radojčić 880-04 Beograd Narodni muzej u Beogradu 2022. 195 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier 880-05 Praistorija 5 Auflage 200. - Literaturverzeichnis Seite 181-183 Text serbisch. - Englische und ungarische Zusammenfassung Kyrillisch Narodni muzej Belgrad (DE-588)1008371-6 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1920 gnd rswk-swf Steinzeit (DE-588)4057226-2 gnd rswk-swf Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd rswk-swf Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd rswk-swf Zók Várhegy (DE-588)1296388859 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4135467-9 Ausstellungskatalog 2022 Belgrad gnd-content Zók Várhegy (DE-588)1296388859 g Narodni muzej Belgrad (DE-588)1008371-6 b Steinzeit (DE-588)4057226-2 s Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 s Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 s Geschichte 1920 z DE-604 880-02 Radojčić, Nenad, 1949- Sonstige oth Praistorija 5 (DE-604)BV004844702 5 Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034316137&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034316137&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034316137&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract 100-01/(N Митровић, Јован Д. ut 700-02/(N Радојчић, Ненад th 245-03/(N Праисторијска Градина - Зок истраживања Народног музеја у Београду Јован Д. Митровић, Ненад Радојчић 264-04/(N Београд Народни музеј у Београду 2022. 490-05/(N Праисторија |
| spellingShingle | Mitrović, Jovan D., 1983- Praistorijska Gradina - Zok istraživanja Narodnog muzeja u Beogradu Praistorija Narodni muzej Belgrad (DE-588)1008371-6 gnd Steinzeit (DE-588)4057226-2 gnd Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1008371-6 (DE-588)4057226-2 (DE-588)4008357-3 (DE-588)4181216-5 (DE-588)1296388859 (DE-588)4135467-9 |
| title | Praistorijska Gradina - Zok istraživanja Narodnog muzeja u Beogradu |
| title_auth | Praistorijska Gradina - Zok istraživanja Narodnog muzeja u Beogradu |
| title_exact_search | Praistorijska Gradina - Zok istraživanja Narodnog muzeja u Beogradu |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Praistorijska Gradina - Zok istraživanja Narodnog muzeja u Beogradu |
| title_full | Praistorijska Gradina - Zok istraživanja Narodnog muzeja u Beogradu Jovan D. Mitrović, Nenad Radojčić |
| title_fullStr | Praistorijska Gradina - Zok istraživanja Narodnog muzeja u Beogradu Jovan D. Mitrović, Nenad Radojčić |
| title_full_unstemmed | Praistorijska Gradina - Zok istraživanja Narodnog muzeja u Beogradu Jovan D. Mitrović, Nenad Radojčić |
| title_short | Praistorijska Gradina - Zok |
| title_sort | praistorijska gradina zok istrazivanja narodnog muzeja u beogradu |
| title_sub | istraživanja Narodnog muzeja u Beogradu |
| topic | Narodni muzej Belgrad (DE-588)1008371-6 gnd Steinzeit (DE-588)4057226-2 gnd Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Narodni muzej Belgrad Steinzeit Bronzezeit Siedlungsarchäologie Zók Várhegy Ausstellungskatalog 2022 Belgrad |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034316137&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034316137&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034316137&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV004844702 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mitrovicjovand1983 praistorijskagradinazokistrazivanjanarodnogmuzejaubeogradu AT radojcicnenad1949 praistorijskagradinazokistrazivanjanarodnogmuzejaubeogradu |