Principles of anatomy and physiology: [Textbook]
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Hoboken, NJ
Wiley
[2023]
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xvi, 1014 Seiten, 10 verschieden gezählte Seiten, G-27, I-36 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781394212835 |
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MARC
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| 020 | |a 9781394212835 |c Textbook |9 978-1-394-21283-5 | ||
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| 100 | 1 | |a Tortora, Gerard J. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)132130270 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Principles of anatomy and physiology |p [Textbook] |c Gerard J. Tortora, Bryan H. Derrickson |
| 264 | 1 | |a Hoboken, NJ |b Wiley |c [2023] | |
| 300 | |a xvi, 1014 Seiten, 10 verschieden gezählte Seiten, G-27, I-36 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 700 | 1 | |a Derrickson, Bryan H. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)132130335 |4 aut | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804185350021578752 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS PREFACE 1 3.8 Cellular Diversity 96 3.9 Aging and Cells 96 Review Questions 97 Critical Thinking Questions 98 ѴІ An Introduction to the Human Body i 4 Anatomy and Physiology Defined 1 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems 1 1.3 Characteristics of the Living Human Organism 7 1.4 Homeostasis 8 1.5 Basic Anatomical Terminology 13 1.6 Aging and Homeostasis 20 1.7 Medical Imaging 21 Review Questions 25 Critical Thinking Questions 26 1.1 1.2 2 4.1 4.2 4.3 Types of Tissues 99 Cell Junctions 100 Comparison Between Epithelial and Connective Tissues 102 4.4 Epithelial Tissue 102 4.5 Connective Tissue 114 4.6 Membranes 125 4.7 Muscular Tissue 127 4.8 Nervous Tissue 129 4.9 Excitable Cells 129 4.10 Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis 4.11 Aging and Tissues 131 Review Questions 131 Critical Thinking Questions 132 The Chemical Level of Organization 27 2.1 How Matter Is Organized 27 2.2 Chemical Bonds 31 2.3 Chemical Reactions 34 2.4 Inorganic Compounds and Solutions 37 2.5 Overview of Organic Compounds 41 2.6 Carbohydrates 42 2.7 Lipids 44 2.8 Proteins 47 2.9 Nucleic Acids 51 2.10 Adenosine Triphosphate 54 Review Questions 55 Critical Thinking Questions 56 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 5 130 The Integumentary System ізз Structure of the Skin 133 Accessory Structures of the Skin 140 Types of Skin 145 Functions of the Skin 146 Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin Wound Healing 147 5.6 Development of the Integumentary System 149 5.7 Aging and the Integumentary System 149 Review Questions 153 Critical Thinking Questions 153 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 The Cellular Level of
Organization 57 Parts of a Cell 57 The Plasma Membrane 58 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm 71 Nucleus 82 Protein Synthesis 85 Cell Division 89 The Tissue Level of Organization 99 6 The Skeletal System: Bone TiSSUe 154 62 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System Structure of Bone 155 Histology of Bone Tissue 155 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone 160 154 xi
xii CONTENTS 6.5 Bone Formation 161 6.6 Fracture and Repair of Bone 167 6.7 Bone’s Role in Calcium Homeostasis 6.8 Exercise and Bone Tissue 171 6.9 Aging and Bone Tissue 171 Review Questions 173 Critical Thinking Questions 173 7 170 The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton 174 7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System 174 7.2 Types of Bones 175 7.3 Bone Surface Markings 177 7.4 Skull: An Overview 178 7.5 Cranial Cavity Bones 178 7.6 Facial Bones 187 7.7 Special Features of the Skull 188 7.8 Hyoid Bone 193 7.9 Vertebral Column 193 7.10 Vertebral Regions 196 7.11 Thorax 202 Review Questions 205 Critical Thinking Questions 205 8 The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton 206 8.1 Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle 206 8.2 Upper Limb (Extremity) 208 8.3 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle 214 8.4 Greater and Lesser Pelves 216 8.5 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 218 8.6 Lower Limb (Extremity) 218 8.7 Development of the Skeletal System 225 Review Questions 228 Critical Thinking Questions 229 9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 JOÍntS 230 Joint Classification 230 Fibrous Joints 231 Cartilaginous Joints 231 Synovial Joints 233 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 235 Types of Synovial Joints 240 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints 243 Selected Joints of the Body 244 9.9 Temporomandibular Joint 246 9.10 Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint 247 9.11 Elbow Joint 249 9.12 Hip Joint 250 9.13 Knee Joint 253 9.14 Aging and Joints 256 9.15 Arthroplasty 256 Review Questions 258 Critical Thinking Questions 258 10 Muscular Tissue 259 10.1 Overview of Muscular Tissue 259 10.2 Structure of
Skeletal Muscle Tissue 260 10.3 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 269 10.4 MuscleMetabolism 277 10.5 Control of Muscle Tension 279 10.6 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 282 10.7 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue 283 10.8 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 285 10.9 Smooth Muscle Tissue 285 10.10 Regeneration of Muscular Tissue 287 10.11 Development of Muscle 288 10.12 Aging and Muscular Tissue 289 Review Questions 289 Critical Thinking Questions 290 11 The Muscular System 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movements 291 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named 298 Overview of the Principal Skeletal Muscles 299 Muscles of the Head That Produce Facial Expressions 299 Muscles of the Head That Move the Eyeballs and Upper Eyelids 301 Muscles That Move the Mandible and Assist in Mastication and Speech 304 Muscles of the Head That Move the Tongue and Assist in Mastication and Speech 306 Muscles of the Anterior Neck That Assist in Deglutition and Speech 307 Muscles of the Neck That Move the Head 309 Muscles of the Abdomen That Protect Abdominal Viscera and Move the Vertebral Column 311 Muscles of the Thorax That Assist in Breathing 314 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor That Support the Pelvic Viscera and Function as Sphincters 317 Muscles of the Perineum 318 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 291
CONTENTS 11.14 Muscles of the Thorax That Move the Pectoral Girdle 320 11.15 Muscles of the Thorax and Shoulder That Move the Humerus 322 11.16 Muscles of the Arm That Move the Radius and Ulna 326 11.17 Muscles of the Forearm That Move the Wrist, Hand, Thumb, and Digits 330 11.18 Muscles of the Palm That Move the Digits—Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand 335 11.19 Muscles of the Neck and Back That Move the Vertebral Column 338 11.20 Muscles of the Gluteal Region That Move the Femur 342 11.21 Muscles of the Thigh That Move the Femur, Tibia, and Fibula 348 11.22 Muscles of the Leg That Move the Foot and Toes 350 11.23 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot That Move the Toes 355 Review Questions 359 Critical Thinking Questions 360 12 Nervous Tissue 361 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.10 Overview ofthe Nervous System 361 Histology of Nervous Tissue 363 Electrical Signals in Neurons: An Overview Resting Membrane Potential 374 Graded Potentials 378 Action Potentials 379 Signal Transmission at Synapses 386 Neurotransmitters 392 Neural Circuits 395 Regeneration and Repair of Nervous Tissue 396 Review Questions 398 Critical Thinking Questions 398 13 The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 399 13.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy 399 13.2 Spinal Nerves 405 13.3 Cervical Plexus 409 13.4 Brachial Plexus 410 13.5 Lumbar Plexus 412 13.6 Sacral and Coccygeal Plexuses 13.7 Spinal Cord Physiology 415 Review Questions 423 Critical Thinking Questions 423 14 424 14.1 Brain Organization, Protection, and Blood Supply 424 14.2 Cerebrospinal Fluid 428 14.3 The Brainstem and Reticular Formation 432 14.4 The
Cerebellum 437 14.5 The Diencephalon 439 14.6 The Cerebrum 442 14.7 Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex 447 14.8 Cranial Nerves: An Overview 452 14.9 Olfactory (I) Nerve 452 14.10 Optic (II) Nerve 453 14.11 Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), and Abducens (VI) Nerves 454 14.12 Trigeminal (V) Nerve 456 14.13 Facial (VII) Nerve 457 14.14 Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve 457 14.15 Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerve 458 14.16 Vagus (X) Nerve 460 14.17 Accessory (XI) Nerve 461 14.18 Hypoglossal (XII) Nerve 461 14.19 Development of the Nervous System 462 14.20 Aging and the Nervous System 465 Review Questions 466 Critical Thinking Questions 466 371 15 The Autonomic Nervous System 15.1 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems 467 15.2 Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathways 468 15.3 ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors 477 15.4 Physiology oftheANS 480 15.5 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions 483 Review Questions 485 Critical Thinking Questions 486 16 414 The Brain and Cranial Nerves xiii Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems 487 16.1 Sensation 487 16.2 Somatic Sensations 491 16.3 Somatic Sensory Pathways 497 16.4 Control of Body Movement 499 16.5 Integrative Functions ofthe Cerebrum Review Questions 512 Critical Thinking Questions 512 508 467
xiv CONTENTS 17 The Special Senses 20 513 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart 619 17.1 Olfaction: Sense of Smell 513 17.2 Gustation: Sense of Taste 517 17.3 Vision: An Overview 520 17.4 Accessory Structures of the Eye 520 17.5 Anatomy of the Eyeball 523 17.6 Physiology of Vision 528 17.7 Hearing 536 17.8 Equilibrium 546 17.9 Development of the Eyes and Ears 549 17.10 Aging and the Special Senses 552 20.1 Anatomy of the Heart 619 20.2 Heart Valves and Circulation of Blood 626 20.3 Cardiac Muscle Tissue and the Cardiac Conduction System 632 20.4 The Cardiac Cycle 639 20.5 Cardiac Output 641 20.6 Exercise and the Heart 645 20.7 Help for Failing Hearts 646 20.8 Development of the Heart 648 Review Questions 553 Critical Thinking Questions Review Questions 649 Critical Thinking Questions 18 553 The Endocrine System 554 18.1 Comparison of Control by the Nervous and Endocrine Systems 554 18.2 Endocrine Glands 555 18.3 Hormone Activity 555 18.4 Mechanisms of Hormone Action 559 18.5 Control of Hormone Secretion 561 18.6 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 561 18.7 Thyroid Gland 571 18.8 Parathyroid Glands 575 18.9 Suprarenal (Adrenal) Glands 578 18.10 Pancreatic Islets 581 18.11 Ovaries and Testes 586 18.12 Pineal Gland and Thymus 586 18.13 Other Endocrine Tissues and Organs, Eicosanoids, and Growth Factors 587 18.14 The Stress Response 589 18.15 Development of the Endocrine System 591 18.16 Aging and the Endocrine System 591 21 650 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics 65i Functionsand Properties of Blood 595 Formation of Blood Cells 599 Red Blood Cells 601 White
Blood Cells 604 Platelets 607 Stem Cell Transplants from Bone Marrow and Cord Blood 608 19.7 Hemostasis 609 19.8 Blood Groups and Blood Types 613 21.1 Structure and Function of Bloodvessels 651 21.2 Capillary Exchange 659 21.3 Hemodynamics: Factors Affecting Blood Flow 662 21.4 Control of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow 665 21.5 Checking Circulation 669 21.6 Shock and Homeostasis 671 21.7 Circulatory Routes: Systemic Circulation 673 21.8 The Aorta and Its Branches 675 21.9 Ascending Aorta 678 21.10 The Aortic Arch 679 21.11 Thoracic Aorta 683 21.12 Abdominal Aorta 686 21.13 Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs 691 21.14 Veins of the Systemic Circulation 694 21.15 Veins of the Head and Neck 696 21.16 Veins of the Upper Limbs 698 21.17 Veins of the Thorax 702 21.18 Veins of the Abdomen and Pelvis 704 21.19 Veins of the Lower Limbs 706 21.20 Circulatory Routes: The Hepatic Portal Circulation 710 21.21 Circulatory Routes: The Pulmonary Circulation 711 21.22 Circulatory Routes: The Fetal Circulation 712 21.23 Development of Blood Vessels and Blood 715 21.24 Aging and the Cardiovascular System 716 Review Questions 617 Critical Thinking Questions Review Questions 718 Critical Thinking Questions Review Questions 594 Critical Thinking Questions 19 594 The Cardiovascular System: The Blood 595 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 618 719
CONTENTS xv 22 The Lymphoid (Lymphatic) System and Immunity Review Questions 843 Critical Thinking Questions 844 720 25 Metabolism and Nutrition 845 22.1 The Concept of Immunity 720 22.2 Overview of the Lymphoid System 721 22.3 Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation 721 22.4 Lymphoid Organs and Tissues 726 22.5 Development of Lymphoid Tissues 731 22.6 Innate Immunity 732 22.7 Adaptive Immunity 736 22.8 Cell-Mediated Immunity 742 22.9 Antibody-Mediated Immunity 745 22.10 Self-Recognition and Self-Tolerance 750 22.11 Stress and Immunity 751 22.12 Aging and the Lymphoid System 752 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 25.8 25.9 25.10 Review Questions 754 Critical Thinking Questions Review Questions 880 Critical Thinking Questions -880 754 23 The Respiratory System 755 23.1 Overview of the Respiratory System 755 23.2 The Upper Respiratory System 756 23.3 The Lower Respiratory System 761 23.4 Pulmonary Ventilation 773 23.5 Lung Volumes and Capacities 778 23.6 Exchangeof Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 779 23.7 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 782 23.8 Control of Breathing 786 23.9 Exercise and the Respiratory System 791 23.10 Development of the Respiratory System 792 23.11 Aging and the Respiratory System 793 Review Questions 795 Critical Thinking Questions 7эв 24.1 Overview of the Digestive System 796 24.2 Layers of the Digestive Canal 798 24.3 Neural Innervation ofthe Digestive Canal 799 24.4 Peritoneum 800 24.5 Mouth 802 24.6 Pharynx 808 24.7 Esophagus 809 24.8 Deglutition 810 24.9 Stomach 811 24.10 Pancreas 816 24.11 Liver and Gallbladder 818 24.12 Small Intestine 822 24.13
Large Intestine 833 24.14 Phases of Digestion 837 24.15 Development ofthe Digestive System 840 24.16 Aging and the Digestive System 841 862 26 The Urinary System sei 26.1 Overview of the Urinary System 881 26.2 Anatomy ofthe Kidneys 883 26.3 The Nephron 887 26.4 Overview of Renal Physiology 892 26.5 Glomerular Filtration 893 26.6 Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion 897 26.7 Production of Dilute and Concentrated Urine 905 26.8 Evaluation of Kidney Function 910 26.9 Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination 912 26.10 Waste Management in Other Body Systems 915 26.11 Development ofthe Urinary System 915 26.12 Aging and the Urinary System 917 Review Questions 919 Critical Thinking Questions 795 24 The Digestive System Metabolic Reactions 845 Energy Transfer 846 Carbohydrate Metabolism 847 Lipid Metabolism 858 Protein Metabolism 861 Key Molecules at Metabolic Crossroads Metabolic Adaptations 865 Energy Balance 869 Regulation of Body Temperature 872 Nutrition 875 919 27 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 920 Fluid Compartments and Fluid Homeostasis Electrolytes in Body Fluids 926 Acid-Base Balance 930 Aging and Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis 935 Review Questions 936 Critical Thinking Questions 936 28 The Genital (Reproductive) Systems 937 28.1 Male Genital (Reproductive) System 937 28.2 Female Genital (Reproductive) System 951 920
xvi CONTENTS 28.3 The Female Reproductive Cycle 966 28.4 The Human Sexual Response 971 28.5 Birth Control Methods and Abortion 972 28.6 Development of the Genital Systems 975 28.7 Aging and the Genital Systems 976 Review Questions 980 Critical Thinking Questions 980 29.8 Exercise and Pregnancy 1004 29.9 Labor 1004 29.10 Adjustments ofthe Infant at Birth 1006 29.11 The Physiology of Lactation 1006 29.12 Inheritance 1008 Review Questions 1013 Critical Thinking Questions 1014 29 Development and Inheritance 98i APPENDIX A APPENDIX В APPENDIX C 29.1 Overview of Development 981 29.2 The First Two Weeks ofthe Embryonic Period 29.3 The Remaining Weeks of the Embryonic Period 988 29.4 Fetal Period 996 29.5 Teratogens 999 29.6 Prenatal Diagnostic Tests 999 29.7 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy 1001 982 APPENDIX D APPENDIX E GLOSSARY INDEX 1-1 Measurements A-l Periodic Table B-3 Normal Values for Selected Blood Tests C-4 Normal Values for Selected Urine Tests D-6 Medical Eponyms E-8 G-l
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CONTENTS PREFACE 1 3.8 Cellular Diversity 96 3.9 Aging and Cells 96 Review Questions 97 Critical Thinking Questions 98 ѴІ An Introduction to the Human Body i 4 Anatomy and Physiology Defined 1 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems 1 1.3 Characteristics of the Living Human Organism 7 1.4 Homeostasis 8 1.5 Basic Anatomical Terminology 13 1.6 Aging and Homeostasis 20 1.7 Medical Imaging 21 Review Questions 25 Critical Thinking Questions 26 1.1 1.2 2 4.1 4.2 4.3 Types of Tissues 99 Cell Junctions 100 Comparison Between Epithelial and Connective Tissues 102 4.4 Epithelial Tissue 102 4.5 Connective Tissue 114 4.6 Membranes 125 4.7 Muscular Tissue 127 4.8 Nervous Tissue 129 4.9 Excitable Cells 129 4.10 Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis 4.11 Aging and Tissues 131 Review Questions 131 Critical Thinking Questions 132 The Chemical Level of Organization 27 2.1 How Matter Is Organized 27 2.2 Chemical Bonds 31 2.3 Chemical Reactions 34 2.4 Inorganic Compounds and Solutions 37 2.5 Overview of Organic Compounds 41 2.6 Carbohydrates 42 2.7 Lipids 44 2.8 Proteins 47 2.9 Nucleic Acids 51 2.10 Adenosine Triphosphate 54 Review Questions 55 Critical Thinking Questions 56 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 5 130 The Integumentary System ізз Structure of the Skin 133 Accessory Structures of the Skin 140 Types of Skin 145 Functions of the Skin 146 Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin Wound Healing 147 5.6 Development of the Integumentary System 149 5.7 Aging and the Integumentary System 149 Review Questions 153 Critical Thinking Questions 153 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 The Cellular Level of
Organization 57 Parts of a Cell 57 The Plasma Membrane 58 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm 71 Nucleus 82 Protein Synthesis 85 Cell Division 89 The Tissue Level of Organization 99 6 The Skeletal System: Bone TiSSUe 154 62 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System Structure of Bone 155 Histology of Bone Tissue 155 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone 160 154 xi
xii CONTENTS 6.5 Bone Formation 161 6.6 Fracture and Repair of Bone 167 6.7 Bone’s Role in Calcium Homeostasis 6.8 Exercise and Bone Tissue 171 6.9 Aging and Bone Tissue 171 Review Questions 173 Critical Thinking Questions 173 7 170 The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton 174 7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System 174 7.2 Types of Bones 175 7.3 Bone Surface Markings 177 7.4 Skull: An Overview 178 7.5 Cranial Cavity Bones 178 7.6 Facial Bones 187 7.7 Special Features of the Skull 188 7.8 Hyoid Bone 193 7.9 Vertebral Column 193 7.10 Vertebral Regions 196 7.11 Thorax 202 Review Questions 205 Critical Thinking Questions 205 8 The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton 206 8.1 Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle 206 8.2 Upper Limb (Extremity) 208 8.3 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle 214 8.4 Greater and Lesser Pelves 216 8.5 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 218 8.6 Lower Limb (Extremity) 218 8.7 Development of the Skeletal System 225 Review Questions 228 Critical Thinking Questions 229 9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 JOÍntS 230 Joint Classification 230 Fibrous Joints 231 Cartilaginous Joints 231 Synovial Joints 233 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 235 Types of Synovial Joints 240 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints 243 Selected Joints of the Body 244 9.9 Temporomandibular Joint 246 9.10 Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint 247 9.11 Elbow Joint 249 9.12 Hip Joint 250 9.13 Knee Joint 253 9.14 Aging and Joints 256 9.15 Arthroplasty 256 Review Questions 258 Critical Thinking Questions 258 10 Muscular Tissue 259 10.1 Overview of Muscular Tissue 259 10.2 Structure of
Skeletal Muscle Tissue 260 10.3 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 269 10.4 MuscleMetabolism 277 10.5 Control of Muscle Tension 279 10.6 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 282 10.7 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue 283 10.8 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 285 10.9 Smooth Muscle Tissue 285 10.10 Regeneration of Muscular Tissue 287 10.11 Development of Muscle 288 10.12 Aging and Muscular Tissue 289 Review Questions 289 Critical Thinking Questions 290 11 The Muscular System 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movements 291 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named 298 Overview of the Principal Skeletal Muscles 299 Muscles of the Head That Produce Facial Expressions 299 Muscles of the Head That Move the Eyeballs and Upper Eyelids 301 Muscles That Move the Mandible and Assist in Mastication and Speech 304 Muscles of the Head That Move the Tongue and Assist in Mastication and Speech 306 Muscles of the Anterior Neck That Assist in Deglutition and Speech 307 Muscles of the Neck That Move the Head 309 Muscles of the Abdomen That Protect Abdominal Viscera and Move the Vertebral Column 311 Muscles of the Thorax That Assist in Breathing 314 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor That Support the Pelvic Viscera and Function as Sphincters 317 Muscles of the Perineum 318 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 291
CONTENTS 11.14 Muscles of the Thorax That Move the Pectoral Girdle 320 11.15 Muscles of the Thorax and Shoulder That Move the Humerus 322 11.16 Muscles of the Arm That Move the Radius and Ulna 326 11.17 Muscles of the Forearm That Move the Wrist, Hand, Thumb, and Digits 330 11.18 Muscles of the Palm That Move the Digits—Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand 335 11.19 Muscles of the Neck and Back That Move the Vertebral Column 338 11.20 Muscles of the Gluteal Region That Move the Femur 342 11.21 Muscles of the Thigh That Move the Femur, Tibia, and Fibula 348 11.22 Muscles of the Leg That Move the Foot and Toes 350 11.23 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot That Move the Toes 355 Review Questions 359 Critical Thinking Questions 360 12 Nervous Tissue 361 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.10 Overview ofthe Nervous System 361 Histology of Nervous Tissue 363 Electrical Signals in Neurons: An Overview Resting Membrane Potential 374 Graded Potentials 378 Action Potentials 379 Signal Transmission at Synapses 386 Neurotransmitters 392 Neural Circuits 395 Regeneration and Repair of Nervous Tissue 396 Review Questions 398 Critical Thinking Questions 398 13 The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 399 13.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy 399 13.2 Spinal Nerves 405 13.3 Cervical Plexus 409 13.4 Brachial Plexus 410 13.5 Lumbar Plexus 412 13.6 Sacral and Coccygeal Plexuses 13.7 Spinal Cord Physiology 415 Review Questions 423 Critical Thinking Questions 423 14 424 14.1 Brain Organization, Protection, and Blood Supply 424 14.2 Cerebrospinal Fluid 428 14.3 The Brainstem and Reticular Formation 432 14.4 The
Cerebellum 437 14.5 The Diencephalon 439 14.6 The Cerebrum 442 14.7 Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex 447 14.8 Cranial Nerves: An Overview 452 14.9 Olfactory (I) Nerve 452 14.10 Optic (II) Nerve 453 14.11 Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), and Abducens (VI) Nerves 454 14.12 Trigeminal (V) Nerve 456 14.13 Facial (VII) Nerve 457 14.14 Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve 457 14.15 Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerve 458 14.16 Vagus (X) Nerve 460 14.17 Accessory (XI) Nerve 461 14.18 Hypoglossal (XII) Nerve 461 14.19 Development of the Nervous System 462 14.20 Aging and the Nervous System 465 Review Questions 466 Critical Thinking Questions 466 371 15 The Autonomic Nervous System 15.1 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems 467 15.2 Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathways 468 15.3 ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors 477 15.4 Physiology oftheANS 480 15.5 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions 483 Review Questions 485 Critical Thinking Questions 486 16 414 The Brain and Cranial Nerves xiii Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems 487 16.1 Sensation 487 16.2 Somatic Sensations 491 16.3 Somatic Sensory Pathways 497 16.4 Control of Body Movement 499 16.5 Integrative Functions ofthe Cerebrum Review Questions 512 Critical Thinking Questions 512 508 467
xiv CONTENTS 17 The Special Senses 20 513 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart 619 17.1 Olfaction: Sense of Smell 513 17.2 Gustation: Sense of Taste 517 17.3 Vision: An Overview 520 17.4 Accessory Structures of the Eye 520 17.5 Anatomy of the Eyeball 523 17.6 Physiology of Vision 528 17.7 Hearing 536 17.8 Equilibrium 546 17.9 Development of the Eyes and Ears 549 17.10 Aging and the Special Senses 552 20.1 Anatomy of the Heart 619 20.2 Heart Valves and Circulation of Blood 626 20.3 Cardiac Muscle Tissue and the Cardiac Conduction System 632 20.4 The Cardiac Cycle 639 20.5 Cardiac Output 641 20.6 Exercise and the Heart 645 20.7 Help for Failing Hearts 646 20.8 Development of the Heart 648 Review Questions 553 Critical Thinking Questions Review Questions 649 Critical Thinking Questions 18 553 The Endocrine System 554 18.1 Comparison of Control by the Nervous and Endocrine Systems 554 18.2 Endocrine Glands 555 18.3 Hormone Activity 555 18.4 Mechanisms of Hormone Action 559 18.5 Control of Hormone Secretion 561 18.6 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 561 18.7 Thyroid Gland 571 18.8 Parathyroid Glands 575 18.9 Suprarenal (Adrenal) Glands 578 18.10 Pancreatic Islets 581 18.11 Ovaries and Testes 586 18.12 Pineal Gland and Thymus 586 18.13 Other Endocrine Tissues and Organs, Eicosanoids, and Growth Factors 587 18.14 The Stress Response 589 18.15 Development of the Endocrine System 591 18.16 Aging and the Endocrine System 591 21 650 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics 65i Functionsand Properties of Blood 595 Formation of Blood Cells 599 Red Blood Cells 601 White
Blood Cells 604 Platelets 607 Stem Cell Transplants from Bone Marrow and Cord Blood 608 19.7 Hemostasis 609 19.8 Blood Groups and Blood Types 613 21.1 Structure and Function of Bloodvessels 651 21.2 Capillary Exchange 659 21.3 Hemodynamics: Factors Affecting Blood Flow 662 21.4 Control of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow 665 21.5 Checking Circulation 669 21.6 Shock and Homeostasis 671 21.7 Circulatory Routes: Systemic Circulation 673 21.8 The Aorta and Its Branches 675 21.9 Ascending Aorta 678 21.10 The Aortic Arch 679 21.11 Thoracic Aorta 683 21.12 Abdominal Aorta 686 21.13 Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs 691 21.14 Veins of the Systemic Circulation 694 21.15 Veins of the Head and Neck 696 21.16 Veins of the Upper Limbs 698 21.17 Veins of the Thorax 702 21.18 Veins of the Abdomen and Pelvis 704 21.19 Veins of the Lower Limbs 706 21.20 Circulatory Routes: The Hepatic Portal Circulation 710 21.21 Circulatory Routes: The Pulmonary Circulation 711 21.22 Circulatory Routes: The Fetal Circulation 712 21.23 Development of Blood Vessels and Blood 715 21.24 Aging and the Cardiovascular System 716 Review Questions 617 Critical Thinking Questions Review Questions 718 Critical Thinking Questions Review Questions 594 Critical Thinking Questions 19 594 The Cardiovascular System: The Blood 595 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 618 719
CONTENTS xv 22 The Lymphoid (Lymphatic) System and Immunity Review Questions 843 Critical Thinking Questions 844 720 25 Metabolism and Nutrition 845 22.1 The Concept of Immunity 720 22.2 Overview of the Lymphoid System 721 22.3 Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation 721 22.4 Lymphoid Organs and Tissues 726 22.5 Development of Lymphoid Tissues 731 22.6 Innate Immunity 732 22.7 Adaptive Immunity 736 22.8 Cell-Mediated Immunity 742 22.9 Antibody-Mediated Immunity 745 22.10 Self-Recognition and Self-Tolerance 750 22.11 Stress and Immunity 751 22.12 Aging and the Lymphoid System 752 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 25.8 25.9 25.10 Review Questions 754 Critical Thinking Questions Review Questions 880 Critical Thinking Questions -880 754 23 The Respiratory System 755 23.1 Overview of the Respiratory System 755 23.2 The Upper Respiratory System 756 23.3 The Lower Respiratory System 761 23.4 Pulmonary Ventilation 773 23.5 Lung Volumes and Capacities 778 23.6 Exchangeof Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 779 23.7 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 782 23.8 Control of Breathing 786 23.9 Exercise and the Respiratory System 791 23.10 Development of the Respiratory System 792 23.11 Aging and the Respiratory System 793 Review Questions 795 Critical Thinking Questions 7эв 24.1 Overview of the Digestive System 796 24.2 Layers of the Digestive Canal 798 24.3 Neural Innervation ofthe Digestive Canal 799 24.4 Peritoneum 800 24.5 Mouth 802 24.6 Pharynx 808 24.7 Esophagus 809 24.8 Deglutition 810 24.9 Stomach 811 24.10 Pancreas 816 24.11 Liver and Gallbladder 818 24.12 Small Intestine 822 24.13
Large Intestine 833 24.14 Phases of Digestion 837 24.15 Development ofthe Digestive System 840 24.16 Aging and the Digestive System 841 862 26 The Urinary System sei 26.1 Overview of the Urinary System 881 26.2 Anatomy ofthe Kidneys 883 26.3 The Nephron 887 26.4 Overview of Renal Physiology 892 26.5 Glomerular Filtration 893 26.6 Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion 897 26.7 Production of Dilute and Concentrated Urine 905 26.8 Evaluation of Kidney Function 910 26.9 Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination 912 26.10 Waste Management in Other Body Systems 915 26.11 Development ofthe Urinary System 915 26.12 Aging and the Urinary System 917 Review Questions 919 Critical Thinking Questions 795 24 The Digestive System Metabolic Reactions 845 Energy Transfer 846 Carbohydrate Metabolism 847 Lipid Metabolism 858 Protein Metabolism 861 Key Molecules at Metabolic Crossroads Metabolic Adaptations 865 Energy Balance 869 Regulation of Body Temperature 872 Nutrition 875 919 27 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 920 Fluid Compartments and Fluid Homeostasis Electrolytes in Body Fluids 926 Acid-Base Balance 930 Aging and Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis 935 Review Questions 936 Critical Thinking Questions 936 28 The Genital (Reproductive) Systems 937 28.1 Male Genital (Reproductive) System 937 28.2 Female Genital (Reproductive) System 951 920
xvi CONTENTS 28.3 The Female Reproductive Cycle 966 28.4 The Human Sexual Response 971 28.5 Birth Control Methods and Abortion 972 28.6 Development of the Genital Systems 975 28.7 Aging and the Genital Systems 976 Review Questions 980 Critical Thinking Questions 980 29.8 Exercise and Pregnancy 1004 29.9 Labor 1004 29.10 Adjustments ofthe Infant at Birth 1006 29.11 The Physiology of Lactation 1006 29.12 Inheritance 1008 Review Questions 1013 Critical Thinking Questions 1014 29 Development and Inheritance 98i APPENDIX A APPENDIX В APPENDIX C 29.1 Overview of Development 981 29.2 The First Two Weeks ofthe Embryonic Period 29.3 The Remaining Weeks of the Embryonic Period 988 29.4 Fetal Period 996 29.5 Teratogens 999 29.6 Prenatal Diagnostic Tests 999 29.7 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy 1001 982 APPENDIX D APPENDIX E GLOSSARY INDEX 1-1 Measurements A-l Periodic Table B-3 Normal Values for Selected Blood Tests C-4 Normal Values for Selected Urine Tests D-6 Medical Eponyms E-8 G-l |
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| title_full_unstemmed | Principles of anatomy and physiology [Textbook] Gerard J. Tortora, Bryan H. Derrickson |
| title_short | Principles of anatomy and physiology |
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