Cosmonaut: a cultural history
"How the public image of the Soviet cosmonaut was designed and reimagined over timeIn this book, Cathleen Lewis discusses how the public image of the Soviet cosmonaut developed beginning in the 1950s and the ways this icon has been reinterpreted throughout the years and in contemporary Russia....
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[2023]
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Zusammenfassung: | "How the public image of the Soviet cosmonaut was designed and reimagined over timeIn this book, Cathleen Lewis discusses how the public image of the Soviet cosmonaut developed beginning in the 1950s and the ways this icon has been reinterpreted throughout the years and in contemporary Russia. Compiling material and cultural representations of the cosmonaut program, Lewis provides a new perspective on the story of Soviet spaceflight, highlighting how the government has celebrated figures such as Yuri Gagarin and Valentina Tereshkova through newspapers, radio, parades, monuments, museums, films, and even postage stamps and lapel pins." |
Beschreibung: | Literaturverzeichnis: Seite [259]-294 |
Beschreibung: | xvii, 301 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm |
ISBN: | 9781683403708 |
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Contents List of Figures ix Acknowledgments xi Abbreviations xv Note on Transliterations xix 1. Introduction 1 2. The Birth of the Cosmonaut: “Real Cosmonaut Lives” as a Guide to Youth, the Nation, and the World 8 3. The Women: The Collison of Expectations in Domestic and International Politics 44 4. New Cultures of the Cosmonaut: Collectibles, Monuments, and Film 64 5. A Removal and Three Deaths: The Declining Official Need for Heroes 107 6. Outpost in the Near Frontier: Orbiting Space Stations during the Era of Stagnation 136 7. Remembrance of Hopes Past: Nostalgia and Editing Public History 166 8. Epilogue 200 Chronology 211 Library of Congress System Russian Transliteration Table 215 Notes 217 Bibliography 259 Index 295
Bibliography Primary Sources Archival Sources Institut mediko-biologicheskikh problem [Institute for Biomedical Problems], (Khimki, Russia). Museum archives. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Washington, DC) NASA History Of fice (RG16580), U.S. Space Park, New York Worlds Fair, 1964-65. National Archives and Records Administration (College Park, Maryland) Central Intel ligence Agency (RG 263) Project Corona Images. National Archives and Records Administration—Southwest Region (Ft. Worth, Texas) National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (RG 25516580) Project Mercury Files. Raketno-kosmicheskaia korporatsiia imeni S. P. Koroleva [S. P. Korolev Energiia Rocket and Space Corporation (legacy corporation of Korolevs design bureau)], (Korolev, Russia). Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv nauchno-tekhnicheskoi dokumentatsii [Russian State Archive for Scientific and Technical Documentation], (Moscow, Russia). Kosmos Pavilion files. Rossiskii gosudarstvennyi nauchno-issledovatel’skii ispitael’nyi tsentr podgotovki kosmonavtov [Russian State Scientific-Research Test Spaceflight Training Center], (Star City, Russia) Museum and museum archives. Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Institution Archives (Washington, DC) Office of the Secretary, Record Group 50,190. University of Chicago Library (Chicago, Illinois). Department of Special Collections. John A. Simpson Papers. University of Washington Libraries. Special Collections Division (Seattle, Washington) John Glenn’s Friendship 7 in Seattle. Photographs. Zvezda, otkrytoe aktsionernoe
obshchestvo nauchno-proizvodstvennoe predpriiatie [Open Stock Society (LLP), Research and Development Production Enterprise “Zvezda”], (Tomilino, Russia) Museum.
260 · Bibliography Diaries, Memoirs, Notebooks, and Oral Histories Alpert, Yakov. Interview by David H. DeVorkin, November 6, 1988, National Air and Space Museum, Washington, DC. Chertok, Boris E. 1945,1958-1988. Diaries and Notebooks. Washington, DC, Smithso nian National Air and Space Museum. --------. Rakety i liudi [Rockets and People]. Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1995. ------- . Rakety i liudi: fili Podlipki Tiuratam [Rockets and People: Beginnings at Podlipki and Tiuratam], Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1996. --------. Rakety i liudi: goriachie dni kholodnoi voiny [Rockets and People: The Hot Days of the Cold War], Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1997. --------. Rakety i liudi: lunnaia gonka [Rockets and People: The Moon Race]. Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1999. Feoktistov, Konstantin. 1958-1959. Notebooks. Denver, Colorado, Stephenson Family. Filin, V. Μ. Vospominaniya о lunnon korable [Memoirs about the Lunar Spacecraft]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Kultura, 1992. Gagarin, Iurii Alekseevich. Doroga v kosmos [The Road to Space], Moscow: Detskaia Literatura, 1978. --------. Est’ Plamia! Stat’i, rechi, pis’ma, interv’iu [Here Is the Flame! Essays, Speeches, Letters, Interviews], Moscow: Molodaia Gvardiia, 1968. --------. Psikhologiia i kosmos [Psychology and Space], English translation by Boris Be litsky. Moscow: Mir Publishers, 1970. Gazenko, Oleg. “Soviet Space Medicine, Session Two, Museum Gallery Tour.” Oral his tory interview, ed. Cathleen Lewis. 9551. Institute for Biomedical Problems, vol. transcript. Moscow, USSR, 28 November 1989. Smithsonian Videohistory Program. Gazenko, Oleg,
Abraham Genin, and Evgenii Shepelev. “Soviet Space Medicine, Session One, Group Interview.” Oral history interview, ed. Cathleen S. Lewis. 9551. Institute for Biomedical Problems, vol. transcript. Moscow, USSR, 28 November 1989. Smith sonian Videohistory Program. Genin, Abraham. “Soviet Space Medicine, Session Three, Museum Gallery Tour.” Oral history interview. 9551. Institute for Biomedical Problems, vol. transcript. Moscow, USSR, 29 November 1989. Smithsonian Videohistory Program. --------. Traektoriia zhizhi: Mezhdu vchera i zavtra [The Trajectory of Life: Between Yes terday and Tomorrow]. Moscow: Vagrius, 2000. Kamanin, Nikolai Petrovich. Moia biografiia tol’ko nachinaetsia [My Biography Has Only Begun], 1935. --------. Skrytyi kosmos. Kniga chetvertaia [Secret Space. Book Four]. Moscow: Infotekst, 1997. -------- . Skrytyi kosmos. Kniga pervaia: 1960-1963 [Secret Space. Book One: 1960-1963]. Moscow: Infortekst—IF, 1995. -------- . Skrytyi kosmos. Kniga tret’ia: 1967-1968 gg [Secret Space. Book Three: 1967-1968]. Moscow: Novosti Kosmonavtiki, 1999. --------. Skrytyi kosmos. Kniga vtoraia: 1964-1966 gg [Secret Space. Book Two: 1964-1966]. Moscow: Infortekst, 1997.
Bibliography · 261 Leonov, Aleksei A., Andrei Sokolov, and I. A. Golovanov. Chelovek i vselennaia [Man and the Universe]. Moscow: Izobrazitel’noe iskusstvo, 1976. Mishin, Vasili P. [Interview], “Designer Mishin Speaks on Early Soviet Space Pro grammes and the Manned Lunar Project.” Spaceflight 32 (1990): 104-06. ------- . Diaries. 1960-1974. Private Diaries and Notebooks. Dallas, Texas, Perot Foun dation. Mishin, Vasili P„ and N. I. Panitskiy. Osnovy aviatsionnoy i rakety [The Foundations of Aviation and Rocketry], Moscow: MAI, 1998, Nikolaev, Adriian Grigor’evich. Vstretimsia na orbite [We Will Meet in Orbit]. Moscow: Voennoe Isdatel'stvo ministerstva oborony SSSR, 1966. Ponomareva, Valentina Leonidovna, Moscow. “Roman s kosmonavtikoi” [A Novel with Spaceflight] 1995 (unpublished memoir). ------- . Zhenskoe litso kosmosa [The Women’s Face of Space]. Edited by L. V. Golovanov. Moscow: Gelios, 2002. Raketno-kosmicheskaia korporatsiia “Energiia” imeni S. R Koroleva [S. P. Korolev Energiia Rocket and Space Corporation], Edited by Iurii Pavlovich Semenov. Moscow: Raketno-kosmicheskaia korporatsiia "Energiia” imeni S.P. Koroleva, 1996. Raketno-kosmicheskaia korporatsiia “Energiia” imeni S.R Koroleva na rubezhe dvukh vekov, 1996-2001 [S. P. Korolev Energiia Rocket and Space Corporation on the Edge of Two Centuries, 1996-2001]. Edited by Iurii Pavlovich Semenov. Korolev: Raketnokosmicheskaia korporatsiia Energiia im. S.P. Koroleva, 2001. Scott, David, and Alexei Leonov. The Other Side of the Moon: Our Story of the Cold War Space Race. New York: Thomas Dunn Books, 2004. Shepelev,
Evgenii. “Soviet Space Medicine, Audio Interview with Evgenii Shepelev.” Oral history interview. 9551. Institute for Biomedical Problems, vol. transcript. Moscow, USSR, 30 November 1989. Smithsonian Videohistory Program. “Soviet Space Medicine, Visual Tour.” Oral history interview. 9551. Institute for Bio medical Problems, vol. transcript. Moscow, USSR, 30 November 1989. Smithsonian Videohistory Program. Titov, German. Golubaia moiaplaneta [My Blue Planet]. Moscow: Voenizdat, 1973. ------- . Na zvezdnykh i zemnykh orbitakh [On Starry and Earth Orbits]. Moscow: Detskaia literatura, 1987. Titov, Gherman. Gherman Titov: First Man to Spend a Day in Space. Documents of Cur rent History, vol. 21. New York: Crosscurrents Press, 1962. Titov, Gherman, and Martin Caidin. I Am Eagle! Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1962. Titov, Herman. 700,000 Kilometres through Space: Notes by Soviet Cosmonaut No. 2. Translated by R. Daglish. Edited by Nikolai Kamanin. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House. Cosmonaut Biographies Adzhubei, Aleksei, and Azizian Ateik Kegamovich. Utro kosmicheskoi ery [The Dawn of Spaceflight]. Moscow: Gos Polit, 1961. Avdeev, Aleksei. Na zemli on takoi [On Earth He Is], Moscow: Detskaia literatura, 1983.
262 · Bibliography Beregovoi, Georgii Timofeevich. Nebo nachinaetsia na zemle [The Sky Begins on Earth]. Moscow: Voenizdat, 1976. --------. Tri vysoty [Three Altitudes], Moscow: Voenizdat, 1986. Berezovoi, A. N., et al. S dumoi о zemle [With the Thought of the Earth], Moscow: Politizdat, 1987. Burchett, Wilfred G. Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, First Man in Space. London: A. Gibbs Sc Phillips, 1961. Burchett, Wilfred G„ and Anthony Purdy. Gherman Titov’s Flight into Space. London: Hamilton, 1962. Dikhtiar, A. Prezhde chem prozvuchalo: “Poekhali” [Before Anyone Said, “Let’s Go”]. Moscow: Politizdat, 1987. Gagarin, Valentin Alekseevich. Moi Brat Iurii: Povest [My Brother Yuri: A Story], Mos cow: Moskovskii Rabochii, 1979. -------- . My Brother Yuri: Pages from the Life of the First Cosmonaut. Moscow: Progress, 1973. Gagarina, Anna Timofeeva. Slovo о Syna [A Word About My Son]. Moscow, USSR: Molodiia gvardiia, 1983. Golovanov, laroslav Kirilovich. Our Gagarin. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1978. Gol’tsev, V, comp, and Dmitrii Fedorovich Mamleev, comp. Sem’sot tysiach kilometrov v kosmose [Six Hundred Thousand Kilometers in Space]. 1961. Gorshkov, Valentin Sergeevich. My—deti zemli [We Are the Children of Earth], Lenin grad: Lenizdat, 1986. Grib, V. F. Pervye v mire [The First in the World], Moscow: Planeta, 1987. Gubarev, Vladimir S. Vek kosmosa: stranitsy letopisi [The Era of Space: Pages of a Chron icle], Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel, 1985. Ilina, L., V. B. Grekhov, and LA. A. Zuperman. Ulybka Gagarina literaturnyi sbornik [Gagarin’s Smile, A Literary Collection], Samara: Izd-vo
“Samarskii dom pechati,” 2001. Ishlinskii, A. lu., ed. “A. G. Nikolaev,” 482-85. Moscow: Nauka, 1987. -------- . Akademik S.P. Korolev: Uchenyi, inzhener, chelovek. Tvorcheskii portret po vospominanaiiam sovremennikov [Academician S. P. Korolev: Scientist, Engineer, Man: A Creative Portrait based on the memories of contemporaries], Moscow: Nauka, 1987. Kamanin, Nikolai Petrovich. Letchiki i kosmonavty [Pilots and Cosmonauts], Moscow, USSR: Politizdat, 1971, -------- . Pervyi grazhdanin vselennoi [The First Citizen of the Universe], Moscow: n.p„ 1962. -------- . Semero na orbite [Seven in Orbit], Moscow: n.p., 1969. -------- . Sotvori sebia [Conduct of Life], Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1982. --------. Starty v nebo [Launch into the Sky], Moscow: n.p., 1976. Kokhov, A. Nasha “chaika” [Our “Seagull”]. Moscow: Izogiz, 1963. Komolov, Vadim, and Iurii Dokuchev. Kosmonavt i ego rodina [The Cosmonaut and his Homeland], Moscow: Izdatel'stvo agenstva pechati “Novosti,” 1967. Koptev, IU. L, and S. A. Nikitin. Kosmos: sbornik [Space: A Collection]. Leningrad: Detskaia literatura, 1987.
Bibliography · 263 Kotysh, Nikolai Timofeevich. Zhdite nas, zvezdy [Wait for Us, Stars]. Moscow: n.p., 1962. Kramarov, Grigorii Moiseevich. Pervoe v mire obshchestvo kosmonavtiki [The First Soci ety of Cosmonauts], Moscow: n.p., 1962. Kuznetskii, Μ. I. Gagarin na kosmodrome Baikonur [Gagarin at the Baikonur Cosmo drome]. Krasnoznamensk: Reklamno-izdatel’skii dom "VLADI," 2001. --------. Titov: vtoroi kosmonavt planety [Titov: The Second Cosmonaut]. Krasnozna mensk: Vladi, 2005. Markelova, Larisa Pavlovna. Vsegda vpolete [Forever in Flight], Moscow: n.p., 1977. Mitroshenkov, Viktor. Zemliia pod nebom: khronika zhizni luriia Gagarina [The Earth Under the Skies: A Chronicle of the Life of Yuri Gagarin], 2nd edition. Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1987. Murav’ev, A. L, and R. P. Smirnova, comp. Novyi polet v kosmos [The New Flight into Space], Moscow: n.p., 1961. Nechaiuk, P. L. Den gagarina [The Day of Gagarin], Moscow: “Sovremennik,” 1986. Nestorova, Valentina Fedorovna, Nikolai Aleksandrovich Kuz’michev, Oleg Aleksan drovich Mikhailov, and Ivan Grigorevich Borisenko. Gosudarstvennyi arkhivnyi fond SSSR. Iurii Gagarin fotodokumenty gosudarstvennogo arkhivnogo fonda SSSR [Yuri Gagarin Archival Photographic Documents from the State Archive Collections of the USSR]. Moscow: Izd-vo “Planeta,” 1986. Obukhova, Lidiia Alekseevna. Liubimets veka [The Favorite of the Century], 1977. --------. Zvezdnyi syn zemli [The Starry Son of Earth], 1974. Petrov, E. A. Kosmonavty [Cosmonauts], 1962. Pochta kosmonavtov [Cosmonaut Post Office]. Moscow: Sovetskaia rossiia, 1970. Popov, Leonid
Ivanovich, 1.1. Kas’ian, and N. A. Kuz’michev. Chetvero iz kosmicheskoi sem’i [Four of the Space Family], Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1991. Popovich, Pavel Romanovich. Beskonechnye dorogi vselennoi [The Never-Ending Road to the Universe]. Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel, 1985. Prishchepa, Vladimir Iosifovich. 20 Let Poletu Gagarina Sbornik Statei [Twenty Years Since the Flight of Gagarin, a Collection of Essays]. Moscow: Izd-vo "Znanie,” 1981. Rebrov, Mikhail Fedorovich. Kosmonavty [Cosmonauts], 1977. Sharpe, Mitchell R. Yuri Gagarin; First Man in Space. [Huntsville, Ala.] : Strode Publish ers, [1969]. ------- . “It is I, Sea Gull," Valentina Tereshkova, First Woman in Space. New York: Crow ell, 1975. Sokolov, Vasilii Dmitrievich, and R. P. Smirnova. Snova к zvezdam! [Once Again to the Stars!]. 1964. Stepanov, Viktor. Iurii Gagarin. Zhizn zamechatel’nykh liudei [Yuri Gagarin. The Lives of Notable People]. Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1987. Suvorov, Vladimir. The First Manned Spaceflight: Russia’s Quest for Space. Edited by Al exander Sabelnikov. Commack, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 1997. Umanskii, S. P. Chelovek na kosmicheskoi orbite [Man in Space Orbit]. Moscow: Mashi nostroenie, 1974. Usachev, Iurii Vladimirovich. Dnevnik kosmonavta [Diary of a Cosmonaut]. Moscow: Geleos, 2004.
264 · Bibliography Ustinov, Iurii S. Bessmertie Gagarina [Eternal Gagarin], Moscow: Geroi otechestva, 2004, -------- . KosmonavtNo. 3 Andriian Nikolaev [Cosmonaut No. 3 Adriian Nikolaev], Mos cow: “Geroi otechestva,” 2004. Yuri Gagarin: The First Cosmonaut. Moscow: Novosti Press Agency Pub. House, 1977. Zaliubovskaia, Mariia. Syn zemli i zvezd: liricheskaia povest’ о Gagarin [Son of the Earth and the Stars: A Lyrical Story about Gagarin], Second edition. Kiev: Izdatel’stvo TsK LKSMU, 1984. Newspapers Chicago Tribune Christian Science Monitor Izvestiia Komsomolskaia pravda Literatura i zhizn’ Literaturnaia gazeta Moscow Times New York Times Pravda Washington Post Washington Post and Times Herald Periodicals Aviatsiia i kosmonavtika Filateliia sssr Krylia rodiny Life magazine The Numismatist Ogonek Pioner Priroda Smena Sovetskii kollektsionner Spaceflight Time Science and Spaceflight Fiction Aitmatov, Chingiz. The Day Lasts More Than a Hundred Years. Translated by John French. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988. Bogdanov, Aleksandr (Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Malinovsky). Inzhener menni [The Engineer Menni], Moscow: Self-published, 1913. -------- . Krasnaia Zvezda. Roman—utopiia [Red Star. A Utopian Novel], St. Petersburg: Self-published, 1908.
Bibliography · 265 ------- . Red Star: The First Bolshevik Utopia. Translated by Charles Rougle. Edited by Loren Graham and Richard Stites. Soviet History, Politics, Society, and Thought. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984. Efremov, Ivan Antonovich. Andromeda Nebula. Moscow, USSR: Foreign Languages Publishers House, 1957. Pelevin, Viktor. Oman Ra. Moscow, Russia: Vagrius, 2001. Tolstoy, Aleksey Nikolayevich. Aelita. Translated by Antonnia W. Bouis. Edited by Theo dore Sturgeon. Macmillans Best of Science Fiction. New York: Macmillan, 1981. Tsiolkovskii, Konstantin Eduardovich. Put’ к zvezdam. Sbornik nauchno-fantasticheskikh proivedenii [The Road to Space. A Collection of Fantasy Works]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauka SSSR, 1960. Films Boyarsky, Iosif, and Ivan Ivanov-Vano. Letaiushchii Proletarii [The Flying Proletarian]. Aminmated. Soyuzmultfilm, USSR, 1962.16 min. 22 sec. Columbia Broadcasting System. Meeting of the Astronauts [Motion Picture], [n.p.]: CBS News, 1962. Erin, A. Polet к Tysiacham Solnts [Flight to a Thousand Suns], Birtsev, V; Ess, Misha. Lennauchfilm, 1963.120 min. Fedorchenko, Aleksei. Pervye na lune [First on the Moon] Vlasov, Boris; Slavnin, Alek sei; Osipov, Andrei; Otradnov, Anatolii; Ilinskaia, Viktoriia. Sverdlovsk Film Studio and Film Company Strana, 2005. 75 min. German, Aleksei, dir. Bymazhnyi Soldat [Paper Soldier], Lenfilm Studios, St. Petersburg, Russia, 2008.118 min. Kara, Yuri. Korolev. Sergei Astakhov, Natalya Fateeva, Viktoriia Toltogavnova. L.S. D., Russia, 2008.130 minutes. Kariukov, Mikhail, and A. Kozyr. Nebo zovet
[The Sky Calls]. Pereverzev, Ivan; Shvorin, Aleksandr; Bartashevich, Konstantin; Borisenko, Larisa; Chernyak, V; Dobrovolsky, Viktor. Gosudarstvenii komitet po kinematografii (Goskino), 1960. 77 min. Kiselyov, Dmitry. Vremia Pervykh [Spacewalk]. Yevgeny Mironov, Konstantin Khabensky, Vladimir Ilyin. Bazelevs, 2017.140 min. Klushantsev, Pavel. Doroga к zvezdam [Road to the Stars]. Lennauchfilm, 1957. 52 min. ------- .Luna. Lennauchfilm, 1965. ------- . Mars. Lennauchfilm, 1965-1968. ------- . Planeta bur’ [Planet of Storms], Emel’ianov, V; Sarantsev, lu.; Zhzhenov, G.; Ig natova, K.: Vernov, G.; Teikh, G. Leningrad Popular Science Film Studio, 1962. 83 min. Klushantsev, Pavel, and N. Leshchenko. Vselennaia [The Universe]. Lennauchfilm, 1951. Maetzig, Kurt. Der schweigende stern [The Silent Star], [Bezmolvnaia zvezda]. Tani, Yoko; Lukes, Oldrich·, Machowski, Igancy; Ongewe, Julius. Deutsche Film (DEFA), 1959.155 min. Motyl, Vladimir. Beloe Solntse Pustyni [White Sun of the Desert]. Valentin Ezhov, Pavel Luspekaev, Spartak Mishulin. Lenfilm, 1970. 84 min.
266 · Bibliography Parkhomenko, Pavel. Gagarin. Pervyy v Kosmose [Gagarin: First in Space], Yaroslave Zhalnin, Mikhail Filippov, Vladimir Steklov. Kremlin Films, 2013.108 min. Sal’nikov, Iurii, Director. Iurii Gagarin. Film. Moscow: Ekran, 1969. Shestobitov, E. Tumannost’ andromedy (Chast’ i. pleniki zheleznoi zvezdy) [The Androm eda Nebula], К/st. im. A Dovzhenko, 1967. 97 min. Shipenko, Klim, dir., Salyut 7. CTB Films, Globus-film, Lemon Films Studio, Telekanal Rossiya, 2017. Uchitel’, Aleksei. Kosmos какpredchuvstvie [Space as Premonition], Mironov, Evgenii; Pegova, Irina; Tsyganov, Evgenii; Liadova, Elena. Rock Film Studio, 2005. 90 min. Secondary Sources A Note on Secondary Sources and Their Role in This Book The opening of archives and increased availability of sources and materials have not been the only changes in the field of Soviet and Russian space history. In the twenty-first century, the history of science and technology broadened general ly, which for space historians led to a shift from the internal workings of a space program to examinations that include the methods of intellectual, cultural, and social history. One of the first scholars to do this was James Andrews, whose bi ography of Soviet pre-spaceflight legend Konstantin Tsiolkovsky challenged the iconography of a legend. Asif Siddiqi in The Rockets’Red Glare has gone further to dismantle the Soviet legends about Tsiolkovsky that persist in modern Rus sia. Others, such as Slava Gerovitch, have applied the methodology of the social construction of technology to improve the understanding of the
functioning of organizations that executed the first human spaceflights. Andrew Jenks applied his understanding of Russian and Soviet aesthetic iconography to dissect the life and legend of the first man in space, Yuri Gagarin. These new histories of the space program utilized the existing methodologies within the Soviet stud ies field in ways that others had not done before. One notable use was Sheila Fitzpatrick’s study of the changed rules of everyday life in revolutionary Rus sia, which Gerovitch has applied to the space community to understand the behavior of those involved. He has produced not one, but two volumes and the subject. The first was collected interviews from the space program and the second an analysis of the contrast between the public and private lives of those individuals. Similarly, Asif Siddiqi has produced a social history of the nascent space program in The Rockets’Red Glare. He has examined the interactions be tween the cultural and institutional origins of human spaceflight in Russia and the Soviet Union, seeking insight to influences that literature and the arts had on the early planners who produced Sputnik and Gagarins flight. This new scholarship has not only focused solely on the Soviet space pro-
Bibliography · 267 gram. European and American scholars have recently taken the opportunity to reexamine the global experience of the early space age through a series of conferences. These conferences have generated collected essays on a wide range of topics on European and American programs, providing new perspectives on the early years of the space age that transcend the Cold War paradigm. Schol ars have published collected articles, often from international conferences that looked at US and Soviet experiences as well as the impact of the Space Race on Europe by incorporating the history of art, popular culture, and gender stud ies into the field. These new studies have broadened our understanding of the impact of the space age on society and culture, touching the everyday life of global populations and spurred new monographs. The most recent addition is an expansion of an article in Soviet Space Culture, lina Kohonen’s study of the visual imagery of the early Soviet space program. I rely heavily on works such as these to identify the creators and audiences of these works and aspire to build upon those changes that have taken place in the field, and seek to apply and expand them to cover more than a century of history of Russian and Soviet cosmonauts. One striking feature of these new histories has been the documentation of the existence of fatally flawed founding myths of the heroic Soviet space pro gram. In his book, Voices of the Soviet Space Program, Gerovitch demonstrated the extent to which lies about basic facts became ingrained in the culture of the space
program, from the earliest times. On the one hand lying served the purpose of maintaining state secrets; on the other hand, it fostered cynicism that would ultimately encourage those who would degrade the image of the Russian cosmonaut. This culture of lying is but one flaw that was immanent in the founding of the Red Stuff that has contributed to its reassessment in recent years. Each of these flaws developed into a crack in the history and memory of the space program. This book examines the changes over decades in three areas from which first cracks appeared. This book builds on existing scholarship of the history of the Soviet human spaceflight program by incorporating the emerging research in the field of lateand post-Soviet history. For example, Stephen Wagg and David Andrews’s edit ed volume on sports and the Cold War examines the role of sports in late twen tieth and early twenty-first century Soviet and Russian culture. Another field is the study of the culture of death, mourning, and World War II that intertwine in Soviet history, notably Catherine’s Merridale’s treatise on death and memory in the USSR. Of similar significance is Nina Tumarkin’s dissection of the Soviet experience during the Great Patriotic War and the repeated reexaminations of the World War II experience. Others include Donald Raleigh’s oral interview research on Soviet baby boomers, the generation most closely touched by the
268 · Bibliography peak of Soviet space achievements, and Kathleen Smiths study of the creation of memory in late Soviet politics parallels the work that Gerovitch has done about the spaceflight community. Cosmonaut also draws from the recent scholarship on the material culture, architecture, and film of the USSR and Russia and their changing roles in Rus sian society over a century. The Soviet state franchised the expression of the Red Stuff in three ways—through collectibles, the erection of monuments and museums, and film. Each of these fields was significant in three ways. First, they all began as state-sanctioned popularization of a vision of the Soviet cos monaut. Each started with an official message within its medium of an official vision. Collectibles such as stamps and pins relied on official sanction to begin distribution and became a state-sanctioned portrayal of events. Architecture and design were closely monitored as politically charged aesthetic choices. Film in the USSR was one of the earliest arts that Lenin declared to be the “most im portant.” The second common characteristic was the fact that each of these sec tors began disseminating visions of the Red Stuff outside the traditional space industry. Thirdly, each distinguished itself in how it began to generate autono mous approaches to the image of the Russian cosmonaut. Recent growth in the field of studying the material culture of the USSR has been of great utility to this book. Among them are Graham Robert’s edited vol ume, Material Culture in Russian and the USSR: Things, Values, Identities,
which includes chapters on the government’s attempt to manipulate Soviet cultural life through things, and the successes and failures of that effort. Natalya Cher nyshova’s study of consumerism during the Brezhnev years examines the over looked success and stability fostered in the guided consumerism of that time. Another perspective on material culture is found in Alexey Golubev’s insightful work, The Things of Life: Materiality in Late Soviet Russia, which provocatively proposes that Soviet society manipulated itself through interaction with mate rial culture and how the life cycle of artifacts of the era progressed in response. The Soviet and later Russian film industry emerged as an independent entity after generations of official guidance on subject matter and technique. Film historians such as Birgit Beumers have analyzed the divergence and continual links that the film industry has nurtured as Soviet power waned and Russian nationalism has risen in its place. All of the above-mentioned and many more monographs and articles have contributed to the broad methodological foun dation of this book. Some of the timeliest examinations of the processes of réévaluation of the post-Soviet experience have been journalistic efforts that explain the rapidly shifting reality that overtook the USSR in the 1980s and transformed the for mer Soviet Union afterward. First among these works is David Remnick’s Len-
Bibliography ■ 269 ins Tomb. His book recounts the rapid deterioration and sluggish responses from the USSR in its final years when Remnick was a foreign correspondent assigned to Moscow. During the period of the most intense national introspec tion, philosopher, and literary scholar, Svetlana Boym has used her personal life to guide readers through the collective and individual desire for fashion ing comforting memories of the past through places. Recently, the Guardian’s foreign correspondent Shaun Walker has written The Long Hangover to explain Vladimir Putin’s effort to restore national confidence to Russia through en couraging the selective memory of international and domestic history. Alexei Yurchak’s anthropological study of the last Soviet generation synthesizes the turbulent and contradictory influences that besieged the post-Stalin generation and their idiosyncratic responses to the paradoxes of everyday life. No study of the current situation in Russia would be complete without mentioning the prolific work of former Soviet journalist Masha Gessen. She has dedicated her career to the unmasking of Vladimir Putin. Her first book, The Man without a Face, is a portrait of the man before his rise to national power. Her insightful scrutiny of Putin in his earliest days provides clues as to his motivations and expectations of post-Soviet Russia. Gessen’s recent book The Future Is History: How Totalitarianism Reclaimed Russia expounds on the current public culture of Russia and how Russians coped with the disappointments of unfulfilled ex pectations of the Soviet era.
The following bibliography of secondary sources combines the old with the new, connecting the traditional, technical analyses of the Soviet space program from times when the only available measures were from orbital tracking and public announcements to contemporary scholarship that approaches the twen tieth- and twenty-first century Soviet history from more oblique angles. Abramov, I. P., G. I. Severin, A. IU. Stoklitskii, R. K. Sharipov, et al. Skafandry i sistemy dlia raboty v otkrytom kosmose [Spacesuits and Systems for Work in Open Space], Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1984. Adams, Mark B. “Red Star: Another Look at Aleksandr Bogdanov.” Slavic Review 48, no. 1 (Spring 1989): 1-15. Afanasyev, I. B. Neizvestnie korabli [Unknown Spacecraft]. Kosmonavtika, Astronomiya, Znanie, vol. 12-91. Moscow: Znanie, 1991. Akademiia Nauka SSSR. Komissiia po pazpabotke nauchnogo naslediia pionerov osvoeniia kosmicheskogo prostranstva. Materialy po istorii kosmicheskogo korabliu "Vostok" (K 30-Letniiu pervogo poleta cheloveka v kosmicheskoe prostranstvo) [Ma terials on the History of the Spacecraft “Vostok” (Contributions to the 30th Anni versary of the First Human Spaceflight)]. Edited by Boris V. Raushenbakh. Moscow: Nauka, 1991.214. Alekseev, S.M., and S. P. Umanskii. Vysotnye i kosmicheskie skafandry [High Altitude Pressure and Spacesuits]. Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1973.
270 · Bibliography Alekseev, V.A., et al. Kosmicheskoe sotrudnichestvo [Space Cooperation]. Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1987. Alekseeva, Liudmilia, and Paul Goldberg. The Thaw Generation: Coming of Age in the Post-Stalin Era. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993. Alexander, Catherine. “The Factory: Fabricating the State.” Journal of Material Culture 5, no. 2 (2000): 177-95. Allen, George V. “Are the Soviets Winning the Propaganda War?” Annals of the Ameri can Academy ofPolitical and Social Science 336 (July 1961): 1-11. Allyn, Bruce J., James G. Blight, and David A. Welsh. Back to the Brink: Proceedings of the Moscow Conference on the Cuban Missile Back to the Brink: Proceedings of the Moscow Conference on the Cuban Missile Crisis, January 27-28, 1989. Edited by Georgy Shakhnazarov. CSIA Occasional Paper No. 9. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 27-28 January 1992. ------- . “Essence of Revision.” International Security 14, no. 3 (Winter 1989/90): 138-42. Amalrik, A. Will the Soviet Union Survive Until 1984. New York: Harper and Row, 1970. Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread ofNa tionalism, 1983. Revised edition. London: Verso, 1993. Andrew, Christopher, and Vasili Mitokhin. The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World. New York: Basic Books, 2005. Andrews, James T. “K. E. Tsiolkovskii, Ascribed Identity, and the Politics of Construct ing Soviet Space Mythology, 1917-1957.” In Ascribed Identity, Soviet Mythology, and the Politics ofSpace Culture, 1917-Present, chair Harley D. Balzer.
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Index Agricultural harvests, 111-112 Aitmatov, Chingiz, 142-145,185, 208 Aleksandrov, A. P., 128 Bolshevik Revolution, 16, 96,112,166,185 All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VSKhV), 86-87 Bondarenko, Pavel I., 128 Bondarenko, Valentin, 26,192 Bowles, Chester, 176 Boym, Svetlana, 179-180,197-198,199 American National Exhibition (1959), 67-68 Andrew, Christopher, 40-41 Andromeda Nebula (Efremov), 94 Anekdoty, 138-139 Brezhnev, Leonid, 114,126,128,138-139,153, 171 Brezhnev Doctrine, 152-154,156,164 Bridger, Susan, 60 Anonymity. See Secrecy Apollo program, US, 108,109,132-133 Apollo-Soyuz test project, 143,162 Archival evidence, scarcity of, 4,5-6, 22 Armstrong, Neil, 132-133 Bumazhnyi soldat (film), 186,190-193,197, 199, 208 Buran (spacecraft), 195,195-196 Army Institute of Aviation Medicine, 16 Atheism, official policy, 39, 42,102,104,159, 161,227nl21. See also Orthodox religious traditions Atomic bomb program, 14, 32 Avdeev, Aleksei, 34 Bykovskii, Valeri Federovich, 12, 45, 80 Aviation, significance of, 54-55 Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan, 116,125, 150-151,153,191-192 Bailes, Kendall, 34,36 Ballad of a Soldier (film), 95 Barashev, Pavel, 22 Belaev, Pavel, 12, 71-72 Belopolski, la. B., 128 Belovolova, Natalie Aleksandrovna, 176-177 Benson, Morton, 27 Berlin Wall, 38,100,138 Beskonechnye dorogi vselennoi (Popovich), 30 Bespalov, Lev Mikhailovich, 31 Bogdanovich, Peter, 99 Burannyi polustanok (Aitmatov), 142-145,181 Bush, George H. W., 158 Campbell, Joseph, 27,29 Central Aviation Scientific Research Hospital (TsNIAG), 48 Challenge to Apollo (Siddiqi), 6 Chelyuskin rescue,
13-14,36 Chernobyl disaster, 157,158 Chertok, Boris, 5,16,109-110,114,116,120 Chkalov, Valerii, 125,127 Chrétien, Jean-Loup, 153 Clark, Katerina, 34,35, 36 Coca-Cola in photographs, 40-41 Cochran, Jackie, 58-59 Cold War, 13-14, 25-26; feminist symbols, 57- 61; and secrecy, 90 Collectibles, 65-68 Communist Party, cosmonauts as ambassadors, 42 Communist Party Congress, Twenty-First (1959), 67, 69
296 · Index Communist Party Congress, Twenty-Second (1961), 38, 68,176-177, 202 Conceptualist art, Russian, 146 A Dream Come True (film), 102-103 Dzerzhinsky, Feliks, 169 Dzhanibekov, Vladimir, 156-157 Congress of Science Fiction Writers (1958), 94 “Conquerors of Space” memorial complex, 91-94, 92 “Easterns” (films), 149-152 Efremov, Ivan, 94 Conspiracy theories, 131. See also Secrecy Energiia Corporation, 109,157,257n57 Consumer goods, collectible, 65-68, 232n8. Epishev, Alexei A., 128 See also Znachki (lapel pins) Epoch of stagnation (epokha zastoia), 138 Corman, Roger, 99,102 Erkina, Zhanna Dmitrevna, 49,62 Corning, Amy D., 175-176 Exhibition models, 81-94,105-106 Cosmic Voyage (film), 26, 98 Exhibition of Economic Achievements Cosmonautics and Aviation Centre, 196. See (VDNKh), 68, 78, 82,86-91 also Kosmos Pavilion Cosmonauts: aeronautical and technical skill, 17-18, 230-231n50; biographies of, 28, 41-42,203; contrasted with Mercury astronauts, 20; “cosmonaut” contrasted with “astronaut,” 26-27; creation of heroic image, 19-26; domestic popularity and baby-naming trends, 21-22, 222n36; Falcons, Stalin’s, 41, 44,148,187 Father figures: displacement of, 29,30-31,47; Stalin as, 35 Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), 40 Fedorchenko, Aleksei Stanislav, 186,192-193, 197 leadership role contrasted with conformist Feminism. See Women expectations, 37; as “new Soviet man,” Feoktistov, Konstantin, 71, 80, 88-89 19, 37-38, 47; recruitment and selection, Figes, Orlando, 167 17-19, 20-21, 48; rituals, self-created and Film: biopics, 209-210; portrayals of space secular,
148-149,160; shift from hero myth program, 94-103; post-Soviet era, 186-193, to professionalism, 28; training, 22-23; 208; Soviet “Easterns,” 149-152; Soviet state training suits, 50-52,51 run film industry, 185-186 The Cosmonaut Who Couldn’t Stop Smiling (Jenks), 78 The Cranes Are Flying (film), 95 First on the Moon (film), 186,187-188,189,197, 199, 208 Five Year Plan (1928-1932), 34-35, 36 Crowley, David, 65 The Flying Proletariat (film), 101-102,103 Cultural Revolution (1920s), 140 Friendship 7 spacecraft, 39 Czechoslovakia, Soviet invasion of, 134,153 Gagarin, Anna Timofeevna, 118 Daniel, Yuli, 150. See also Sinyavsky-Daniel Trial Darchenko, Arkadii Olegovich, 177 The Day Lasts Longer than a Hundred Years (Aitmatov), 142-145,181 Gagarin, Valentin, 9-10,31-32, 34 Gagarin, Yuri Alekseevich: adulterous behavior, 38, 43,131,132; atheism, 39; childhood and early influences, 28- 29; death of, 93,108,110-111,119-126, Deception, culture of, 43. See also Secrecy 130-133,206; ejection from spacecraft de Gaulle, Charles, 153 pre-landing, 9, 20,43; on evaluation of de Tocqueville, Alexis, 167 female cosmonaut candidates, 49-50; first Disney, Walt, 97 space flight (April 1961), 8-9,10; flight Dobrovolski, Georgi, 149 commemorated on postage stamps, 69- Dobrynin, Anatoli, 162 71, 70; flight commemorated on znachki, Douchayev, Yuri, 22 78; human side of, 5,43; idealization of,
Index · 297 6,19, 201; international tour (1961), 2425; investigation into death of, 122-124; legacy of, 167-168, 200-201,206-207; memorialized in Conquerors of Space Mechanization of Agriculture Pavilion, 87, 88 Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) program, 11,14,16, 202 complex, 92; memorial to, 127; as “new Interkosmos, 152-153 Soviet man,” 37-38; official biographies of, International Aeronautical Federation (IAF), 28-29; peace proposals, 32; Priroda essay, 10-11; reaction to Komarov’s death, 118-119; 40 International Union of Students (1957), 75 renamings following death of, 127-128; Isaacs, Jeremy, 96 shaping of public memory of, 126-130; I See Earth (film), 100 titanium monument to, 128-130,129,136— Ivanova, Mira Pavlovna, 174,178,180,197-198, 137; visual images of, 23-24 199 Gagarina, Anna Timofeevna, 31 Ivanovo detstvo (film), 95 Gagarina, Valentina Ivanovna, 126 Ivan’s Childhood (film), 95 “Gagarin March” (song), 201, 258n2 Izvestiia (newspaper), 24,53, 60,114 Gagarin Spaceflight Training Center Museum, 93-94,127 Galich, Aleksandr, 102 Jenks, Andrew, 37 Jokes and anekdoty, 138-139, 247n5 Gazhevskii, F. Μ., 128 Gemini program, 115 German, Aleksei Alekseevich (son), 186,190— 191,197 German, Aleksei Yurievich (father), 186 Kabakov, Ilya Iosifovich, 145-148,147 Kafka, Franz, 188 Kaganovich, Lazar, 54 Kamanin, Nikolai: autobiography, 36, German, Yuri, 186 109; as Commandant of Cosmonaut German Communist Party, 38 Corps, 40, 52, 93,201; Gagarin’s death German Democratic Republic (GDR), 38 and memorialization, 126-128,130; and Glasnost, 5,163 Gagarin’s post-1961
activity, 120; publication Glenn, John, 39,58 of diaries, 5; and Soyuz investigation, 117; Gorbachev, Mikhail, 5, 93,163,166 Grant, Jonathan, 68 and women cosmonauts, 57 Karzhukov, Mikhail, 102-103 Great Patriotic War. See World War II Katyn Forest Massacre, 171,173 Grishin, V.V., 128 Keldysh, Mstislav, 48, 50,118 Grizodubova, Valentina, 54-56 Kennedy, John E, 39 Grays, Boris, 147-148 Kerbel, Lev, 91 Kharlamov, Ivan Sergeevich, 187 Harrington, Curtis, 99 Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich: anti-religious Havel, Vaclav, 167 campaign, 102; arts and free expression, 141, Heroic image and myth, 19, 27-28,29-30, 37- 145; cult of World War II, 171; and female 37,203-204 Hero of the Soviet Union awards, 36, 111, 124, 134 cosmonauts, 52,57; and German Titov, 38; “kitchen debate,” 67-68, 233nl3; leadership of space program, 12-19,111-112; Peace High-altitude experimentation, 16 Movement, 25-26; photo with Gagarin, Humanité (newspaper), 24 10; propaganda, 203; removal from office, 60,108; Rodina flight (1938), 54-56; secret Ilyushin, Sergei Vladimirovich, 32 Industrialization, 34-35,106,137,181,201; speech (1956), 13, 111, 171,219n9; secret speech (1962), 13-14; use of Stalinist forms, 14,16
298 · Index Khrushcheva, Nina, 60 Kibal’chich, Nikolai, 11 Lomako, Vera, 55-56 Lovelace Institute, 58 Luce, Clare Booth, 59 Kirov, Sergei, 86 Kizim, Leonid, 157 Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 97 Klushantsev, Pavel Vladimirovich, 95-101, 104,192 Koberidze, Otar, 102-103 Kokklnaki, Vladimir, 32 Makarov, Oleg, 150 Malia, Martin, 167 Malinovskii, Rodion Yakolevich, 126 Komarov, Vladimir Mikhailovich, 71, 72,108, 115-119,126 Komsomol (Young Communist League), 48, 66,178 Komsomolskaia Pravda (newspaper), 53-54 Korolev, Sergei Pavlovich: death of and secrecy surrounding, 108,113-115; duties as engineer and chief designer, 5,16, 23, 32-34,116; General Design Bureau, No. 1, OKB-1,113,194; interior redesign of Vostok, 80; paternal roles, 29-30; residence of, 91; on selection of female cosmonauts, 50,52, 53, 57 Kosmicheskii reis (film), 26,98 Kosmos как predchuvstvie (film), 186,188-190, 197,199 Kosmos Pavilion (VDNKh), 82, 86-91, 88,178, 183,194-195,209 Krestianka (magazine), 47 Krikalev, Sergei Konstantinovich, 159 Krylova, Anna, 171 Kurchatov, Igor, 32 Kuznetsova, Tat’iana Dmitrevna, 48,49, 62 Kyrgyzstan, 142 Laika (dog in space), 16, 87,175,192, 220n22 Lazarev, Vasily, 150 Lem, Stanislav, 98 Lenin’s Tomb (Remnick), 167 Lennauchfilm, 96,101 Leonov, Aleksei, 12,12, 28-29, 34, 71-72, 81, Man in Space (television series), 97 Mares’ev, Aleksei, 183,254n64 Mares’ev Military Academy, 183 Mars (film), 100 Marxist principles, 67 Maslakov, Vasia, 178 Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 39,102, 201 McCannon, John, 34,35, 36 McDougall, Walter, 4 Memorial (civil rights society), 137-138 Mercury (US space mission),
3, 20,58, 90 Merridale, Catherine, 112 Metamorphosis (Kafka), 188 Mickiewicz, Ellen, 162-163 Mindadze, Alexander, 186 Ministry of Post and Telegraph, 68, 69, 72, 77, 105, 205 Mir (space station), 157-158 Mishin, Vasilli, 5,114,116-117,118,132,246nl06 Mitrokhin, Vasilli, 40 Mitroshenkov, Viktor, 22 Modernism, 74, 82,141,181,204 Moia biografiia tol’ko nachinaetsia (Kamanin), 36 Monument complex, Conquerors of Space, 91-94,173,204 The Moon (film), 100 Moroz, I. L, 126 Moscow, Olympics (1980), 136,137 Moscow Conceptualists, 146 Moscow Exhibition of Economic 210 Literatura i zhizhn’ (newspaper), 83 Literature: under Brezhnev, 141; A Day Lasts Longer than a Century (Aitmatov), 142-145; postmodernist, 181-185; science fiction, Achievements (1958), 68,78,82, 86-91 Moscow Planetarium, 76, 82 Motyl, Vladimir, 150 Mukhina, Vera, 86 98, 202 Literaturnaia gazeta (journal), 142,163 Litskii, V. K„ 76 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 154 Nature contrasted with machine, 34-35, 36
Index ■ 299 Nauchpop, 97 Nebo zovet (film), 98,103 Nevskii, Aleksandr, 188 Pravda (Communist Party newspaper), 11,2324,114,118,132-133 Propaganda: insinuation of rendezvous, 79; New Economic Policy (NEP), 202, 255n71 New Soviet Man image, 36-41 Nikolayev, Andriian, 12, 26, 30,61, 71, 80 Nixon-Khrushchev “kitchen debate,” 67-68 Nostalgia for Soviet space program, 173-180 Notes from the Underground (Dostoevsky), 185 and postage stamps, 69; power of film, 97, 202-203; power of space events, 2,14, 147, 203; technological prowess, 45-46; use of Gagarin’s image, 24, 38; and women cosmonauts, 59,63; and znachki, 73 Putin, Vladimir, 137,172-173,196 Novyi mir (journal), 142, 247n7 Nuclear program, 14, 32 Nureyev, Rudolf, 24 Rabotnitsa (magazine), 47, 61 Rafikov, Mars, 26 Oberg, James, 4 Raleigh, Donald J., 175 Raskova, Marina, 54-56 One Day in the Life ofIvan Denisovich (Solzhenitsyn), 142, 247n7 Red Square, Moscow, 3, 9, 21 “Red Stuff”: decline of in collective memory, 177-178; declining influence of, 107-111, 133-135,164-165; early years of, 11-12, 22-23; flaws and weaknesses, 42-43; introduction of concept, 2-4. See also Orthodox religious traditions, 126,130,149, 207. See also Atheism, official policy Osipenko, Paulina, 54-56 Soviet space program Reid, Susan, 65, 67-68 Remek, Vladimir, 153 OKB-1 (Special Design Bureau No. 1), 113,114, 116,117,127,194 Okudzhava, Bulat, 150,190-191,256n80 Omon Ra (Pelevin), 181-185,182,187,199, 208 Pamiat’ (Memory), 137-138 Paper Soldier (film), 186,190-193,197,199, 208 Paris Air Show (1965), 89 Patsayev, Viktor, 149 Pavlov, S. P. (Korolev’s
alias), 127,128. See also Korolev, Sergei Pavlovich Pelevin, Victor, 181-185,187,197,199,208 A Peoples’ Tragedy (Figes), 167 Perestroika, 5,163 Pervye na lune (film), 186,187-188,189,197, 199, 208 Pioneer youth organization, 75,205 Remnick, David, 167 Ride, Sally, 63,155 The Right Stuff (Wolfe), 3 RKK Energiia, 194,207-208n5 The Road to Space (film), 97,98 Rodina flight (1938), 54-56 Russian nationalist movement, 137 Russian Orthodox religious traditions, 3,159, 161 Russian Space Corporation Energiia, 109,157, 257n87 Pioner (magazine), 70,72,75,178, 234n33 Planet of Storms (Planeta bür’) (film), 98-100, 101,103,159 “Poekhali” (exclamation by Gagarin), 8, 9, 163,178 Sagalev, Eduard, 163 Sakharov, Andrei, 137 Salyut 7 (film), 157-158 Salyut 7 space station rescue, 156-158, 248n35, 249n38 Savinykh, Viktor, 156-157 Polish United Workers’ Party, 153 Ponomareva, Valentina Leonidovna, 44,4849, 50, 62,109,120 Savitskaya, Svetlana Yevgenyevna, 63,154-155, 169,229n33 Savitsky, Yevgeny, 155 Popovich, Pavel, 12, 26, 30,71, 80 Postage stamps, 67, 68-72,105 Schumacher, Michael, 178 Schuman, Howard, 175-176 Der schweigende stern (film), 98,158-159
300 · Index Science fiction, 104, 202-203; films, 94-103; utopian, 198,209 Secrecy, 88, 89-90; culture of deception, 43; Korolev’s identity, 114-115; of military and industrial programs, 110; Salyut 7 space station rescue, 156-158; of scientists and engineers, 11, 32-33; on Soviet television, 161-162; of space program, 66, 71, 72-73, multinational Soviet identity, 142; World War II experience, 95 Soyuz missions, 72,108,116-117,149,150,156158 Space as Premonition (film), 186,188-190,197, 199 Space race, US/Soviet, 25,108,139,207. See also Cold War 125; surrounding Cosmonaut selection Space sickness, 53 process, 19; surrounding Gagarin’s death, Space stations, orbiting, 139-140,157 130-133,134, 206-207 Spacesuits: for dogs, 93; for female Seregin, Vladimir Sergeevich, 121-123,124 cosmonauts, 50-52; in Planeta bur’, 100 Severin, Guy, 117 Specter, Michael, 174 Shcherbinsk Smelting Factory, 78 Spesivtseva, Olga, 186 Shepard, Alan, 25 Sputnik missions, 14,15,16, 87,175 Shepitko, Larisa, 57 Spy satellites and security programs, 11, 241nll Shipenko, Klim, 157-158 Stalin, Joseph: Chelyuskin rescue, 13-14; Siddiqi, Asif, 6,50 Falcons, 41,44; Five Year Plan era, first The Silent Star (film), 98,158-159 (1928-1932), 34-35, 36; legacy of, 13; Stalin’s Sinyavsky, Andrei, 150 Eagles, symbolism of, 5,13,14,23,35; Sinyavsky-Daniel trial, 138 The Sky Calls (film), 98,103 during World War II, 171 Stalinism: decline of, 204; legacy of, 137, Smena (magazine), 72,75,178, 234n33 140-141; socialist realist aesthetics, 81- Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, 82; Stalinist collectivization,
86; Stalinist 74 Solovev, Vladimir, 157 discipline, 36; Thaw period, under Khrushchev, 57,65 Solov’eva, Irina Baianovna, 44, 49, 62 Stamp collecting, 67,68-72,105,205,232n9 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 142 Stepanov, Viktor, 34 Soviet Arctic Exhibition, 86-87 Stretensky Boulevard Group, 146 Soviet art, 81-82 Strugatsky brothers (Arkady and Boris), 94 Soviet National Exhibition, New York (1959), Sullivan, Kathryn D., 155 78 Soviet Space Museum, 82-85 Tarkovsky, Andrei, 104 Soviet space program; decline of (1964-1968), TASS (Soviet news agency), 2, 8,18 107-111; diminished state interest in, 193— Television, 161-164, 208-209 196; as distraction from infrastructure Tereshkova, Valentina Vlaldimirovna, 11-12, weakness, 14; in film, 94-103; historical context, 4-7; Khrushchev’s leadership, 111— 112; legacy and reassessment of, 167-170; maneuvers with multiple crafts, 45; material culture and national consciousness, 64-68; Moon mission, 113; public opinion and nostalgia, 173-180; and Soviet identity, 2634; transition to Russian space program, 159 20,25,40-41,44-50,52-54, 59-61, 61, 62, 80 Thaw Era, under Khrushchev, 57, 65, 95,104, 145, 233П10 The Man Who Flew into Space from His Apartment (Kabakov), 146-148,147 Titov, German: April 1961 flight, 8; August 1961 flight, 11; Berlin Wall, 38; childhood and The Soviet Tragedy (Malia), 167 early influences, 28-29; commemorated Soviet Union; collapse, 166; decline of, 137; on postage stamps, 71; contrasted with Gagarin, 37-38; flight commemorated
Index ■ 301 on znachki, 79; and flight doctors, 22; on Korolev, 32-33; space sickness, 53; training with Gagarin, 25; US trip (1962), 39 Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin, 11,23, 26,97,98,114, 202 Warsaw Pact nations, 152-153 Webb, James, 58-59 Tsiolkovsky Space Museum, 86 Tumarkin, Nina, 171 Turovsky, Mikhail, 145 Woll, Josephine, 94-95 Women: as cosmonauts in 1980s, 154-156; cosmonaut training suits, 50-52,51; gender Uchitel, Aleksei Efimovich, 186,188,192-193 Ulbricht, Walter, 38 United States: Apollo program, 108,109; Mercury mission, 3, 20, 58, 90; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 154; space program, 3,4,139; and Space Race with Soviet Union, 25,108, 139,207; US-Russian émigré community, 178-179 USSR. See Soviet Union Ustinov, Dmitrii, 116,117,122,125-126, 206 Vasilenko, V. S., 23 Venus, missions to, 98-99,157,241П14,248249n37 Vershinin, Konstantin, 118,126,127 Virgin Lands campaign, 111-112 Viskovsksaya, G. I., 52 Volkov, Vladislav, 149 von Braun, Wernher, 97 Voronov, Nikolai Nikolaevich, 126 Voroshilov, Kliment, 125 Voskhod missions, 12, 71, 80-81, 89,115-119, 234nn28-29 Vostok spacecraft, 8, 9, 234nn26-27; commemorated on postage stamps, 71; commemorated on znachki, 79-80; on public display (1965), 88-90; reentry module, 9; Vostok 3,11; Vostok 4,11; Vostok 5,12,45; Vostok 6, 44, 45 Voyage to the Planet ofPrehistoric Women (film), 99 Voyage to the Prehistoric Planet (film), 99 Vremia (television news program), 162 Vsesiouznaia selsko-khoziastvenaia vystavka (VSKhV), 86-87 Vystavka dostizhenii narodnogo khoziaistva (VDNKh), 68, 78, 82, 86-91 White Sun of
the Desert (film), 150-152,151,191 Wings (film), 57 Wolfe, Tom, 3 inequality and Soviet space program, 59-60, 62; maternal roles, 50,53; media coverage of female cosmonauts, 53-54; recruitment of female cosmonauts, 48, 56-57; Rodina flight (1938), 54-56; roles in post-World War II Soviet Union, 45-53, 56-57; Tereshkova as cosmonaut, 44-46, 47-48; Tereshkova as feminist symbol in Cold War, 57-61; Tereshkova as role model, 52-54; US views on female astronauts, 57-59 The World at War (documentary), 96 World Festivals of Youth and Students, 67 World’s Fair, Brussels (1958), 78, 82 World’s Fair, Montreal (1967), 82 World’s Fair, Paris (1937), 86 World’s Fair, Seattle (1962), 39 World War II: impact of, 168, 201-202; reassessment of Great Patriotic War, 168, 170-173; and Soviet identity, 31-32 Yakbovskii, Ivan I., 128 Yazdovsky, Vladimir, 50 Yeager, Chuck, 3 Yegorov, Dr. Boris, 71,154 Yeltsin, Boris, 158,171,172,193-194 Young Communist League (Komsomol), 48 Young Pioneers, 66 Youth events and organizations, 67,73-74,205 Yurchak, Alexei, 166 Yuri Gagarin (film), 25 “Yuri’s Night,” 200 Zakharov, N. S., 128 Zemliia i vselennaia (science journal), 75 Zhuravlev, Vasilli, 26,192 Znachki (lapel pins), 67, 72-81,104-105,205 |
adam_txt | |
any_adam_object | 1 |
any_adam_object_boolean | |
author | Lewis, Cathleen S. 1958- |
author_GND | (DE-588)1311296166 |
author_facet | Lewis, Cathleen S. 1958- |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Lewis, Cathleen S. 1958- |
author_variant | c s l cs csl |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV049048079 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1407275952 (DE-599)BVBBV049048079 |
edition | First edition |
era | Geschichte 1957- gnd |
era_facet | Geschichte 1957- |
format | Book |
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geographic | Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
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id | DE-604.BV049048079 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
index_date | 2024-07-03T22:20:49Z |
indexdate | 2024-12-06T13:04:58Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9781683403708 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034310485 |
oclc_num | 1407275952 |
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owner_facet | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
physical | xvii, 301 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm |
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publishDate | 2023 |
publishDateSearch | 2023 |
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publisher | University Press of Florida |
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spelling | Lewis, Cathleen S. 1958- Verfasser (DE-588)1311296166 aut Cosmonaut a cultural history Cathleen S. Lewis First edition Gainesville University Press of Florida [2023] xvii, 301 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverzeichnis: Seite [259]-294 "How the public image of the Soviet cosmonaut was designed and reimagined over timeIn this book, Cathleen Lewis discusses how the public image of the Soviet cosmonaut developed beginning in the 1950s and the ways this icon has been reinterpreted throughout the years and in contemporary Russia. Compiling material and cultural representations of the cosmonaut program, Lewis provides a new perspective on the story of Soviet spaceflight, highlighting how the government has celebrated figures such as Yuri Gagarin and Valentina Tereshkova through newspapers, radio, parades, monuments, museums, films, and even postage stamps and lapel pins." Geschichte 1957- gnd rswk-swf Astronaut Motiv (DE-588)4451118-8 gnd rswk-swf Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Astronautics - Russia (Federation) - History;Astronautics - Social aspects - Russia (Federation);Astronauts - Russia (Federation) - History;Astronauts - Soviet Union - History;SOCIAL SCIENCE / Popular Culture;SOCIAL SCIENCE / Media Studies;Astronautics - Social aspects - Soviet Union;Astronautics - Soviet Union - History Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Astronaut Motiv (DE-588)4451118-8 s Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 s Geschichte 1957- z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-68340-381-4 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-68340-394-4 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034310485&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034310485&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034310485&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
spellingShingle | Lewis, Cathleen S. 1958- Cosmonaut a cultural history Astronaut Motiv (DE-588)4451118-8 gnd Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4451118-8 (DE-588)4125698-0 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
title | Cosmonaut a cultural history |
title_auth | Cosmonaut a cultural history |
title_exact_search | Cosmonaut a cultural history |
title_exact_search_txtP | Cosmonaut a cultural history |
title_full | Cosmonaut a cultural history Cathleen S. Lewis |
title_fullStr | Cosmonaut a cultural history Cathleen S. Lewis |
title_full_unstemmed | Cosmonaut a cultural history Cathleen S. Lewis |
title_short | Cosmonaut |
title_sort | cosmonaut a cultural history |
title_sub | a cultural history |
topic | Astronaut Motiv (DE-588)4451118-8 gnd Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd |
topic_facet | Astronaut Motiv Kultur Russland Sowjetunion |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034310485&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034310485&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034310485&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT lewiscathleens cosmonautaculturalhistory |