Bela krajina: sustainability in a karst landscape
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Ljubljana
Založba ZRC
2020
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| Ausgabe: | First edition, first printing |
| Schriftenreihe: | Knjižna zbirka Capacities
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract Abstract Literaturverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Auflage 250. - Literaturverzeichnis Seite 126-135 |
| Beschreibung: | 140 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789610504610 |
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| adam_text | Bela krajina - Sustainability in a karst landscape CONTENT Preface...................................................................................................................................................... 11 1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 13 2 Theoretical background and methodology....................................................................................... 14 2.1 Theoretical background ...............................................................................................................14 2.1.1 Approaches for measuring sustainable development........................................................16 2.1.1.1 Worldwide............................................................................................................. 16 2.1.1.2 In Slovenia............................................................................................................. 19 2.1.2 Landscapes as pivotal areas for sustainable management................................................ 23 2.1.3 Policies vs. land use and development.............................................................................. 25 2.1.4 Public participation ........................................................................................................... 26 2.1.5 Karst features and sustainable development..................................................................... 27 2.2
Methodology................................................................................................................................ 28 2.2.1 Karst Disturbance Index.................................................................................................... 30 2.2.2 Land use analyses............................................................................................................... 34 2.2.3 Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the landscape features ..................................... 40 2.2.3.1 Sustainable development indicators ................................................................... 40 2.2.3.2 Structured interviews............................................................................................ 42 3 Results.................................................................................................................................................. 44 3.1 Karst Disturbance Index.............................................................................................................. 44 3.2 Land use analyses: Adlesici and Bojanci case studies ............................................................... 63 3.2.1 Land use changes................................................................................................................ 63 3.2.2 Landscape stability............................................................................................................. 69 3.2.3 Land use categories over time............................................................................................ 69 3.3
Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the landscape features ............................................... 74 3.3.1 Sustainable development indicators.................................................................................. 74 3.3.1.1 Selection ................................................................................................................ 74 3.3.1.2 Measuring sustainable development.................................................................... 80 3.3.1.3 Modelmatrix......................................................................................................... 85 3.3.1.4 Scenarios for Bela krajina..................................................................................... 86 3.3.2 Structured interviews ......................................................................................................... 87 3.3.2.1 Analysis of the answers..........................................................................................87 3.3.2.2 General responses............................................................................................... 113 3.3.3 Comparison of the results................................................................................................. 115 4 Discussion and conclusions............................................................................................................... 115 4.1 Comments and limitations......................................................................................................... 120 4.2 Karst and
sustainability............................................................................................................... 121 4.3 Key methodological achievements............................................................................................. 122 4.4 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 123 4.5 Suggested areas for future study................................................................................................. 125 5 References and Sources...................................................................................................................... 126 5.1 References..................................................................................................................................... 126 5.2 Sources of qualitative data (interviews) .....................................................................................135 6 List of figures....................................................................................................................................... 136 7 List of tables......................................................................................................................................... 138 9
Daniela Ribeiro CAPACities 5 BELA KRAJINA - TRAJNOST V KRASKI POKRAJINI Daniela Ribeiro UDK: 913:551.44(497.434Bela krajina) 711.14(497.434Bela krajina) 502.131.1(497.434Bela krajina) COBISS: 2.01 IZVLECEK Trajnostni razvoj na kraskih obmocjih bi moral biti prilagojen posebnostim te pokrajine, posebej njeni ranljivosti. Ker je pravilno vrednotenje razvojnega potenciala in upravljanje s kraskimi obmocji zelo pomembno za Slovenijo, smo na primeru Bele krajine analizirali vplivpokrajinskih prvin na rabo zemIjisc in trajnostni razvoj. Raziskava je razdeljena na tri sklope, ki hkrati predstavljajo tri pristope k preucevanju pokrajine. Najprej smo s posebnim indeksom za kraske pokrajine ocenili stopnjo clovekovega vpliva na krasko pokrajino (indeks obremenjenosti kraskega okolja zaradi vpliva cloveka). Na njegovi podlagi smo Belo krajino opredelili kot nekoliko clovesko obremenjeno, zato smo ocenili, da je raven obremenjenosti v Beli krajini nizka. V drugem sklopu smo preucili dve studiji primerov (naselji Adlesici in Bojanci), kjer smo podrobno analizirali pokrajinske spremembe s poudarkom na rabi tal v zadnjih dveh stoletjih. Rezultati so potrdili opuscanje obdelovalnih zemljisc in zarascanje pokra jine. Na preucevanih primerih se je pokazalo, da so najpomembnejsa gonila sprememb rabe zemljisc druzbeno-gospodarski vzroki. V tretjem sklopu smo opravili kvantitativno (z uporabo kazalnikov trajnostnega razvoja) in kvalitativno analizo (s strukturiranimi intervjuji) pokrajinskih prvin za trajnostni razvoj. S primerjalnim pristopom smo razpravljali o razlogih za razlike v
pokrajinski Struktur! in razvoju Bele krajine. Rezultati kvantitativne analize kazejo, da je Semic najbolj trajnostno razvita obcina, medtem ko je bil Crnomelj opredeljen kot najmanj trajnostno razvita obcina. Rezultati kvalitativne ana lize pokrajinskih prvin niso pokazali vecjih razlik med obcinami, a smo zaznali dolocene razlike med razlicnimi skupinami deleznikov. Nacini, kako kraskost vpliva na lokalni razvoj so: zaviranje kmetijstva, zaviranje gradnje bis in infrastrukture ter ranljivost na onesnazevanje. Lokalni delezniki so izpostavili, da kraski pojavi na trajnostni razvoj lahko vplivajo pozitivno ali negativno. Pozitivni so vecinoma povezani s turizmom, negativni pa s kmetijstvom. Delo sklenemo s pozitivno ugotovitvijo, da kraskost ni le omejitveni dejavnik, temvec ima tudi razvojni potencial. KLJUCNE BESEDE kraske pokrajine, trajnosti razvoj, raba zemljisc, Bela krajina, Slovenija 8
Bela krajina - Sustainability in a karst landscape CAPACities 5 BELA KRAJINA - SUSTAINABILITY IN A KARST LANDSCAPE Daniela Ribeiro UDC: 913:551.44(497.434Bela krajina) 711.14(497.434Bela krajina) 502.131.1(497.434Bela krajina) COBISS: 2.01 ABSTRACT Bela krajina - Sustainability in a karst landscape Sustainable development in karst areas should be adapted to its specificities and take into account its vulnerability. Since the assessment of the development potential and management of karst areas is of great importance in Slovenia, the author analysed the impact of landscape features on the land use and sustainable development in Bela krajina, as a study region. The monograph is divided into three main parts, essentially based on the approaches used to analyse the selected karst landscape. Firstly, an assess ment of the degree of human disturbance to the karst environment in Bela krajina was done, using an environmental index specific for karst areas, referred to as the ‘Karst Disturbance Index’. The Karst Disturbance Index classified the degree of disturbance in Bela krajina as low. In the second part, two case studies were selected (the settlements of Adlesici and Bojanci) for an in-depth study of landscape changes, through land use changes, over the previous 200 years. The results of these analyses confirmed the land abandonment and overgrowth of agricultural land in both case studies, however at different rates. Socio-economic aspects were found to be the most important drivers of land use changes in these case studies. In the third part, quantitative analysis (through
the use of sustainable development indi cators) and qualitative analysis (through structured interviews) of the landscape features for sustainable development was performed. By means of a comparative approach the reasons for the differences in landscape structure and development in Bela krajina were discussed. According to the quantitative analysis, Semic is the most sustainably developed municipality, whilst Crnomelj was identified as the least sus tainably developed municipality in the study region. The results from qualitative analysis of landscape features using interviews didn’t show many differences among the municipalities. However, some dif ferences among different stakeholders were perceived. The ways in which the karst landscape influences local development mentioned by local stakeholders were that: it hampers agriculture, hampers the build ing of houses and other infrastructure, and it is vulnerable to pollution. Karst landscape features affect sustainable development positively and negatively, according to local stakeholders. The positive effects were mainly connected with tourism, and the negative effects were mainly connected with hampered agriculture. Thus karst landscape features cannot only be seen as limiting factors, but also as having their own development potential. KEY WORDS karst landscapes, sustainable development, land use, Bela krajina, Slovenia
Daniela Ribeiro The inclusion of additional datasets, especially those dating between 1877 and 1987, to the analy ses of land use changes would improve understanding of the landscape changes in the study region, as well as provide better interpretation of the trajectories of change acquired from the stability mapping approach (subchapter 3.2). In addition to the interviews presented in subchapter 3.3.2, supplementary interviews should be done with former residents of Bela krajina who no longer live in the region, in order to understand their reasons for leaving the region. Supplementary interviews should also be done with tourists to under stand the reasons that make the region attractive to them. Since the proposed scenarios did not follow widely applied scenario techniques (e.g., Tress and Tress 2003; Gantar and Golobic 2015), we propose a participatory scenario for further studies that would address the question of how different demands on Bela krajina’s landscapes can be identified by dif ferent stakeholders. This could enhance the role of stakeholders in planning future landscapes. Although we analysed the influence of landscape features on land use and sustainable development in this study, it would be interesting to study the opposite relationship, i.e. how land use and sustain able development influence the landscape features. And furthermore, what are the impacts of land use changes on the economy, population and environment? The results of the present study have some implications for the future monitoring and management of karst landscapes. We believe that the
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(reprinted 1879, Krajec, Novo mesto, Slovenia), van Beynen, P„ Townsend, K. 2005: A Disturbance Index for Karst Environments. Environmental Management 36-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0265-9 Van Eetvelde, V., Antrop, M. 2004: Analyzing structural and functional changes of traditional landscapes - two examples from Southern France. Landscape and Urban Planning 67-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00030-6 Veeneklaas, F. R., Van den Berg, L. M. 1995: Scenarios building: Art, craft or just a fashionable whim? Scenario Studies for the Rural Environment. Vintar, K. 2003: Okoljevarstveni vidiki sonaravnega regionalnega razvoja Slovenije [Environmental aspects of Slovenia’s sustainable regional development], M. Sc. thesis. Filozofska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani. Ljubljana. Vintar Mally, K. 2009: (Ne)sonaravnost razvoja slovenskih regij [(Un)sustainable development of Slovene regions], Razvojni izzivi Slovenije. Ljubljana. 134
Bela krajina - Sustainability in a karst landscape Vintar Mally, K. 2018: Regional differences in Slovenia from the viewpoint of achieving Europe’s sus tainable development. Acta geographica Slovenica 58-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS.3309 Vulnerability and Risk Mapping for the Protection of Carbonate (Karst) Aquifers. Final report. COST Action 620, Luxembourg, 2003. Wages and labour costs. Eurostat, 2016. INTERNET: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/ index.php?title=Wages_and_labour_costs oldid=290800 (3.9.2016). Waltert, E, Schulz, T., Schläpfer, F. 2011: The role of landscape amenities in regional development: Evidence from Swiss municipality data. Land use policy 28-4. DOI: https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.01.002 Wascher, D. M. 2004: Landscape-indicator development: steps towards a European approach. The new dimensions of the European landscape: Frontis Workshop on the future of the European Cultural landscape. Wageningen. Watson, J., Hamilton-Smith, E., Gillieson, D., Kiernan, K. (eds) 1997: Guidelines for Cave and Karst Protection. Gland. World Conservation Strategy: Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development. IUCN-UNEPWWF, Gland, 1980. World Summit on Sustainable Development. United Nations, New York, 2002. INTERNET: http://www.undocuments.net/jburgdec.htm (17. 10. 2016). Wu, J. 2013: Landscape sustainability science: ecosystem services and human well-being in changing landscapes. Landscape ecology 28-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/sl0980-013-9894-9 Wu, J., Wu, T. 2012: Sustainability indicators and indices. Handbook of
Sustainable Management. London. Zakon o gozdovih [The Forest Act] 1993. Uradni list Republike Slovenije 30/1993,56/1999,67/2002,110/2002, 115/2006,110/2007,106/2010, 63/2013,101/2013,17/2014, 24/2015,9/2016 and 77/2016. Ljubljana. Zakon o varstvu podzemnih jam [Underground Cave Protection Act] 2004. Uradni list Republike Slovenije 2/2004, 61/2006 and 46/2014. Ljubljana. Zorn, M., Kumer, P., Ferk, M. 2015: Od gozda do gozda ali kje je goli, kamniti Kras? [From Forest to Forest or Where is the Bare Rocky Karst?]. Kronika 63-3. Zuleeg, F. 2010: European Economic Sustainability Index. Brussels. Zumaglini, M. 2008: Population. Mapping the Alps, Society, Economy, Environment. Heidelberg. 5.2 Sources of qualitative data (interviews) AK, tourism professional, personal communication, 28 of June 2016. Dragatus, Crnomelj. AK, resident, personal communication, 4 of July 2016. Semic. AP, resident, personal communication, 18 of July 2016. Semic. BG, professional of nature protection, personal communication, 27 of June 2016. Adlesici, Crnomelj. BJ, representative of local government, personal communication, 4 of July 2016. Semic. BP, farmer, personal communication, 4 of July 2016. Sela, Semic. BR, tourism professional, personal communication, 1 of July 2016. Adlesici, Crnomelj. DM, resident, personal communication, 18 of July 2016. Semic. GA, representative of local government, personal communication, 14 of July 2016. Crnomelj. IS, representative of local government, personal communication, 21 of July 2016. Metlika. JG, resident, personal communication, 16 of July 2016. Adlesici,
Crnomelj. JJ, resident, personal communication, 13 of July 2016. Crnomelj. JK, farmer, personal communication, 21 of July 2016. Griblje, Crnomelj. JN, representative of local government, personal communication, 21 of July 2016. Metlika. JV, farmer, personal communication, 5 of July 2016. Curile, Metlika. LB, tourism professional, personal communication, 27 of June 2016. Crnomelj. MaP, tourism professional, personal communication, 15 of July 2016. Gradac, Metlika. MB, resident, personal communication, 1 of July 2016. Hrast pri Jugorje, Metlika. 135
Daniela Ribeiro MI, professional of nature protection, personal communication, 24 of June 2016. Sela, Semic. MiP, tourism professional, personal communication, 13 of July 2016. Gradac, Metlika. MK, tourism professional, personal communication, 18 of July 2016. Rosalnice, Metlika. MK, representative of local government, personal communication, 18 of July 2016. Semic. MM, resident, personal communication, 21 of July 2016. Metlika. MP, farmer, personal communication, 5 of July 2016. Curile, Metlika. NS, professional of nature protection, personal communication, 24 of June 2016. Crnomelj. PM, farmer, personal communication, 1 of July 2016. Maline pri Strekljevcu, Semic. SM, farmer, personal communication, 28 of June 2016. Vavpca Vas, Semic. S2, professional of nature protection, personal communication, 18 of July 2016. Krupa, Semic. TJ, tourism professional, personal communication, 27 of June 2016. Adlesici, Crnomelj. VK, representative of local government, personal communication, 14 of July 2016. Crnomelj. VS, farmer, personal communication, 1 of July 2016. Stari Trg ob Kolpi, Crnomelj. VV, tourism professional, personal communication, 4 of July 2016. Veliki Nerajec, Crnomelj. 6 List of figures Figure 1: Nested sustainability model (adapted from Giddings, Hopwood and O’Brien 2002). Figure 2: PSR indicator framework (adapted from OECD core set... 1993). Figure 3: The DPSIR assessment framework (adapted from Environmental indicators... 1999). Figure 4: Geographical location of the study region (Bela krajina), municipalities (Crnomelj, Metlika and Semic) and case studies
(settlements of Adlesici in Bojanci). Figure 5: Franziscean Land Cadastral maps georeferenced for the settlement of Adlesici (the red line represents the territorial border of the settlement). Figure 6: Table of the layers from the operation ‘Intersect’. Figure 7: Disused quarry located in the Veliki Nerajec settlement. On the left the identification on the topographic map from 1996, in the centre its visualisation from Lidar data from 2014 and on the right how the abandoned location looks on DOF from 2014/2015 (Atlas okolja 2016). Figure 8: Disused quarry located in the Mali Nerajec settlement. On the left the identification on the topographic map from 1971, in the centre its visualisation from Lidar data from 2014 and on the right how the abandoned location looks on DOF from 2014/2015 (Atlas okolja 2016). Figure 9: Disused quarry located in the Stari trg settlement. On the left the identification on the topo graphic map from 1996, in the centre its visualisation from Lidar data from 2014 and on the right how the abandoned location looks on DOF from 2014/2015 (Atlas okolja 2016). Figure 10: External view of the disused quarry; on the ground it can be seen how this abandoned loca tion has been used as a construction and demolition waste disposal site (photo: Jure Ticar). Figure 11: Disused quarry located in the Golek settlement. On the left the identification on the topo graphic map from 1976, in the centre its visualisation from Lidar data from 2014 and on the right how the abandoned location looks on DOF from 2014/2015 (Atlas okolja 2016). Figure 12: Disused quarry
located in the town of Crnomelj. On the left the identification on the topo graphic map from 1996, in the centre its visualisation from Lidar data from 2014 and on the right how the abandoned location looks on DOF from 2014/2015 (Atlas okolja 2016). Figure 13: Disused quarry located in the Dragovanja vas settlement. On the left the identification on the topographic map from 1976, in the centre its visualisation from Lidar data from 2014 and on the right how the abandoned location looks on DOF from 2014/2015 (Atlas okolja 2016). Figure 14: Disused quarry located in the Kucar settlement. On the left the identification on the topo graphic map from 1971, in the centre its visualisation from Lidar data from 2014 and on the right how the abandoned location looks on DOF from 2014/2015 (Atlas okolja 2016). 136
Bela krajina - Sustainability in a karst landscape Figure 15: Disused quarry located in the Gornja Lokvica settlement. On the left the identification on the topographic map from 1976, in the centre its visualisation from Lidar data from 2014 and on the right how the abandoned location looks on DOF from 2014/2015 (Atlas okolja 2016). Figure 16: Disused quarry located in the Gradnik settlement. On the left the identification on the topo graphic map from 1976, in the centre its visualisation from Lidar data from 2014 and on the right how the abandoned location looks on DOF from 2014/2015 (Atlas okolja 2016). Figure 17: Disused quarry located in the Ribnik settlement. On the left the identification on the topo graphic map from 1998, in the centre its visualisation from Lidar data from 2014 and on the right how the abandoned location looks on DOF from 2014/2015 (Atlas okolja 2016). Figure 18: Disused quarry located in the Srednja Gora settlement. On the left the identification on the topographic map from 1996, in the centre its visualisation from Lidar data from 2014 and on the right how the abandoned location looks on DOF from 2014/2015 (Atlas okolja 2016). Figure 19: Disused quarry located in the Srednja vas settlement. On the left the identification on the topographic map from 1998, in the centre its visualisation from Lidar data from 2014 and on the right how the abandoned location looks on DOF from 2014/2015 (Atlas okolja 2016). Figure 20: Flood hazard maps for rare floods. Figure 21: The permanent ponor Mlinska jama (photo: Daniela Ribeiro). Figure 22: Polluted cave
Kipina jama (cadastral number 853), located in Metlika Municipality (photo: Jure Ticar). Figure 23: Illegal waste disposal close to Malikovec cave in the Semic Municipality (photo: Daniela Ribeiro). Figure 24: Erosion risk according to slope in cultivated areas of the Crnomelj Municipality. Figure 25: Erosion risk according to slope in cultivated areas of the Metlika Municipality. Figure 26: Erosion risk according to slope in cultivated areas of the Semic Municipality. Figure 27: Floor sediment compaction-destruction in the Malikovec cave, located in the Semic Municipality (photo: Daniela Ribeiro). Figure 28: Presentation by the Brezice Caving Club at an open day at OS Sava Kladnika Sevnica primary school, where cave explorers talked about karst and karst phenomena and its importance for nature protection. The presentation did not take place in the study region, but the photograph is repre sentative of such activities (photo: Jure Ticar). Figure 29: Changes in land use categories over time for the Adlesici case study. Figure 30: Changes in land use categories over time for the Bojanci case study. Figure 31: Changes in land use categories proportions over time for Adlesici. Figure 32: Changes in land use categories proportions over time for Bojanci. Figure 33: Changes in the areas of cultivated fields and demographic fluctuation between 1824 and 2012 for both case studies. Figure 34: Stability map showing the trajectories of change for the Adlesici case study. Figure 35: Stability map showing the trajectories of change for the Bojanci case study. Figure 36: Transitions of
land use categories (ha) over time for the Adlesici case study. Figure 37: Transitions of land use categories (ha) over time for the Bojanci case study. Figure 38: The development of the three municipalities of Bela krajina according to the ‘Municipality Development Coefficient’ (Koeficient razvitosti obcin 2016). Figure 39: Prominence of words that were most frequently mentioned regarding benefits provided by the landscape. Figure 40: Prominence of words that were most frequently mentioned regarding aspects of landscape attractiveness. Figure 41: Prominence of words that were most frequently mentioned regarding the way landscape con tributes to human well-being. Figure 42: Prominence of words that were most frequently mentioned regarding characteristics of the landscape that makes it distinct from other landscapes. 137
Daniela Ribeiro Figure 43: Graphical representation of the answers regarding landscape changes. Figure 44: Prominence ofwords that were most frequently mentioned regarding the factors that influence landscape change. Figure 45: Prominence of words that were most frequently mentioned regarding factors that influence landscape change, grouped according to similar meanings. Figure 46: Prominence of words that were most frequently mentioned regarding values of the landscape. Figure 47: Graphical representation of the answers regarding the influence of landscape features on local activities. Figure 48: Graphical representation of answers regarding the influence of karst features on local devel opment. Figure 49: Graphical representation of the answers regarding landscape development. Figure 50: Graphical representation of the answers regarding the increase in self-sufficiency in food as an employment opportunity for rural development. Figure 51: Schematic representation of the major land use changes occurring in Bela krajina during the past 200 years. Figure 52: Factors which influence the sustainable development of karst areas. 7 List of tables Table 1: Overview of the thematic development indicators used in Slovenian studies. Table 2: Indicators of Karst Disturbance Index applied in Bela krajina (adapted from van Beynen and Townsend 2005). Table 3: Classification of the degree of human disturbance on karst environments (van Beynen and Townsend 2005). Table 4: Legend keys of the data sources used. Table 5: Coded land use categories. Table 6: Combination of the three spatial
indices used in order to derive the class of trajectory of change for the four time periods. Table 7: Respondents’ profile and their residence location in the municipalities. Table 8: List of all the questions from the interviews and target stakeholder to whom the questions were addressed. Table 9: The location of wastewater treatment plants in the municipalities. Table 10: Industries existent in the municipalities. Table 11: Karst Disturbance Index ranking of individual indicators for the three municipalities. Table 12: Classification of karst disturbance for the three municipalities. Table 13: Coverage of land use categories (ha) in the Adlesici case study. Table 14: Coverage of land use categories (ha) in Bojanci case study. Table 15: The set of sustainable development indicators used to measure the sustainable development of the municipalities, presented by themes and respective domains of sustainable development. The column ‘source’ gives information about similar studies which have used the same or comparable indicators. Table 16: Values attributed to the economic indicators for the three municipalities, as well as averages for the study region and Slovenia. Table 17: Values attributed to the environmental indicators for the three municipalities, as well as aver ages for the study region and Slovenia. Table 18: Values attributed to the social indicators for the three municipalities, as well as averages for the study region and Slovenia. Table 19: Sustainable development in the three municipalities. 138
Bela krajina - Sustainability in a karst landscape Table 20: Comparison of the sustainable development in the study region with the national level. Table 21: Model matrix of landscape types reflecting their population retention capacity. Table 22: Placing the three municipalities in the model scenarios. Table 23: Items mentioned by the respondents regarding what the landscape provides them with. Table 24: Items mentioned by the respondents while talking about aspects that make the landscapes of Bela krajina attractive. Table 25: How the landscape contributes to human well-being. Table 26: Characteristics of the landscape that distinguish it from other places. Table 27: Characteristics of the landscape mentioned by nature protection stakeholders and tourism stakeholders and the relative percentage difference between both groups of stakeholders. Table 28: Percentage of respondents who mentioned the occurrence of landscape changes. Table 29: Directions of landscape change according to respondents, grouped by subject matter. Table 30: Landscape changes according to stakeholder group, regarding type of change. Table 31 : Factors that influence landscape change. Table 32: Factors that influence landscape change grouped according to similar meanings. Table 33: Factors that influence landscape change according to the group of stakeholders that mentioned them. Table 34: Roles of local stakeholders in landscape management. Table 35: Values of the landscape as seen by local stakeholders. Table 36: The most frequently mentioned items regarding the value of the landscape and the
relative importance of each to the different groups of stakeholders. Table 37: Differences in responses from the three participant groups of stakeholders: farmers, resident non-farmers and local governments representatives. Table 38: How karst features of the landscape influence respondents’ activities. Table 39: Benefits and drawbacks of karst features of the landscape that influence people’s activities. Table 40: Differences in responses from the four participant groups of stakeholders, regarding the influence of karst features on local development. Table 41: Differences in responses from the two respondent groups of stakeholders, regarding the influence of nature protection on their activities. Table 42: Differences in responses from the two respondent groups of stakeholders, regarding the influence of nature protection on local development. Table 43: Level of development of the landscape according to local stakeholders. Table 44: Differences in responses from the three respondent groups of stakeholders regarding food self-sufficiency. Table 45: Main differences between the results obtained from the quantitative and qualitative evalua tions of the landscape features for sustainable development. Table 46: Summary of the strengths and weaknesses of the approaches utilised in the study. Table 47: Indicators for measuring and monitoring sustainable development of karst regions (for details see Ribeiro 2017; Ribeiro, Zorn and Carni 2017). 139
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Bela krajina - Sustainability in a karst landscape CONTENT Preface. 11 1 Introduction. 13 2 Theoretical background and methodology. 14 2.1 Theoretical background .14 2.1.1 Approaches for measuring sustainable development.16 2.1.1.1 Worldwide. 16 2.1.1.2 In Slovenia. 19 2.1.2 Landscapes as pivotal areas for sustainable management. 23 2.1.3 Policies vs. land use and development. 25 2.1.4 Public participation . 26 2.1.5 Karst features and sustainable development. 27 2.2
Methodology. 28 2.2.1 Karst Disturbance Index. 30 2.2.2 Land use analyses. 34 2.2.3 Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the landscape features . 40 2.2.3.1 Sustainable development indicators . 40 2.2.3.2 Structured interviews. 42 3 Results. 44 3.1 Karst Disturbance Index. 44 3.2 Land use analyses: Adlesici and Bojanci case studies . 63 3.2.1 Land use changes. 63 3.2.2 Landscape stability. 69 3.2.3 Land use categories over time. 69 3.3
Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the landscape features . 74 3.3.1 Sustainable development indicators. 74 3.3.1.1 Selection . 74 3.3.1.2 Measuring sustainable development. 80 3.3.1.3 Modelmatrix. 85 3.3.1.4 Scenarios for Bela krajina. 86 3.3.2 Structured interviews . 87 3.3.2.1 Analysis of the answers.87 3.3.2.2 General responses. 113 3.3.3 Comparison of the results. 115 4 Discussion and conclusions. 115 4.1 Comments and limitations. 120 4.2 Karst and
sustainability. 121 4.3 Key methodological achievements. 122 4.4 Recommendations . 123 4.5 Suggested areas for future study. 125 5 References and Sources. 126 5.1 References. 126 5.2 Sources of qualitative data (interviews) .135 6 List of figures. 136 7 List of tables. 138 9
Daniela Ribeiro CAPACities 5 BELA KRAJINA - TRAJNOST V KRASKI POKRAJINI Daniela Ribeiro UDK: 913:551.44(497.434Bela krajina) 711.14(497.434Bela krajina) 502.131.1(497.434Bela krajina) COBISS: 2.01 IZVLECEK Trajnostni razvoj na kraskih obmocjih bi moral biti prilagojen posebnostim te pokrajine, posebej njeni ranljivosti. Ker je pravilno vrednotenje razvojnega potenciala in upravljanje s kraskimi obmocji zelo pomembno za Slovenijo, smo na primeru Bele krajine analizirali vplivpokrajinskih prvin na rabo zemIjisc in trajnostni razvoj. Raziskava je razdeljena na tri sklope, ki hkrati predstavljajo tri pristope k preucevanju pokrajine. Najprej smo s posebnim indeksom za kraske pokrajine ocenili stopnjo clovekovega vpliva na krasko pokrajino (indeks obremenjenosti kraskega okolja zaradi vpliva cloveka). Na njegovi podlagi smo Belo krajino opredelili kot nekoliko clovesko obremenjeno, zato smo ocenili, da je raven obremenjenosti v Beli krajini nizka. V drugem sklopu smo preucili dve studiji primerov (naselji Adlesici in Bojanci), kjer smo podrobno analizirali pokrajinske spremembe s poudarkom na rabi tal v zadnjih dveh stoletjih. Rezultati so potrdili opuscanje obdelovalnih zemljisc in zarascanje pokra jine. Na preucevanih primerih se je pokazalo, da so najpomembnejsa gonila sprememb rabe zemljisc druzbeno-gospodarski vzroki. V tretjem sklopu smo opravili kvantitativno (z uporabo kazalnikov trajnostnega razvoja) in kvalitativno analizo (s strukturiranimi intervjuji) pokrajinskih prvin za trajnostni razvoj. S primerjalnim pristopom smo razpravljali o razlogih za razlike v
pokrajinski Struktur! in razvoju Bele krajine. Rezultati kvantitativne analize kazejo, da je Semic najbolj trajnostno razvita obcina, medtem ko je bil Crnomelj opredeljen kot najmanj trajnostno razvita obcina. Rezultati kvalitativne ana lize pokrajinskih prvin niso pokazali vecjih razlik med obcinami, a smo zaznali dolocene razlike med razlicnimi skupinami deleznikov. Nacini, kako kraskost vpliva na lokalni razvoj so: zaviranje kmetijstva, zaviranje gradnje bis in infrastrukture ter ranljivost na onesnazevanje. Lokalni delezniki so izpostavili, da kraski pojavi na trajnostni razvoj lahko vplivajo pozitivno ali negativno. Pozitivni so vecinoma povezani s turizmom, negativni pa s kmetijstvom. Delo sklenemo s pozitivno ugotovitvijo, da kraskost ni le omejitveni dejavnik, temvec ima tudi razvojni potencial. KLJUCNE BESEDE kraske pokrajine, trajnosti razvoj, raba zemljisc, Bela krajina, Slovenija 8
Bela krajina - Sustainability in a karst landscape CAPACities 5 BELA KRAJINA - SUSTAINABILITY IN A KARST LANDSCAPE Daniela Ribeiro UDC: 913:551.44(497.434Bela krajina) 711.14(497.434Bela krajina) 502.131.1(497.434Bela krajina) COBISS: 2.01 ABSTRACT Bela krajina - Sustainability in a karst landscape Sustainable development in karst areas should be adapted to its specificities and take into account its vulnerability. Since the assessment of the development potential and management of karst areas is of great importance in Slovenia, the author analysed the impact of landscape features on the land use and sustainable development in Bela krajina, as a study region. The monograph is divided into three main parts, essentially based on the approaches used to analyse the selected karst landscape. Firstly, an assess ment of the degree of human disturbance to the karst environment in Bela krajina was done, using an environmental index specific for karst areas, referred to as the ‘Karst Disturbance Index’. The Karst Disturbance Index classified the degree of disturbance in Bela krajina as low. In the second part, two case studies were selected (the settlements of Adlesici and Bojanci) for an in-depth study of landscape changes, through land use changes, over the previous 200 years. The results of these analyses confirmed the land abandonment and overgrowth of agricultural land in both case studies, however at different rates. Socio-economic aspects were found to be the most important drivers of land use changes in these case studies. In the third part, quantitative analysis (through
the use of sustainable development indi cators) and qualitative analysis (through structured interviews) of the landscape features for sustainable development was performed. By means of a comparative approach the reasons for the differences in landscape structure and development in Bela krajina were discussed. According to the quantitative analysis, Semic is the most sustainably developed municipality, whilst Crnomelj was identified as the least sus tainably developed municipality in the study region. The results from qualitative analysis of landscape features using interviews didn’t show many differences among the municipalities. However, some dif ferences among different stakeholders were perceived. The ways in which the karst landscape influences local development mentioned by local stakeholders were that: it hampers agriculture, hampers the build ing of houses and other infrastructure, and it is vulnerable to pollution. Karst landscape features affect sustainable development positively and negatively, according to local stakeholders. The positive effects were mainly connected with tourism, and the negative effects were mainly connected with hampered agriculture. Thus karst landscape features cannot only be seen as limiting factors, but also as having their own development potential. KEY WORDS karst landscapes, sustainable development, land use, Bela krajina, Slovenia
Daniela Ribeiro The inclusion of additional datasets, especially those dating between 1877 and 1987, to the analy ses of land use changes would improve understanding of the landscape changes in the study region, as well as provide better interpretation of the trajectories of change acquired from the stability mapping approach (subchapter 3.2). In addition to the interviews presented in subchapter 3.3.2, supplementary interviews should be done with former residents of Bela krajina who no longer live in the region, in order to understand their reasons for leaving the region. Supplementary interviews should also be done with tourists to under stand the reasons that make the region attractive to them. Since the proposed scenarios did not follow widely applied scenario techniques (e.g., Tress and Tress 2003; Gantar and Golobic 2015), we propose a participatory scenario for further studies that would address the question of how different demands on Bela krajina’s landscapes can be identified by dif ferent stakeholders. This could enhance the role of stakeholders in planning future landscapes. Although we analysed the influence of landscape features on land use and sustainable development in this study, it would be interesting to study the opposite relationship, i.e. how land use and sustain able development influence the landscape features. And furthermore, what are the impacts of land use changes on the economy, population and environment? The results of the present study have some implications for the future monitoring and management of karst landscapes. We believe that the
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(reprinted 1879, Krajec, Novo mesto, Slovenia), van Beynen, P„ Townsend, K. 2005: A Disturbance Index for Karst Environments. Environmental Management 36-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0265-9 Van Eetvelde, V., Antrop, M. 2004: Analyzing structural and functional changes of traditional landscapes - two examples from Southern France. Landscape and Urban Planning 67-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00030-6 Veeneklaas, F. R., Van den Berg, L. M. 1995: Scenarios building: Art, craft or just a fashionable whim? Scenario Studies for the Rural Environment. Vintar, K. 2003: Okoljevarstveni vidiki sonaravnega regionalnega razvoja Slovenije [Environmental aspects of Slovenia’s sustainable regional development], M. Sc. thesis. Filozofska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani. Ljubljana. Vintar Mally, K. 2009: (Ne)sonaravnost razvoja slovenskih regij [(Un)sustainable development of Slovene regions], Razvojni izzivi Slovenije. Ljubljana. 134
Bela krajina - Sustainability in a karst landscape Vintar Mally, K. 2018: Regional differences in Slovenia from the viewpoint of achieving Europe’s sus tainable development. Acta geographica Slovenica 58-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS.3309 Vulnerability and Risk Mapping for the Protection of Carbonate (Karst) Aquifers. Final report. COST Action 620, Luxembourg, 2003. Wages and labour costs. Eurostat, 2016. INTERNET: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/ index.php?title=Wages_and_labour_costs oldid=290800 (3.9.2016). Waltert, E, Schulz, T., Schläpfer, F. 2011: The role of landscape amenities in regional development: Evidence from Swiss municipality data. Land use policy 28-4. DOI: https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.01.002 Wascher, D. M. 2004: Landscape-indicator development: steps towards a European approach. The new dimensions of the European landscape: Frontis Workshop on the future of the European Cultural landscape. Wageningen. Watson, J., Hamilton-Smith, E., Gillieson, D., Kiernan, K. (eds) 1997: Guidelines for Cave and Karst Protection. Gland. World Conservation Strategy: Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development. IUCN-UNEPWWF, Gland, 1980. World Summit on Sustainable Development. United Nations, New York, 2002. INTERNET: http://www.undocuments.net/jburgdec.htm (17. 10. 2016). Wu, J. 2013: Landscape sustainability science: ecosystem services and human well-being in changing landscapes. Landscape ecology 28-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/sl0980-013-9894-9 Wu, J., Wu, T. 2012: Sustainability indicators and indices. Handbook of
Sustainable Management. London. Zakon o gozdovih [The Forest Act] 1993. Uradni list Republike Slovenije 30/1993,56/1999,67/2002,110/2002, 115/2006,110/2007,106/2010, 63/2013,101/2013,17/2014, 24/2015,9/2016 and 77/2016. Ljubljana. Zakon o varstvu podzemnih jam [Underground Cave Protection Act] 2004. Uradni list Republike Slovenije 2/2004, 61/2006 and 46/2014. Ljubljana. Zorn, M., Kumer, P., Ferk, M. 2015: Od gozda do gozda ali kje je goli, kamniti Kras? [From Forest to Forest or Where is the Bare Rocky Karst?]. Kronika 63-3. Zuleeg, F. 2010: European Economic Sustainability Index. Brussels. Zumaglini, M. 2008: Population. Mapping the Alps, Society, Economy, Environment. Heidelberg. 5.2 Sources of qualitative data (interviews) AK, tourism professional, personal communication, 28 of June 2016. Dragatus, Crnomelj. AK, resident, personal communication, 4 of July 2016. Semic. AP, resident, personal communication, 18 of July 2016. Semic. BG, professional of nature protection, personal communication, 27 of June 2016. Adlesici, Crnomelj. BJ, representative of local government, personal communication, 4 of July 2016. Semic. BP, farmer, personal communication, 4 of July 2016. Sela, Semic. BR, tourism professional, personal communication, 1 of July 2016. Adlesici, Crnomelj. DM, resident, personal communication, 18 of July 2016. Semic. GA, representative of local government, personal communication, 14 of July 2016. Crnomelj. IS, representative of local government, personal communication, 21 of July 2016. Metlika. JG, resident, personal communication, 16 of July 2016. Adlesici,
Crnomelj. JJ, resident, personal communication, 13 of July 2016. Crnomelj. JK, farmer, personal communication, 21 of July 2016. Griblje, Crnomelj. JN, representative of local government, personal communication, 21 of July 2016. Metlika. JV, farmer, personal communication, 5 of July 2016. Curile, Metlika. LB, tourism professional, personal communication, 27 of June 2016. Crnomelj. MaP, tourism professional, personal communication, 15 of July 2016. Gradac, Metlika. MB, resident, personal communication, 1 of July 2016. Hrast pri Jugorje, Metlika. 135
Daniela Ribeiro MI, professional of nature protection, personal communication, 24 of June 2016. Sela, Semic. MiP, tourism professional, personal communication, 13 of July 2016. Gradac, Metlika. MK, tourism professional, personal communication, 18 of July 2016. Rosalnice, Metlika. MK, representative of local government, personal communication, 18 of July 2016. Semic. MM, resident, personal communication, 21 of July 2016. Metlika. MP, farmer, personal communication, 5 of July 2016. Curile, Metlika. NS, professional of nature protection, personal communication, 24 of June 2016. Crnomelj. PM, farmer, personal communication, 1 of July 2016. Maline pri Strekljevcu, Semic. SM, farmer, personal communication, 28 of June 2016. Vavpca Vas, Semic. S2, professional of nature protection, personal communication, 18 of July 2016. Krupa, Semic. TJ, tourism professional, personal communication, 27 of June 2016. Adlesici, Crnomelj. VK, representative of local government, personal communication, 14 of July 2016. Crnomelj. VS, farmer, personal communication, 1 of July 2016. Stari Trg ob Kolpi, Crnomelj. VV, tourism professional, personal communication, 4 of July 2016. Veliki Nerajec, Crnomelj. 6 List of figures Figure 1: Nested sustainability model (adapted from Giddings, Hopwood and O’Brien 2002). Figure 2: PSR indicator framework (adapted from OECD core set. 1993). Figure 3: The DPSIR assessment framework (adapted from Environmental indicators. 1999). Figure 4: Geographical location of the study region (Bela krajina), municipalities (Crnomelj, Metlika and Semic) and case studies
(settlements of Adlesici in Bojanci). Figure 5: Franziscean Land Cadastral maps georeferenced for the settlement of Adlesici (the red line represents the territorial border of the settlement). Figure 6: Table of the layers from the operation ‘Intersect’. Figure 7: Disused quarry located in the Veliki Nerajec settlement. On the left the identification on the topographic map from 1996, in the centre its visualisation from Lidar data from 2014 and on the right how the abandoned location looks on DOF from 2014/2015 (Atlas okolja 2016). Figure 8: Disused quarry located in the Mali Nerajec settlement. On the left the identification on the topographic map from 1971, in the centre its visualisation from Lidar data from 2014 and on the right how the abandoned location looks on DOF from 2014/2015 (Atlas okolja 2016). Figure 9: Disused quarry located in the Stari trg settlement. On the left the identification on the topo graphic map from 1996, in the centre its visualisation from Lidar data from 2014 and on the right how the abandoned location looks on DOF from 2014/2015 (Atlas okolja 2016). Figure 10: External view of the disused quarry; on the ground it can be seen how this abandoned loca tion has been used as a construction and demolition waste disposal site (photo: Jure Ticar). Figure 11: Disused quarry located in the Golek settlement. On the left the identification on the topo graphic map from 1976, in the centre its visualisation from Lidar data from 2014 and on the right how the abandoned location looks on DOF from 2014/2015 (Atlas okolja 2016). Figure 12: Disused quarry
located in the town of Crnomelj. On the left the identification on the topo graphic map from 1996, in the centre its visualisation from Lidar data from 2014 and on the right how the abandoned location looks on DOF from 2014/2015 (Atlas okolja 2016). Figure 13: Disused quarry located in the Dragovanja vas settlement. On the left the identification on the topographic map from 1976, in the centre its visualisation from Lidar data from 2014 and on the right how the abandoned location looks on DOF from 2014/2015 (Atlas okolja 2016). Figure 14: Disused quarry located in the Kucar settlement. On the left the identification on the topo graphic map from 1971, in the centre its visualisation from Lidar data from 2014 and on the right how the abandoned location looks on DOF from 2014/2015 (Atlas okolja 2016). 136
Bela krajina - Sustainability in a karst landscape Figure 15: Disused quarry located in the Gornja Lokvica settlement. On the left the identification on the topographic map from 1976, in the centre its visualisation from Lidar data from 2014 and on the right how the abandoned location looks on DOF from 2014/2015 (Atlas okolja 2016). Figure 16: Disused quarry located in the Gradnik settlement. On the left the identification on the topo graphic map from 1976, in the centre its visualisation from Lidar data from 2014 and on the right how the abandoned location looks on DOF from 2014/2015 (Atlas okolja 2016). Figure 17: Disused quarry located in the Ribnik settlement. On the left the identification on the topo graphic map from 1998, in the centre its visualisation from Lidar data from 2014 and on the right how the abandoned location looks on DOF from 2014/2015 (Atlas okolja 2016). Figure 18: Disused quarry located in the Srednja Gora settlement. On the left the identification on the topographic map from 1996, in the centre its visualisation from Lidar data from 2014 and on the right how the abandoned location looks on DOF from 2014/2015 (Atlas okolja 2016). Figure 19: Disused quarry located in the Srednja vas settlement. On the left the identification on the topographic map from 1998, in the centre its visualisation from Lidar data from 2014 and on the right how the abandoned location looks on DOF from 2014/2015 (Atlas okolja 2016). Figure 20: Flood hazard maps for rare floods. Figure 21: The permanent ponor Mlinska jama (photo: Daniela Ribeiro). Figure 22: Polluted cave
Kipina jama (cadastral number 853), located in Metlika Municipality (photo: Jure Ticar). Figure 23: Illegal waste disposal close to Malikovec cave in the Semic Municipality (photo: Daniela Ribeiro). Figure 24: Erosion risk according to slope in cultivated areas of the Crnomelj Municipality. Figure 25: Erosion risk according to slope in cultivated areas of the Metlika Municipality. Figure 26: Erosion risk according to slope in cultivated areas of the Semic Municipality. Figure 27: Floor sediment compaction-destruction in the Malikovec cave, located in the Semic Municipality (photo: Daniela Ribeiro). Figure 28: Presentation by the Brezice Caving Club at an open day at OS Sava Kladnika Sevnica primary school, where cave explorers talked about karst and karst phenomena and its importance for nature protection. The presentation did not take place in the study region, but the photograph is repre sentative of such activities (photo: Jure Ticar). Figure 29: Changes in land use categories over time for the Adlesici case study. Figure 30: Changes in land use categories over time for the Bojanci case study. Figure 31: Changes in land use categories proportions over time for Adlesici. Figure 32: Changes in land use categories proportions over time for Bojanci. Figure 33: Changes in the areas of cultivated fields and demographic fluctuation between 1824 and 2012 for both case studies. Figure 34: Stability map showing the trajectories of change for the Adlesici case study. Figure 35: Stability map showing the trajectories of change for the Bojanci case study. Figure 36: Transitions of
land use categories (ha) over time for the Adlesici case study. Figure 37: Transitions of land use categories (ha) over time for the Bojanci case study. Figure 38: The development of the three municipalities of Bela krajina according to the ‘Municipality Development Coefficient’ (Koeficient razvitosti obcin 2016). Figure 39: Prominence of words that were most frequently mentioned regarding benefits provided by the landscape. Figure 40: Prominence of words that were most frequently mentioned regarding aspects of landscape attractiveness. Figure 41: Prominence of words that were most frequently mentioned regarding the way landscape con tributes to human well-being. Figure 42: Prominence of words that were most frequently mentioned regarding characteristics of the landscape that makes it distinct from other landscapes. 137
Daniela Ribeiro Figure 43: Graphical representation of the answers regarding landscape changes. Figure 44: Prominence ofwords that were most frequently mentioned regarding the factors that influence landscape change. Figure 45: Prominence of words that were most frequently mentioned regarding factors that influence landscape change, grouped according to similar meanings. Figure 46: Prominence of words that were most frequently mentioned regarding values of the landscape. Figure 47: Graphical representation of the answers regarding the influence of landscape features on local activities. Figure 48: Graphical representation of answers regarding the influence of karst features on local devel opment. Figure 49: Graphical representation of the answers regarding landscape development. Figure 50: Graphical representation of the answers regarding the increase in self-sufficiency in food as an employment opportunity for rural development. Figure 51: Schematic representation of the major land use changes occurring in Bela krajina during the past 200 years. Figure 52: Factors which influence the sustainable development of karst areas. 7 List of tables Table 1: Overview of the thematic development indicators used in Slovenian studies. Table 2: Indicators of Karst Disturbance Index applied in Bela krajina (adapted from van Beynen and Townsend 2005). Table 3: Classification of the degree of human disturbance on karst environments (van Beynen and Townsend 2005). Table 4: Legend keys of the data sources used. Table 5: Coded land use categories. Table 6: Combination of the three spatial
indices used in order to derive the class of trajectory of change for the four time periods. Table 7: Respondents’ profile and their residence location in the municipalities. Table 8: List of all the questions from the interviews and target stakeholder to whom the questions were addressed. Table 9: The location of wastewater treatment plants in the municipalities. Table 10: Industries existent in the municipalities. Table 11: Karst Disturbance Index ranking of individual indicators for the three municipalities. Table 12: Classification of karst disturbance for the three municipalities. Table 13: Coverage of land use categories (ha) in the Adlesici case study. Table 14: Coverage of land use categories (ha) in Bojanci case study. Table 15: The set of sustainable development indicators used to measure the sustainable development of the municipalities, presented by themes and respective domains of sustainable development. The column ‘source’ gives information about similar studies which have used the same or comparable indicators. Table 16: Values attributed to the economic indicators for the three municipalities, as well as averages for the study region and Slovenia. Table 17: Values attributed to the environmental indicators for the three municipalities, as well as aver ages for the study region and Slovenia. Table 18: Values attributed to the social indicators for the three municipalities, as well as averages for the study region and Slovenia. Table 19: Sustainable development in the three municipalities. 138
Bela krajina - Sustainability in a karst landscape Table 20: Comparison of the sustainable development in the study region with the national level. Table 21: Model matrix of landscape types reflecting their population retention capacity. Table 22: Placing the three municipalities in the model scenarios. Table 23: Items mentioned by the respondents regarding what the landscape provides them with. Table 24: Items mentioned by the respondents while talking about aspects that make the landscapes of Bela krajina attractive. Table 25: How the landscape contributes to human well-being. Table 26: Characteristics of the landscape that distinguish it from other places. Table 27: Characteristics of the landscape mentioned by nature protection stakeholders and tourism stakeholders and the relative percentage difference between both groups of stakeholders. Table 28: Percentage of respondents who mentioned the occurrence of landscape changes. Table 29: Directions of landscape change according to respondents, grouped by subject matter. Table 30: Landscape changes according to stakeholder group, regarding type of change. Table 31 : Factors that influence landscape change. Table 32: Factors that influence landscape change grouped according to similar meanings. Table 33: Factors that influence landscape change according to the group of stakeholders that mentioned them. Table 34: Roles of local stakeholders in landscape management. Table 35: Values of the landscape as seen by local stakeholders. Table 36: The most frequently mentioned items regarding the value of the landscape and the
relative importance of each to the different groups of stakeholders. Table 37: Differences in responses from the three participant groups of stakeholders: farmers, resident non-farmers and local governments representatives. Table 38: How karst features of the landscape influence respondents’ activities. Table 39: Benefits and drawbacks of karst features of the landscape that influence people’s activities. Table 40: Differences in responses from the four participant groups of stakeholders, regarding the influence of karst features on local development. Table 41: Differences in responses from the two respondent groups of stakeholders, regarding the influence of nature protection on their activities. Table 42: Differences in responses from the two respondent groups of stakeholders, regarding the influence of nature protection on local development. Table 43: Level of development of the landscape according to local stakeholders. Table 44: Differences in responses from the three respondent groups of stakeholders regarding food self-sufficiency. Table 45: Main differences between the results obtained from the quantitative and qualitative evalua tions of the landscape features for sustainable development. Table 46: Summary of the strengths and weaknesses of the approaches utilised in the study. Table 47: Indicators for measuring and monitoring sustainable development of karst regions (for details see Ribeiro 2017; Ribeiro, Zorn and Carni 2017). 139 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Ribeiro, Daniela |
| author2 | Šmid Hribar, Mateja Volk Bahun, Manca |
| author2_role | edt ctg |
| author2_variant | h m š hm hmš b m v bm bmv |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1160262519 |
| author_facet | Ribeiro, Daniela Šmid Hribar, Mateja Volk Bahun, Manca |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Ribeiro, Daniela |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049048044 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1403381932 (DE-599)BVBBV049048044 |
| edition | First edition, first printing |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Bela krajina / Regionalni razvoj ssg Bela krajina / Trajnostni razvoj ssg Weißkrainer Land (DE-588)4346121-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Bela krajina / Regionalni razvoj Bela krajina / Trajnostni razvoj Weißkrainer Land |
| id | DE-604.BV049048044 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:20:48Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:53:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789610504610 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034310449 |
| oclc_num | 1403381932 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 140 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20231012 |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Založba ZRC |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Knjižna zbirka Capacities |
| series2 | Knjižna zbirka Capacities |
| spelling | Ribeiro, Daniela Verfasser (DE-588)1160262519 aut Bela krajina sustainability in a karst landscape Daniela Ribeiro First edition, first printing Ljubljana Založba ZRC 2020 140 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Knjižna zbirka Capacities 5 Auflage 250. - Literaturverzeichnis Seite 126-135 kraška območja / raba tal / trajnostni razvoj / antropogeni vplivi / zaraščanje / Adlešiči (Slovenija) / Bojanci (Slovenija) karst areas / land use / sustainable development / human impacts / reforestation / Adlešiči (Slovenia) / Bojanci (Slovenia) Kras (geologija) / Bela krajina ssg Regionalentwicklung (DE-588)4076605-6 gnd rswk-swf Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd rswk-swf Aufforstung (DE-588)4003516-5 gnd rswk-swf Karst (DE-588)4129942-5 gnd rswk-swf Bela krajina / Regionalni razvoj ssg Bela krajina / Trajnostni razvoj ssg Weißkrainer Land (DE-588)4346121-9 gnd rswk-swf Weißkrainer Land (DE-588)4346121-9 g Karst (DE-588)4129942-5 s Regionalentwicklung (DE-588)4076605-6 s Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 s Aufforstung (DE-588)4003516-5 s DE-604 Šmid Hribar, Mateja edt Volk Bahun, Manca ctg Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-961-05-0462-7 Knjižna zbirka Capacities 5 (DE-604)BV047499864 5 Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034310449&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034310449&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034310449&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034310449&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Ribeiro, Daniela Bela krajina sustainability in a karst landscape Knjižna zbirka Capacities kraška območja / raba tal / trajnostni razvoj / antropogeni vplivi / zaraščanje / Adlešiči (Slovenija) / Bojanci (Slovenija) karst areas / land use / sustainable development / human impacts / reforestation / Adlešiči (Slovenia) / Bojanci (Slovenia) Kras (geologija) / Bela krajina ssg Regionalentwicklung (DE-588)4076605-6 gnd Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd Aufforstung (DE-588)4003516-5 gnd Karst (DE-588)4129942-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4076605-6 (DE-588)4326464-5 (DE-588)4003516-5 (DE-588)4129942-5 (DE-588)4346121-9 |
| title | Bela krajina sustainability in a karst landscape |
| title_auth | Bela krajina sustainability in a karst landscape |
| title_exact_search | Bela krajina sustainability in a karst landscape |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Bela krajina sustainability in a karst landscape |
| title_full | Bela krajina sustainability in a karst landscape Daniela Ribeiro |
| title_fullStr | Bela krajina sustainability in a karst landscape Daniela Ribeiro |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bela krajina sustainability in a karst landscape Daniela Ribeiro |
| title_short | Bela krajina |
| title_sort | bela krajina sustainability in a karst landscape |
| title_sub | sustainability in a karst landscape |
| topic | kraška območja / raba tal / trajnostni razvoj / antropogeni vplivi / zaraščanje / Adlešiči (Slovenija) / Bojanci (Slovenija) karst areas / land use / sustainable development / human impacts / reforestation / Adlešiči (Slovenia) / Bojanci (Slovenia) Kras (geologija) / Bela krajina ssg Regionalentwicklung (DE-588)4076605-6 gnd Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd Aufforstung (DE-588)4003516-5 gnd Karst (DE-588)4129942-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | kraška območja / raba tal / trajnostni razvoj / antropogeni vplivi / zaraščanje / Adlešiči (Slovenija) / Bojanci (Slovenija) karst areas / land use / sustainable development / human impacts / reforestation / Adlešiči (Slovenia) / Bojanci (Slovenia) Kras (geologija) / Bela krajina Regionalentwicklung Nachhaltigkeit Aufforstung Karst Bela krajina / Regionalni razvoj Bela krajina / Trajnostni razvoj Weißkrainer Land |
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| volume_link | (DE-604)BV047499864 |
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