Hitler, Stalin, mum and dad: a family memoir of miraculous survival
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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London
William Collins
2023
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | 471 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Tafeln Illustrationen, Karte, genealogische Tafel 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780008483845 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Map Family trees Introduction xii xiv 1 Part One: Before Мит Alfred and Grete 17 Dad Dolu and Lusia 45 Mum An Amsterdam Childhood The Truth on Trial Trapped 65 78 88 Part Two: During Dad A Knife in the Back 105 Mum Overrun Joy and Glee The Departing Betty from Nottingham 125 132 143 161 Dad Into Exile The Island of Hunger and Death 177 187
Мит Alfreds War Citizens of Paraguay 207 217 Dad Amnesty What Happened to Dolu Reunion and Freedom 229 242 253 Mum Westerbork The Transfer Camille Belsen The Exchange 267 282 293 299 314 Dad The Dock at Southampton 333 Mum Three Skeletons 347 Part Three: After Dad The Lady of Hendon Central 357 Mum The Man on the Presidents Conscience 363 Mum Dad Friday Evening 379 Acknowledgements Notes List of illustrations Index 389 395 443 445
Index Abraham, Fritz, 26, 66, 96, 98, 136, 267; death of at Sobibor (16 July 1943), 280, 281; deported to death camp, 277-9, 280 Abraham, Jan, 24, 25, 26, 66, 98, 146, 267; death of at Sobibor (16 July 1943), 280, 281; deported to death camp, 277-9, 280 Abraham, Trude (Aunt Nuti, Grete’s sister), 24, 25, 26, 66, 96, 98, 134, 146, 267; death of at Sobibor (16 July 1943), 280; deported to death camp, ТП-Э, 280 Adams, Walter, 213 Adenauer, Konrad, 373, 374 Agudath Israel movement, 220 Albala, Jacques, 302-3, 305 Amster, Marion, 136, 139-40 Amsterdam: Anne Frank 445 House, 149, 152-3, 154; apartment at 16 Jan van Eijckstraat, 67-8, 70-1, 73-4, 125-8, 135-6, 137, 145-6, 162, 163; Beethovenstraat (modern Jewish area), 66-7; De Boekenbron, bookseller, 147; fate of Jan van Eijckstraat’s Jews, 137-42; First Montessori School, 69-70, 134, 150; Frank family in, 66, 68, 70, 146, 370; Franks go into hiding, 128, 149, 153-4, 170, 277; German occupation of, 128, 129-31, 132-42, 145-60; Grete and daughters remain in (1939), 93-9; ‘Help for the Departing’ team, 156-7; ‘hunger winter’ (1944-45), 174; institution
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad of the Aryan Attestation, 135; Joods Lyceum (Jewish High School), 150-3; Joy and Glee Club, 135^41, 287; Liberaal Joodse Gemeente synagogue, 70; Marnixstraat prison, 169-70; Municipal Gymnasium senior school, 149-50; Municipal Lyceum senior school, 134; Nazi deportations of Jews from, 154-60, 165, 171-3, 267-9; and policy of ‘evacuation to the East,’ 151-2, 154-5; Vondelpark, 167; Weteringschans (Nazi prison), 170-2; Wiener family flees to (1933-4), 41, 65-6, 162, 163; Wiener family’s life in 1930s, 65-71, 76, 88, 162, 163; Womens Swimming Club, 134 Anders, Wladyslaw, 236-7, 241, 250, 251-2, 256, 260, 261-3, 334, 343 Anschluss (1938), 88, 89 antisemitism: barbaric Russian pogroms, 19, 81, 85; CV’s fight against, 26-9, 30-3, 35-8; Evian Conference on Jewish refugees (1938), 88, 89; of Henry Ford, 81-3; ‘Ford Tactic’ on the Protocols, 82-3, 86; French in late-nineteenth-century, 85; increased levels in 1930s Poland, 58-9; Kristallnacht (9 November 1938), 88, 90, 91, 139; in Lwów of Great War era, 49; Nazi killing squads in Lwów, 337-8; Nazism’s central confusion over, 144; pogrom in Lwów (June 1941), 337; in Polish universities, 58-9; Protocols of the Elders ofZion, 78-9, 80-7, 144, 294, 297, 316; ritual murder libel, 22, 26, 29; specific Nazi measures in Holland, 133, 146—60; in Weimar Germany, 17, 18, 21-3, 26-33, 35-8; yellow six-pointed star, 147-8, 164, 301, 327, 384; see also Holocaust; Wiener Library (Jewish Central Information Office) Argentina, 339 Aronowski, Camille, 215, 293-8, 316, 320, 329 Aronsfeld, Caesar, 76 Asscher, Abraham, 130
Auschwitz concentration camp, 66-7, 138, 141, 142, 247, 272, 278, 281; 446
Index dismantling/evacuation of, 311; early reports on events at, 209; and Joseph Mengele, 370; Polish holders of promesas killed at, 322, 324 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 47-8, 49 Baer, Marcel de, 369 Bamberger, Hartog, 67 Bartel, Kazimierz, 52, 57, 59, 60, 112-13, 114, 200; murder of, 337 Bartlowa, Maria, 60, 200 BBC, 208, 209, 384 Belzee death camp, 338 Ben-Itto, Hadassa, The Lie That Will Not Die, 79, 83 Bentschen, Germany, 20 Bergen-Belsen concentration camp: British troops enter (15 April 1945), 299; daily life in, 300—9; deteriorating conditions in, 310-13, 316, 323, 324-5; as exchange camp, 290-1, 292, 299, 308, 310-11, 314, 315-16, 322; and fate of Amsterdam’s Jews, 127, 138, 139, 140, 141-2, 326; Hungarians at, 310, 315-16; hunger at, 303, 304-5, 306-7, 308, 312—13; ‘the Lost Train,’ 138-9, 140, 326; medical exam for exchange prisoners, 324-6; rapid expansion from mid-1944, 310-13; roll calls at, 300-1, 304, 305-6, 308, 312; Star Camp, 301-10, 311, 315—16; Wiener family at, 4, 10, 300-13, 314-15; Wieners released from on exchange, 315, 316—17, 323-9, 347 Beria, Lavrentiy, 236-7, 385 Berlin: Academy for the Science of Judaism, 20; Betty Lewin’s background in, 162, 174; Büros office at Wilhelmstrasse, 36-8, 39-40, 74; Charlottenburg district of, 25—6, 42, 74; Jewish middle class in, 21, 24-6; Kapp putsch (March 1920), 17—18; wartime devastation of, 328; Wiener family life in, 25-6, 32, 39, 42, 76 Berlin, Isaiah, 213 Bettelheim, Josef, 126-7, 128 Bieber, Justin, 152—3 Bijllaardt, Tina van den, 156 Bitburg cemetery, West Germany, 4 Blüth, Ellen, 135, 136, 137, 139 447
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad B’nai В rith Youth Organisation, 379 Bondy, Louis, 92-3 Borden, Harry, Survivor, 4, 386 Bowes-Lyon, David, 213, 363-4, 367, 368 Brezhnev, Leonid, 386 Brodnitz, Julius, 39-40, 41 Brunschvig, Georges, 78-9, 81, 85, 87, 294 Buchenwald concentration camp, 139 Bullock, Alan, 370 Callaghan, James, 368—9 Central Association of German Citizens of the Jewish Faith (CV), 26-9, 30-3, 35-40, 42, 74, 211-12 Chamberlain, Neville, 89, 93, 94 Chichester, Lord, 99 Churchill, Winston, 212, 230, 231, 341, 342, 343 City University, London, 381, 387 Cohen, Abraham, 140-1 Cohen, David, 72, 73, 77, 89, 91, 97, 268-9; as co-chairman of Jewish Council, 130, 147-8, 157-8; and Jewish Central Information Office, 74, 91—2, 95, 126; wartime role of as controversial, 72, 157-8 Cohen, Henriette, 140-1 Cohen, Jopie, 136, 137, 139, 140-1 Cohen, Sammy, 136, 139, 140-1 Cohn, Erich, 283 Cohn Strauss, Elfriede, 135, 153 Colijn, Hendrikus, 91 communism, 32, 39, 62, 114-15, 116, 181; Dutch, 130; Polish, 111 ; see also Soviet Union Crankshaw, Edward, 113 Cripps, Sir Stafford, 231 Crystal City, Texas, 322, 325 Cuba, 215, 295 Czechoslovakia, 89 Dambusters bombing raid, 209 Danzig, 61, 140 Day, Ida, 364—5, 384 Day, Kate, 365, 384 Day, Richard, 364-5, 384 Dearborn Independent, 82 Demjanjuk, John, 280 the Diamantsteins (Lusia’s family), 336, 338-9; Wilhelm Diamantstein (brother ofLusia), 189—90, 191-2, 203, 336, 338-9 448
Index character of, 55-6; commitment to modern Polish ideal, 53, 57, 60; death of (27 June 1950), 358, 359; false report of death of, 203, 238, 252; financially ruined by war, 115-16, 200, 343, 357; First World War service, 48, 49; and German language, 47; interrogations of at Brygidki prison, 243-5; life in Lwów, 45-6, 47, 50-7, 60-1, 380; life in UK, 357-8; Lusia looks for (1941), 238, 240-1, 252, 253; marries Lusia (1921), 50-1; name on list of “antiSoviet elements, 117, 119; ‘Nil Desperandum’ (article, 1939), 59; in Palestine (1943-7), 335-6, 342-3; as Polish army reservist, 57, 106, 108, 111, 259; pride in his Jewishness, 56; reconnects with Lusia (late1941), 252, 253-5, 333; released from Gulag due to amnesty, 250-1; reunion with Lusia (March 1942), 258—9; sent to Gulag in Komi Republic, 245-51, 333, 335; serves in the Anders army, 251-2, Diels, Rudolf, 39 Dreyfus Affair, 85 Druijf, Estherina, 66-7 Duizend, Harold and Paul, 136, 137-8 East Germany, 5 Eden, Anthony, 277, 317, 367 Egyptology, 21 Eichmann, Adolf, 143, 291, 314, 315, 369 Einstein, Albert, 211 Eiss, Chaim, 220, 223 Erhard, Ludwig, 375 Évian Conference (1938), 88, 89 Fehl, Gustav, 46-7 Finkelstein, Adolf (Dolu, paternal grandfather of author): and army’s move to Iran, 263, 334; arrest and disappearance of, 120-1, 177, 178, 179, 191, 202-3, 242—52; arrival in UK ( 27 August 1947), 343; asks Jules Thorn for help, 357—8, 381; belief in return to Lwów, 340; broken by the Gulag, 333, 335, 358; builds house on 12 Herburtów street, 45-6, 60-1; as businessman in Lwów, 50, 51, 54-5; 449
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad 253-5, 256-7, 259-64, 334-6, 342-3; serves on Lwów City Council, 54-7, 108, 111, 119; solo holiday in Krynica Górska, 106; transferred to Yangiyul (early 1942), 256, 258; in wartime Lwów, 107, 108, 111, 112-13, 114, 115-17; work in Gulag office, 250; works as logger at Gulag, 247-8, 249, 333 Finkelstein, Amalia (Lusia, paternal grandmother of author): arrest and deportation of, 121, 177-86; arrival in UK ( 27 August 1947), 343; background of, 50, 51; belief in return to Lwów, 340; chooses to leave Baskermelte (September 1941), 237-8; death of (1980), 359; Dorotea sends food parcels to, 190-2, 336, 339; draws up family tree, 339; endures Siberian winter, 192-6; forced . labour on Soviet state farm, 187, 188-203, 229-30; journey to Iran (August 1942), 263-4; life in Lwów, 45-6, 47, 50-7, 60-1; life in UK, 7-8, 11, 339, 358-9, 381, 387, 388; looks for Dolu (1941), 238, 240-1, 252, 253; marries Dolu (1921), 50-1; office job at Baskermelte, 229—30; in Palestine (1943-7), 335, 343; personality of, 8, 50, 192, 263-4, 358, 359, 381; reconnects with Dolu (late1941), 252, 253-5, 333; relationship with Mirjam, 359, 381; reunion with Dolu (March 1942), 258-9; in Semipalatinsk, 238-41, 253-5, 256-8; as teacher in London, 358-9; in Tehran (1942-3), 334-5; train journey to Yangiyul, 257-9; as unaware of Dolus supposed death, 203, 238, 241, 252; in Veliko Alekseyevskaya (1942), 259, 261; in wartime Lwów, 107, 108, 112-13, 115-17 Finkelstein, Anthony (brother of author), 11, 387 Finkelstein, Bernard (brother of Dolu), 47, 51-2, 54, 107, 121, 179, 202-3, 243;
death of (3 May 1943), 335-6 Finkelstein, Charlotte (mother of Dolu), 47-8, 117, 120, 177-83, 189, 191 450
Index Finkelstein, Karolina (Linka, wife of Bernard), 51, 179 Finkelstein, Ludwik (father of author): academic/ professional career, 6, 380-1, 386-7; arrest and deportation of, 121, 177-86; arrival in UK ( 27 August 1947), 343; birth of in Lwów (6 December 1929), 52; childhood in Lwów, 46, 52-3, 56, 58; death of (2011), 381; endures Siberian winter, 192-6; at First TurkestanSiberian Railway School, 239-40; forced labour on Soviet state farm, 188-203, 230-1; grandchildren of, 388; influence of Alfred on, 381-2; and intellectual matters, 6, 8, 10-11, 196-8, 230, 379-81, 382, 383, 386-7; journey to Iran (August 1942), 263-4; Judaism of, 10-11, 382; leaves Baskermelte (September 1941), 237-8; life in UK, 4-12, 358, 359, 379-84, 386-8; Lusia educates in Siberia, 195-6; meets and marries Mirjam, 359, 379-80, 381; never returns to Lwów, 340, 387; openness about experiences, 4—5, 387; in Palestine (1943-7), 335, 343; personality of, 4-7, 8, 9; practical plans for survival in Siberia, 196-8; rejection of victimhood, 386; reunion with Dolu (March 1942), 258-9; in Semipalatinsk, 238-41, 253-5, 256-8; in Tehran (1942-3), 334-5; train journey to Yangiyul, 257—9; in Veliko Alekseyevskaya (1942), 259, 261; victory over Hitler and Stalin, 388; view on nuclear disarmament, 383; in wartime Lwów, 105, 106-7, 108, 112, 115 Finkelstein, Maks (father of Dolu), 46—8, 51 Finkelstein, Mirjam (Mother of author): arrest and deportation of (20 June 1943), 158-60, 165, 267-9; arrival in New York (February 1945), 1, 351-2; arrival in Switzerland (24 January 1945), 328-9, 347-8; at Belsen, 4, 10,
299-313, 314-15; birth of in Berlin (10 June 1933), 42; childhood in Amsterdam, 65-71, 76, 88, 451
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad 93-9, 125, 128, 132-6, 140, 145-58, 163-4; as citizen of Paraguay, 216, 217, 224-5, 292, 297-8, 314, 315, 316, 319-20, 322; death of (2017), 381; on death of her mother, 347; education of, 69-70, 134, 150, 151-2, 371; on Anne Frank, 152-3; friends offer to hide in Amsterdam, 155-6; gives talks on Holocaust, 10, 384; grandchildren of, 388; has hepatitis at Westerbork, 285; and intellectual matters, 9, 379-80, 381, 383; interrogated on Ellis Island, 351-2; joins father in London (1947), 371; journey to New York (February 1945), 349-51; Judaism of, 10-11, 308; life in UK, 4-5, 8-12, 359, 371, 372, 379-81, 383-5, 386-8; loss of German citizenship (1939), 94-5; meets and marries Ludwik, 359, 379-80, 381; meets Hilde Speer (2004), 384-5; on Nazi responsibility, 127; openness about experiences, 4-5, 384; personality of, 4, 8-11, 127, 381, 384-5; photograph in Bordens Survivor, 4, 386; rejection of victimhood, 386; relationship with Lusia, 359, 381; released from Belsen on exchange, 315, 316-17, 323-9, 347; remains in Amsterdam (1939), 93-8; remembers Lazarus family, 281; scientific training, 9, 381; spoken voice of, 2, 5; summons to Belsen (January 1944), 292; teaching career, 9, 383, 384; train journey to Switzerland (21-4 January 1945), 327-9; as trapped in Holland (May 1940), 99, 210; in USA (1945-7), 364—6, 371, 384; victory over Hitler and Stalin, 388; in wartime Amsterdam, 125, 128, 132-6, 140, 145-58, 163-4; at Westerbork, 269—71, 272, 273-5, 282-92; on the yellow star, 148 Finkelstein, Nicky (wife of author), 2 Finkelstein, Tamara (sister of
author), 2, 5, 8, 11, 387 Finkelstein and Fehl (business in Lwów), 46—7, 50, 52, 452
Index 54-5, 57; nationalised by Soviets, 115 First World War, 18—19, 21, 22-3, 48, 49, 283 Fleischauer, Ulrich, 85 Ford, Henry, 81-3 France, 84-5, 106-7, 201, 321, 322 Frank, Anne, 66, 68, 70, 146, 308; at Belsen, 10, 311-12; diary of, 150, 152-3, 277, 370-1, 384; in hiding, 128, 149, 152-4, 170, 277 Frank, Edith, 66 Frank, Evelyne, 136, 139 Frank, Margot, 66, 70, 146, 149, 150, 152-4, 170, 308, 311-12 Frank, Otto, 66, 70, 154, 170, 370-1 Frankfurter, David, 79-80 Freemasonry, 85 Freie, Margrita, 149-50 Freud, Sigmund, 75 Fiinten, Ferdinand aus der, 147, 157, 268 Gatz, Leopold, 338 Geller, Jay Howard, 90 Gemmeker, Albert, 274, 275, 276, 282-3, 285-6 gender roles, 25, 51, 129, 130 Germany: antisemitism in Weimar era, 18, 21—3, 26-33, 35-8; Beer Hall Putsch (1923), 28; hyperinflation in 1920s, 27; invasion of Poland (1939), 61, 107-8, 217-18; Jewish middle class, 21, 24-6; Kapp putsch (March 1920), 17—18; Kristallnacht (9 November 1938), 88, 90, 91, 139; MolotovRibbentrop Pact, 61-2, 106, 109, 231, 342, 385; Nazi era, 38-42, 73-7, 89-90, 91; Reichstag fire (February 1933), 39; Talmud Trial, 29; and Warsaw uprising (summer 1944), 342; Weimar Republic, 17-18, 25-32, 35-8; Alfred Wiener’s love of, 19-20, 31, 372-4, 375-6; see also Berlin; Nazism Goebbels, Joseph, 36, 76, 77 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, ‘Das Göttliche,’ 69 Göring, Hermann, 18, 39-41, 73, 74, 90, 144, 369 Goslar, Hanneli, 311—12 Graves, Philip, 82-3 Gripsholm (ship), 349—51, 373 Grüner, Dorotea (sister of Lusia), 51, 107, 184, 189-92, 194, 200-2; death of in 453
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad Lwów, 338-9; and Dolus supposed death, 203, 238; sends food parcels to Lusia/ Ludwik, 190-2, 336, 339 Grüner, Halina, 107, 191, 338-9 Grüner, Szymon (Szymek), 107, 189, 192, 200, 336, 338-9 Gyssling, Walter, 36 Hagemeister, Michael, 85 Hahn, Harald, 136 Haiti, 222 Hamilton, Duke of, 209 Helm-Pirgo, Marian, 193, 255 Hendon, 2-3, 7-8, 11-12, 339, 388 Hess, Rudolf, 209 Heuss, Theodor, 374 Heydrich, Reinhard, 143, 144-5 Himmler, Heinrich, 138, 145, 273, 337, 342; Eva watches at Belsen, 314; plan to ransom Jews, 271—2, 290-1, 299, 310-11, 314, 315-16 Hindenburg, President, 38 Hitler, Adolf: becomes Chancellor (January 1933), 38-9; belief in the Protocols, 83, 144; bomb plot against (20 July 1944), 38; Henry Fords influence on, 83; hatred of Jewish intellectuals, 21; invasion of Soviet Union (22 June 1941), 202, 209, 219, 229-31, 336; and Munich Agreement (October 1938), 89; personal cowardice of, 37; political emergence of, 28, 35-6; secret appendix to pact with Stalin, 61, 62, 106, 109-10, 385; Mein Kampf, 35-6 Holländer, Ludwig, 30—1 Holocaust: Alfred keeps Wiener Library alive postwar, 367-9; Alfred on personal impact of, 373; and Alfred’s German identity, 19-20; Allied failure to grasp nature of, 209-10, 316-21; betrayals, 169, 172, 267, 281; Bordens Survivor, 4, 386; closure of Paraguay escape route, 224-5, 298; ‘death marches,’ 281, 311; debates about complicity of the Dutch, 71-2; ‘evacuation to the East’ as euphemism for mass murder, 145, 151—2, 154-5; fate of Lwów’s Jews after Barbarossa, 336-9; and form-filling/ 454
Index bureaucracy, 133, 154; general silence about in postwar West, 365-7, 383-4; and Himmler’s plan to ransom Jews, 271—2, 290-1, 299, 315-16; Holocaust studies (academic field), 370; Jewish quest for foreign documentation, 219-25, 295-8, 319-20, 321, 322-4; Ładoś Group in Switzerland, 218-25, 296-8, 316, 319-20, 321, 322, 380; ‘the Lost Train,’ 138-9, 140, 326; mapping and counting of victims, 75; mass-murder process at Sobibor, 279-81; and Mirjam’s Judaism, 11 ; Mirjam’s talks on, 10, 384; mistake by Jewish Council leaders (May 1943), 157-8; Morgenthau and US Jewish policy, 320-1, 323; murder of Amsterdam’s Jews, 66-7, 130, 137-42, 151-2, 154, 267, 271, 272, 274-81, 291-2; and ‘Palestine exchange,’ 216, 272-3, 282-3, 297-8, 314-15; processing of the shoes of murdered Jews, 303-4; right place to flee to as unknowable, 60; Wannsee Conference (January 1942), 143-5, 154; War Refugee Board in USA, 317, 321-2, 323-4, 347-9; Warsaw ghetto, 222, 342; widespread knowledge of by end of 1942, 277, 316-17; Wiener Library’s eyewitness statements, 370; see also Auschwitz concentration camp; Bergen-Belsen concentration camp; Westerbork camp; Wiener Library (Jewish Central Information Office) Hondius, Dienke, 151 Honduras, 222 Hügli, Rudolf, 218-19, 220, 221, 222-3, 225, 298, 322 Iran, 261-4, 334-5 Iraq, 334 Islam, 34 Israel, 84, 367, 369, 372 Israel Philatelist, 139 Ivanovna, Vera, 239-Л0 Janowska forced labour camp, 338 Jewish Council of Amsterdam: criticism of, 130, 157—8, 163; few remaining employees of (1943), 268; and Grete’s wartime work, 455
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad 129, 130-1, 146, 154-5, family meals in Hendon, 163-4; levy imposed by, 11, 388; and German 146; moral dilemmas faced identity, 25, 31-3, 35; of by, 129, 130, 147-8, 155, Grete, 25, 70-1, 308; 157-8; Nazis order creation Grete’s funeral in of (12 February 1941), Kreuzlingen, 348; Liberaal Joodse Gemeente 129-30, 135; refhgee synagogue, Amsterdam, 70; committee as answerable to, 130; workers exempt of Ludwik, 10-11, 382; in from deportation, 154-5, Lwów, 53-4, 56-7, 337; of Mirjam, 10-11, 308; Pirkei 163-4, 165 Jewish life/communities: in Avot, 68—9; of Ruth, 135, 1930s Amsterdam, 66-71, 153, 287, 308, 309; survival of, 388; and 72-3, 88-9, 90-1, 96-8, ‘Talmud Trial,’ 29; in 162-3; community leaders in Switzerland, 220, 223-4, wartime Amsterdam, 135, 296; education and gender, 153; in Westerbork, 287, 51; and the German 308, 309; of Alfred Wiener, language in Poland, 47; in 20, 25, 31, 68-9, 70-1, Lwów, 47, 49-50, 53-7, 153, 382 58-61, 337; middle class in Juliana, Queen, 139 Germany, 21, 24-6; in Nazi Germany, 38-42, ӀЪ-Ί, Kahle, Paul, 21 89-90, 91; in occupied Kapp, Wolfgang, 17-18 Amsterdam, 125-8, Katyn Massacre, 232-6, 129-31, 132-42, 145-58, 255-6, 261, 340-1, 385 Kharkov prison, 235 164-5, 166—7; and Pilsudskis death in Poland Khrushchev, Nikita, 113—15, (1935), 57-8; in Weimar 180-1 Kieloch, Wojczek, 257-8 Germany, 20, 21-9, 30-8; see also antisemitism; Kiev prison, 245 Kistryn, Mieczysław, 60 Judaism Klau, Bella, 138 Joly, Maurice, 83, 84, 85 Klau, Oscar, 138, 140 Judaism: at Belsen, 308-9; 456
Index Klau, Resa, 138 Klau, Ursula, 136, 138-9 Klemens, Michael, 290, 382 Klemens, Paul, 372, 382-3 Klemens, Ruth (sister of Mirjam): arrest and deportation of (20 June 1943), 158-60, 165, 267-9; arrival in New York (February 1945), 351-2; arrival in Switzerland (24 January 1945), 328-9, 347-8; attends Grete’s funeral in Kreuzlingen, 348; at Belsen, 299-313, 314-15; birth of (1927), 25; childhood in Amsterdam, 66-71, 76, 88, 93-8, 125, 128, 132-7, 140, 145-58, 163-4; childhood in Berlin, 26, 32, 39, 76; as citizen of Paraguay, 216, 217, 224-5, 292, 297-8, 314, 315, 316, 319-20, 322; diary notes at Westerbork/Belsen, 273-4, 277, 283, 290, 291-2, 302, 306-7, 308, 310, 313, 315; on the Frank sisters, 152, 153; as ‘helper’ at Westerbork, 276; interrogated on Ellis Island, 351-2; joins father in London (1947), 371; journey to New York (February 1945), 349-51; Judaism of, 135, 153, 287, 308, 309; letter from Grete on her sixteenth birthday, 287-90; loss of German citizenship (1939), 94-5; marries and moves to Australia (1950), 371-2, 382-3; released from Belsen on exchange, 315, 316-17, 323-9, 347; remains in Amsterdam (1939), 93-8; summons to Belsen (January 1944), 292; as teacher in America, 383; throws Alfred’s war medals in sea, 1, 350, 373, 375; train journey to Switzerland (21-4 January 1945), 327-9; as trapped in Holland (May 1940), 99, 210; in USA (1945-7), 364-6, 371; in wartime Amsterdam, 125, 128, 132, 133-7, 140, 145-58, 163-4; at Westerbork, 269-71, 272, 273-5, 276, 277, 282-92 Klemens, Susan, 382 Klugerman, Jack, 139, 140 Knapper, Marianne, 136, 140-1 Knapper, Nico,
140-1 457
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad Kobe, Japanese city of, 219 Komi Republic, 246-9 Kozelsk camp (near Smolensk), 233, 235 Kristallnacht (9 November 1938), 88, 90, 91, 139 Krynica Górska, Southern Poland, 106 Kühl, Juliusz, 218, 219, 220-2, 223-4, 296-7, 316 Kuryllo, Adam, 60 Ładoś, Aleksander, 217-19, 224, 320, 322-3, 324 Landes, Ignacy (Našio), 183, 189-90, 191-2, 202-3, 246, 249 Landesberg, Markus, 59 Lazarus, Else, 146, 267, 274; death of at Auschwitz, 281 Lazarus, Marion, 146, 267, 281 Leeuw, Louis de, 66 Lévy-Hass, Hanna, 313 Lewin, Betty, 66, 67-8, 71, 97, 129, 134, 148-9, 157, 296, 370; in Amsterdam during last days of war, 174; arrest of (20 June 1943), 158-60, 165; arrested and interrogated by Gestapo (January 1944), 168-72; background of, 162-3; as ‘Betty from Nottingham,’ 161-2, 174; escape from Nazis (20 June 1943), 165-6; in hiding as Jo Bosch (1943-44), 166—8; as resistance hero, 174; second escape from Nazis , (at Assen), 172-4; wartime work for Jewish Council, 163-4, 165; works for Dutch resistance (as Jo Bosch), 164-8 Lewin, Rabbi Ezekiel, 337 liberal democracy, 2—3, 387—8 Lisków, Alfred, 229 London: Alfreds attempt to obtain visas for family (1940), 98-9, 210; Fords Hotel, 92, 93, 95, 129; Hendon, 2-3, 7-8, 11-12, 339, 388; Jewish Central Information Office moves to, 92-3, 125-6, 207; Polish administration-inexile, 217-18, 219, 231, 262, 317, 341-2; Wiener family together in (1947), 371; Alfred Wiener in during war, 98-9, 125-6, 129, 163, 207-10 Lübke, Heinrich, 375 Lwów (formerly Lemberg, now Lviv): becomes part of Soviet Ukraine, 115-16, 252, 385-6; Brygidki
prison, 242-5, 335, 336-7; 458
Index deaths of the Diamantsteins, 336, 338-9; Dolu and Lusia’s life in, 45-6, 47, 50-7, 60-1; fall of to Soviets, 110-13, 232; fate of decided in secret agreement, 108-10; fate of Jews after Barbarossa, 336—9; Finkelstein and Fehl (family business), 46-7, 50, 52, 54-5, 57, 115; Finkelstein home at 12 Herburtów street, 45-6, 60-1, 116-17, 385-6; impact of First World War on, 49—50; IV Gymnasium school, 48, 380; Jan Kazimierz University, 51, 58-9; Jews flee to avoid Russians (1914), 49, 51; Khrushchevs crimes in, 114-15, 117-21, 242-52; lists of “anti-Soviet elements, 117-19; Ludwik never returns to, 340, 387; and outbreak of war, 105—6; pogrom in (June 1941), 337; Polytechnic, 58, 59; in postwar Soviet Union, 342; Red Army liberates (summer 1944), 341—2; Soviet mass deportations from, 119-21, 177-86; Soviets shoot prisoners (June 1941), 336—7; Tempel Synagogue, 53-4, 337; wartime bombing of, 105-6, 107; Zalewski confectionery shop, 52 Maarsen, Jacqueline van, 68 Maisky, Ivan, 232 Mauthausen concentration camp, 130, 142 Mazzucato, Aleksander, 60, 113 McClelland, Roswell, 317, 323, 347-8 Mehler, Jacob, 70 Meijer, Jaap, 287 Mengele, Joseph, 370 Meyer, Walter, 222-3 Mikes, George, How to be an Alien, 376 Miloslawski, Dorothee, 68, 136, 138 Miloslawski, Max, 138 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 61, 106, 109, 231, 236 Montefiore, Leonard, 367-8 Moorhouse, Roger, 106 Morgan, Kenneth O., 368 Morgenthau Jr, Henry, 320—1, 323 Mös, Ernst, 314, 315, 324 Munich Agreement (October 1938), 88, 89 Nazism: anti-Christian 459
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad literature, 37; antisemitism in Weimar era, 26-33, 35-8; Beer Hall Putsch (1923), 28; Büros monitoring of activities, 36-8, 39-40, 74; CVs fight against, 26-9, 30-3, 35-8; economic boycott of Jewish business, 72; economics of, 24-5; Gestapo, 168-9; Himmler’s plan to ransom Jews, 271-2, 290-1, 299, 310-11,314,315-16; hostility to elites, 62; policy of forced Jewish emigration, 144; revoking of citizenship, 94-5; the SS, 143, 147, 157, 172, 173, 268, 290-1, 328; Waffen-SS, 300, 302—3, 312; Wannsee Conference (January 1942), 143-5, 154; see also Hitler, Adolf Nenza, Monika (Teta), 52 Netherlands: building of Westerbork, 90-1, 270; compliance of authorities with Nazi persecution, 149-50; confidence over wartime neutrality, 97; Dutch behaviour towards Jews before the occupation, 72-3, 74, 89, 90-2; Dutch behaviour towards Jews during the occupation, 71-2, 130, 133, 148, 149-50, 155-6, 284-5; Dutch Jewish support for new refugees, 72-3, 89, 90-1, 96, 129, 130-1, 139^10, 154-5; Dutch list of Palestine certificates, 216; Dutch Nazis, 130, 169, 171, 284-5; Dutch resistance, 130, 164—8, 174; German invasion of (May 1940), 62, 125, 163, 210; German Jews flee to in 1930s, 66-7, 70, 71, 72-3, 90-1, 162; ‘hunger winter’ (1944-45), 174; and policy of evacuation to the East,’ 151-2, 154-5; and return of Jewish refugees to Germany, 73, 77; specific Nazi anti-Jewish measures, 133, 146-60; survival rate of Jews in, 151 ; see abo Amsterdam; Westerbork camp Neuburger, Erika, 308, 311, 312, 326 Neuburger, Marion, 308, 326 New York City, 1, 207, 211-14, 272, 294,
350-1, 363-7, 375 Nicholas II, Tsar, 84 460
Index Nilus, Sergei Aleksandrovich, 80-1, 84 NKVD (Soviet secret police), 111, 115, 116, 119-21, 177-8, 233-7, 242-6, 261, 336-7, 341 Nottingham, 161-2, 174 nuclear power/weapons, 383 Nuremberg trials, 369, 385 Oppenheimer, Hans (John), 211-12, 294 Ostashkov camp (near Kalinin), 233, 235 Ostrowski, Stanislaw, 108, 109, 110-11, 119, 260 Palestine, 33-5, 57, 215-16, 318; Finkelsteins in (19437), 335-6, 342-3; ‘Palestine exchange,’ 216, 272-3, 282-3, 297-8, 314-15 Paneth, Aldona, 53 Papen, Franz von, 38 Paraguay: fake passports, 217, 224-5, 296-8, 314, 315-16, 319-20, 321-3, 348-9; honorary consul in Bern, 218-19, 220, 221, 222-5, 322; and the Ładoś Group, 219-21, 222-5, 296, 320, 321; Nazi sympathisers in, 320; Wieners as ‘citizens’ of, 216, 217, 224-5, 292, 297-8, 314, 315, 316, 319-20, 322 Peru, 222 Philippeville, Algeria, 349 Philips-Wiener, Lotte, 372 Pilet-Golaz, Marcel, 222 Pilsudski, Józef, 48, 53, 57-8 Piotrowski, Tadeusz, 117 Pirgo, Dorota and Ewa, 193, 238, 239, 255 Planck, Erwin, 38 Plaut, Alice, 216, 372 Plaut, Eva (sister of Mirjam): arrest and deportation of (20 June 1943), 158-60, 165, 267-9; arrival in New York (February 1945), 351-2; arrival in Switzerland (24 January 1945), 328-9, 347-8; at Belsen, 299-313, 314-15; birth of (1930), 25; childhood in Amsterdam, 39, 65, 66, 70, 93-9, 125, 128, 132-7, 140, 145-58, 163-4; as citizen of Paraguay, 216, 217, 224-5, 292, 297-8, 314, 315, 316, 319-20, 322; death of (1977), 382; has hepatitis at Westerbork, 285; interrogated on Ellis Island, 351-2; joins father in London (1947), 371; 461
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad journey to New York (February 1945), 349-51; and Judaism, 308; loss of German citizenship (1939), 94-5; marries Ted Plaut, 372, 382; released from Belsen on exchange, 315, 316-17, 323-9, 347; remains in Amsterdam (1939), 93-8; summons to Belsen (January 1944), 292; testimony on time at Belsen, 311—12; train journey to Switzerland (21-4 January 1945), 327-9; as trapped in Holland (May 1940), 99, 210; in USA (1945-7), 364-6, 371; in wartime Amsterdam, 125, 128, 132, 133-7, 140, 145-58, 163—4; at Westerbork, 269-71, 272, 273-5, 282-92 Plaut, Ted, 372, 382 Polak, Samuel, 66 Poland: administration-inexile, 217-18, 219, 231, 262, 317, 341-2; amnesty (accord with Soviets, 30 July 1941), 231-2, 237-8, 240-1, 250-1; and AngloSoviet agreement (12 July 1941), 231; antisemitism in 462 universities, 58-9; Bartel as Prime Minister of, 52, 57; creation of Polish state (1918), 47; exiles in Siberia ‘freed’ (September 1941), 237-8; fate of decided at Yalta (February 1945), 342, 343; fate of Jews after Barbarossa, 336-9; and Hitler-Stalin secret agreement, 61, 62, 106, 109-10, 385; increased antisemitism in 1930s, 58—9; invaded by Nazis and Soviets (1939), 61-2, 107-9, 217-18, 385; Khrushchevs crimes in Eastern areas, 114—15, 117-21, 177-86, 242-52; Lwów ghetto, 338; Nazi discovery of Katyn, 340-1; non-aggression pact with Hitler, 57-8; officers as prisoners of Soviets, 110; Polish army in East (from 1941, Anders army), 232, 236-7, 241, 250, 251-2, 253-4, 256, 259-64, 334-5, 342-3; Polish Home Army, 341-2; PolishSoviet War, 48; Soviet mass deportations from
Eastern areas, 119-21, 177-86, 385; Soviet mass murder of
Index officers, 232—6, 255—6, 261, Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 61, 340-1, 385; Soviet policy of disorder in, 112; Stalins 106, 109, 218, 369 Rokicki, Konstanty, 218, 221, murdering of elite, 105, 224 232-6, 255-6, 261, 340-1, Roosevelt, Dineke, 292 385; Warsaw ghetto, 222, Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 342; see also Lwów 89, 318, 320-1, 342 (formerly Lemberg, now Rothmund, Heinrich, 222-3 Lviv) Rothschild, Lothar, 348 Polanska, Maria, 183 Russian Empire, 19, 48, 49, Pollack, Leo and Lina, 67 Poppelsdorf, Juda, 66-7 51, 80-1, 84, 85 Ryniewicz, Stefan, 218 Posthuma de Boer, Eddy, 137-8 Saulmann, Gertrud, {see Potocka, Countess, 193, 195, 238 Abraham, Gertrud) Schrage, Aldona, 53, 179, Potocka, Zosia, 193-4, 196 Potsdam, Germany, 19 234, 235, 255 Schrage, Ignacy, 53, 54, 110, Presser, Jacob, 152 Prins, Ralph, 135, 136, 137, 139 Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 78-9, 80-7, 144, 294, 297, 179, 232, 233, 234-5, 255, 385 Schrage, Jadzia, 53, 179, 234, 235, 255 Schulthess-Hirsch, Fanny, 220, 316 Puls, Abraham, 284-5 223-4 Second World War: Anders Putin, Vladimir, 386 army at Monte Cassino, Puttkammer, Erich, 272 335; becomes inevitable in Nineteen thirty-eight, Reading, Marquess of, 368 88-90; D-Day landings (6 Reagan, Ronald, 4 June 1944), 309-10; in Reichmann, Eva, 19, 30, 370 Doroteas coded letters to Reichmann, Hans, 36 Siberia, 201-2; Dutch Reitlinger, Gerald, Final resistance, 130, 164-8, 174; German invasion of Solution, 370 463
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad Holland (May 1940), 62, 125, 163, 210; Germans sign unconditional surrender (7 May 1945), 138; Germany’s deteriorating military position, 310-13, 316; Nazi invasion of Soviet Union (22 June 1941), 202, 209, 219, 229-31, 336; outbreak of, 61, 93, 94, 105-7, 207; Pearl Harbor and US entry (1941), 212-13; Polish resistance, 341-2; Stalingrad, 271 Semipalatinsk (Kazakhstan), 238-41, 253-5, 256-8 Seyss-Inquart, Arthur, 369 Sikorski, Władysław, 231, 232, 341 Silberschein, Abraham, 220, 223^, 296 Slottke, Gertrud, 290, 291, 292, 298, 300, 313, 315, 324, 325, 327 Sobibor death camp, 138, 140-1, 142, 278-81 Soep, Rini, 136, 139 South America, 219-20, 222, 224, 292, 296, 297, 308, 314, 315, 323; Alfreds supply line through, 211, 212; Allied anxieties over spies in, 319; Allied efforts 464 to block fake passports from, 319-20, 322; Nazis start to kill passport holders, 322, 324; US round-up of Germans living in, 321-2, 323-4, 325, 327; see aho Paraguay Soviet Union: amnesty (accord with the Poles, 30 July 1941), 231-2, 237-8, 240-1, 250-1; and Anders army, 232, 236-7, 241, 250, 251-2, 253-4, 256, 259-64; Baskermelte ranch, Siberia, 187-91, 192-202, 229-30, 237-8; collectivisation of agriculture, 187-8; fall of Lwów to, 110—13, 232; forced labour on state farms, 187-203, 229-30; the Gulag, 247-51, 333, 335; invasion of Poland (1939), 61, 108-10, 217-18, 385; and judicial processes,’ 179—80; Khrushchevs crimes in Eastern Poland, 114—15, 117-21, 177-86, 242-52; Khrushchevs de-Stalinization, 113; lists of “anti-Soviet elements, 117-19; mass deportations from
Eastern Poland,
Index 119-21, 177-86, 385; mass murder of Polish officers, 232-6, 255-6, 261, 340-1, 385; Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 61-2, 106, 109, 231, 342, 385; Nazi invasion of (22 June 1941), 202, 209, 219, 229-31, 336; Polish exiles in Siberia ‘freed’ (September 1941), 237-8; Polish-Soviet War, 48; shooting of prisoners in Lwów (June 1941), 336-7; silence over crimes of, 385-6; and Warsaw uprising (summer 1944), 342; see also Stalin, Joseph Speer, Hilde, 365, 384-5 Stahl, Artur, 45-6 Stalin, Joseph: agriculture collectivised by, 187—8; and the Anders army, 260-3; desire to destroy Polish nation, 180; ignores warnings about Barbarossa, 229; installs communist government in Poland, 341, 342; lack of public interest in crimes of, 385-6; looks to West after Barbarossa, 230-1; murdering of Polish elite, 105, 232-6, 255-6, 261, 340-1, 385; and Polish-Soviet War, 48; secret appendix to pact with Hitler, 61, 62, 106, 109-10, 385; and Warsaw uprising (summer 1944), 342; at Yalta (February 1945), 342 Starobelsk camp (Ukraine), 233^, 245 Sternbuch family, 220 Streamline Moderne (architectural style), 45-6 Streicher, Julius, 29 Stucki, Karl, 222—3 Der Stürmer (anti-Semitic journal), 26, 28, 29, 37, 77 Stutthof concentration camp, 140 Switzerland: Alfred and Gretes holidays in, 66; Alfreds contacts in, 87, 215, 284, 293-8, 316, 320, 329, 348; Alfred’s supply line through, 211, 212; attitude to Jewish exchange refugees, 348-9; Bern Trial of the Protocols, 13, 80, 81, 83-7, 144, 294, 297, 316; concern about neutrality, 218, 293—5; elite antisemitic/pro-Nazi opinion in, 222-3; Jewish community leaders
in, 220, 223—4, 296; Lados Group exposed (April 1943), 223-5, 322; Lados Group 465
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad controversial, 72 Tobler, Theodor, 85 Totskoye (camp of Anders army), 251-2, 253-4, 256 Treblinka death camp, 280 in, 218-25, 296-8, 316, 319-20, 321, 322, 380; Mirjam’s holiday in (1951), 379; Nazi rally in the Bern Casino, 78; Paraguayan honorary consul in, 218-19, 220, 221, 222-5, 322; Swiss Nazi Party, 78, 79-80; Wieners arrive in (24 January 1945), 328-9, 347-8 Szlengel, Władysław, 222 Tel Aviv, 335, 343 the Templers (Lutheran sect), 272-3, 314 Theresienstadt concentration camp, 139 Thorn, Antonia, 357 Thorn, Jules, 115, 357-8, 381 Tijn, Gertrude van: at Belsen, 306, 314—15; as confident of Dutch neutrality (autumn 1939), 97; leaves Belsen in exchange (June 1944), 315; and ‘Palestine exchange,’ 216, 273, 314-15; and refugee committee in Amsterdam, 72-3, 89, 129, 130, 139-40, 148, 154-5, 158, 163, 215, 270; split with David Cohen, 158; wartime role of as Ukhta (town in Komi Republic), 247, 250 Ukraine, Soviet, 109, 113, 114-15, 252, 342, 385-6 Ukrainians: in Lwów, 47, 48, 49, 51, 112, 336-7, 385-6; Soviets shoot prisoners (June 1941), 336-7 United Kingdom: active work to undue efforts of Lados Group, 318-20; Alfred’s postwar life in, 367—71, 372-6, 381-2; allies with Soviets after Barbarossa, 230; army in Middle East, 261-4, 334; attitude to Anders army, 262; declares war on Germany (3 September 1939), 93, 94, 106-7, 207; and Évian Conference (1938), 89; failure to grasp nature of Holocaust, 209-10, 316-21; fear of mass release/rescue of Jews, 318; Finkelsteins arrive in ( 27 August 1947), 343; Hess flies to (May 1941), 209; 466
Index knowledge of Katyn, 341; knowledge of the Holocaust, 277, 316-17; Nazi failure to defeat, 201-2; and Palestine, 89, 215-16, 315, 318; Political Warfare Executive, 208; Political Warfare Mission in USA, 213-14, 363-4; Protocols of the Elders of Zion in, 81; as wary of exchanges, 318-19, 320-1; and Wiener Library during war, 207-9, 211-14, 363^4, 367; see aho London United Nations war crimes commission, 369 United States: active work to undue efforts of Lados Group, 318-20; attitude to Jewish exchange refugees, 350, 351-2; British Political Warfare Mission in, 213-14, 363-4; enters war after Pearl Harbor (1941), 212-13; and Evian Conference (1938), 89; failure to grasp nature of Holocaust, 316-21; FBI investigates . Wiener Library, 212; fear of mass release/rescue of Jews, 318; Hitlers view of, 144; Morgenthau and Jewish policy, 320-1, 323; policy on fake South American papers, 321-4; public opinion on war (1940), 212; round-up of Germans living in Latin American, 321-2, 323-4, 325; War Refugee Board, 317, 321-2, 323—4, 347-9; as wary of exchanges, 318-19, 320—3, 350, 351-2; Wiener daughters in (1945-7), 364-6, 371; Alfred Wiener in during war, 207, 211-16, 272, 294; Alfred Wieners work with State Department, 207, 212; see also New York City Urbach, Lola (sister of Dolu), 47, 107, 335-6, 357 Urbach, Robert, 107 Uzbekistan, 256, 259 V-2 rockets, 310 Versailles Peace Conference, 81 Vienna, 46, 47, 48, 51, 75, 107, 357 Vittel internment camp, France, 322 Walmsley, Robert, 210 Wannsee Conference (January 1942), 143-5, 154 Wasserstein, Bernard, 72 467
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad Weill, Valerie, 294, 296-7, 316 Weingort, Shaul, 223 Weizmann, Chaim, 84, 97 West Germany, 4, 372-4, 375, 376 Westerbork camp: building of, 90-1, 270; daily life in, 271, 284, 285-7, 308, 309; deportation process, 274-6, 277-9, 291—2; fight to stay off the death lists at, 271, 272-3, 274-5, 282-4, 291-2; Grete’s letter to Ruth on her sixteenth birthday, 287-90; as holding camp for gas chambers, 154, 163, 267, 271, 272, 274, 278-9; national monument for, 139; old-timers at, 270-1, 274, 283; transportations to, 139, 140, 154-5, 157-60, 163-4, 171-3, 267-9; Van Tijn’s team send aid to, 155, 163-4; Wieners arrive in (June 1943), 269-71, 327; Wieners depart for Belsen (January 1944), 299-300, 320 Wheeler-Bennett, John, 213-14 Wieler, Robert, 348, 379 Wiener, Alfred (maternal 468 grandfather of author): analysis of Nazi/far-right antisemitism, 21-3, 144, 316-17; attempts to obtain visas for family (1940-43), 98-9, 210, 214-16, 295-8; awarded West German Grand Cross of Merit, 373, 374; and Bern Trial of the Protocols, 79, 80, 81, 83-7, 144, 294, 297, 316; book collection stolen by Dutch Nazis, 284-5; on broader problem of racism, 374; and Büros monitoring of Nazi activities, 36-8, 39-40, 74; collecting of Nazi material while in USA, 211, 212, 293-5; collection of Oriental antiquities, 67, 147; confrontation with Kapp (March 1920), 17-18; as constantly working, 26, 30-1, 76, 80, 88, 163, 364; critique of Zionism, 33-5; death of (4 February 1964), 375; family life in Berlin, 25-6, 32, 39, 42, 76; family remains in Amsterdam (1939), 93-9; financial
problems after outbreak of war, 95—6, 128-9; First World War
Index 24; meeting with Göring (3 March 1933), 18, 39-40, 73, 74; near obsession with books, 20, 67, 284-5, 371, 382; nervous breakdowns/ collapses, 30, 41, 73-4, 210; in New York City during war, 207, 211-16, 272, 294; and ‘Palestine exchange,’ 216, 273, 297-8, 314—15; and Paraguyan passports, 225, 295-8, 320; on personal impact of Holocaust, 373; personality of, 17-18, 19, 30-1, 76, 92-3, 213-14; and Political Warfare Mission in USA, 213-14, 363-4; postwar returns to Germany, 372-4; returns to London (March 1945), 364, 367; reunited with daughters in New York (February 1945), 352, 363-4, 375; second marriage to Lotte Philips, 372; secures place on Gripsholm for daughters, 349—51 ; tour of Palestine (1926), 33; truth/rational argument as paramount for, 18, 23, 25, 29, 30, 33, 80, 375; as victim of Cuban visa scam, 215, 295; war medals of, 1, 19, 159, 283, service, 18-19, 21, 283; at Ford’s Hotel, London, 92, 93, 95; and David Frankfurter case, 79-80; friendship with Otto Frank, 370-1; and Henry Fords antisemitism, 81-3; influence on Ludwik, 381-2; informed of Gretes death, 329; intellectual interests, 20-1, 24, 25, 34, 67, 68-9, 382; intelligence work during war, 1, 207-10, 211-14, 294, 363-4; Judaism of, 20, 25, 31, 68-9, 70-1, 153, 382; keeps Library alive postwar, 367-9; leading role in CV, 26-9, 30-3, 35-8; leaves Germany (summer 1933), 41-2; and legal strategy against antisemitism, 29, 79-80; life in Amsterdam (1930s), 65-71, 73-7, 162, 163; life in Nazi Germany (1933), 39-42; life in postwar UK, 367-71, 372-6, 381-2; in London during war, 98-9, 125-6, 129, 163,
207-10; loss of German citizenship (1939), 94—5; love of Germany, 19-20, 31, 372-4, 375-6; marries Margarete (1921), 469
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad 350, 373, 375; ‘Between Heaven and Earth’ (article), 42; A Critical Journey through Palestine (1927), 33-5; Prelude to Pogroms (tract, 1919), 21 -3 ; see abo Wiener Library (Jewish Central Information Office) Wiener, Amalie (Alfreds mother), 66 Wiener, Eva {see Plaut, Eva) Wiener, Margarete (Grete, maternal grandmother of author): and Alfreds attempts to obtain visas (1940-43), 98-9, 210, 214-16, 295-8; arrest and deportation of (20 June 1943), 158-60, 165, 267-9; arrival in Switzerland (24 January 1945), 328-9, 347-8; at Belsen, 299-313, 314-15; birth of children, 25, 42; as ‘citizen of Paraguay, 216, 217, 224-5, 292, 297-8, 314, 315, 316, 319-20, 322; conflict-related relief work, 24; death of (25 January 1945), 329, 347-8, 383; deteriorating health at Belsen, 312, 313, 315, 325, 328; family life in Berlin, 25-6, 32, 39, 76; farewell 470 letter from sister Trude, 277—8; financial problems after outbreak of war, 95-6, 128-9, 130-1, 134, 145-7; grave of in Kreuzlingen, 348, 379; and incriminating material at family home (1940), 125-8; intellectual/ academic life, 24—5, 27, 69, 129; and Jewish Central Information Office, 88, 125-8; and Jewish community’s refugee work in Amsterdam, 73, 88, 89, 90, 96, 139-40; Judaism of, 25, 70-1, 308; letter to Ruth on her sixteenth birthday, 287—90; life in Amsterdam (1930s), 66—71, 72-3, 88-90, 162, 163; life in Nazi Germany (193334), 39-42; loss of German citizenship (1939), 94-5; marries Alfred (1921), 24; and ‘Palestine exchange,’ 216, 272-3, 282-3, 297-8, 314-15; passes Belsen medical exam, 326; personality
of, 68, 326; preparations for deportation, 156-7; released from Belsen on exchange, 315, 316-17, 323-9, 347; remains in Amsterdam
Index (1939), 93-8; role played in Alfred’s work, 33, 67, 88, 95, 129; summons to Belsen (January 1944), 292; tour of Palestine (1926), 33; train journey to Switzerland (21-4 January 1945), 327-9; as trapped in Holland (May 1940), 99, 210; truth/rational argument as paramount for, 24-5; turns down offer to hide Mirjam, 155-6; in wartime Amsterdam, 125-9, 130-1, 132, 133-7, 145-58, 163-4; wartime work for van Tijn/Jewish Council, 129, 130-1, 146, 154-5, 163-4; at Westerbork, 269-71, 272, 273-8, 282-92 Wiener, Mirjam {see Finkelstein, Mirjam) Wiener, Ruth {see Klemens, Ruth) Wiener Library Øewish Central Information Office): Alfred keeps alive postwar, 367-9; in Amsterdam, 73—7, 86, 88, 91-3, 95, 125-8, 210-11; Britain withdraws funding (1945), 367, 376; and broader problem of racism, 76, 374; James Callaghans support for, 368—9; and David Cohen, 74, 91-2, 95, 126; and Eichmann trial, 369; FBI investigates, 212; intelligence work during war, 1, 207-10, 211-14, 293-5, 363-4; key importance of in Holocaust studies, 370; moved to London, 92-3, 125-6, 207; name change to Wiener Library, 208; New York office, 211-14, 293—5, 363-4; postwar work, 368-70, 374; role in Nuremberg trials, 369; and Grete Wiener, 88, 125-8; Wiener Library Board, 368 Yad Vashem Holocaust archive, 338-9 Yalta conference (February 1945), 342, 343 Yangiyul, Uzbekistan, 256, 258-9 Zhangiztobe, eastern Kazakhstan, 185-6 Zhdanov (Soviet ship), 264 Zielenziger, Kurt, 126—7 Zionism, 32-5, 57, 80, 84, 87, 213-14 Zöpf, Wilhelm, 291 1 Bayerische Staatsbibilothek Mönchen
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Contents Map Family trees Introduction xii xiv 1 Part One: Before Мит Alfred and Grete 17 Dad Dolu and Lusia 45 Mum An Amsterdam Childhood The Truth on Trial Trapped 65 78 88 Part Two: During Dad A Knife in the Back 105 Mum Overrun Joy and Glee The Departing Betty from Nottingham 125 132 143 161 Dad Into Exile The Island of Hunger and Death 177 187
Мит Alfreds War Citizens of Paraguay 207 217 Dad Amnesty What Happened to Dolu Reunion and Freedom 229 242 253 Mum Westerbork The Transfer Camille Belsen The Exchange 267 282 293 299 314 Dad The Dock at Southampton 333 Mum Three Skeletons 347 Part Three: After Dad The Lady of Hendon Central 357 Mum The Man on the Presidents Conscience 363 Mum Dad Friday Evening 379 Acknowledgements Notes List of illustrations Index 389 395 443 445
Index Abraham, Fritz, 26, 66, 96, 98, 136, 267; death of at Sobibor (16 July 1943), 280, 281; deported to death camp, 277-9, 280 Abraham, Jan, 24, 25, 26, 66, 98, 146, 267; death of at Sobibor (16 July 1943), 280, 281; deported to death camp, 277-9, 280 Abraham, Trude (Aunt Nuti, Grete’s sister), 24, 25, 26, 66, 96, 98, 134, 146, 267; death of at Sobibor (16 July 1943), 280; deported to death camp, ТП-Э, 280 Adams, Walter, 213 Adenauer, Konrad, 373, 374 Agudath Israel movement, 220 Albala, Jacques, 302-3, 305 Amster, Marion, 136, 139-40 Amsterdam: Anne Frank 445 House, 149, 152-3, 154; apartment at 16 Jan van Eijckstraat, 67-8, 70-1, 73-4, 125-8, 135-6, 137, 145-6, 162, 163; Beethovenstraat (modern Jewish area), 66-7; De Boekenbron, bookseller, 147; fate of Jan van Eijckstraat’s Jews, 137-42; First Montessori School, 69-70, 134, 150; Frank family in, 66, 68, 70, 146, 370; Franks go into hiding, 128, 149, 153-4, 170, 277; German occupation of, 128, 129-31, 132-42, 145-60; Grete and daughters remain in (1939), 93-9; ‘Help for the Departing’ team, 156-7; ‘hunger winter’ (1944-45), 174; institution
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad of the Aryan Attestation, 135; Joods Lyceum (Jewish High School), 150-3; Joy and Glee Club, 135^41, 287; Liberaal Joodse Gemeente synagogue, 70; Marnixstraat prison, 169-70; Municipal Gymnasium senior school, 149-50; Municipal Lyceum senior school, 134; Nazi deportations of Jews from, 154-60, 165, 171-3, 267-9; and policy of ‘evacuation to the East,’ 151-2, 154-5; Vondelpark, 167; Weteringschans (Nazi prison), 170-2; Wiener family flees to (1933-4), 41, 65-6, 162, 163; Wiener family’s life in 1930s, 65-71, 76, 88, 162, 163; Womens Swimming Club, 134 Anders, Wladyslaw, 236-7, 241, 250, 251-2, 256, 260, 261-3, 334, 343 Anschluss (1938), 88, 89 antisemitism: barbaric Russian pogroms, 19, 81, 85; CV’s fight against, 26-9, 30-3, 35-8; Evian Conference on Jewish refugees (1938), 88, 89; of Henry Ford, 81-3; ‘Ford Tactic’ on the Protocols, 82-3, 86; French in late-nineteenth-century, 85; increased levels in 1930s Poland, 58-9; Kristallnacht (9 November 1938), 88, 90, 91, 139; in Lwów of Great War era, 49; Nazi killing squads in Lwów, 337-8; Nazism’s central confusion over, 144; pogrom in Lwów (June 1941), 337; in Polish universities, 58-9; Protocols of the Elders ofZion, 78-9, 80-7, 144, 294, 297, 316; ritual murder libel, 22, 26, 29; specific Nazi measures in Holland, 133, 146—60; in Weimar Germany, 17, 18, 21-3, 26-33, 35-8; yellow six-pointed star, 147-8, 164, 301, 327, 384; see also Holocaust; Wiener Library (Jewish Central Information Office) Argentina, 339 Aronowski, Camille, 215, 293-8, 316, 320, 329 Aronsfeld, Caesar, 76 Asscher, Abraham, 130
Auschwitz concentration camp, 66-7, 138, 141, 142, 247, 272, 278, 281; 446
Index dismantling/evacuation of, 311; early reports on events at, 209; and Joseph Mengele, 370; Polish holders of promesas killed at, 322, 324 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 47-8, 49 Baer, Marcel de, 369 Bamberger, Hartog, 67 Bartel, Kazimierz, 52, 57, 59, 60, 112-13, 114, 200; murder of, 337 Bartlowa, Maria, 60, 200 BBC, 208, 209, 384 Belzee death camp, 338 Ben-Itto, Hadassa, The Lie That Will Not Die, 79, 83 Bentschen, Germany, 20 Bergen-Belsen concentration camp: British troops enter (15 April 1945), 299; daily life in, 300—9; deteriorating conditions in, 310-13, 316, 323, 324-5; as exchange camp, 290-1, 292, 299, 308, 310-11, 314, 315-16, 322; and fate of Amsterdam’s Jews, 127, 138, 139, 140, 141-2, 326; Hungarians at, 310, 315-16; hunger at, 303, 304-5, 306-7, 308, 312—13; ‘the Lost Train,’ 138-9, 140, 326; medical exam for exchange prisoners, 324-6; rapid expansion from mid-1944, 310-13; roll calls at, 300-1, 304, 305-6, 308, 312; Star Camp, 301-10, 311, 315—16; Wiener family at, 4, 10, 300-13, 314-15; Wieners released from on exchange, 315, 316—17, 323-9, 347 Beria, Lavrentiy, 236-7, 385 Berlin: Academy for the Science of Judaism, 20; Betty Lewin’s background in, 162, 174; Büros office at Wilhelmstrasse, 36-8, 39-40, 74; Charlottenburg district of, 25—6, 42, 74; Jewish middle class in, 21, 24-6; Kapp putsch (March 1920), 17—18; wartime devastation of, 328; Wiener family life in, 25-6, 32, 39, 42, 76 Berlin, Isaiah, 213 Bettelheim, Josef, 126-7, 128 Bieber, Justin, 152—3 Bijllaardt, Tina van den, 156 Bitburg cemetery, West Germany, 4 Blüth, Ellen, 135, 136, 137, 139 447
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad B’nai В rith Youth Organisation, 379 Bondy, Louis, 92-3 Borden, Harry, Survivor, 4, 386 Bowes-Lyon, David, 213, 363-4, 367, 368 Brezhnev, Leonid, 386 Brodnitz, Julius, 39-40, 41 Brunschvig, Georges, 78-9, 81, 85, 87, 294 Buchenwald concentration camp, 139 Bullock, Alan, 370 Callaghan, James, 368—9 Central Association of German Citizens of the Jewish Faith (CV), 26-9, 30-3, 35-40, 42, 74, 211-12 Chamberlain, Neville, 89, 93, 94 Chichester, Lord, 99 Churchill, Winston, 212, 230, 231, 341, 342, 343 City University, London, 381, 387 Cohen, Abraham, 140-1 Cohen, David, 72, 73, 77, 89, 91, 97, 268-9; as co-chairman of Jewish Council, 130, 147-8, 157-8; and Jewish Central Information Office, 74, 91—2, 95, 126; wartime role of as controversial, 72, 157-8 Cohen, Henriette, 140-1 Cohen, Jopie, 136, 137, 139, 140-1 Cohen, Sammy, 136, 139, 140-1 Cohn, Erich, 283 Cohn Strauss, Elfriede, 135, 153 Colijn, Hendrikus, 91 communism, 32, 39, 62, 114-15, 116, 181; Dutch, 130; Polish, 111 ; see also Soviet Union Crankshaw, Edward, 113 Cripps, Sir Stafford, 231 Crystal City, Texas, 322, 325 Cuba, 215, 295 Czechoslovakia, 89 Dambusters bombing raid, 209 Danzig, 61, 140 Day, Ida, 364—5, 384 Day, Kate, 365, 384 Day, Richard, 364-5, 384 Dearborn Independent, 82 Demjanjuk, John, 280 the Diamantsteins (Lusia’s family), 336, 338-9; Wilhelm Diamantstein (brother ofLusia), 189—90, 191-2, 203, 336, 338-9 448
Index character of, 55-6; commitment to modern Polish ideal, 53, 57, 60; death of (27 June 1950), 358, 359; false report of death of, 203, 238, 252; financially ruined by war, 115-16, 200, 343, 357; First World War service, 48, 49; and German language, 47; interrogations of at Brygidki prison, 243-5; life in Lwów, 45-6, 47, 50-7, 60-1, 380; life in UK, 357-8; Lusia looks for (1941), 238, 240-1, 252, 253; marries Lusia (1921), 50-1; name on list of “antiSoviet elements, 117, 119; ‘Nil Desperandum’ (article, 1939), 59; in Palestine (1943-7), 335-6, 342-3; as Polish army reservist, 57, 106, 108, 111, 259; pride in his Jewishness, 56; reconnects with Lusia (late1941), 252, 253-5, 333; released from Gulag due to amnesty, 250-1; reunion with Lusia (March 1942), 258—9; sent to Gulag in Komi Republic, 245-51, 333, 335; serves in the Anders army, 251-2, Diels, Rudolf, 39 Dreyfus Affair, 85 Druijf, Estherina, 66-7 Duizend, Harold and Paul, 136, 137-8 East Germany, 5 Eden, Anthony, 277, 317, 367 Egyptology, 21 Eichmann, Adolf, 143, 291, 314, 315, 369 Einstein, Albert, 211 Eiss, Chaim, 220, 223 Erhard, Ludwig, 375 Évian Conference (1938), 88, 89 Fehl, Gustav, 46-7 Finkelstein, Adolf (Dolu, paternal grandfather of author): and army’s move to Iran, 263, 334; arrest and disappearance of, 120-1, 177, 178, 179, 191, 202-3, 242—52; arrival in UK ( 27 August 1947), 343; asks Jules Thorn for help, 357—8, 381; belief in return to Lwów, 340; broken by the Gulag, 333, 335, 358; builds house on 12 Herburtów street, 45-6, 60-1; as businessman in Lwów, 50, 51, 54-5; 449
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad 253-5, 256-7, 259-64, 334-6, 342-3; serves on Lwów City Council, 54-7, 108, 111, 119; solo holiday in Krynica Górska, 106; transferred to Yangiyul (early 1942), 256, 258; in wartime Lwów, 107, 108, 111, 112-13, 114, 115-17; work in Gulag office, 250; works as logger at Gulag, 247-8, 249, 333 Finkelstein, Amalia (Lusia, paternal grandmother of author): arrest and deportation of, 121, 177-86; arrival in UK ( 27 August 1947), 343; background of, 50, 51; belief in return to Lwów, 340; chooses to leave Baskermelte (September 1941), 237-8; death of (1980), 359; Dorotea sends food parcels to, 190-2, 336, 339; draws up family tree, 339; endures Siberian winter, 192-6; forced . labour on Soviet state farm, 187, 188-203, 229-30; journey to Iran (August 1942), 263-4; life in Lwów, 45-6, 47, 50-7, 60-1; life in UK, 7-8, 11, 339, 358-9, 381, 387, 388; looks for Dolu (1941), 238, 240-1, 252, 253; marries Dolu (1921), 50-1; office job at Baskermelte, 229—30; in Palestine (1943-7), 335, 343; personality of, 8, 50, 192, 263-4, 358, 359, 381; reconnects with Dolu (late1941), 252, 253-5, 333; relationship with Mirjam, 359, 381; reunion with Dolu (March 1942), 258-9; in Semipalatinsk, 238-41, 253-5, 256-8; as teacher in London, 358-9; in Tehran (1942-3), 334-5; train journey to Yangiyul, 257-9; as unaware of Dolus supposed death, 203, 238, 241, 252; in Veliko Alekseyevskaya (1942), 259, 261; in wartime Lwów, 107, 108, 112-13, 115-17 Finkelstein, Anthony (brother of author), 11, 387 Finkelstein, Bernard (brother of Dolu), 47, 51-2, 54, 107, 121, 179, 202-3, 243;
death of (3 May 1943), 335-6 Finkelstein, Charlotte (mother of Dolu), 47-8, 117, 120, 177-83, 189, 191 450
Index Finkelstein, Karolina (Linka, wife of Bernard), 51, 179 Finkelstein, Ludwik (father of author): academic/ professional career, 6, 380-1, 386-7; arrest and deportation of, 121, 177-86; arrival in UK ( 27 August 1947), 343; birth of in Lwów (6 December 1929), 52; childhood in Lwów, 46, 52-3, 56, 58; death of (2011), 381; endures Siberian winter, 192-6; at First TurkestanSiberian Railway School, 239-40; forced labour on Soviet state farm, 188-203, 230-1; grandchildren of, 388; influence of Alfred on, 381-2; and intellectual matters, 6, 8, 10-11, 196-8, 230, 379-81, 382, 383, 386-7; journey to Iran (August 1942), 263-4; Judaism of, 10-11, 382; leaves Baskermelte (September 1941), 237-8; life in UK, 4-12, 358, 359, 379-84, 386-8; Lusia educates in Siberia, 195-6; meets and marries Mirjam, 359, 379-80, 381; never returns to Lwów, 340, 387; openness about experiences, 4—5, 387; in Palestine (1943-7), 335, 343; personality of, 4-7, 8, 9; practical plans for survival in Siberia, 196-8; rejection of victimhood, 386; reunion with Dolu (March 1942), 258-9; in Semipalatinsk, 238-41, 253-5, 256-8; in Tehran (1942-3), 334-5; train journey to Yangiyul, 257—9; in Veliko Alekseyevskaya (1942), 259, 261; victory over Hitler and Stalin, 388; view on nuclear disarmament, 383; in wartime Lwów, 105, 106-7, 108, 112, 115 Finkelstein, Maks (father of Dolu), 46—8, 51 Finkelstein, Mirjam (Mother of author): arrest and deportation of (20 June 1943), 158-60, 165, 267-9; arrival in New York (February 1945), 1, 351-2; arrival in Switzerland (24 January 1945), 328-9, 347-8; at Belsen, 4, 10,
299-313, 314-15; birth of in Berlin (10 June 1933), 42; childhood in Amsterdam, 65-71, 76, 88, 451
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad 93-9, 125, 128, 132-6, 140, 145-58, 163-4; as citizen of Paraguay, 216, 217, 224-5, 292, 297-8, 314, 315, 316, 319-20, 322; death of (2017), 381; on death of her mother, 347; education of, 69-70, 134, 150, 151-2, 371; on Anne Frank, 152-3; friends offer to hide in Amsterdam, 155-6; gives talks on Holocaust, 10, 384; grandchildren of, 388; has hepatitis at Westerbork, 285; and intellectual matters, 9, 379-80, 381, 383; interrogated on Ellis Island, 351-2; joins father in London (1947), 371; journey to New York (February 1945), 349-51; Judaism of, 10-11, 308; life in UK, 4-5, 8-12, 359, 371, 372, 379-81, 383-5, 386-8; loss of German citizenship (1939), 94-5; meets and marries Ludwik, 359, 379-80, 381; meets Hilde Speer (2004), 384-5; on Nazi responsibility, 127; openness about experiences, 4-5, 384; personality of, 4, 8-11, 127, 381, 384-5; photograph in Bordens Survivor, 4, 386; rejection of victimhood, 386; relationship with Lusia, 359, 381; released from Belsen on exchange, 315, 316-17, 323-9, 347; remains in Amsterdam (1939), 93-8; remembers Lazarus family, 281; scientific training, 9, 381; spoken voice of, 2, 5; summons to Belsen (January 1944), 292; teaching career, 9, 383, 384; train journey to Switzerland (21-4 January 1945), 327-9; as trapped in Holland (May 1940), 99, 210; in USA (1945-7), 364—6, 371, 384; victory over Hitler and Stalin, 388; in wartime Amsterdam, 125, 128, 132-6, 140, 145-58, 163-4; at Westerbork, 269—71, 272, 273-5, 282-92; on the yellow star, 148 Finkelstein, Nicky (wife of author), 2 Finkelstein, Tamara (sister of
author), 2, 5, 8, 11, 387 Finkelstein and Fehl (business in Lwów), 46—7, 50, 52, 452
Index 54-5, 57; nationalised by Soviets, 115 First World War, 18—19, 21, 22-3, 48, 49, 283 Fleischauer, Ulrich, 85 Ford, Henry, 81-3 France, 84-5, 106-7, 201, 321, 322 Frank, Anne, 66, 68, 70, 146, 308; at Belsen, 10, 311-12; diary of, 150, 152-3, 277, 370-1, 384; in hiding, 128, 149, 152-4, 170, 277 Frank, Edith, 66 Frank, Evelyne, 136, 139 Frank, Margot, 66, 70, 146, 149, 150, 152-4, 170, 308, 311-12 Frank, Otto, 66, 70, 154, 170, 370-1 Frankfurter, David, 79-80 Freemasonry, 85 Freie, Margrita, 149-50 Freud, Sigmund, 75 Fiinten, Ferdinand aus der, 147, 157, 268 Gatz, Leopold, 338 Geller, Jay Howard, 90 Gemmeker, Albert, 274, 275, 276, 282-3, 285-6 gender roles, 25, 51, 129, 130 Germany: antisemitism in Weimar era, 18, 21—3, 26-33, 35-8; Beer Hall Putsch (1923), 28; hyperinflation in 1920s, 27; invasion of Poland (1939), 61, 107-8, 217-18; Jewish middle class, 21, 24-6; Kapp putsch (March 1920), 17—18; Kristallnacht (9 November 1938), 88, 90, 91, 139; MolotovRibbentrop Pact, 61-2, 106, 109, 231, 342, 385; Nazi era, 38-42, 73-7, 89-90, 91; Reichstag fire (February 1933), 39; Talmud Trial, 29; and Warsaw uprising (summer 1944), 342; Weimar Republic, 17-18, 25-32, 35-8; Alfred Wiener’s love of, 19-20, 31, 372-4, 375-6; see also Berlin; Nazism Goebbels, Joseph, 36, 76, 77 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, ‘Das Göttliche,’ 69 Göring, Hermann, 18, 39-41, 73, 74, 90, 144, 369 Goslar, Hanneli, 311—12 Graves, Philip, 82-3 Gripsholm (ship), 349—51, 373 Grüner, Dorotea (sister of Lusia), 51, 107, 184, 189-92, 194, 200-2; death of in 453
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad Lwów, 338-9; and Dolus supposed death, 203, 238; sends food parcels to Lusia/ Ludwik, 190-2, 336, 339 Grüner, Halina, 107, 191, 338-9 Grüner, Szymon (Szymek), 107, 189, 192, 200, 336, 338-9 Gyssling, Walter, 36 Hagemeister, Michael, 85 Hahn, Harald, 136 Haiti, 222 Hamilton, Duke of, 209 Helm-Pirgo, Marian, 193, 255 Hendon, 2-3, 7-8, 11-12, 339, 388 Hess, Rudolf, 209 Heuss, Theodor, 374 Heydrich, Reinhard, 143, 144-5 Himmler, Heinrich, 138, 145, 273, 337, 342; Eva watches at Belsen, 314; plan to ransom Jews, 271—2, 290-1, 299, 310-11, 314, 315-16 Hindenburg, President, 38 Hitler, Adolf: becomes Chancellor (January 1933), 38-9; belief in the Protocols, 83, 144; bomb plot against (20 July 1944), 38; Henry Fords influence on, 83; hatred of Jewish intellectuals, 21; invasion of Soviet Union (22 June 1941), 202, 209, 219, 229-31, 336; and Munich Agreement (October 1938), 89; personal cowardice of, 37; political emergence of, 28, 35-6; secret appendix to pact with Stalin, 61, 62, 106, 109-10, 385; Mein Kampf, 35-6 Holländer, Ludwig, 30—1 Holocaust: Alfred keeps Wiener Library alive postwar, 367-9; Alfred on personal impact of, 373; and Alfred’s German identity, 19-20; Allied failure to grasp nature of, 209-10, 316-21; betrayals, 169, 172, 267, 281; Bordens Survivor, 4, 386; closure of Paraguay escape route, 224-5, 298; ‘death marches,’ 281, 311; debates about complicity of the Dutch, 71-2; ‘evacuation to the East’ as euphemism for mass murder, 145, 151—2, 154-5; fate of Lwów’s Jews after Barbarossa, 336-9; and form-filling/ 454
Index bureaucracy, 133, 154; general silence about in postwar West, 365-7, 383-4; and Himmler’s plan to ransom Jews, 271—2, 290-1, 299, 315-16; Holocaust studies (academic field), 370; Jewish quest for foreign documentation, 219-25, 295-8, 319-20, 321, 322-4; Ładoś Group in Switzerland, 218-25, 296-8, 316, 319-20, 321, 322, 380; ‘the Lost Train,’ 138-9, 140, 326; mapping and counting of victims, 75; mass-murder process at Sobibor, 279-81; and Mirjam’s Judaism, 11 ; Mirjam’s talks on, 10, 384; mistake by Jewish Council leaders (May 1943), 157-8; Morgenthau and US Jewish policy, 320-1, 323; murder of Amsterdam’s Jews, 66-7, 130, 137-42, 151-2, 154, 267, 271, 272, 274-81, 291-2; and ‘Palestine exchange,’ 216, 272-3, 282-3, 297-8, 314-15; processing of the shoes of murdered Jews, 303-4; right place to flee to as unknowable, 60; Wannsee Conference (January 1942), 143-5, 154; War Refugee Board in USA, 317, 321-2, 323-4, 347-9; Warsaw ghetto, 222, 342; widespread knowledge of by end of 1942, 277, 316-17; Wiener Library’s eyewitness statements, 370; see also Auschwitz concentration camp; Bergen-Belsen concentration camp; Westerbork camp; Wiener Library (Jewish Central Information Office) Hondius, Dienke, 151 Honduras, 222 Hügli, Rudolf, 218-19, 220, 221, 222-3, 225, 298, 322 Iran, 261-4, 334-5 Iraq, 334 Islam, 34 Israel, 84, 367, 369, 372 Israel Philatelist, 139 Ivanovna, Vera, 239-Л0 Janowska forced labour camp, 338 Jewish Council of Amsterdam: criticism of, 130, 157—8, 163; few remaining employees of (1943), 268; and Grete’s wartime work, 455
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad 129, 130-1, 146, 154-5, family meals in Hendon, 163-4; levy imposed by, 11, 388; and German 146; moral dilemmas faced identity, 25, 31-3, 35; of by, 129, 130, 147-8, 155, Grete, 25, 70-1, 308; 157-8; Nazis order creation Grete’s funeral in of (12 February 1941), Kreuzlingen, 348; Liberaal Joodse Gemeente 129-30, 135; refhgee synagogue, Amsterdam, 70; committee as answerable to, 130; workers exempt of Ludwik, 10-11, 382; in from deportation, 154-5, Lwów, 53-4, 56-7, 337; of Mirjam, 10-11, 308; Pirkei 163-4, 165 Jewish life/communities: in Avot, 68—9; of Ruth, 135, 1930s Amsterdam, 66-71, 153, 287, 308, 309; survival of, 388; and 72-3, 88-9, 90-1, 96-8, ‘Talmud Trial,’ 29; in 162-3; community leaders in Switzerland, 220, 223-4, wartime Amsterdam, 135, 296; education and gender, 153; in Westerbork, 287, 51; and the German 308, 309; of Alfred Wiener, language in Poland, 47; in 20, 25, 31, 68-9, 70-1, Lwów, 47, 49-50, 53-7, 153, 382 58-61, 337; middle class in Juliana, Queen, 139 Germany, 21, 24-6; in Nazi Germany, 38-42, ӀЪ-Ί, Kahle, Paul, 21 89-90, 91; in occupied Kapp, Wolfgang, 17-18 Amsterdam, 125-8, Katyn Massacre, 232-6, 129-31, 132-42, 145-58, 255-6, 261, 340-1, 385 Kharkov prison, 235 164-5, 166—7; and Pilsudskis death in Poland Khrushchev, Nikita, 113—15, (1935), 57-8; in Weimar 180-1 Kieloch, Wojczek, 257-8 Germany, 20, 21-9, 30-8; see also antisemitism; Kiev prison, 245 Kistryn, Mieczysław, 60 Judaism Klau, Bella, 138 Joly, Maurice, 83, 84, 85 Klau, Oscar, 138, 140 Judaism: at Belsen, 308-9; 456
Index Klau, Resa, 138 Klau, Ursula, 136, 138-9 Klemens, Michael, 290, 382 Klemens, Paul, 372, 382-3 Klemens, Ruth (sister of Mirjam): arrest and deportation of (20 June 1943), 158-60, 165, 267-9; arrival in New York (February 1945), 351-2; arrival in Switzerland (24 January 1945), 328-9, 347-8; attends Grete’s funeral in Kreuzlingen, 348; at Belsen, 299-313, 314-15; birth of (1927), 25; childhood in Amsterdam, 66-71, 76, 88, 93-8, 125, 128, 132-7, 140, 145-58, 163-4; childhood in Berlin, 26, 32, 39, 76; as citizen of Paraguay, 216, 217, 224-5, 292, 297-8, 314, 315, 316, 319-20, 322; diary notes at Westerbork/Belsen, 273-4, 277, 283, 290, 291-2, 302, 306-7, 308, 310, 313, 315; on the Frank sisters, 152, 153; as ‘helper’ at Westerbork, 276; interrogated on Ellis Island, 351-2; joins father in London (1947), 371; journey to New York (February 1945), 349-51; Judaism of, 135, 153, 287, 308, 309; letter from Grete on her sixteenth birthday, 287-90; loss of German citizenship (1939), 94-5; marries and moves to Australia (1950), 371-2, 382-3; released from Belsen on exchange, 315, 316-17, 323-9, 347; remains in Amsterdam (1939), 93-8; summons to Belsen (January 1944), 292; as teacher in America, 383; throws Alfred’s war medals in sea, 1, 350, 373, 375; train journey to Switzerland (21-4 January 1945), 327-9; as trapped in Holland (May 1940), 99, 210; in USA (1945-7), 364-6, 371; in wartime Amsterdam, 125, 128, 132, 133-7, 140, 145-58, 163-4; at Westerbork, 269-71, 272, 273-5, 276, 277, 282-92 Klemens, Susan, 382 Klugerman, Jack, 139, 140 Knapper, Marianne, 136, 140-1 Knapper, Nico,
140-1 457
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad Kobe, Japanese city of, 219 Komi Republic, 246-9 Kozelsk camp (near Smolensk), 233, 235 Kristallnacht (9 November 1938), 88, 90, 91, 139 Krynica Górska, Southern Poland, 106 Kühl, Juliusz, 218, 219, 220-2, 223-4, 296-7, 316 Kuryllo, Adam, 60 Ładoś, Aleksander, 217-19, 224, 320, 322-3, 324 Landes, Ignacy (Našio), 183, 189-90, 191-2, 202-3, 246, 249 Landesberg, Markus, 59 Lazarus, Else, 146, 267, 274; death of at Auschwitz, 281 Lazarus, Marion, 146, 267, 281 Leeuw, Louis de, 66 Lévy-Hass, Hanna, 313 Lewin, Betty, 66, 67-8, 71, 97, 129, 134, 148-9, 157, 296, 370; in Amsterdam during last days of war, 174; arrest of (20 June 1943), 158-60, 165; arrested and interrogated by Gestapo (January 1944), 168-72; background of, 162-3; as ‘Betty from Nottingham,’ 161-2, 174; escape from Nazis (20 June 1943), 165-6; in hiding as Jo Bosch (1943-44), 166—8; as resistance hero, 174; second escape from Nazis , (at Assen), 172-4; wartime work for Jewish Council, 163-4, 165; works for Dutch resistance (as Jo Bosch), 164-8 Lewin, Rabbi Ezekiel, 337 liberal democracy, 2—3, 387—8 Lisków, Alfred, 229 London: Alfreds attempt to obtain visas for family (1940), 98-9, 210; Fords Hotel, 92, 93, 95, 129; Hendon, 2-3, 7-8, 11-12, 339, 388; Jewish Central Information Office moves to, 92-3, 125-6, 207; Polish administration-inexile, 217-18, 219, 231, 262, 317, 341-2; Wiener family together in (1947), 371; Alfred Wiener in during war, 98-9, 125-6, 129, 163, 207-10 Lübke, Heinrich, 375 Lwów (formerly Lemberg, now Lviv): becomes part of Soviet Ukraine, 115-16, 252, 385-6; Brygidki
prison, 242-5, 335, 336-7; 458
Index deaths of the Diamantsteins, 336, 338-9; Dolu and Lusia’s life in, 45-6, 47, 50-7, 60-1; fall of to Soviets, 110-13, 232; fate of decided in secret agreement, 108-10; fate of Jews after Barbarossa, 336—9; Finkelstein and Fehl (family business), 46-7, 50, 52, 54-5, 57, 115; Finkelstein home at 12 Herburtów street, 45-6, 60-1, 116-17, 385-6; impact of First World War on, 49—50; IV Gymnasium school, 48, 380; Jan Kazimierz University, 51, 58-9; Jews flee to avoid Russians (1914), 49, 51; Khrushchevs crimes in, 114-15, 117-21, 242-52; lists of “anti-Soviet elements, 117-19; Ludwik never returns to, 340, 387; and outbreak of war, 105—6; pogrom in (June 1941), 337; Polytechnic, 58, 59; in postwar Soviet Union, 342; Red Army liberates (summer 1944), 341—2; Soviet mass deportations from, 119-21, 177-86; Soviets shoot prisoners (June 1941), 336—7; Tempel Synagogue, 53-4, 337; wartime bombing of, 105-6, 107; Zalewski confectionery shop, 52 Maarsen, Jacqueline van, 68 Maisky, Ivan, 232 Mauthausen concentration camp, 130, 142 Mazzucato, Aleksander, 60, 113 McClelland, Roswell, 317, 323, 347-8 Mehler, Jacob, 70 Meijer, Jaap, 287 Mengele, Joseph, 370 Meyer, Walter, 222-3 Mikes, George, How to be an Alien, 376 Miloslawski, Dorothee, 68, 136, 138 Miloslawski, Max, 138 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 61, 106, 109, 231, 236 Montefiore, Leonard, 367-8 Moorhouse, Roger, 106 Morgan, Kenneth O., 368 Morgenthau Jr, Henry, 320—1, 323 Mös, Ernst, 314, 315, 324 Munich Agreement (October 1938), 88, 89 Nazism: anti-Christian 459
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad literature, 37; antisemitism in Weimar era, 26-33, 35-8; Beer Hall Putsch (1923), 28; Büros monitoring of activities, 36-8, 39-40, 74; CVs fight against, 26-9, 30-3, 35-8; economic boycott of Jewish business, 72; economics of, 24-5; Gestapo, 168-9; Himmler’s plan to ransom Jews, 271-2, 290-1, 299, 310-11,314,315-16; hostility to elites, 62; policy of forced Jewish emigration, 144; revoking of citizenship, 94-5; the SS, 143, 147, 157, 172, 173, 268, 290-1, 328; Waffen-SS, 300, 302—3, 312; Wannsee Conference (January 1942), 143-5, 154; see also Hitler, Adolf Nenza, Monika (Teta), 52 Netherlands: building of Westerbork, 90-1, 270; compliance of authorities with Nazi persecution, 149-50; confidence over wartime neutrality, 97; Dutch behaviour towards Jews before the occupation, 72-3, 74, 89, 90-2; Dutch behaviour towards Jews during the occupation, 71-2, 130, 133, 148, 149-50, 155-6, 284-5; Dutch Jewish support for new refugees, 72-3, 89, 90-1, 96, 129, 130-1, 139^10, 154-5; Dutch list of Palestine certificates, 216; Dutch Nazis, 130, 169, 171, 284-5; Dutch resistance, 130, 164—8, 174; German invasion of (May 1940), 62, 125, 163, 210; German Jews flee to in 1930s, 66-7, 70, 71, 72-3, 90-1, 162; ‘hunger winter’ (1944-45), 174; and policy of evacuation to the East,’ 151-2, 154-5; and return of Jewish refugees to Germany, 73, 77; specific Nazi anti-Jewish measures, 133, 146-60; survival rate of Jews in, 151 ; see abo Amsterdam; Westerbork camp Neuburger, Erika, 308, 311, 312, 326 Neuburger, Marion, 308, 326 New York City, 1, 207, 211-14, 272, 294,
350-1, 363-7, 375 Nicholas II, Tsar, 84 460
Index Nilus, Sergei Aleksandrovich, 80-1, 84 NKVD (Soviet secret police), 111, 115, 116, 119-21, 177-8, 233-7, 242-6, 261, 336-7, 341 Nottingham, 161-2, 174 nuclear power/weapons, 383 Nuremberg trials, 369, 385 Oppenheimer, Hans (John), 211-12, 294 Ostashkov camp (near Kalinin), 233, 235 Ostrowski, Stanislaw, 108, 109, 110-11, 119, 260 Palestine, 33-5, 57, 215-16, 318; Finkelsteins in (19437), 335-6, 342-3; ‘Palestine exchange,’ 216, 272-3, 282-3, 297-8, 314-15 Paneth, Aldona, 53 Papen, Franz von, 38 Paraguay: fake passports, 217, 224-5, 296-8, 314, 315-16, 319-20, 321-3, 348-9; honorary consul in Bern, 218-19, 220, 221, 222-5, 322; and the Ładoś Group, 219-21, 222-5, 296, 320, 321; Nazi sympathisers in, 320; Wieners as ‘citizens’ of, 216, 217, 224-5, 292, 297-8, 314, 315, 316, 319-20, 322 Peru, 222 Philippeville, Algeria, 349 Philips-Wiener, Lotte, 372 Pilet-Golaz, Marcel, 222 Pilsudski, Józef, 48, 53, 57-8 Piotrowski, Tadeusz, 117 Pirgo, Dorota and Ewa, 193, 238, 239, 255 Planck, Erwin, 38 Plaut, Alice, 216, 372 Plaut, Eva (sister of Mirjam): arrest and deportation of (20 June 1943), 158-60, 165, 267-9; arrival in New York (February 1945), 351-2; arrival in Switzerland (24 January 1945), 328-9, 347-8; at Belsen, 299-313, 314-15; birth of (1930), 25; childhood in Amsterdam, 39, 65, 66, 70, 93-9, 125, 128, 132-7, 140, 145-58, 163-4; as citizen of Paraguay, 216, 217, 224-5, 292, 297-8, 314, 315, 316, 319-20, 322; death of (1977), 382; has hepatitis at Westerbork, 285; interrogated on Ellis Island, 351-2; joins father in London (1947), 371; 461
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad journey to New York (February 1945), 349-51; and Judaism, 308; loss of German citizenship (1939), 94-5; marries Ted Plaut, 372, 382; released from Belsen on exchange, 315, 316-17, 323-9, 347; remains in Amsterdam (1939), 93-8; summons to Belsen (January 1944), 292; testimony on time at Belsen, 311—12; train journey to Switzerland (21-4 January 1945), 327-9; as trapped in Holland (May 1940), 99, 210; in USA (1945-7), 364-6, 371; in wartime Amsterdam, 125, 128, 132, 133-7, 140, 145-58, 163—4; at Westerbork, 269-71, 272, 273-5, 282-92 Plaut, Ted, 372, 382 Polak, Samuel, 66 Poland: administration-inexile, 217-18, 219, 231, 262, 317, 341-2; amnesty (accord with Soviets, 30 July 1941), 231-2, 237-8, 240-1, 250-1; and AngloSoviet agreement (12 July 1941), 231; antisemitism in 462 universities, 58-9; Bartel as Prime Minister of, 52, 57; creation of Polish state (1918), 47; exiles in Siberia ‘freed’ (September 1941), 237-8; fate of decided at Yalta (February 1945), 342, 343; fate of Jews after Barbarossa, 336-9; and Hitler-Stalin secret agreement, 61, 62, 106, 109-10, 385; increased antisemitism in 1930s, 58—9; invaded by Nazis and Soviets (1939), 61-2, 107-9, 217-18, 385; Khrushchevs crimes in Eastern areas, 114—15, 117-21, 177-86, 242-52; Lwów ghetto, 338; Nazi discovery of Katyn, 340-1; non-aggression pact with Hitler, 57-8; officers as prisoners of Soviets, 110; Polish army in East (from 1941, Anders army), 232, 236-7, 241, 250, 251-2, 253-4, 256, 259-64, 334-5, 342-3; Polish Home Army, 341-2; PolishSoviet War, 48; Soviet mass deportations from
Eastern areas, 119-21, 177-86, 385; Soviet mass murder of
Index officers, 232—6, 255—6, 261, Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 61, 340-1, 385; Soviet policy of disorder in, 112; Stalins 106, 109, 218, 369 Rokicki, Konstanty, 218, 221, murdering of elite, 105, 224 232-6, 255-6, 261, 340-1, Roosevelt, Dineke, 292 385; Warsaw ghetto, 222, Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 342; see also Lwów 89, 318, 320-1, 342 (formerly Lemberg, now Rothmund, Heinrich, 222-3 Lviv) Rothschild, Lothar, 348 Polanska, Maria, 183 Russian Empire, 19, 48, 49, Pollack, Leo and Lina, 67 Poppelsdorf, Juda, 66-7 51, 80-1, 84, 85 Ryniewicz, Stefan, 218 Posthuma de Boer, Eddy, 137-8 Saulmann, Gertrud, {see Potocka, Countess, 193, 195, 238 Abraham, Gertrud) Schrage, Aldona, 53, 179, Potocka, Zosia, 193-4, 196 Potsdam, Germany, 19 234, 235, 255 Schrage, Ignacy, 53, 54, 110, Presser, Jacob, 152 Prins, Ralph, 135, 136, 137, 139 Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 78-9, 80-7, 144, 294, 297, 179, 232, 233, 234-5, 255, 385 Schrage, Jadzia, 53, 179, 234, 235, 255 Schulthess-Hirsch, Fanny, 220, 316 Puls, Abraham, 284-5 223-4 Second World War: Anders Putin, Vladimir, 386 army at Monte Cassino, Puttkammer, Erich, 272 335; becomes inevitable in Nineteen thirty-eight, Reading, Marquess of, 368 88-90; D-Day landings (6 Reagan, Ronald, 4 June 1944), 309-10; in Reichmann, Eva, 19, 30, 370 Doroteas coded letters to Reichmann, Hans, 36 Siberia, 201-2; Dutch Reitlinger, Gerald, Final resistance, 130, 164-8, 174; German invasion of Solution, 370 463
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad Holland (May 1940), 62, 125, 163, 210; Germans sign unconditional surrender (7 May 1945), 138; Germany’s deteriorating military position, 310-13, 316; Nazi invasion of Soviet Union (22 June 1941), 202, 209, 219, 229-31, 336; outbreak of, 61, 93, 94, 105-7, 207; Pearl Harbor and US entry (1941), 212-13; Polish resistance, 341-2; Stalingrad, 271 Semipalatinsk (Kazakhstan), 238-41, 253-5, 256-8 Seyss-Inquart, Arthur, 369 Sikorski, Władysław, 231, 232, 341 Silberschein, Abraham, 220, 223^, 296 Slottke, Gertrud, 290, 291, 292, 298, 300, 313, 315, 324, 325, 327 Sobibor death camp, 138, 140-1, 142, 278-81 Soep, Rini, 136, 139 South America, 219-20, 222, 224, 292, 296, 297, 308, 314, 315, 323; Alfreds supply line through, 211, 212; Allied anxieties over spies in, 319; Allied efforts 464 to block fake passports from, 319-20, 322; Nazis start to kill passport holders, 322, 324; US round-up of Germans living in, 321-2, 323-4, 325, 327; see aho Paraguay Soviet Union: amnesty (accord with the Poles, 30 July 1941), 231-2, 237-8, 240-1, 250-1; and Anders army, 232, 236-7, 241, 250, 251-2, 253-4, 256, 259-64; Baskermelte ranch, Siberia, 187-91, 192-202, 229-30, 237-8; collectivisation of agriculture, 187-8; fall of Lwów to, 110—13, 232; forced labour on state farms, 187-203, 229-30; the Gulag, 247-51, 333, 335; invasion of Poland (1939), 61, 108-10, 217-18, 385; and judicial processes,’ 179—80; Khrushchevs crimes in Eastern Poland, 114—15, 117-21, 177-86, 242-52; Khrushchevs de-Stalinization, 113; lists of “anti-Soviet elements, 117-19; mass deportations from
Eastern Poland,
Index 119-21, 177-86, 385; mass murder of Polish officers, 232-6, 255-6, 261, 340-1, 385; Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 61-2, 106, 109, 231, 342, 385; Nazi invasion of (22 June 1941), 202, 209, 219, 229-31, 336; Polish exiles in Siberia ‘freed’ (September 1941), 237-8; Polish-Soviet War, 48; shooting of prisoners in Lwów (June 1941), 336-7; silence over crimes of, 385-6; and Warsaw uprising (summer 1944), 342; see also Stalin, Joseph Speer, Hilde, 365, 384-5 Stahl, Artur, 45-6 Stalin, Joseph: agriculture collectivised by, 187—8; and the Anders army, 260-3; desire to destroy Polish nation, 180; ignores warnings about Barbarossa, 229; installs communist government in Poland, 341, 342; lack of public interest in crimes of, 385-6; looks to West after Barbarossa, 230-1; murdering of Polish elite, 105, 232-6, 255-6, 261, 340-1, 385; and Polish-Soviet War, 48; secret appendix to pact with Hitler, 61, 62, 106, 109-10, 385; and Warsaw uprising (summer 1944), 342; at Yalta (February 1945), 342 Starobelsk camp (Ukraine), 233^, 245 Sternbuch family, 220 Streamline Moderne (architectural style), 45-6 Streicher, Julius, 29 Stucki, Karl, 222—3 Der Stürmer (anti-Semitic journal), 26, 28, 29, 37, 77 Stutthof concentration camp, 140 Switzerland: Alfred and Gretes holidays in, 66; Alfreds contacts in, 87, 215, 284, 293-8, 316, 320, 329, 348; Alfred’s supply line through, 211, 212; attitude to Jewish exchange refugees, 348-9; Bern Trial of the Protocols, 13, 80, 81, 83-7, 144, 294, 297, 316; concern about neutrality, 218, 293—5; elite antisemitic/pro-Nazi opinion in, 222-3; Jewish community leaders
in, 220, 223—4, 296; Lados Group exposed (April 1943), 223-5, 322; Lados Group 465
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad controversial, 72 Tobler, Theodor, 85 Totskoye (camp of Anders army), 251-2, 253-4, 256 Treblinka death camp, 280 in, 218-25, 296-8, 316, 319-20, 321, 322, 380; Mirjam’s holiday in (1951), 379; Nazi rally in the Bern Casino, 78; Paraguayan honorary consul in, 218-19, 220, 221, 222-5, 322; Swiss Nazi Party, 78, 79-80; Wieners arrive in (24 January 1945), 328-9, 347-8 Szlengel, Władysław, 222 Tel Aviv, 335, 343 the Templers (Lutheran sect), 272-3, 314 Theresienstadt concentration camp, 139 Thorn, Antonia, 357 Thorn, Jules, 115, 357-8, 381 Tijn, Gertrude van: at Belsen, 306, 314—15; as confident of Dutch neutrality (autumn 1939), 97; leaves Belsen in exchange (June 1944), 315; and ‘Palestine exchange,’ 216, 273, 314-15; and refugee committee in Amsterdam, 72-3, 89, 129, 130, 139-40, 148, 154-5, 158, 163, 215, 270; split with David Cohen, 158; wartime role of as Ukhta (town in Komi Republic), 247, 250 Ukraine, Soviet, 109, 113, 114-15, 252, 342, 385-6 Ukrainians: in Lwów, 47, 48, 49, 51, 112, 336-7, 385-6; Soviets shoot prisoners (June 1941), 336-7 United Kingdom: active work to undue efforts of Lados Group, 318-20; Alfred’s postwar life in, 367—71, 372-6, 381-2; allies with Soviets after Barbarossa, 230; army in Middle East, 261-4, 334; attitude to Anders army, 262; declares war on Germany (3 September 1939), 93, 94, 106-7, 207; and Évian Conference (1938), 89; failure to grasp nature of Holocaust, 209-10, 316-21; fear of mass release/rescue of Jews, 318; Finkelsteins arrive in ( 27 August 1947), 343; Hess flies to (May 1941), 209; 466
Index knowledge of Katyn, 341; knowledge of the Holocaust, 277, 316-17; Nazi failure to defeat, 201-2; and Palestine, 89, 215-16, 315, 318; Political Warfare Executive, 208; Political Warfare Mission in USA, 213-14, 363-4; Protocols of the Elders of Zion in, 81; as wary of exchanges, 318-19, 320-1; and Wiener Library during war, 207-9, 211-14, 363^4, 367; see aho London United Nations war crimes commission, 369 United States: active work to undue efforts of Lados Group, 318-20; attitude to Jewish exchange refugees, 350, 351-2; British Political Warfare Mission in, 213-14, 363-4; enters war after Pearl Harbor (1941), 212-13; and Evian Conference (1938), 89; failure to grasp nature of Holocaust, 316-21; FBI investigates . Wiener Library, 212; fear of mass release/rescue of Jews, 318; Hitlers view of, 144; Morgenthau and Jewish policy, 320-1, 323; policy on fake South American papers, 321-4; public opinion on war (1940), 212; round-up of Germans living in Latin American, 321-2, 323-4, 325; War Refugee Board, 317, 321-2, 323—4, 347-9; as wary of exchanges, 318-19, 320—3, 350, 351-2; Wiener daughters in (1945-7), 364-6, 371; Alfred Wiener in during war, 207, 211-16, 272, 294; Alfred Wieners work with State Department, 207, 212; see also New York City Urbach, Lola (sister of Dolu), 47, 107, 335-6, 357 Urbach, Robert, 107 Uzbekistan, 256, 259 V-2 rockets, 310 Versailles Peace Conference, 81 Vienna, 46, 47, 48, 51, 75, 107, 357 Vittel internment camp, France, 322 Walmsley, Robert, 210 Wannsee Conference (January 1942), 143-5, 154 Wasserstein, Bernard, 72 467
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad Weill, Valerie, 294, 296-7, 316 Weingort, Shaul, 223 Weizmann, Chaim, 84, 97 West Germany, 4, 372-4, 375, 376 Westerbork camp: building of, 90-1, 270; daily life in, 271, 284, 285-7, 308, 309; deportation process, 274-6, 277-9, 291—2; fight to stay off the death lists at, 271, 272-3, 274-5, 282-4, 291-2; Grete’s letter to Ruth on her sixteenth birthday, 287-90; as holding camp for gas chambers, 154, 163, 267, 271, 272, 274, 278-9; national monument for, 139; old-timers at, 270-1, 274, 283; transportations to, 139, 140, 154-5, 157-60, 163-4, 171-3, 267-9; Van Tijn’s team send aid to, 155, 163-4; Wieners arrive in (June 1943), 269-71, 327; Wieners depart for Belsen (January 1944), 299-300, 320 Wheeler-Bennett, John, 213-14 Wieler, Robert, 348, 379 Wiener, Alfred (maternal 468 grandfather of author): analysis of Nazi/far-right antisemitism, 21-3, 144, 316-17; attempts to obtain visas for family (1940-43), 98-9, 210, 214-16, 295-8; awarded West German Grand Cross of Merit, 373, 374; and Bern Trial of the Protocols, 79, 80, 81, 83-7, 144, 294, 297, 316; book collection stolen by Dutch Nazis, 284-5; on broader problem of racism, 374; and Büros monitoring of Nazi activities, 36-8, 39-40, 74; collecting of Nazi material while in USA, 211, 212, 293-5; collection of Oriental antiquities, 67, 147; confrontation with Kapp (March 1920), 17-18; as constantly working, 26, 30-1, 76, 80, 88, 163, 364; critique of Zionism, 33-5; death of (4 February 1964), 375; family life in Berlin, 25-6, 32, 39, 42, 76; family remains in Amsterdam (1939), 93-9; financial
problems after outbreak of war, 95—6, 128-9; First World War
Index 24; meeting with Göring (3 March 1933), 18, 39-40, 73, 74; near obsession with books, 20, 67, 284-5, 371, 382; nervous breakdowns/ collapses, 30, 41, 73-4, 210; in New York City during war, 207, 211-16, 272, 294; and ‘Palestine exchange,’ 216, 273, 297-8, 314—15; and Paraguyan passports, 225, 295-8, 320; on personal impact of Holocaust, 373; personality of, 17-18, 19, 30-1, 76, 92-3, 213-14; and Political Warfare Mission in USA, 213-14, 363-4; postwar returns to Germany, 372-4; returns to London (March 1945), 364, 367; reunited with daughters in New York (February 1945), 352, 363-4, 375; second marriage to Lotte Philips, 372; secures place on Gripsholm for daughters, 349—51 ; tour of Palestine (1926), 33; truth/rational argument as paramount for, 18, 23, 25, 29, 30, 33, 80, 375; as victim of Cuban visa scam, 215, 295; war medals of, 1, 19, 159, 283, service, 18-19, 21, 283; at Ford’s Hotel, London, 92, 93, 95; and David Frankfurter case, 79-80; friendship with Otto Frank, 370-1; and Henry Fords antisemitism, 81-3; influence on Ludwik, 381-2; informed of Gretes death, 329; intellectual interests, 20-1, 24, 25, 34, 67, 68-9, 382; intelligence work during war, 1, 207-10, 211-14, 294, 363-4; Judaism of, 20, 25, 31, 68-9, 70-1, 153, 382; keeps Library alive postwar, 367-9; leading role in CV, 26-9, 30-3, 35-8; leaves Germany (summer 1933), 41-2; and legal strategy against antisemitism, 29, 79-80; life in Amsterdam (1930s), 65-71, 73-7, 162, 163; life in Nazi Germany (1933), 39-42; life in postwar UK, 367-71, 372-6, 381-2; in London during war, 98-9, 125-6, 129, 163,
207-10; loss of German citizenship (1939), 94—5; love of Germany, 19-20, 31, 372-4, 375-6; marries Margarete (1921), 469
Hitler, Stalin, Mum and Dad 350, 373, 375; ‘Between Heaven and Earth’ (article), 42; A Critical Journey through Palestine (1927), 33-5; Prelude to Pogroms (tract, 1919), 21 -3 ; see abo Wiener Library (Jewish Central Information Office) Wiener, Amalie (Alfreds mother), 66 Wiener, Eva {see Plaut, Eva) Wiener, Margarete (Grete, maternal grandmother of author): and Alfreds attempts to obtain visas (1940-43), 98-9, 210, 214-16, 295-8; arrest and deportation of (20 June 1943), 158-60, 165, 267-9; arrival in Switzerland (24 January 1945), 328-9, 347-8; at Belsen, 299-313, 314-15; birth of children, 25, 42; as ‘citizen of Paraguay, 216, 217, 224-5, 292, 297-8, 314, 315, 316, 319-20, 322; conflict-related relief work, 24; death of (25 January 1945), 329, 347-8, 383; deteriorating health at Belsen, 312, 313, 315, 325, 328; family life in Berlin, 25-6, 32, 39, 76; farewell 470 letter from sister Trude, 277—8; financial problems after outbreak of war, 95-6, 128-9, 130-1, 134, 145-7; grave of in Kreuzlingen, 348, 379; and incriminating material at family home (1940), 125-8; intellectual/ academic life, 24—5, 27, 69, 129; and Jewish Central Information Office, 88, 125-8; and Jewish community’s refugee work in Amsterdam, 73, 88, 89, 90, 96, 139-40; Judaism of, 25, 70-1, 308; letter to Ruth on her sixteenth birthday, 287—90; life in Amsterdam (1930s), 66—71, 72-3, 88-90, 162, 163; life in Nazi Germany (193334), 39-42; loss of German citizenship (1939), 94-5; marries Alfred (1921), 24; and ‘Palestine exchange,’ 216, 272-3, 282-3, 297-8, 314-15; passes Belsen medical exam, 326; personality
of, 68, 326; preparations for deportation, 156-7; released from Belsen on exchange, 315, 316-17, 323-9, 347; remains in Amsterdam
Index (1939), 93-8; role played in Alfred’s work, 33, 67, 88, 95, 129; summons to Belsen (January 1944), 292; tour of Palestine (1926), 33; train journey to Switzerland (21-4 January 1945), 327-9; as trapped in Holland (May 1940), 99, 210; truth/rational argument as paramount for, 24-5; turns down offer to hide Mirjam, 155-6; in wartime Amsterdam, 125-9, 130-1, 132, 133-7, 145-58, 163-4; wartime work for van Tijn/Jewish Council, 129, 130-1, 146, 154-5, 163-4; at Westerbork, 269-71, 272, 273-8, 282-92 Wiener, Mirjam {see Finkelstein, Mirjam) Wiener, Ruth {see Klemens, Ruth) Wiener Library Øewish Central Information Office): Alfred keeps alive postwar, 367-9; in Amsterdam, 73—7, 86, 88, 91-3, 95, 125-8, 210-11; Britain withdraws funding (1945), 367, 376; and broader problem of racism, 76, 374; James Callaghans support for, 368—9; and David Cohen, 74, 91-2, 95, 126; and Eichmann trial, 369; FBI investigates, 212; intelligence work during war, 1, 207-10, 211-14, 293-5, 363-4; key importance of in Holocaust studies, 370; moved to London, 92-3, 125-6, 207; name change to Wiener Library, 208; New York office, 211-14, 293—5, 363-4; postwar work, 368-70, 374; role in Nuremberg trials, 369; and Grete Wiener, 88, 125-8; Wiener Library Board, 368 Yad Vashem Holocaust archive, 338-9 Yalta conference (February 1945), 342, 343 Yangiyul, Uzbekistan, 256, 258-9 Zhangiztobe, eastern Kazakhstan, 185-6 Zhdanov (Soviet ship), 264 Zielenziger, Kurt, 126—7 Zionism, 32-5, 57, 80, 84, 87, 213-14 Zöpf, Wilhelm, 291 1 Bayerische Staatsbibilothek Mönchen |
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| author | Finkelstein, Daniel 1962- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1398608510 (DE-599)BVBBV049035235 |
| era | Geschichte 1933-1945 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1933-1945 |
| format | Book |
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| spelling | Finkelstein, Daniel 1962- Verfasser (DE-588)171610210 aut Hitler, Stalin, mum and dad a family memoir of miraculous survival Daniel Finkelstein London William Collins 2023 471 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Tafeln Illustrationen, Karte, genealogische Tafel 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1933-1945 gnd rswk-swf Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 gnd rswk-swf Politische Verfolgung (DE-588)4046565-2 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf Finkelstein, Daniel / 1962- / Family Refugees / Great Britain / Biography Holocaust survivors / Germany / Biography Political persecution / Soviet Union / History / 20th century Jewish refugees / Great Britain / Biography Refugees / Germany / Biography Jewish refugees / Germany / Biography Refugees / Soviet Union / Biography Jewish refugees / Soviet Union / Biography (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Politische Verfolgung (DE-588)4046565-2 s Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 s Geschichte 1933-1945 z DE-604 Äquivalent Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 978-0-00-848385-2 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-00-848386-9 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034297873&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034297873&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Finkelstein, Daniel 1962- Hitler, Stalin, mum and dad a family memoir of miraculous survival Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 gnd Politische Verfolgung (DE-588)4046565-2 gnd |
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| title | Hitler, Stalin, mum and dad a family memoir of miraculous survival |
| title_auth | Hitler, Stalin, mum and dad a family memoir of miraculous survival |
| title_exact_search | Hitler, Stalin, mum and dad a family memoir of miraculous survival |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Hitler, Stalin, mum and dad a family memoir of miraculous survival |
| title_full | Hitler, Stalin, mum and dad a family memoir of miraculous survival Daniel Finkelstein |
| title_fullStr | Hitler, Stalin, mum and dad a family memoir of miraculous survival Daniel Finkelstein |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hitler, Stalin, mum and dad a family memoir of miraculous survival Daniel Finkelstein |
| title_short | Hitler, Stalin, mum and dad |
| title_sort | hitler stalin mum and dad a family memoir of miraculous survival |
| title_sub | a family memoir of miraculous survival |
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| topic_facet | Juden Judenverfolgung Politische Verfolgung Europa Biografie |
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