Greece (1941-1974): years of occupation, years of strife, and years of exclusion
"From 1941 to 1974, Greece experienced foreign occupation, civil war, dominance of government by the Right, and military dictatorship. Those in control and power for much of this period excluded, tormented, and killed many who resisted them or opposed them ideologically"--
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London
Lexington Books
[2023]
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "From 1941 to 1974, Greece experienced foreign occupation, civil war, dominance of government by the Right, and military dictatorship. Those in control and power for much of this period excluded, tormented, and killed many who resisted them or opposed them ideologically"-- |
| Beschreibung: | XII, 175 Seiten 23 cm |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Prelude of things to come -- Chapter 2: German occupation, resistance, and the early stages of the Civil War -- Chapter 3: Height of the Civil War and victory of the Right (1946-1949) -- Chapter 4: Post-Civil War and the dominance of the Right (1949-1963) -- Chapter 5: Road to military dictatorship (1963-1967) -- Chapter 6: The Colonels' regime (1967-1974) -- Bibliography -- Index -- About the author | |
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| 653 | 2 | |a Greece / History / Civil War, 1944-1949 | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Greece / History / 1950-1967 | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Greece / History / 1967-1974 | |
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| 653 | 2 | |a Greece / Politics and government / 1967-1974 | |
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Contents Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations xi Chapter 1 : Preludeof Things to Come 1 Chapter 2: German Occupation, Resistance, and the Early Stages of the Civil War 19 Chapter 3: Height of the Civil War and Victory of the Right (19461949) 39 Chapter 4: Post-Civil War and the Dominance of the Right (19491963) 65 Chapter 5: Road to Military Dictatorship (1963-1967) 85 Chapter 6: The Colonels’ Regime (1967-1974) 103 Bibliography 151 Index 165 About the Author 175 vii
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Index AAO. See Antifascist Air Force Organization Acheson, Dean, 45, 87-89 Acheson Plan, in Cyprus crisis, 87-89 AEM. See Anti-dictatorship Workers’ Front AHEPA. See American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association All-Democratic Agricultural Front (РАМЕ), 78 Allied Mission for Observing the Greek Elections (AMFOGE), 40 American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association (AHEPA): on Greece assistance needs, 68-69; on immigration from Greece, 71 AMFOGE. See Allied Mission for Observing the Greek Elections Anendotos (relentless struggle), 78-79; Papandreou, G., abandonment of, 86 ANO. See Antifascist Navy Organization anti-communism, 91; of Colonels, 119; Fourth of August Regime focus on, 6; Greek Civil War security agreement with, 32; of Greek Rally party, 74—75; of Papandreou, G., 26; parakaratos network of, 39; powerful ruling groups ideology of, 77; U.S. involvement welcomed by, 47; after Varkiza agreement, 33 Anti-dictatorship Workers’ Front (AEM), 116 Antifascist Air Force Organization (AAO), 90 Antifascist Army Organization (ASO), 90 Antifascist Navy Organization (ANO), 90 ASO. See Antifascist Army Organization Asphaleia. See National Security Service ASPIDA. See Officers, Save Fatherland Ideals, Democracy, and Meritocracy Axis forces, resistance important contributions against, 23-24 Beirut Conference, 27; British intervention attempts after, 29-30; conditions of, 28; period after, 29-34; Right opponents persecution after, 33 Bermeo, Nancy, 121 Britain, 33, 39; EAM/ELAS lack of support by, 26; economic and military support withdrawal, 45-46; Greece acceptance
of military forces 165
166 Index from, 10; Greece foreign interference by U.S. and, 1, 143; intervention attempts after Beirut Conference by, 29-30; policy toward Greek from 1945-1946, 42; resistance and intelligence organizations of, 21; SOE and, 21, 24 Bulgaria, Greece occupation from 1941-1944 by, 1, 10-14, 19-20, 53 Center Union (EK) party, 103; centrist government 1961 formation of, 72-73; elections of 1963 and 1964 victories, 77, 86, 91; King Paul I promotion of, 81; Right suppression attempts in 1961, 78-79 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 21, 103 Central Intelligence Service (KYP), 78, 91, 116 centrist government: EK formation in 1961, 72-73, 78-79; political instability and series of, 72 Chimbos, Peter D., 23, 65 Church, junta domination attempts for, 114 Churchill, Winston, 21, 32; Stalin meeting with, 37n63, 41-42 CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency Civil War. See Greek Civil War Clifford, Clark, 47 Cold War policy, Greek Americans and, 69-70 collapse, of Colonels’regime, 135-43 Colonels: as anti-communists, 119; background of, 110; bans and suppression by, 114-15; as dictators in coup of 1967, 109-10; public life control attempts, 113-14 Colonels’regime (1967-1974), 1, 32, 103-5; collapse of, 135^13; communism and, 115-16; constitution referendum of 1968, 120, 130-31; EEC deteriorating relationship by, 140; loannidis appointment in, 107; Kollias prime minister appointment, 106-7; legitimacy failure, 121-25; liberalizing measures of, 132; Maneses on lack of legitimacy of, 123; phases of, 106-7; populism rhetoric of, 107; resistance to, 11516, 125-35; sources of support for, 115. See
also coup of 1967; junta communism, 1; Colonel’s regime and, 115-16; coup of 1967 and, 108-10; EAM/ELAS label of, 65; EDA element of, 72; Emergency Law 117 on fight against, 6; Metaxas on threat of, 4; U.S. and Greece defeat of, 49; U.S. concern for Greece, 43^14; Vaphiades provisional government and, 50. See also anti-communism Communist Party of Greece (KKE): Gerolymatos on, 21-22; legalization contemplated for, 78; massive resistance movement of, 20; National Unity government joined by, 27; outlawing in 1947 of, 65, 71, 72, 76-77; revolutionary government goal, 49; Soviet communists lack of support for, 26; on U.S. intervention, 50; women recruitment by, 25; Zachariadis letters to, 22 Constantine II (king): counter coup failure of, 119-20, 128-29; coup of 1967 role of, 106; ERE alliance with, 96-97; junta relationship with, 122; Papandreou, G., confrontation over military leadership, 92-93; U.S. favor toward, 89-90 Couloumbis, Theodore, 49, 65, 124 counter coup failure, of King Constantine II, 119-20, 128-29 coup of 1967, 65; Colonels as dictators in, 109-10; communist threat and, 108-10; conditions of, 105-6; Helleno-Christian values emphasis in, 110; initial reaction and response to, 115-17; Kassimeris on, 103; King
Index Constantine II role in, 106; lack of resistance for, 105; Left weakness prior to, 109; Papadopoulos, Makarezos, and Pattakos leading of, 98, 106, 108; Papandreou, A., on, 104-5; proclamations of, 107; psychological factors for, 110; reality of, 104—15; Spandidakis as Minister ofDefense, 113; U.S. and, 111-12 Cyprus: Acheson Plan for, 87-89; constitutional revision and, 86; crisis in, 86-89; Greek and Turkish Cypriots violence, 86; Hatzivassiliou on U.S. relations with, 87; junta response to crisis in, 128, 133-34; Papandreou, G., and UN crisis settlement, 87-89; Turkey invasion threat to, 86-89; UNFICYP arrival in 1964, 86, 134; U.S. on NATO settlement in, 87 DA. See Democratic Defense DAG. See Democratic Army of Greece Damaskinos (archbishop), 13, 32, 40, 41 DEI. See Public Power Corp. Dekemvriana fighting period, 54; Greek and British forces against ЕАМ/ ELAS in, 30-31; Varkiza agreement and end to, 31 Demertzis, Constantine, 3 Democratic Army of Greece (DAG), as guerrilla force, 41, 50 Democratic Defense (DA), 116, 127 Democratic Trade Union Change, of Left, 77-78 Democratic Trade Union Movement, of Left,77-78 Displaced Persons Act (1948), U.S., 70 EAM. See National Liberation Front EAM/ELAS: Britain lack of support for, 26; Civil War and persecution of, 25-26; communist label of, 65; Dekemvriana Greek and British forces against, 30-31; EDES conflict 167 with, 24; factors for defeat of, 31, 32; refusal to disband by, 30; renamed as GDA, 26; resistance contributions downplayed for, 34; Saraphis as leader of, 23 economic and military support withdrawal, by Britain,
45-46 economic depression, after Greece liberation, 53 EDA. See United Democratic Left EDES. See National Democratic Greek League EDKA. See Greek Democratic Movement of Resistance EEC. See European Economic Community EENA. See Union of Young Greek Officers EK. See Center Union ELAS. See National People’s Liberation Army Emergency Law 117, on communism fight, 6 emigration, after liberation of Greece, 53 EOKA. See National Organization of Cypriot Fighters EON. See National Organization of Youth EPON. See Panhellenic Youth Organization ERE. See National Radical Union ERP. See European Recovery Program ESA. See National Military Service ethnikophrones, 38n69; EENA label of, 90; Plastiras as unsuccessful with, 33; pro-monarchists label of, 65 European Economic Community (EEC): Colonels’ regime deteriorating relationship with, 140; membership during political stability, 77 European Recovery Program (ERP) (Marshall Plan): as NATO prelude, 47; Stalin on, 48; U.S. $13 billion
168 commitment for reconstruction, 47; Vyshinsky criticism of, 48 exclusivist system: Papandreou, G., campaign against, 78-79; rural exodus impact on, 77; solidification by 1952, 77 foreign interference, of Britain and U.S., 1, 143 Fourth of August Regime (1936— 1941), 3-10 GDA. See Greek Democratic Army General Officer Commanding (GOC), guerrilla forces under, 29 Georgalas, George, 117-18 George II (king), 26; death of, 41; Demertzis caregiver government appointment by, 3; Fourth of August Regime support by, 4; Metaxas appointment by, 3-4; parliamentary election of 1946 on, 40-41 Germany: Greece occupation from 1941-1944 by, 1, 10-14, 19-20, 53; Metaxas negotiations with, 9; Tsolakoglou appointment by, 11 Gerolymatos, Andre, 21-22, 32, 53 GOC. See General Officer Commanding government, 1; collapse in 1965, 77; Truman Doctrine equipment and training for forces of, 44 Great Famine starvation, during occupation (1941-1944), 12, 53 Greek Americans, after WWII, 68-71 Greek Civil War (1946-1949): Allies forces and, 26; cost of, 52; ЕАМ/ ELAS persecution in, 25-26; early stages of, 24-27; Gerolymatos on, 32, 53; Greek American involvement in, 69; guerrilla warfare in, 24; Kennan Long Telegram on Soviet expansion plans, 43, 60n26; between Left and Right, 1 ; Makroniso Isle of Shame internment camp, 53-58; political prisoners and, 53-54; Index political scene after, 71-81; Soviet Union and, 41—42; Stalin on, 41; Truman Doctrine and, 46-49; U.S. and, 42—46; Vulliamy and Smith on, 32; women role in, 25, 27 Greek Democratic Army (GDA): EAM/ELAS renamed as, 26; Vaphiades position
removal in, 51 ; women in, 25-26 Greek Democratic Movement of Resistance (EDKA), Colonels’ regime resistance, 116 Greek Rally party: anti-communism of, 74-75; Karamanlis end of, 76; Papagos and, 72 Greek Telecommunications Organization (OTE), Fourth of August Regime establishment of, 4 Greek War Relief (GWR), 68-69 Green May of Athens student movement, 139 Grizikis, Phaidon, 140^12 guerrilla forces, 24; DAG as, 41, 50; defeat of, 44; under GOC forces, 29; negative impact of, 49; order to disband for National Army formation, 29-30 GWR. See Greek War Relief Hatzivassiliou, Evanthis, 87 Helleno-Christian values emphasis, in coup of 1967, 110 IDEA. See Sacred Bond of Greek Officers Ideologia tis Epanastaseos (Ideology of the Revolution) (Gerogalas), 117-18 IKA. See Social Security Foundation Immigration and Nationality Act (1952) (McCarran-Walter Act), AHEPA on, 71 loannidis, Dimitrios, 107; conspiracy against Papadopoulos by, 137—40; Cyprus and, 141
Index Italy: Greece invasion by, 7-10; Greece occupation from 1941-1944 by, 1, 10-14, 19-20, 53; resistance defeat of, 23 junta: Bermeo on barriers of, 121; Church domination attempts, 114; constitution and, 120, 130-31; counter coup on December 13, 1967 against, 111; Cyprus crisis response, 128, 133-34; EENA and, 105; ERE members refusal to cooperate with, 125-26; ideology of, 117-21; Kanellopoulos opposition to, 125— 26; King Constantine relationship with, 122; lack of public support for, 114; military response to, 122; as the Revolution, 112; secretary general appointment, 113; underground organizations for opposition of, 127; U.S. response to, 112, 124 Kafandaris, George, 2 Kanellopoulos, Panayiotis, 75, 76, 85; junta opposition by, 125-26; Talbot on, 96-97 Karamanlis, Constantine: on coup of 1967, 116-17; ERE creation by, 76; Greek Rally end by, 76; King Paul on new government formation by, 76; Lambrakis assassination accusation, 80; monarchy relationship deterioration, 79-80; Papadoupoulos dictatorship denouncement, 135; Papandreou, G., 1963 election win over, 85; as prime minister, 75; resignation of, 80; return from exile by, 142—43; self imposed exile of, 85 Karamessines, Thomas H., 69-70 Kassimeris, Christos, 103 Keeley, Edmund, 52 Kennan, George, 43, 60n26 Kirk, Alexander Comstock, 29, 30 KKE. See Communist Party of Greece 169 Kollias, Constantine, 106-7, 117 Koryzis, Alexandros, 10 KYP. See Central Intelligence Service Lambrakis, Grigorios, 80-81 League of Young Officers (SAN), 90 Left: civil war and, 1 ; Democratic Trade Union Change of, 77-78; Democratic
Trade Union Movement of, 77-78; EDA founded in 1951, 72; lack of political representation, 72; neutralization of, 77; performance in 1958 elections, 78; Perrakes on, 33-34; Right persecution and terrorization of, 1, 33-34, 39; Right suppression attempts in 1961, 78-79; student movement and, 78; weakness prior to coup of 1967, 109 Liberal Party: Papandreou, G., as leader of, 26; of Venizelos, 2 liberation of Greece (1944): chaotic conditions after, 52; emigration after, 53; ML and, 52-53; prevalence of exclusion after, 53; rebels defeat, 51-53; Truman Doctrine and, 44, 46-50, 111; UNRRA mission and relief efforts, 52-53 Lovett, Robert Abercrombie, 50 MacVeagh, Lincoln, 7; Acheson telegram to, 45; on National Unity government, 28; on political instability, 43 Makarezos, Nikolaos: coup of 1967 led by, 98, 106; Ministry of Coordination control, 113 Makronisos Isle of Shame internment camp, 53-54; for EAM and EPON destruction, 55, 57; insurrection trial, 56-57; international effort to close, 58; isolation sites of, 55; massacre at, 56; Mercouri on, 58; National Army control of, 56 Maneses, Aristovoulos, 123 MAP. See Military Assistance Program
170 Index Markezinis, Spyros, 136-38 National Council of the Patriotic Marshall, George C., 47^18 Front, 116 Marshall Plan. See European National Cultural Movement (EPOK), Recovery Program Papadopoulos announcement of, 135 Mavromichalis, Stylianos, 81 National Democratic Greek League McCarran-Walter Act. See Immigration (EDES): Chimbos on, 23; ЕАМ/ and Nationality Act ELAS conflict with, 24 National Liberation Front (EAM), 30; Mercouri, Melina, 58 establishment of, 22-23; Makronisos Metaxas, Ioannis, 2; on communism for destruction of, 55; National Unity threat, 4; early WWII neutrality of, 8; EON creation by, 5-6; Fourth of government cabinet positions by, August Regime and, 3-10; George 27, 29; Papandreou, G., on, 27-28; II appointment of, 3^1; Germany persecution of, 25-26, 39. See negotiations with, 9; Mussolini also EAM/ELAS National Military Service (ESA), negative relationship with, 8; Colonels’ regime opposition on Third Hellenic Civilization creation, 4-5 suppression by, 116 military: dictatorship from 1967-1974, National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (EOKA), 132; formation 1, 32; dominant role of, 2; as of, 91; Papandreou, A., as government protector, 40; operations of ELAS, 23 leader of, 91-94 National Organization of Youth (EON), Military Assistance Program (MAP), Metaxas creation of, 5-6 Greek officers U.S. training in, 111 National People’s Liberation Army military coup, 95; 1935 failed, 2; of (ELAS): military operations of, 23; Pangalos, 2; against Papandreou, Zervas attack on, 29 G., government, 93; Plastiras National Radical Union (ERE), 78; 1933 attempt
for, 2; Venizelos and dominance of, 121; Karamanlis Plastiras 1935 failed, 3. See also creation of, 76; King Constantine II coup of 1967 military dictatorship (1963-1967), alliance with, 96-97 National Security Council (NSC), U.S. 85; Cyprus crisis and, 86-89; report from, 44 Papandreou, G., and, 89-98 National Security Service (Asphaleia), Military Liaison (ML), UNRRA Colonel’s regime opposition and, 52-53 Ministry of Tourism, Fourth of August suppression by, 116 National Solidarity relief, during Regime creation of, 4 occupation (1941-1944), 13-14 ML. See Military Liaison National Unity government: EAM Mouzelis, Nicos, 77; on Popandreou, Cabinet positions in, 27, 29; KKE G., policies, 111 joining of, 27; MacVeagh on, 28 Mussolini, Benito, 6-7, 8 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty National Army: guerrilla forced disband Organization for formation of, 29-30; Makronisos Natsios, Nicholas, 69-70 control by, 56 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): Marshall Plan as prelude
Index to, 47; membership during political stability, 77, 103; U.S. and, 49, 87 NSC. See National Security Council occupation (1941-1944), by Germany, Italy and Bulgaria, 1, 10-14, 19-20, 53 OECD. See Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 21,69-70 Officers, Save Fatherland, Ideals, Democracy, and Meritocracy (ASPIDA), 91-93 Operational Groups (OG OSS), 21 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 140 OSS. See Office of Strategic Services OTE. See Greek Telecommunications Organization outlawing in 1947, of KKE, 65, 71, 72, 76-77 overthrow in 1973, of Papadopoulos, 139—40 PAK. See Panhellenic Liberation Movement PAM. See Patriotic Anti dictatorship Front PAME. See All-Democratic Agricultural Front Panagoulis, Alexandros, 120-21 Pangalos, Theodoros, 2 Panhellenic Democratic Union of Women (PDEG), 25-26 Panhellenic Liberation Movement (PAK), 127 Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), 34 Panhellenic Youth Organization (EPON), Makronisos for destruction of, 55, 57 Papadopoulos, George, 136; coup of 1967 led by, 98, 106, 108; EPOK establishment, 135; as IDEA leader, 171 90, 91; loannidis conspiracy against, 137-40; Ministry to Prime Minister control by, 113; opposition to personal authority of, 131; overthrow of 1973 for, 139—40; Panagoulis assassination attempt on, 120-21; political prisoners release in 1968 by, 129-30; prime minister appointment of, 120; on the Revolution, 118-19 Papagos, Alexander, 72; death of, 76; entry into politics by, 73; as prime minister, 75 Papanastasiou, Alexandros, 1, 2
Papandreou, Andreas: on coup of 1967, 104-5; EDA policy promotion, 95; as EOKA leader, 91-94; U.S. on, 94, 97-98 Papandreou, George, 81, 126; on Acheson Plan, 87-89; Anendotos abandonment by, 86; anti communism of, 26; on Britain involvement, 42; campaign against exclusivist system, 78-79; on EAM, 27-28; EK centrist party and, 72-73; election of 1964 win by, 86; fall of government of, 89-90; Karamanlis 1963 election defeat by, 85; King Constantine II confrontation over military leadership, 92-93; as Liberal Party leader, 26; military coup against, 93; military dictatorship (1963-1967) and, 89-98; Ministry of Defense reorganization attempts, 92; Mouzelis on policies of, 111 ; Plastiras replacement of, 32; public response to death of, 129, 138; resignation of, 85, 93; U.S. on, 94, 97-98 parakratos (para-state), 40; anti communism network of, 39 Paraskevopoulos, Ioannis, 85 para-state. See parakratos parliamentary election, of 1946: AMFOGE preparation for, 40; on
172 Index George II return, 40—41 ; outcome of, 40; Sophoulis and, 40 PASOK. See Panhellenic Socialist Movement Patriotic Anti-dictatorship Front (PAM), 116, 124-25 Patriotic Front, 127 Pattakos, Stylianos: coup of 1967 led by, 98, 106, 108; Minister of Interior control, 113 Paul I (king), 41; EK government promotion, 81; on Karamanlis 1955 new government formation, 76; Karamanlis relationship deterioration with, 79 PDEG. See Panhellenic Democratic Union of Women Pericles mission, of Greek Americans, 69, 78, 108 Perrakes, Stylianos, 33-34 Petimezas, Erakles, 23 Petropoulus, John, 65 Peurifoy, John Emil, 73-74; conservative government and, 75 Pipinelis, Panayiotis, 80, 119; Foreign Minister appointment, 128; resignation of, 81 Plastiras, Nikolaos: ethnikophrones unsuccess by, 33; military coup attempt in 1933, 2; military coup of 1935 failure by, 3; Papandreou, G., replaced by, 32; security forces composition changed by, 33 plebiscite, Varkiza agreement provision of, 40 political instability, 1, 3, 71; MacVeagh on, 43; from 1963-1967, 94; series of centrist governments, 72 political prisoners: after Civil War, 80; Greek Civil War and, 53-54; Papadopoulos 1968 release of, 129-30. See also Makronisos Isle of Shame internment camp political prosecution law, of Venizelos, 6 political scene, after Civil War: EDA and, 72; EK centrist party and, 72-73, 78-79, 86, 91, 103; election of 1951, 73; fragmented government and, 71-72; government collapse in 1965, 77; Karamanlis 1955-1963 governing, 76; Left and student movement, 78; monarchy on, 80-81; Mouzelis on, 77; Papagos government
1952-1955, 74-75; political parties after 1951, 72; political prisoners and, 80; political stability, 75-77; trade union activities and, 77-78 political stability, 76; EEC member during, 77; from 1952-1963, 75; UN and NATO member during, T1 Polk, George, 51; Keeley on murder of, 52, 61n60 Populist Party, of Tsaldaris, 2, 3 Poulos, Margaret, 25 provisional government, Vaphiades formation of, 50 public life control attempts, by Colonels, 113-14 Public Power Corp. (DEI), 92 rebels, 50; defeat of, 51-53; U.S. buildup and Stalin and Tito rupture for defeat of, 51. See also guerrilla forces relentless struggle. See Anendotos resistance: British intelligence organizations and, 21; to Colonels’ regime, 115-16, 125-35; coup of 1967 lack of, 105; ЕАМ/ ELAS contribution downplayed in, 34; important contributions against Axis forces by, 23-24; Italy defeat in, 23; KKE massive movement of, 20; PDEG role in, 25; underground organizations for junta opposition, 127
Index the Revolution', junta as, 112; Papadopoulos on, 118-19; Pattakos on purpose, 118 revolutionary government goal, of KKE, 49 Right: Civil War and victory of, 1, 39-58; EK suppression attempts in 1961, 78-79; Greek Rally party, 72; Left and Center suppression attempts in 1961, 78-79; Left persecution and terrorization by, 1, 33-34, 39; propaganda of, 39 Right dominance (1949-1963), 1, 66-67; Greek Americans after WWII, 68-71; political scene after Civil War, 71-81; pro-monarchists and, 65; U.S. on, 65-67 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 21 rural exodus, exclusivist system impacted by, 77 Sacred Bond of Greek Officers (IDEA), 95; Papadopoulos, G., as leader of, 90, 91; as para-governmental group, 75-76 SAN. See League of Young Officers Saraphis, Stephanos, 23 Skouras, Spyros, 68 Smith, Helena, 32 Social Security Foundation (IKA), in Fourth of August Regime, 4 SOE. See Special Operations Executive Sophoulis, Themistoclis, 40 Soviet Union: Greek Civil War and, 41-42; Kennan Long Telegram on expansion plans of, 43, 60n26; lack of communist support for KKE, 26 Spandidakis, Grigorios, 113 Special Operations Executive (SOE), Britain and, 21, 24 Stalin, Joseph: Churchill meeting with, 37n63, 41-42; on Greek Civil War, 41; on Marshall Plan, 48; Tito rupture with, 51 Stefanopoulos, Stefanos, 75, 76 173 student movement: Green May of Athens, 139; Left and, 78; revolt of 1973, 138-40 Talbot, Phillips, 95, 96-97 Third Hellenic Civilization, Metaxas on creation of, 4-5 Tito, Josip Broz, 51 trade union activities, 77-78 Truman Doctrine, 44, 46-50, 111 Tsaldaris, Panayotis, 2, 3 Tsolakoglou,
Georgios, 11 Tsouderos, Emmanuel, 10, 26 Turkey: Cyprus invasion threat from, 86-89; Truman Doctrine and, 46-50; U.S. containment policy for, 43 UN. See United Nations underground organizations, for junta opposition, 127 UNFICYP. See United Nations Peace Keeping Force in Cyprus Union of Young Greek Officers (EENA): ethnikophrones label of, 90; in junta, 105 United Democratic Left (EDA): communism element in, 72; Papandreou, A., promotion of policies of, 95; as principal opposition party in 1958, 78 United Nations (UN), membership during political stability, 77 United Nations Peace Keeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP), 86, 134 United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA): during occupation (1941-1944), 14; relief efforts and mission of, 52-53 United States (U.S.), 65-67; Couloumbis on Greece dependence on, 49; coup of 1967 and, 111-12; Greece and Turkey containment policy by, 43; Greece communism concerns, 43-44; Greece foreign interference by Britain and, 1,
174 143; Greece interest post-WWII, 89; Greek Civil War and, 42^16; Greek officers MAP training, 111 ; Hatzivassiliou on Cyprus relations with, 87; junta response from, 112, 124; King Constantine II favor from, 89-90; KKE on intervention of, 50; NATO and, 49, 87; NSC report to, 44; on Papandreou, A., and Papandreou, G., 94, 97-98; support of, 39. See also Greek Americans; Truman Doctrine UNRRA. See United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration U.S. See United States Vaphiades, Markos, 50, 51 Varkiza agreement: anti-communism after, 33; communists sent to Makronisos military camp, 54; conditions of, 31 ; Dekemvriana end with, 31; plebiscite provision of, 40 Venizelos, Eleftherios: military coup of 1935 failure by, 3; political Index prosecution law of, 6; return to power in 1928, 2 Vulliamy, Ed, 32 Vyshinsky, A. Y., 48 WIDE See Women’s International Democratic Federation women: in GDA and PDEG, 25-26; Greek Civil War role of, 25, 27; KKE recruitment of, 25; Poulos on role of, 25 Women’s International Democratic Federation (WIDF), 25 World War II (WWII), 8, 20; Greek Americans, 68-71; U.S. interest in Greece post-, 89 Zachariadis, Nikos: KKE letters from, 22; Vaphiades replaced by, 51 Zervas, Napoleon: EDES founding by, 23; ELAS attack by, 29 Zoitakis, George, 120, 134 Zurich-London constitution (1959), in Cyprus, 86 |
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Contents Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations xi Chapter 1 : Preludeof Things to Come 1 Chapter 2: German Occupation, Resistance, and the Early Stages of the Civil War 19 Chapter 3: Height of the Civil War and Victory of the Right (19461949) 39 Chapter 4: Post-Civil War and the Dominance of the Right (19491963) 65 Chapter 5: Road to Military Dictatorship (1963-1967) 85 Chapter 6: The Colonels’ Regime (1967-1974) 103 Bibliography 151 Index 165 About the Author 175 vii
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Bibliography 163 United States Department of State Office of the Historian. Available at: https://history . state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v 16/d23 4. United States Department of State Office of the Historian. Available at: https://history . state .gov/historicaldocuments/frus 1964-68vl6/d236. United States Department of State Office of the Historian. Available at: https://history . state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus 1964-68v16/d245. United States Department of State Office of the Historian. Available at: https://history .state.gov/historicaldocuments/frusl964-68vl6/d255 . United States Department of State Office of the Historian. Available at: https://history .state.gov/historicaldocuments/frusl964-68vl6/d262. United States Department of State Office of the Historian. Available at: https://history .state.gov/historicaldocuments/ffusl964-68vl6/d270. United States Department of State Office of the Historian. Available at: https://history .state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus 1964-68v 16/d271. Vakalopoulos, A. Nea Elliniki Istoria [Modern Greek History], Thessaloniki: Ekdoseis Vanias, 1987. Vatikiotis, P.J. Greece: A Political Essay. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1974. Veremis, Thanos. “The Military.” In Political Change in Greece before and after the Colonels, edited by K. Featherstone and D.K. Katsoulas, 214-29. London: Croom Helm, 1987. Veremis, Thanos. The Military in Greek Politics: From Independence to Democracy. London: Black Rose Books, 1997. Veremis, Thanos, and John Koliopoulos. “Evolving Content of the Greek Nation.” In Greece in the Twentieth
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164 Bibliography Washington Post, The. December 25, 2005, C08. Woodhouse, C.M. A Short History of Modern Greece. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1968. Woodhouse, C.M. “E ‘Epanastasi’ sto Istorico tis Plaisio" [The ‘Revolution’ in its Historical Context]. In E Ellada kato apo Stratiotiko Zygo [Greece under Military Yoke], edited by G.N. Yiannopoulos and Richard Clogg, 3-55. Athens: Ekdoseis Papazese, 1976. Woodhouse, C.M. Karamanlis: The Restorer of Greek Democracy. Oxford: Claredon Press, 1982. Woodhouse, C.M. The Rise and Fall ofthe GreekColonels. London: GRANADA, 1985. Wilkinson, J., and H.S. Hughes. Contemporary Europe: A History. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998. Yiannopoulos, George. “The State of the Opposition Forces since the Military Coup.” In Greece under Military Rule, edited by Richard Clogg and George Yiannopoulos, 163-90. London: Seeker and Warburg, 1972. Yiannopoulos, G.N. “Oi Antistasiakes Dynameis meta to Praxikopima” [The Opposition Forces after the Coup], In E Ellada kato apo Stratiotiko Zygo [Greece under Military Yoke], edited by G.N. Yiannopoulos and Richard Clogg, 256-91. Athens: Ekdoseis Papazese, 1976. Yiannopoulos, Yanis. “Greece: Political and Constitutional Developments 1924— 1974.” In Greece in Transition: Essays in the History of Modern Greece 19211974, edited by John T.A. Koumoulides, 64-91. London: ZENO, 1977. Zacharopoulos, George. “Politics and the Army in Post-War Greece.” In Greece under Military Rule, edited by Richard Clogg and George Yiannopoulos, 17-35. London: Seeker and Warburg, 1972. Zacharopoulos, George. “E Politiki
kai о Stratos sti Metapolemiki Ellada [Politics and the Military in Post-War Greece], In Ellada kato apo Stratiotiko Zygo [Greece under Military Yoke], edited by G.N. Yiannopoulos and Richard Clogg, 56-80. Athens: Ekdoseis Papazese, 1976. Zaousses, Alexandros. О Empaigmos: 21 Apriliou 1967 - 24 louliou 1974 [The Mockery: 21 April 1967 - 24 July 1974]. Vol. 1. Athens: Ekdoseis Papazese, 1997. Zink, Allan. “Greece: Political Crisis and Authoritarian Takeover.” In The Conditions of Democracy in Europe, 1919-39: Systematic Case Studies, edited by Dirk Berg-Schlosser and Jeremy Michell, 213M 1. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000. Zompalas, S. О Neofasismos stin Ellada (1967—74) [Neofascism in Greece (196774)]. Athens: “Sychrone Epoche,” 1978.
Index AAO. See Antifascist Air Force Organization Acheson, Dean, 45, 87-89 Acheson Plan, in Cyprus crisis, 87-89 AEM. See Anti-dictatorship Workers’ Front AHEPA. See American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association All-Democratic Agricultural Front (РАМЕ), 78 Allied Mission for Observing the Greek Elections (AMFOGE), 40 American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association (AHEPA): on Greece assistance needs, 68-69; on immigration from Greece, 71 AMFOGE. See Allied Mission for Observing the Greek Elections Anendotos (relentless struggle), 78-79; Papandreou, G., abandonment of, 86 ANO. See Antifascist Navy Organization anti-communism, 91; of Colonels, 119; Fourth of August Regime focus on, 6; Greek Civil War security agreement with, 32; of Greek Rally party, 74—75; of Papandreou, G., 26; parakaratos network of, 39; powerful ruling groups ideology of, 77; U.S. involvement welcomed by, 47; after Varkiza agreement, 33 Anti-dictatorship Workers’ Front (AEM), 116 Antifascist Air Force Organization (AAO), 90 Antifascist Army Organization (ASO), 90 Antifascist Navy Organization (ANO), 90 ASO. See Antifascist Army Organization Asphaleia. See National Security Service ASPIDA. See Officers, Save Fatherland Ideals, Democracy, and Meritocracy Axis forces, resistance important contributions against, 23-24 Beirut Conference, 27; British intervention attempts after, 29-30; conditions of, 28; period after, 29-34; Right opponents persecution after, 33 Bermeo, Nancy, 121 Britain, 33, 39; EAM/ELAS lack of support by, 26; economic and military support withdrawal, 45-46; Greece acceptance
of military forces 165
166 Index from, 10; Greece foreign interference by U.S. and, 1, 143; intervention attempts after Beirut Conference by, 29-30; policy toward Greek from 1945-1946, 42; resistance and intelligence organizations of, 21; SOE and, 21, 24 Bulgaria, Greece occupation from 1941-1944 by, 1, 10-14, 19-20, 53 Center Union (EK) party, 103; centrist government 1961 formation of, 72-73; elections of 1963 and 1964 victories, 77, 86, 91; King Paul I promotion of, 81; Right suppression attempts in 1961, 78-79 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 21, 103 Central Intelligence Service (KYP), 78, 91, 116 centrist government: EK formation in 1961, 72-73, 78-79; political instability and series of, 72 Chimbos, Peter D., 23, 65 Church, junta domination attempts for, 114 Churchill, Winston, 21, 32; Stalin meeting with, 37n63, 41-42 CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency Civil War. See Greek Civil War Clifford, Clark, 47 Cold War policy, Greek Americans and, 69-70 collapse, of Colonels’regime, 135-43 Colonels: as anti-communists, 119; background of, 110; bans and suppression by, 114-15; as dictators in coup of 1967, 109-10; public life control attempts, 113-14 Colonels’regime (1967-1974), 1, 32, 103-5; collapse of, 135^13; communism and, 115-16; constitution referendum of 1968, 120, 130-31; EEC deteriorating relationship by, 140; loannidis appointment in, 107; Kollias prime minister appointment, 106-7; legitimacy failure, 121-25; liberalizing measures of, 132; Maneses on lack of legitimacy of, 123; phases of, 106-7; populism rhetoric of, 107; resistance to, 11516, 125-35; sources of support for, 115. See
also coup of 1967; junta communism, 1; Colonel’s regime and, 115-16; coup of 1967 and, 108-10; EAM/ELAS label of, 65; EDA element of, 72; Emergency Law 117 on fight against, 6; Metaxas on threat of, 4; U.S. and Greece defeat of, 49; U.S. concern for Greece, 43^14; Vaphiades provisional government and, 50. See also anti-communism Communist Party of Greece (KKE): Gerolymatos on, 21-22; legalization contemplated for, 78; massive resistance movement of, 20; National Unity government joined by, 27; outlawing in 1947 of, 65, 71, 72, 76-77; revolutionary government goal, 49; Soviet communists lack of support for, 26; on U.S. intervention, 50; women recruitment by, 25; Zachariadis letters to, 22 Constantine II (king): counter coup failure of, 119-20, 128-29; coup of 1967 role of, 106; ERE alliance with, 96-97; junta relationship with, 122; Papandreou, G., confrontation over military leadership, 92-93; U.S. favor toward, 89-90 Couloumbis, Theodore, 49, 65, 124 counter coup failure, of King Constantine II, 119-20, 128-29 coup of 1967, 65; Colonels as dictators in, 109-10; communist threat and, 108-10; conditions of, 105-6; Helleno-Christian values emphasis in, 110; initial reaction and response to, 115-17; Kassimeris on, 103; King
Index Constantine II role in, 106; lack of resistance for, 105; Left weakness prior to, 109; Papadopoulos, Makarezos, and Pattakos leading of, 98, 106, 108; Papandreou, A., on, 104-5; proclamations of, 107; psychological factors for, 110; reality of, 104—15; Spandidakis as Minister ofDefense, 113; U.S. and, 111-12 Cyprus: Acheson Plan for, 87-89; constitutional revision and, 86; crisis in, 86-89; Greek and Turkish Cypriots violence, 86; Hatzivassiliou on U.S. relations with, 87; junta response to crisis in, 128, 133-34; Papandreou, G., and UN crisis settlement, 87-89; Turkey invasion threat to, 86-89; UNFICYP arrival in 1964, 86, 134; U.S. on NATO settlement in, 87 DA. See Democratic Defense DAG. See Democratic Army of Greece Damaskinos (archbishop), 13, 32, 40, 41 DEI. See Public Power Corp. Dekemvriana fighting period, 54; Greek and British forces against ЕАМ/ ELAS in, 30-31; Varkiza agreement and end to, 31 Demertzis, Constantine, 3 Democratic Army of Greece (DAG), as guerrilla force, 41, 50 Democratic Defense (DA), 116, 127 Democratic Trade Union Change, of Left, 77-78 Democratic Trade Union Movement, of Left,77-78 Displaced Persons Act (1948), U.S., 70 EAM. See National Liberation Front EAM/ELAS: Britain lack of support for, 26; Civil War and persecution of, 25-26; communist label of, 65; Dekemvriana Greek and British forces against, 30-31; EDES conflict 167 with, 24; factors for defeat of, 31, 32; refusal to disband by, 30; renamed as GDA, 26; resistance contributions downplayed for, 34; Saraphis as leader of, 23 economic and military support withdrawal, by Britain,
45-46 economic depression, after Greece liberation, 53 EDA. See United Democratic Left EDES. See National Democratic Greek League EDKA. See Greek Democratic Movement of Resistance EEC. See European Economic Community EENA. See Union of Young Greek Officers EK. See Center Union ELAS. See National People’s Liberation Army Emergency Law 117, on communism fight, 6 emigration, after liberation of Greece, 53 EOKA. See National Organization of Cypriot Fighters EON. See National Organization of Youth EPON. See Panhellenic Youth Organization ERE. See National Radical Union ERP. See European Recovery Program ESA. See National Military Service ethnikophrones, 38n69; EENA label of, 90; Plastiras as unsuccessful with, 33; pro-monarchists label of, 65 European Economic Community (EEC): Colonels’ regime deteriorating relationship with, 140; membership during political stability, 77 European Recovery Program (ERP) (Marshall Plan): as NATO prelude, 47; Stalin on, 48; U.S. $13 billion
168 commitment for reconstruction, 47; Vyshinsky criticism of, 48 exclusivist system: Papandreou, G., campaign against, 78-79; rural exodus impact on, 77; solidification by 1952, 77 foreign interference, of Britain and U.S., 1, 143 Fourth of August Regime (1936— 1941), 3-10 GDA. See Greek Democratic Army General Officer Commanding (GOC), guerrilla forces under, 29 Georgalas, George, 117-18 George II (king), 26; death of, 41; Demertzis caregiver government appointment by, 3; Fourth of August Regime support by, 4; Metaxas appointment by, 3-4; parliamentary election of 1946 on, 40-41 Germany: Greece occupation from 1941-1944 by, 1, 10-14, 19-20, 53; Metaxas negotiations with, 9; Tsolakoglou appointment by, 11 Gerolymatos, Andre, 21-22, 32, 53 GOC. See General Officer Commanding government, 1; collapse in 1965, 77; Truman Doctrine equipment and training for forces of, 44 Great Famine starvation, during occupation (1941-1944), 12, 53 Greek Americans, after WWII, 68-71 Greek Civil War (1946-1949): Allies forces and, 26; cost of, 52; ЕАМ/ ELAS persecution in, 25-26; early stages of, 24-27; Gerolymatos on, 32, 53; Greek American involvement in, 69; guerrilla warfare in, 24; Kennan Long Telegram on Soviet expansion plans, 43, 60n26; between Left and Right, 1 ; Makroniso Isle of Shame internment camp, 53-58; political prisoners and, 53-54; Index political scene after, 71-81; Soviet Union and, 41—42; Stalin on, 41; Truman Doctrine and, 46-49; U.S. and, 42—46; Vulliamy and Smith on, 32; women role in, 25, 27 Greek Democratic Army (GDA): EAM/ELAS renamed as, 26; Vaphiades position
removal in, 51 ; women in, 25-26 Greek Democratic Movement of Resistance (EDKA), Colonels’ regime resistance, 116 Greek Rally party: anti-communism of, 74-75; Karamanlis end of, 76; Papagos and, 72 Greek Telecommunications Organization (OTE), Fourth of August Regime establishment of, 4 Greek War Relief (GWR), 68-69 Green May of Athens student movement, 139 Grizikis, Phaidon, 140^12 guerrilla forces, 24; DAG as, 41, 50; defeat of, 44; under GOC forces, 29; negative impact of, 49; order to disband for National Army formation, 29-30 GWR. See Greek War Relief Hatzivassiliou, Evanthis, 87 Helleno-Christian values emphasis, in coup of 1967, 110 IDEA. See Sacred Bond of Greek Officers Ideologia tis Epanastaseos (Ideology of the Revolution) (Gerogalas), 117-18 IKA. See Social Security Foundation Immigration and Nationality Act (1952) (McCarran-Walter Act), AHEPA on, 71 loannidis, Dimitrios, 107; conspiracy against Papadopoulos by, 137—40; Cyprus and, 141
Index Italy: Greece invasion by, 7-10; Greece occupation from 1941-1944 by, 1, 10-14, 19-20, 53; resistance defeat of, 23 junta: Bermeo on barriers of, 121; Church domination attempts, 114; constitution and, 120, 130-31; counter coup on December 13, 1967 against, 111; Cyprus crisis response, 128, 133-34; EENA and, 105; ERE members refusal to cooperate with, 125-26; ideology of, 117-21; Kanellopoulos opposition to, 125— 26; King Constantine relationship with, 122; lack of public support for, 114; military response to, 122; as the Revolution, 112; secretary general appointment, 113; underground organizations for opposition of, 127; U.S. response to, 112, 124 Kafandaris, George, 2 Kanellopoulos, Panayiotis, 75, 76, 85; junta opposition by, 125-26; Talbot on, 96-97 Karamanlis, Constantine: on coup of 1967, 116-17; ERE creation by, 76; Greek Rally end by, 76; King Paul on new government formation by, 76; Lambrakis assassination accusation, 80; monarchy relationship deterioration, 79-80; Papadoupoulos dictatorship denouncement, 135; Papandreou, G., 1963 election win over, 85; as prime minister, 75; resignation of, 80; return from exile by, 142—43; self imposed exile of, 85 Karamessines, Thomas H., 69-70 Kassimeris, Christos, 103 Keeley, Edmund, 52 Kennan, George, 43, 60n26 Kirk, Alexander Comstock, 29, 30 KKE. See Communist Party of Greece 169 Kollias, Constantine, 106-7, 117 Koryzis, Alexandros, 10 KYP. See Central Intelligence Service Lambrakis, Grigorios, 80-81 League of Young Officers (SAN), 90 Left: civil war and, 1 ; Democratic Trade Union Change of, 77-78; Democratic
Trade Union Movement of, 77-78; EDA founded in 1951, 72; lack of political representation, 72; neutralization of, 77; performance in 1958 elections, 78; Perrakes on, 33-34; Right persecution and terrorization of, 1, 33-34, 39; Right suppression attempts in 1961, 78-79; student movement and, 78; weakness prior to coup of 1967, 109 Liberal Party: Papandreou, G., as leader of, 26; of Venizelos, 2 liberation of Greece (1944): chaotic conditions after, 52; emigration after, 53; ML and, 52-53; prevalence of exclusion after, 53; rebels defeat, 51-53; Truman Doctrine and, 44, 46-50, 111; UNRRA mission and relief efforts, 52-53 Lovett, Robert Abercrombie, 50 MacVeagh, Lincoln, 7; Acheson telegram to, 45; on National Unity government, 28; on political instability, 43 Makarezos, Nikolaos: coup of 1967 led by, 98, 106; Ministry of Coordination control, 113 Makronisos Isle of Shame internment camp, 53-54; for EAM and EPON destruction, 55, 57; insurrection trial, 56-57; international effort to close, 58; isolation sites of, 55; massacre at, 56; Mercouri on, 58; National Army control of, 56 Maneses, Aristovoulos, 123 MAP. See Military Assistance Program
170 Index Markezinis, Spyros, 136-38 National Council of the Patriotic Marshall, George C., 47^18 Front, 116 Marshall Plan. See European National Cultural Movement (EPOK), Recovery Program Papadopoulos announcement of, 135 Mavromichalis, Stylianos, 81 National Democratic Greek League McCarran-Walter Act. See Immigration (EDES): Chimbos on, 23; ЕАМ/ and Nationality Act ELAS conflict with, 24 National Liberation Front (EAM), 30; Mercouri, Melina, 58 establishment of, 22-23; Makronisos Metaxas, Ioannis, 2; on communism for destruction of, 55; National Unity threat, 4; early WWII neutrality of, 8; EON creation by, 5-6; Fourth of government cabinet positions by, August Regime and, 3-10; George 27, 29; Papandreou, G., on, 27-28; II appointment of, 3^1; Germany persecution of, 25-26, 39. See negotiations with, 9; Mussolini also EAM/ELAS National Military Service (ESA), negative relationship with, 8; Colonels’ regime opposition on Third Hellenic Civilization creation, 4-5 suppression by, 116 military: dictatorship from 1967-1974, National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (EOKA), 132; formation 1, 32; dominant role of, 2; as of, 91; Papandreou, A., as government protector, 40; operations of ELAS, 23 leader of, 91-94 National Organization of Youth (EON), Military Assistance Program (MAP), Metaxas creation of, 5-6 Greek officers U.S. training in, 111 National People’s Liberation Army military coup, 95; 1935 failed, 2; of (ELAS): military operations of, 23; Pangalos, 2; against Papandreou, Zervas attack on, 29 G., government, 93; Plastiras National Radical Union (ERE), 78; 1933 attempt
for, 2; Venizelos and dominance of, 121; Karamanlis Plastiras 1935 failed, 3. See also creation of, 76; King Constantine II coup of 1967 military dictatorship (1963-1967), alliance with, 96-97 National Security Council (NSC), U.S. 85; Cyprus crisis and, 86-89; report from, 44 Papandreou, G., and, 89-98 National Security Service (Asphaleia), Military Liaison (ML), UNRRA Colonel’s regime opposition and, 52-53 Ministry of Tourism, Fourth of August suppression by, 116 National Solidarity relief, during Regime creation of, 4 occupation (1941-1944), 13-14 ML. See Military Liaison National Unity government: EAM Mouzelis, Nicos, 77; on Popandreou, Cabinet positions in, 27, 29; KKE G., policies, 111 joining of, 27; MacVeagh on, 28 Mussolini, Benito, 6-7, 8 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty National Army: guerrilla forced disband Organization for formation of, 29-30; Makronisos Natsios, Nicholas, 69-70 control by, 56 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): Marshall Plan as prelude
Index to, 47; membership during political stability, 77, 103; U.S. and, 49, 87 NSC. See National Security Council occupation (1941-1944), by Germany, Italy and Bulgaria, 1, 10-14, 19-20, 53 OECD. See Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 21,69-70 Officers, Save Fatherland, Ideals, Democracy, and Meritocracy (ASPIDA), 91-93 Operational Groups (OG OSS), 21 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 140 OSS. See Office of Strategic Services OTE. See Greek Telecommunications Organization outlawing in 1947, of KKE, 65, 71, 72, 76-77 overthrow in 1973, of Papadopoulos, 139—40 PAK. See Panhellenic Liberation Movement PAM. See Patriotic Anti dictatorship Front PAME. See All-Democratic Agricultural Front Panagoulis, Alexandros, 120-21 Pangalos, Theodoros, 2 Panhellenic Democratic Union of Women (PDEG), 25-26 Panhellenic Liberation Movement (PAK), 127 Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), 34 Panhellenic Youth Organization (EPON), Makronisos for destruction of, 55, 57 Papadopoulos, George, 136; coup of 1967 led by, 98, 106, 108; EPOK establishment, 135; as IDEA leader, 171 90, 91; loannidis conspiracy against, 137-40; Ministry to Prime Minister control by, 113; opposition to personal authority of, 131; overthrow of 1973 for, 139—40; Panagoulis assassination attempt on, 120-21; political prisoners release in 1968 by, 129-30; prime minister appointment of, 120; on the Revolution, 118-19 Papagos, Alexander, 72; death of, 76; entry into politics by, 73; as prime minister, 75 Papanastasiou, Alexandros, 1, 2
Papandreou, Andreas: on coup of 1967, 104-5; EDA policy promotion, 95; as EOKA leader, 91-94; U.S. on, 94, 97-98 Papandreou, George, 81, 126; on Acheson Plan, 87-89; Anendotos abandonment by, 86; anti communism of, 26; on Britain involvement, 42; campaign against exclusivist system, 78-79; on EAM, 27-28; EK centrist party and, 72-73; election of 1964 win by, 86; fall of government of, 89-90; Karamanlis 1963 election defeat by, 85; King Constantine II confrontation over military leadership, 92-93; as Liberal Party leader, 26; military coup against, 93; military dictatorship (1963-1967) and, 89-98; Ministry of Defense reorganization attempts, 92; Mouzelis on policies of, 111 ; Plastiras replacement of, 32; public response to death of, 129, 138; resignation of, 85, 93; U.S. on, 94, 97-98 parakratos (para-state), 40; anti communism network of, 39 Paraskevopoulos, Ioannis, 85 para-state. See parakratos parliamentary election, of 1946: AMFOGE preparation for, 40; on
172 Index George II return, 40—41 ; outcome of, 40; Sophoulis and, 40 PASOK. See Panhellenic Socialist Movement Patriotic Anti-dictatorship Front (PAM), 116, 124-25 Patriotic Front, 127 Pattakos, Stylianos: coup of 1967 led by, 98, 106, 108; Minister of Interior control, 113 Paul I (king), 41; EK government promotion, 81; on Karamanlis 1955 new government formation, 76; Karamanlis relationship deterioration with, 79 PDEG. See Panhellenic Democratic Union of Women Pericles mission, of Greek Americans, 69, 78, 108 Perrakes, Stylianos, 33-34 Petimezas, Erakles, 23 Petropoulus, John, 65 Peurifoy, John Emil, 73-74; conservative government and, 75 Pipinelis, Panayiotis, 80, 119; Foreign Minister appointment, 128; resignation of, 81 Plastiras, Nikolaos: ethnikophrones unsuccess by, 33; military coup attempt in 1933, 2; military coup of 1935 failure by, 3; Papandreou, G., replaced by, 32; security forces composition changed by, 33 plebiscite, Varkiza agreement provision of, 40 political instability, 1, 3, 71; MacVeagh on, 43; from 1963-1967, 94; series of centrist governments, 72 political prisoners: after Civil War, 80; Greek Civil War and, 53-54; Papadopoulos 1968 release of, 129-30. See also Makronisos Isle of Shame internment camp political prosecution law, of Venizelos, 6 political scene, after Civil War: EDA and, 72; EK centrist party and, 72-73, 78-79, 86, 91, 103; election of 1951, 73; fragmented government and, 71-72; government collapse in 1965, 77; Karamanlis 1955-1963 governing, 76; Left and student movement, 78; monarchy on, 80-81; Mouzelis on, 77; Papagos government
1952-1955, 74-75; political parties after 1951, 72; political prisoners and, 80; political stability, 75-77; trade union activities and, 77-78 political stability, 76; EEC member during, 77; from 1952-1963, 75; UN and NATO member during, T1 Polk, George, 51; Keeley on murder of, 52, 61n60 Populist Party, of Tsaldaris, 2, 3 Poulos, Margaret, 25 provisional government, Vaphiades formation of, 50 public life control attempts, by Colonels, 113-14 Public Power Corp. (DEI), 92 rebels, 50; defeat of, 51-53; U.S. buildup and Stalin and Tito rupture for defeat of, 51. See also guerrilla forces relentless struggle. See Anendotos resistance: British intelligence organizations and, 21; to Colonels’ regime, 115-16, 125-35; coup of 1967 lack of, 105; ЕАМ/ ELAS contribution downplayed in, 34; important contributions against Axis forces by, 23-24; Italy defeat in, 23; KKE massive movement of, 20; PDEG role in, 25; underground organizations for junta opposition, 127
Index the Revolution', junta as, 112; Papadopoulos on, 118-19; Pattakos on purpose, 118 revolutionary government goal, of KKE, 49 Right: Civil War and victory of, 1, 39-58; EK suppression attempts in 1961, 78-79; Greek Rally party, 72; Left and Center suppression attempts in 1961, 78-79; Left persecution and terrorization by, 1, 33-34, 39; propaganda of, 39 Right dominance (1949-1963), 1, 66-67; Greek Americans after WWII, 68-71; political scene after Civil War, 71-81; pro-monarchists and, 65; U.S. on, 65-67 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 21 rural exodus, exclusivist system impacted by, 77 Sacred Bond of Greek Officers (IDEA), 95; Papadopoulos, G., as leader of, 90, 91; as para-governmental group, 75-76 SAN. See League of Young Officers Saraphis, Stephanos, 23 Skouras, Spyros, 68 Smith, Helena, 32 Social Security Foundation (IKA), in Fourth of August Regime, 4 SOE. See Special Operations Executive Sophoulis, Themistoclis, 40 Soviet Union: Greek Civil War and, 41-42; Kennan Long Telegram on expansion plans of, 43, 60n26; lack of communist support for KKE, 26 Spandidakis, Grigorios, 113 Special Operations Executive (SOE), Britain and, 21, 24 Stalin, Joseph: Churchill meeting with, 37n63, 41-42; on Greek Civil War, 41; on Marshall Plan, 48; Tito rupture with, 51 Stefanopoulos, Stefanos, 75, 76 173 student movement: Green May of Athens, 139; Left and, 78; revolt of 1973, 138-40 Talbot, Phillips, 95, 96-97 Third Hellenic Civilization, Metaxas on creation of, 4-5 Tito, Josip Broz, 51 trade union activities, 77-78 Truman Doctrine, 44, 46-50, 111 Tsaldaris, Panayotis, 2, 3 Tsolakoglou,
Georgios, 11 Tsouderos, Emmanuel, 10, 26 Turkey: Cyprus invasion threat from, 86-89; Truman Doctrine and, 46-50; U.S. containment policy for, 43 UN. See United Nations underground organizations, for junta opposition, 127 UNFICYP. See United Nations Peace Keeping Force in Cyprus Union of Young Greek Officers (EENA): ethnikophrones label of, 90; in junta, 105 United Democratic Left (EDA): communism element in, 72; Papandreou, A., promotion of policies of, 95; as principal opposition party in 1958, 78 United Nations (UN), membership during political stability, 77 United Nations Peace Keeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP), 86, 134 United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA): during occupation (1941-1944), 14; relief efforts and mission of, 52-53 United States (U.S.), 65-67; Couloumbis on Greece dependence on, 49; coup of 1967 and, 111-12; Greece and Turkey containment policy by, 43; Greece communism concerns, 43-44; Greece foreign interference by Britain and, 1,
174 143; Greece interest post-WWII, 89; Greek Civil War and, 42^16; Greek officers MAP training, 111 ; Hatzivassiliou on Cyprus relations with, 87; junta response from, 112, 124; King Constantine II favor from, 89-90; KKE on intervention of, 50; NATO and, 49, 87; NSC report to, 44; on Papandreou, A., and Papandreou, G., 94, 97-98; support of, 39. See also Greek Americans; Truman Doctrine UNRRA. See United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration U.S. See United States Vaphiades, Markos, 50, 51 Varkiza agreement: anti-communism after, 33; communists sent to Makronisos military camp, 54; conditions of, 31 ; Dekemvriana end with, 31; plebiscite provision of, 40 Venizelos, Eleftherios: military coup of 1935 failure by, 3; political Index prosecution law of, 6; return to power in 1928, 2 Vulliamy, Ed, 32 Vyshinsky, A. Y., 48 WIDE See Women’s International Democratic Federation women: in GDA and PDEG, 25-26; Greek Civil War role of, 25, 27; KKE recruitment of, 25; Poulos on role of, 25 Women’s International Democratic Federation (WIDF), 25 World War II (WWII), 8, 20; Greek Americans, 68-71; U.S. interest in Greece post-, 89 Zachariadis, Nikos: KKE letters from, 22; Vaphiades replaced by, 51 Zervas, Napoleon: EDES founding by, 23; ELAS attack by, 29 Zoitakis, George, 120, 134 Zurich-London constitution (1959), in Cyprus, 86 |
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| author | Kaloudis, George S. 1952- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1089314809 |
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| contents | Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Prelude of things to come -- Chapter 2: German occupation, resistance, and the early stages of the Civil War -- Chapter 3: Height of the Civil War and victory of the Right (1946-1949) -- Chapter 4: Post-Civil War and the dominance of the Right (1949-1963) -- Chapter 5: Road to military dictatorship (1963-1967) -- Chapter 6: The Colonels' regime (1967-1974) -- Bibliography -- Index -- About the author |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1410702757 (DE-599)BVBBV049035171 |
| era | Geschichte 1941-1974 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1941-1974 |
| format | Book |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:17:28Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-31T00:54:44Z |
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| spelling | Kaloudis, George S. 1952- Verfasser (DE-588)1089314809 aut Greece (1941-1974) years of occupation, years of strife, and years of exclusion George Kaloudis Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London Lexington Books [2023] © 2023 XII, 175 Seiten 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Prelude of things to come -- Chapter 2: German occupation, resistance, and the early stages of the Civil War -- Chapter 3: Height of the Civil War and victory of the Right (1946-1949) -- Chapter 4: Post-Civil War and the dominance of the Right (1949-1963) -- Chapter 5: Road to military dictatorship (1963-1967) -- Chapter 6: The Colonels' regime (1967-1974) -- Bibliography -- Index -- About the author "From 1941 to 1974, Greece experienced foreign occupation, civil war, dominance of government by the Right, and military dictatorship. Those in control and power for much of this period excluded, tormented, and killed many who resisted them or opposed them ideologically"-- Geschichte 1941-1974 gnd rswk-swf Griechenland (DE-588)4022047-3 gnd rswk-swf Greece / History / Occupation, 1941-1944 Greece / History / Civil War, 1944-1949 Greece / History / 1950-1967 Greece / History / 1967-1974 Greece / Politics and government / 1935-1967 Greece / Politics and government / 1967-1974 Griechenland (DE-588)4022047-3 g Geschichte 1941-1974 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 9781666938524 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034297812&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034297812&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034297812&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Kaloudis, George S. 1952- Greece (1941-1974) years of occupation, years of strife, and years of exclusion Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Prelude of things to come -- Chapter 2: German occupation, resistance, and the early stages of the Civil War -- Chapter 3: Height of the Civil War and victory of the Right (1946-1949) -- Chapter 4: Post-Civil War and the dominance of the Right (1949-1963) -- Chapter 5: Road to military dictatorship (1963-1967) -- Chapter 6: The Colonels' regime (1967-1974) -- Bibliography -- Index -- About the author |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4022047-3 |
| title | Greece (1941-1974) years of occupation, years of strife, and years of exclusion |
| title_auth | Greece (1941-1974) years of occupation, years of strife, and years of exclusion |
| title_exact_search | Greece (1941-1974) years of occupation, years of strife, and years of exclusion |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Greece (1941-1974) years of occupation, years of strife, and years of exclusion |
| title_full | Greece (1941-1974) years of occupation, years of strife, and years of exclusion George Kaloudis |
| title_fullStr | Greece (1941-1974) years of occupation, years of strife, and years of exclusion George Kaloudis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Greece (1941-1974) years of occupation, years of strife, and years of exclusion George Kaloudis |
| title_short | Greece (1941-1974) |
| title_sort | greece 1941 1974 years of occupation years of strife and years of exclusion |
| title_sub | years of occupation, years of strife, and years of exclusion |
| topic_facet | Griechenland |
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