Experimental philosophy and the problem of objectivity:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English Czech |
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Červený Kostelec
Pavel Mervart
2022
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract Literaturverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverzeichnis Seite 251-277 |
| Beschreibung: | 277 Seiten Illustration, Diagramme, Tabellen (farbig) 21 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788074655524 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Foreword 9 Introduction: WHAT IS EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY (OF SCIENCE)? (Petr Jedlička) 16 L Theoretical part Chapter 1: PHILOSOPHY, SCIENCE, AND NEW STYLES OF REASONING (Jitka Paitlová) 40 Chapter 2: TRADITIONAL VERSUS EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES TO OBJECTIVE KNOWLEDGE (Jitka Paitlová, Petr Jedlička) 62 Chapter 3: SEPARABILITY AS AN EXPLANATORY TOOL FOR REPLICABILITY (Petr Jedlička) 80 II. Empirical part Chapter 4: OBJECTIVITY IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES FROM THE X-PHI POINT OF VIEW: FINDINGS FROM THE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH (Petr Jedlička, Jitka Paitlová)....................................................116 Chapter 5: AN EMPIRICAL CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF OBJECTIVITY (Petr Jedlička, František Kalvas).............152
Chapter 6: HOW SCIENTISTS SOLVE MORAL DILEMMAS (Petr Jedlička, Frantisek Kalvas, Lucie Kubínová, Jitka Paitlová, Petr Petřík, Blanka Vlasáková, Šimon Kos) 177 Chapter 7: FUNDING AND ITS EFFECT ON SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVITY (Petr Jedlička) 192 IIL Experimental part Chapter 8: DOES CHAMBER REST HAVE EFFECTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF REALITY? (Petr Jedlička, Jitka Paitlová, Marek Malus, Filip Tylš)................ 204 In place of a conclusion: SOME PERILS ON THE ROAD AHEAD (Petrjedlička) 240 Summary......................................................................................... 248 Bibliography.................................................................................... 251
SUMMARY Our book presents different perspectives on the problem of the objectivity of the natural sciences. In addition to the traditional philosophical-scientific problem of objectivity, the chapters are also connected by experimental philosophy. The book has three parts. In the first part, we focused on the theoretical analysis of the concept of objectivity, not only in the context of traditional approaches but especially in the context of new possible research within x-phi. We outhned some unexpected trends in the most modern forms ofphilosophy and science - the traditional definition of philosophy and science says that natural sciences refer to possible experience, while philosophy concerns metaphysics, does not affect experience at all. But today, there are very different trends. Some physical theories have a highly theoretical character and cannot be proved by empirical experiments. And a new approach has been developed in philosophy too: experimental philosophy, which makes use of empirical data to inform research on philosophical questions. We argued that these approaches are not contradictions but rather new styles of reasoning. Then we concentrated on the problem of objective knowledge. We analyzed the diversity of the two key classical modern “speculative” approaches to objective knowledge (by Descartes and Kant) within the framework of theoretical considerations independent of empirical research. Then we discussed the phenomenon of the naturalization of the meaning of objectivity (by Popper, Quine, and Bloor). We asserted 248
that this specific trend of naturalization in philosophy has become largely decisive for the importance of objective knowledge. Further, we introduced the analytical term of “separability”, which is conceived as a general concept to explain the degree of replicability across empirical sciences. We showed how separability operates in science to achieve fuller control over experimental situations and we discussed separability in connection with replicability, reproducibility, and other relevant topics, such as generalizability, complexity, the hierarchy of sciences, and scientific explanations. In the second part, we brought together empirical studies to address the problem of obj ectivity that we originally undertook in our research project. Primarily, we situated our research within the context of history and the philosophy of science, and we explained the shift from theoretical to empirical and experimental perspectives on objectivity with the example of transforming a historical account into an investigative tool. In this way, we showed how our research lies at the intersection of three approaches: historical, philosophical, and experimental (empirical), and can thus be classified as integrated history and (experimental) philosophy of science - IH(E)PS. Then we presented our first empirical study - qualitative research on objectivity, which revolved about the questions such as: How is the normative ideal of objectivity defined and what are its philosophical foundations? What functional definitions of this concept do natural scientists use in their work? How is objectivity
influenced by various factors operating in science? We obtained the answers from natural scientists in an methodological framework based on sociological methods, namely individual and group interviews (“focus group”). This phase was intended to help operationalize the problem of objectivity in natural science terminology, to identify related problems in contemporary science, and to specify hypotheses for further investigation. For example, we identified three main meaning-dimensions of the objectivity concept, or the distinction between “special” and “general” objectivity. This made it possible to analytically grasp the very different understanding of the concept of objectivity that has emerged in interviews with scientists. 249
Our next empirical study was quantitative, and it delineated the results of the survey that was conducted using a specific x-phi tool: solving moral dilemmas. X-phi typically investigates moral judgements in various groups and settings, for example vignettes are routinely employed to gain insights into decision making in scientific disciplines, such as medicine. We presented data analysis and interpretation of the questionnaire, which was focused on moral judgements in contemporary science relating to topics such as scientific integrity (resistance to questionable publishing practices), biases in science (sensitivity to gender or ethnic stereotypes) and ethical questions (scientific progress). The following chapter dealt with a specific and important factor in the sciences - funding, which can substantially accelerate or impede the development of scientific disciplines. There are numerous examples of this in the past and contemporary science. Our research revealed that the scientists almost unequivocally agree that funding can to some degree affect the objectivity of research, although to a various degree in individual disciplines. The last part of our book introduced an original experiment ֊ an exploratory study on the understanding of reafity among scientists. For the purposes of our study, we employed Chamber REST (Restricted Environmental Stimulation Technique), which has been known to produce substantial perceptual effects, such as visual or auditory pseudo hallucinations. We hypothesized that such experiences could alter basic underlying metaphysical beliefs which
our subjects-scientists hold about reality. The REST technique showed the potential to induce changes in the scientists, but the outcome depends on the default views ofthe participants. In conclusion, we hope that our work helped to disentangle the meanings of objectivity in the contemporary scientific community and also prove that x-phi methods can be successfully integrated within the traditional philosophical approaches. Moreover, we have introduced a new experimental REST technique into the x-phi methodological toolbox. The data obtained in our research allow further analysis and interpretation, provide a basis for new experiments, and open up new possibilities and ways of solving problems in the philosophy of science. 250
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CONTENTS Foreword 9 Introduction: WHAT IS EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY (OF SCIENCE)? (Petr Jedlička) 16 L Theoretical part Chapter 1: PHILOSOPHY, SCIENCE, AND NEW STYLES OF REASONING (Jitka Paitlová) 40 Chapter 2: TRADITIONAL VERSUS EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES TO OBJECTIVE KNOWLEDGE (Jitka Paitlová, Petr Jedlička) 62 Chapter 3: SEPARABILITY AS AN EXPLANATORY TOOL FOR REPLICABILITY (Petr Jedlička) 80 II. Empirical part Chapter 4: OBJECTIVITY IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES FROM THE X-PHI POINT OF VIEW: FINDINGS FROM THE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH (Petr Jedlička, Jitka Paitlová).116 Chapter 5: AN EMPIRICAL CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF OBJECTIVITY (Petr Jedlička, František Kalvas).152
Chapter 6: HOW SCIENTISTS SOLVE MORAL DILEMMAS (Petr Jedlička, Frantisek Kalvas, Lucie Kubínová, Jitka Paitlová, Petr Petřík, Blanka Vlasáková, Šimon Kos) 177 Chapter 7: FUNDING AND ITS EFFECT ON SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVITY (Petr Jedlička) 192 IIL Experimental part Chapter 8: DOES CHAMBER REST HAVE EFFECTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF REALITY? (Petr Jedlička, Jitka Paitlová, Marek Malus, Filip Tylš). 204 In place of a conclusion: SOME PERILS ON THE ROAD AHEAD (Petrjedlička) 240 Summary. 248 Bibliography. 251
SUMMARY Our book presents different perspectives on the problem of the objectivity of the natural sciences. In addition to the traditional philosophical-scientific problem of objectivity, the chapters are also connected by experimental philosophy. The book has three parts. In the first part, we focused on the theoretical analysis of the concept of objectivity, not only in the context of traditional approaches but especially in the context of new possible research within x-phi. We outhned some unexpected trends in the most modern forms ofphilosophy and science - the traditional definition of philosophy and science says that natural sciences refer to possible experience, while philosophy concerns metaphysics, does not affect experience at all. But today, there are very different trends. Some physical theories have a highly theoretical character and cannot be proved by empirical experiments. And a new approach has been developed in philosophy too: experimental philosophy, which makes use of empirical data to inform research on philosophical questions. We argued that these approaches are not contradictions but rather new styles of reasoning. Then we concentrated on the problem of objective knowledge. We analyzed the diversity of the two key classical modern “speculative” approaches to objective knowledge (by Descartes and Kant) within the framework of theoretical considerations independent of empirical research. Then we discussed the phenomenon of the naturalization of the meaning of objectivity (by Popper, Quine, and Bloor). We asserted 248
that this specific trend of naturalization in philosophy has become largely decisive for the importance of objective knowledge. Further, we introduced the analytical term of “separability”, which is conceived as a general concept to explain the degree of replicability across empirical sciences. We showed how separability operates in science to achieve fuller control over experimental situations and we discussed separability in connection with replicability, reproducibility, and other relevant topics, such as generalizability, complexity, the hierarchy of sciences, and scientific explanations. In the second part, we brought together empirical studies to address the problem of obj ectivity that we originally undertook in our research project. Primarily, we situated our research within the context of history and the philosophy of science, and we explained the shift from theoretical to empirical and experimental perspectives on objectivity with the example of transforming a historical account into an investigative tool. In this way, we showed how our research lies at the intersection of three approaches: historical, philosophical, and experimental (empirical), and can thus be classified as integrated history and (experimental) philosophy of science - IH(E)PS. Then we presented our first empirical study - qualitative research on objectivity, which revolved about the questions such as: How is the normative ideal of objectivity defined and what are its philosophical foundations? What functional definitions of this concept do natural scientists use in their work? How is objectivity
influenced by various factors operating in science? We obtained the answers from natural scientists in an methodological framework based on sociological methods, namely individual and group interviews (“focus group”). This phase was intended to help operationalize the problem of objectivity in natural science terminology, to identify related problems in contemporary science, and to specify hypotheses for further investigation. For example, we identified three main meaning-dimensions of the objectivity concept, or the distinction between “special” and “general” objectivity. This made it possible to analytically grasp the very different understanding of the concept of objectivity that has emerged in interviews with scientists. 249
Our next empirical study was quantitative, and it delineated the results of the survey that was conducted using a specific x-phi tool: solving moral dilemmas. X-phi typically investigates moral judgements in various groups and settings, for example vignettes are routinely employed to gain insights into decision making in scientific disciplines, such as medicine. We presented data analysis and interpretation of the questionnaire, which was focused on moral judgements in contemporary science relating to topics such as scientific integrity (resistance to questionable publishing practices), biases in science (sensitivity to gender or ethnic stereotypes) and ethical questions (scientific progress). The following chapter dealt with a specific and important factor in the sciences - funding, which can substantially accelerate or impede the development of scientific disciplines. There are numerous examples of this in the past and contemporary science. Our research revealed that the scientists almost unequivocally agree that funding can to some degree affect the objectivity of research, although to a various degree in individual disciplines. The last part of our book introduced an original experiment ֊ an exploratory study on the understanding of reafity among scientists. For the purposes of our study, we employed Chamber REST (Restricted Environmental Stimulation Technique), which has been known to produce substantial perceptual effects, such as visual or auditory pseudo hallucinations. We hypothesized that such experiences could alter basic underlying metaphysical beliefs which
our subjects-scientists hold about reality. The REST technique showed the potential to induce changes in the scientists, but the outcome depends on the default views ofthe participants. In conclusion, we hope that our work helped to disentangle the meanings of objectivity in the contemporary scientific community and also prove that x-phi methods can be successfully integrated within the traditional philosophical approaches. Moreover, we have introduced a new experimental REST technique into the x-phi methodological toolbox. The data obtained in our research allow further analysis and interpretation, provide a basis for new experiments, and open up new possibilities and ways of solving problems in the philosophy of science. 250
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| spelling | Jedlička, Petr Verfasser (DE-588)1297243587 aut Experimental philosophy and the problem of objectivity Petr Jedlička, Jitka Paitlová et al. Červený Kostelec Pavel Mervart 2022 277 Seiten Illustration, Diagramme, Tabellen (farbig) 21 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverzeichnis Seite 251-277 Text und Zusammenfassung englisch Philosophie (DE-588)4045791-6 gnd rswk-swf Objektivität (DE-588)4172310-7 gnd rswk-swf Experimentalphilosophie (DE-588)4719507-1 gnd rswk-swf Philosophie (DE-588)4045791-6 s Experimentalphilosophie (DE-588)4719507-1 s Objektivität (DE-588)4172310-7 s DE-604 Paitlová, Jitka 1988- Verfasser (DE-588)1148291350 aut Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034291090&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034291090&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034291090&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Jedlička, Petr Paitlová, Jitka 1988- Experimental philosophy and the problem of objectivity Philosophie (DE-588)4045791-6 gnd Objektivität (DE-588)4172310-7 gnd Experimentalphilosophie (DE-588)4719507-1 gnd |
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| title | Experimental philosophy and the problem of objectivity |
| title_auth | Experimental philosophy and the problem of objectivity |
| title_exact_search | Experimental philosophy and the problem of objectivity |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Experimental philosophy and the problem of objectivity |
| title_full | Experimental philosophy and the problem of objectivity Petr Jedlička, Jitka Paitlová et al. |
| title_fullStr | Experimental philosophy and the problem of objectivity Petr Jedlička, Jitka Paitlová et al. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Experimental philosophy and the problem of objectivity Petr Jedlička, Jitka Paitlová et al. |
| title_short | Experimental philosophy and the problem of objectivity |
| title_sort | experimental philosophy and the problem of objectivity |
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| topic_facet | Philosophie Objektivität Experimentalphilosophie |
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