Separation techniques in analytical chemistry: distribution in non-miscible phases or by different migration rates in one phase
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin ; Boston
De Gruyter
[2023]
|
| Schriftenreihe: | De Gruyter Graduate
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Aus dem Vorwort, Seite VI: "(...) revised edition (now in English language)" |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 406 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9783111179797 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 008 | 230628s2023 gw a||| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 015 | |a 23,N15 |2 dnb | ||
| 016 | 7 | |a 1285487885 |2 DE-101 | |
| 020 | |a 9783111179797 |c pbk. |9 978-3-11-117979-7 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)1392144100 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)DNB1285487885 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 044 | |a gw |c XA-DE-BE | ||
| 049 | |a DE-1102 |a DE-91G |a DE-11 |a DE-20 | ||
| 084 | |a VG 5150 |0 (DE-625)147180: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a CHE 220 |2 stub | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Bock, Rudolf |d 1915-2012 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)129450634 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Separation techniques in analytical chemistry |b distribution in non-miscible phases or by different migration rates in one phase |c Rudolf Bock, Reinhard Niessner |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin ; Boston |b De Gruyter |c [2023] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2023 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 406 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a De Gruyter Graduate | |
| 500 | |a Aus dem Vorwort, Seite VI: "(...) revised edition (now in English language)" | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Analytische Chemie |0 (DE-588)4129906-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Trennverfahren |0 (DE-588)4078395-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 653 | |a Verfahrenstechnik | ||
| 653 | |a Chemische Technik | ||
| 653 | |a Separation Processes | ||
| 653 | |a Partition Chromatography | ||
| 653 | |a Gas Chromatography | ||
| 653 | |a Adsorption | ||
| 653 | |a Absorption | ||
| 653 | |a Thin-Layer Chromatography | ||
| 653 | |a Ion Exchange | ||
| 653 | |a Precipitation Methods | ||
| 653 | |a Extraction | ||
| 653 | |a Crystallization | ||
| 653 | |a Distillation | ||
| 653 | |a Sublimation | ||
| 653 | |a Condensation | ||
| 653 | |a Mass Spectrometry | ||
| 653 | |a Electrophoresis | ||
| 653 | |a Diffusion | ||
| 653 | |a Sedimentation | ||
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4123623-3 |a Lehrbuch |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Analytische Chemie |0 (DE-588)4129906-1 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Trennverfahren |0 (DE-588)4078395-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Nießner, Reinhard |d 1951- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)141829591 |4 aut | |
| 710 | 2 | |a Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG |0 (DE-588)10095502-2 |4 pbl | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe, EPUB |z 978-3-11-118206-3 |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe, PDF |z 978-3-11-118141-7 |
| 780 | 0 | 0 | |i Ersatz von |z 978-3-11-026544-6 |w (DE-604)BV041553332 |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m DNB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034287562&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1805075523577053184 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
CONTENTS
PREFACE
-
V
PART
I:
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
EVALUATION
OF
SEPARATION
PROCESSES
-
3
IDEAL
AND
REAL
SEPARATIONS
-
3
SEPARATION
FACTOR
-
ENRICHMENT
FACTOR
-
DEPLETION
FACTOR
-
3
SEPARATION
FACTORS
REQUIRED
FOR
ANALYTICAL
SEPARATIONS
-
4
LIMITS
OF
APPLICABILITY
OF
THE
SEPARATION
FACTOR
-
SELECTIVITY
AND
SPECIFICITY
OF
SEPARATIONS
----
4
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
6
2
2.1
CLASSIFICATION
OF
SEPARATION
PROCESSES
-
7
SEPARATIONS
DUE
TO
DIFFERENT
DISTRIBUTION
BETWEEN
TWO
IMMISCIBLE
PHASES
----
7
2.2
SEPARATIONS
DUE
TO
DIFFERENT
MIGRATION
RATES
IN
ONE
PHASE
-
7
GENERAL
LITERATURE
----
8
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
DURING
SEPARATIONS
-
9
REACTIONS
OF
THE
SUBSTANCE
TO
BE
SEPARATED
----
9
MASKING
OF
DISTURBANCES
-
9
SEPARATION
BY
TRANSPORT
REACTION
IN
THE
GAS
PHASE
-
9
DESTRUCTION
OF
CONTAMINANTS
----
11
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
12
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.1.1
4.4.2
ANALYTICAL
APPLICATION
OF
INCOMPLETE
SEPARATIONS
-
14
GENERAL
----
14
EMPIRICAL
YIELD
DETERMINATION
-
14
DETERMINATION
OF
YIELD
WITH
THE
AID
OF
PARTITION
COEFFICIENTS
-
14
ISOTOPE
DILUTION
METHOD
----
15
DEFINITIONS
----
15
SIMPLE
ISOTOPE
DILUTION
WITH
LABELED
SUBSTANCE
(SO
CALLED
DIRECT
ISOTOPE
DILUTION)
----
15
4.4.3
4.4.4
4.5
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.3
SIMPLE
ISOTOPE
DILUTION
WITH
UNLABELED
SUBSTANCE
-
16
DOUBLE
ISOTOPE
DILUTION
WITH
UNLABELED
SUBSTANCE
-
17
SEPARATIONS
WITH
SUBSTOICHIOMETRIC
REAGENT
ADDITION
----
18
PRINCIPLE
----
18
SATURATION
ANALYSIS
-
18
DOUBLE
ISOTOPE
DILUTION
WITH
LABELED
SUBSTANCE
-
19
VIII
-
CONTENTS
4.5.4
METHOD
ACCORDING
TO
RUZICKA
&
STARY
----
19
4.5.5
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
AND
EFFECTIVENESS
OF
THE
METHOD
-
20
4.6
STANDARD
ADDITION
METHOD
-
21
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
21
5
CONCENTRATION
DATA
-
23
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
24
PART
II:
SEPARATIONS
DUE
TO
DIFFERENT
DISTRIBUTION
BETWEEN
TWO
IMMISCIBLE
PHASES
6
INTRODUCTION
-
27
6.1
FEATURES
OF
THE
SINGLE
STEP
-
AUXILIARY
PHASES
-
PARTITION
COEFFICIENT
-
PARTITION
ISOTHERM
-----
27
6.2
EFFECTIVENESS
OF
SEPARATIONS
BY
DISTRIBUTION
-
SEPARATION
FACTOR
-
GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATION
OF
EFFECTIVENESS
-
29
6.3
PRACTICALLY
ACHIEVABLE
SEPARATION
FACTORS
-
32
6.4
IMPROVING
SEPARATIONS
THROUGH
OPTIMIZED
CHOICE
OF
CONDITIONS
-
33
6.5
IMPROVING
SEPARATIONS
BY
INSERTING
AUXILIARY
SUBSTANCES
-
33
6.6
IMPROVE
SEPARATIONS
BY
EXPLOITING
DIFFERENT
RATES
IN
SETTING
THE
DISTRIBUTION
EQUILIBRIA
OR
DIFFERENT
REACTION
RATES
-
33
6.7
IMPROVING
SEPARATIONS
BY
REPEATING
THE
SINGLE
STEP
-
34
6.7.1
GENERAL
-
DISCONTINUOUS
AND
CONTINUOUS
MODE
OF
OPERATION
-
CLOSED-LOOP
PROCESS
-----
34
6.7.2
ONE-SIDED
REPETITION
-
34
6.7.3
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION
(CASCADE)
-
36
6.7.4
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION
(TRIANGULAR
SCHEME
-
SEPARATION
SERIES)
-
37
6.7.5
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION
(SEPARATION
COLUMNS)
-
41
6.7.6
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION
(THIN
FILM
TECHNOLOGY)
-
56
6.7.7
COUNTERCURRENT
METHOD
------
57
6.7.8
CROSS-FLOW
METHOD
-----
58
6.8
OVERVIEW
-----
58
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
----
59
7
DISTRIBUTION
BETWEEN
TWO
LIQUIDS
-
61
7.1
GENERAL
-
61
7.1.1
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
-
61
7.1.2
AUXILIARY
PHASES
-
DISTRIBUTION
ISOTHERM
-
RATE
OF
EQUILIBRATION
SEPARATION
FACTORS
-
61
7.1.3
SOLVENTS
-
SOLVENT
MIXTURES
-
SYNERGISTIC
EFFECT
-
EXTRACTED
COMPOUNDS
-
CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
DURING
DISTRIBUTION
----
63
7.1.4
7.1.5
7.1.6
7.1.7
PH
DISTRIBUTION
CURVES
-
68
INFLUENCE
OF
EQUIONIC
ADDITIVES
-
73
INFLUENCE
OF
COMPLEXING
AGENTS
-
74
INCOMPLETE
SEPARATIONS
BY
DISTRIBUTION
BETWEEN
TWO
LIQUIDS
(CF.
1ST
PART,
CHAP.
4)
-
75
7.1.8
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.4
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.5
DISTURBANCES
----
75
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-TIME
EQUILIBRIUM
ADJUSTMENT
-
76
WORKING
METHOD
AND
DEVICES
----
76
APPLICATIONS
----
76
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-SIDED
REPETITION
----
78
DISCONTINUOUS
MODE
OF
OPERATION
-
78
CONTINUOUS
MODE
OF
OPERATION
----
79
SEPARATIONS
BY
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION:
SEPARATION
SERIES
-
82
DISCONTINUOUS
TRANSPORT
OF
THE
MOVING
PHASE
-
82
CONTINUOUS
ADVANCEMENT
OF
THE
MOVING
PHASE
-
84
CIRCULATION
METHOD
-
85
SEPARATIONS
BY
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION:
COLUMN
METHOD
(DISTRIBUTION
CHROMATOGRAPHY)
-
85
7.5.1
7.5.2
7.5.3
7.5.4
7.5.5
7.5.6
7.5.7
7.5.8
7.5.9
7.5.10
7.6
PRINCIPLE
----
85
SUPPORT
MATERIAL
OF
THE
STATIONARY
PHASE
-
85
COLUMN
MATERIAL
AND
DIMENSIONS
-
86
SUBSTANCE
INTRODUCTION
-
86
STATIONARY
AND
MOBILE
PHASE
-
87
FLOW
VELOCITY
OF
THE
MOBILE
PHASE
-
PRESSURE
COLUMNS
-
88
INFLUENCE
OF
THE
TEMPERATURE
-
89
STEPWISE
ELUTION
-
GRADIENT
ELUTION
-
90
ISOLATION
OF
COMPONENTS
-
ELUTION
CURVES
-
DETECTORS
-
90
EFFICACY
OF
PARTITION
CHROMATOGRAPHY
----
91
SEPARATIONS
BY
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION:
THIN-LAYER
TECHNIQUE
(THIN-LAYER
DISTRIBUTION
CHROMATOGRAPHY)
-
92
7.7
COUNTERCURRENT
DISTRIBUTION
-
92
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
93
8
8.1
8.1.1
8.1.2
SOLUBILITY
OF
GASES
IN
LIQUIDS
-
95
GENERAL
----
95
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
-
95
AUXILIARY
PHASES
-
DISTRIBUTION
ISOTHERM
-
EQUILIBRATION
RATE
-
SEPARATION
FACTORS
----
95
8.1.3
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
SOLVENTS
----
97
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-TIME
EQUILIBRIUM
ADJUSTMENT
----
97
DISCONTINUOUS
MODE
OF
OPERATION
----
97
CONTINUOUS
MODE
OF
OPERATION
-
100
X
-
CONTENTS
8.2.3
CIRCULATION
METHOD
----
101
8.3
8.4
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-SIDED
REPETITION
-
101
SEPARATIONS
BY
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION:
COLUMN
METHOD
(GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY)
----
103
8.4.1
8.4.2
8.4.3
8.4.4
8.4.5
8.4.6
8.4.7
8.4.8
8.4.9
8.4.10
8.4.11
8.4.12
8.4.13
8.5
8.6
PRINCIPLE
----
103
INERT
SUPPORT
MATERIAL
FOR
THE
STATIONARY
PHASE
-
103
COLUMN
MATERIAL
AND
DIMENSIONS
-
104
SAMPLE
TRANSFER
-
104
STATIONARY
PHASE
----
106
MOBILE
PHASE
-
CIRCULATION
METHOD
-
108
FLOW
RATE
OF
THE
MOBILE
PHASE
-
109
INFLUENCE
OF
TEMPERATURE
ON
THE
SEPARATIONS
-
109
GRADIENT
ELUTION
AND
REVERSE
GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY
-
111
ISOLATION
OF
INDIVIDUAL
COMPONENTS
FROM
THE
ELUATE
-
112
ELUTION
CURVES
AND
DETECTORS
----
113
IDENTIFYING
THE
BANDS
OF
AN
ELUTION
DIAGRAM
----
113
EFFICACY
AND
SCOPE
OF
THE
METHOD
----
117
COUNTERCURRENT
METHOD
-
118
CROSS
FLOW
METHOD
-
118
GENERAL
LITERATURE
----
118
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
119
9
9.1
9.1.1
9.1.2
9.1.3
ADSORPTION
AND
ABSORPTION
OF
GASES
ON
SOLIDS
-
120
GENERAL
-
120
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
----
120
DEFINITIONS
----
120
AUXILIARY
PHASES
-
DISTRIBUTION
ISOTHERMS
-
SPEED
OF
EQUILIBRIUM
ADJUSTMENT
-
120
9.1.4
9.1.5
9.1.6
9.2
9.3
9.3.1
9.3.2
9.3.3
9.4
DESORPTION
----
122
ADSORBENTS
----
122
ABSORBENTS
----
127
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-TIME
EQUILIBRIUM
ADJUSTMENT
----
127
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-SIDED
REPETITION
-
129
ADSORPTION
PROCESS
----
129
ABSORPTION
METHOD
----
129
CIRCULATION
METHOD
----
129
SEPARATIONS
BY
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION:
COLUMN
METHOD
(GAS
ADSORPTION
CHROMATOGRAPHY)
-
130
9.4.1
9.4.2
9.4.3
9.4.4
PRINCIPLE
----
130
COLUMN
MATERIAL
AND
DIMENSIONS
----
130
STATIONARY
AND
MOBILE
PHASE
-
131
TEMPERATURE
INFLUENCE
-
132
9.4.5
GRADIENT
ELUTION
-
REVERSE
GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY
-
DISPLACEMENT
TECHNIQUE
-
132
9.4.6
SAMPLING
OF
COMPONENTS
-
ELUTION
CURVES
-
DETECTORS
-
133
9.4.7
EFFICACY
AND
SCOPE
OF
THE
METHOD
-
133
9.5
COUNTERCURRENT
METHOD
-
134
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
134
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
134
10
ADSORPTION
OF
DISSOLVED
SUBSTANCES
ON
SOLIDS
-
137
10.1
GENERAL
-
137
10.1.1
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
-
137
10.1.2
AUXILIARY
PHASES
-
DISTRIBUTION
ISOTHERMS
-
SPEED
OF
EQUILIBRATION
-
IRREVERSIBLE
ADSORPTION
-
137
10.1.3
ADSORBENTS
-
138
10.1.4
SOLVENTS
IN
ADSORPTION
FROM
SOLUTIONS
-
143
10.1.5
DISTRIBUTION
COEFFICIENTS
AND
SEPARATION
FACTORS
-
144
10.2
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-TIME
EQUILIBRIUM
ADJUSTMENT
-
145
10.3
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-SIDED
REPETITION
-
146
10.4
SEPARATIONS
BY
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION:
SEPARATION
SERIES
-
148
10.5
SEPARATIONS
BY
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION:
COLUMN
METHODS
(ADSORPTION
CHROMATOGRAPHY)
-
149
10.5.1
PRINCIPLE
-
149
10.5.2
COLUMN
MATERIAL
AND
DIMENSIONS
-
FILLING
THE
COLUMNS
-
149
10.5.3
STATIONARY
AND
MOBILE
PHASE
-
150
10.5.4
SUBSTANCE
TASK
AND
LOADING
OF
THE
COLUMNS
-
150
10.5.5
INFLUENCE
OF
THE
FLOW
VELOCITY
OF
THE
MOBILE
PHASE
-
151
10.5.6
INFLUENCE
OF
THE
TEMPERATURE
-
151
10.5.7
GRADIENT
ELUTION
-
152
10.5.8
CLOSED
LOOP
RECIRCULATION
PROCEDURE
-
153
10.5.9
DISPLACEMENT
TECHNIQUE
-
INTERPOSITION
OF
AUXILIARY
SUBSTANCES
-
154
10.5.10
DETECTION
-
154
10.5.11
EFFICACY
AND
SCOPE
OF
THE
METHOD
-
155
10.6
SEPARATIONS
BY
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION:
PLANAR
METHODS
(THIN-LAYER
CHROMATOGRAPHY,
PAPER
CHROMATOGRAPHY)
-
157
10.6.1
PRINCIPLE
AND
ADSORBENTS
-
157
10.6.2
PERFORMING
THIN-LAYER
CHROMATOGRAPHY
-
158
10.6.3
PERFORMING
PAPER
CHROMATOGRAPHY
-
159
10.6.4
DETECTION
AND
IDENTIFICATION
OF
THE
SEPARATED
SUBSTANCES
-
160
10.6.5
EFFICACY
AND
SCOPE
OF
THIN
FILM
METHODS
-
160
10.7
CROSS-FLOW
METHOD
----
162
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
162
XII
-
CONTENTS
11
11.1
11.1.1
11.1.2
ION
EXCHANGE
-
167
GENERAL
----
167
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
-
167
DEFINITIONS
-
FUNCTIONAL
GROUPS
-
EXCHANGE
REACTIONS
-
REGENERATION
-
TITRATION
CURVES
-
EXCHANGE
CAPACITY
-
167
11.1.3
11.1.4
EXCHANGER
TYPES
-
POROSITY
AND
SWELLING
----
170
AUXILIARY
PHASES
-
EXCHANGE
EQUILIBRIA
-
DISTRIBUTION
COEFFICIENTS
-
EXCHANGE
ISOTHERM
-
SELECTIVITY
AND
SEPARATION
FACTORS
-
EXCHANGE
OF
IONS
OF
UNEQUAL
VALENCES
-
ORDER
OF
BINDING
STRENGTHS
OF
DIFFERENT
IONS
----
173
11.1.5
11.1.6
11.1.7
INFLUENCE
OF
THE
DISTRIBUTION
COEFFICIENTS
-
179
RATE
OF
EQUILIBRATION
-
181
SIDE
EFFECTS
OF
ION
EXCHANGE:
NEUTRAL
SALT
ADSORPTION
-
UPTAKE
OF
NONELECTROLYTES
-
SIEVE
EFFECT
-
IRREVERSIBLE
ADSORPTION
-
182
11.2
11.3
11.4
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-TIME
EQUILIBRATION
----
183
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-SIDED
REPETITION
-
184
SEPARATIONS
BY
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION:
COLUMN
METHODS
(ION
EXCHANGE
CHROMATOGRAPHY)
-
186
11.4.1
11.4.2
11.4.3
11.4.4
11.4.5
11.4.6
11.4.7
11.4.8
11.4.9
11.5
PRINCIPLE
----
186
COLUMN
MATERIAL
AND
DIMENSIONS
-
187
STATIONARY
AND
MOBILE
PHASE
-
LOADING
-
187
INFLUENCE
OF
THE
FLOW
RATE
OF
THE
MOBILE
PHASE
-
188
INFLUENCE
OF
THE
TEMPERATURE
-----189
STEPWISE
ELUTION
-
GRADIENT
ELUTION
-----189
DISPLACEMENT
TECHNIQUE
-----189
ISOLATION
OF
COMPONENTS
-
DETECTORS
----
190
EFFICACY
AND
SCOPE
OF
THE
METHOD
-
190
SEPARATIONS
BY
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION:
PLANAR
TECHNIQUE
(THIN-LAYER
ION
EXCHANGE
CHROMATOGRAPHY)
----
193
11.6
COUNTERCURRENT
METHOD
-
194
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
194
12
12.1
12.1.1
12.1.2
12.1.3
SOLUBILITY:
PRECIPITATION
METHODS
-
196
GENERAL
-----196
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
----
196
DEFINITIONS
----
196
AUXILIARY
PHASES
-
PRECIPITATION
REACTIONS
-
PRECIPITATION
PH
VALUES
-
SPEED
OF
PRECIPITATION
REACTIONS
----
196
12.1.4
12.1.5
12.1.6
12.1.7
SOLUBILITY
-
INFLUENCING
THE
SOLUBILITY
-
199
SUPERSATURATION
-
FAILURE
TO
PRECIPITATE
AT
LOW
CONCENTRATIONS
-
202
ENTRAINMENT
EFFECT
-
REDUCING
THE
CARRY
AWAY
-
203
SEPARATION
OF
PRECIPITATE
AND
SOLUTION:
FILTRATION
-
CENTRIFUGATION
-
206
12.2
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-TIME
EQUILIBRATION:
WORKING
WITH
AN
AUXILIARY
PHASE
----
209
12.2.1
12.2.2
12.2.3
INORGANIC
PRECIPITATION
BY
DOUBLE
CONVERSION
-
209
ORGANIC
PRECIPITATION
REAGENTS
FOR
INORGANIC
IONS
-
210
PRECIPITATION
REACTIONS
FOR
ORGANIC
SUBSTANCES:
DOUBLE
REACTION
-
ADDITION
-
CONDENSATION
-
INCLUSION
COMPOUNDS
-
ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY
REACTION
-
PROTEIN
PRECIPITATION
FOR
STRUCTURE
ELUCIDATION
-
212
12.2.4
PRECIPITATION
BY
REDUCTION:
GASEOUS
AND
DISSOLVED
REDUCING
AGENTS
-
216
12.2.5
12.3
PRECIPITATION
BY
REDUCTION
OR
OXIDATION:
ELECTROLYSIS
-
216
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-TIME
EQUILIBRATION:
WORKING
WITH
TWO
AUXILIARY
PHASES
----
230
12.3.1
12.3.2
12.3.3
12.3.4
12.4
12.4.1
12.4.2
12.4.3
12.5
PRECIPITATION
----
230
PRECIPITATION
WITH
SOLID
REAGENTS
-
PRECIPITATION
EXCHANGE
-
234
TWO-PHASE
PRECIPITATION
----
235
CEMENTATION
-
235
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-SIDED
REPETITION
-
236
RE-PRECIPITATION
-----236
FRACTIONATED
PRECIPITATION
----
237
PRECIPITATION
EXCHANGE
-
PRECIPITATION
WITH
ION
EXCHANGERS
-
237
SEPARATIONS
BY
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION:
PRECIPITATION
CHROMATOGRAPHY
-
238
12.6
SEPARATIONS
BY
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION:
THIN-LAYER
TECHNIQUE
(PRECIPITATION
PAPER
CHROMATOGRAPHY)
-----238
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
239
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
241
13
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.3.1
13.3.2
13.3.3
13.3.4
13.4
SOLUBILITY:
EXTRACTION
AND
PHASE
ANALYSIS
-
243
GENERAL
-
DEFINITIONS
-
AUXILIARY
PHASES
-
243
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-TIME
EQUILIBRIUM
ADJUSTMENT
-
243
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-SIDED
REPETITION
----
243
REPEATED
EXTRACTION
-
243
CIRCULATION
METHOD
-----245
FRACTIONATED
EXTRACTION
-
GRADIENT
EXTRACTION
-
246
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
AND
EFFECTIVENESS
OF
THE
METHOD
-
248
COUNTERCURRENT
METHOD
-
250
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
250
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
----
251
XIV
-
CONTENTS
14
SOLUBILITY:
CRYSTALLIZATION
-----253
14.1
GENERAL
(DEFINITIONS
-
AUXILIARY
PHASES
-
MELTING
AND
SOLUBILITY
DIAGRAMS)
-----
253
14.2
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-TIME
CRYSTALLIZATION
----
255
14.3
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-SIDED
REPETITION
----
256
14.3.1
REPEATED
CRYSTALLIZATION
FROM
MELTS
(ZONE
MELTS)
-
256
14.3.2
REPEATED
CRYSTALLIZATION
FROM
SOLUTIONS
-
258
14.4
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION
(CRYSTALLIZATION
IN
THE
TRIANGULAR
SCHEME
-
SEPARATION
SERIES
-
COLUMN
METHOD)
-
258
14.5
COUNTERCURRENT
METHOD
-
261
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
261
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
261
15
VOLATILIZATION:
DISTILLATION
AND
RELATED
PROCESSES
-
263
15.1
GENERAL
-
263
15.1.1
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
------263
15.1.2
DEFINITIONS
-
AUXILIARY
PHASES
(AUXILIARY
SUBSTANCES)
------263
15.1.3
VAPOR
PRESSURE
CURVES
OF
PURE
SUBSTANCES
-
GRAPHICAL
AND
MATHEMATICAL
REPRESENTATION
-
CLAUSIUS-CLAPEYRON
EQUATION
-
COX
DIAGRAMS
-
263
15.1.4
VAPOR
PRESSURES
OF
BINARY
LIQUID
MIXTURES
-
RAOULT
'
S
LAW
-
VAPOR
PRESSURE
DIAGRAMS
-
BOILING
DIAGRAMS
-
EQUILIBRIUM
DIAGRAMS
-
266
15.1.5
VOLATILITY
-
RELATIVE
VOLATILITY
(SEPARATION
FACTOR)
-
PRESENTATION
OF
THE
RESULT
OF
DISTILLATIONS
(DISTILLATION
CURVES)
-
275
15.2
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-TIME
EQUILIBRIUM
ADJUSTMENT
-
278
15.2.1
HEAD
SPACE
ANALYSIS
-
EXTRACTION
OF
DISSOLVED
GASES
(GASES
IN
METALS
AND
SOLUTIONS)
-----
278
15.2.2
SUCTION
OF
DISSOLVED
GASES
(GASES
IN
METALS
AND
SOLUTIONS)
-
280
15.3
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-SIDED
REPETITION
WITHOUT
AUXILIARY
SUBSTANCE
-
284
15.3.1
DRYING
-----
284
15.3.2
SOLVENT
EVAPORATION
-
OVERHEAD
DISTILLATION
-
285
15.3.3
SHORT
PATH
DISTILLATION
------
287
15.3.4
MICRODIFFUSION
------288
15.4
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-SIDED
REPETITION
WITH
AUXILIARY
SUBSTANCE
-
290
15.4.1
DISTILLATION
IN
THE
STREAM
OF
A
NON-CONDENSED
GAS:
GASES
IN
METALS
-
EXPULSION
OF
GASES
FROM
SOLUTIONS
WITH
AN
AUXILIARY
GAS
-
VACUUM
DISTILLATION
-----
290
15.4.2
DISTILLATION
IN
THE
STREAM
OF
A
SUBSEQUENTLY
CONDENSED
GAS
(CODISTILLATION):
STEAM
DISTILLATION
-
DISTILLATION
FROM
AQUEOUS
SOLUTIONS
-
DISTILLATION
IN
THE
VAPOR
STREAM
OF
ORGANIC
AUXILIARY
LIQUIDS
-
292
15.4.3
AZEOTROPIC
DISTILLATION
-----
296
15.4.4
CLOSED
LOOP
PROCEDURE
-----
296
15.5
COUNTERCURRENT
METHOD
WITHOUT
AUXILIARY
SUBSTANCE
-
298
15.5.1
GENERAL
-
USE
OF
BOILING
AND
EQUILIBRIUM
DIAGRAMS
-
THEORETICAL
BOTTOMS
(SEPARATION
STAGES)
-
REFLUX
RATIO
-
OPERATING
CONTENTS
-
298
15.5.2
DETERMINING
THE
NUMBER
OF
THEORETICAL
PLATES
OF
A
DISTILLATION
COLUMN
-----
302
15.5.3
COLUMN
TYPES
-
RETURN
CONTROL
-
VACUUM
DISTILLATION
-
CRYOGENIC
DISTILLATION
-----
302
15.6
COUNTERCURRENT
METHOD
WITH
AUXILIARY
SUBSTANCE
-
305
15.6.1
EXTRACTIVE
DISTILLATION
------305
15.6.2
AZEOTROPIC
DISTILLATION
------307
15.6.3
INSERTING
AUXILIARY
SUBSTANCES
-
307
15.7
EFFICACY
AND
SCOPE
OF
THE
METHOD
-
307
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
309
MORE
SPECIFIC
INTRODUCTIONS
-
309
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
309
16
VOLATILIZATION:
SUBLIMATION
-
312
16.1
GENERAL
-
312
16.1.1
HISTORICAL
-----
312
16.1.2
DEFINITIONS
-
P,
T
DIAGRAMS
-
AUXILIARY
GASES
-
312
16.2
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-SIDED
REPETITION
-
313
16.2.1
SUBLIMATION
UNDER
NORMAL
PRESSURE
-
VACUUM
SUBLIMATION
-
FREEZE
DRYING
313
16.2.2
FRACTIONATED
SUBLIMATION
-
RESUBLIMATION
-
314
16.2.3
SUBLIMATION
IN
THE
STREAM
OF
AN
AUXILIARY
GAS
-
CHLORINATION
-
EVAPORATION
ANALYSIS
-
PYROHYDROLYSIS
-
315
16.2.4
EFFICACY
AND
SCOPE
OF
THE
METHOD
-
317
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
318
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
318
17
CONDENSATION
-
320
17.1
GENERAL
-----
320
17.2
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-TIME
EQUILIBRIUM
ADJUSTMENT
-
320
17.2.1
FREEZING
OUT
OF
A
COMPONENT
FROM
A
STATIC
GAS
VOLUME
-
FRACTIONAL
CONDENSATION
-
320
17.2.2
CONDENSATION
IN
THE
TEMPERATURE
GRADIENT
-
320
17.2.3
FREEZING
OUT
COMPONENTS
FROM
A
GAS
STREAM
-
322
17.3
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION
OF
CONDENSATIONS
-
322
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
323
XVI
-
CONTENTS
PART
III:
SEPARATIONS
DUE
TO
DIFFERENT
MIGRATION
RATES
IN
ONE
PHASE
18
INTRODUCTION
-
327
19
MIGRATION
OF
CHARGE
CARRIERS
IN
ELECTRIC
AND
MAGNETIC
FIELDS
(MASS
SPECTROMETRY)
-
329
19.1
19.2
19.2.1
19.2.2
19.2.3
19.2.4
19.3
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
-
329
GENERAL
-
329
DEFINITIONS
-
329
PRINCIPLE
STRUCTURE
OF
A
MASS
SPECTROMETER
-
330
IONIZATION
PROCESS
-
330
ACCELERATION
OF
IONS
IN
THE
ELECTRIC
FIELD
-
ENERGY
DISPERSION
-
334
ONE-DIMENSIONAL
MASS
SPECTROMETRIC
SEPARATIONS
(TIME-OF-FLIGHT
MASS
SPECTROMETERS)
-
335
19.4
19.4.1
TWO-DIMENSIONAL
MASS
SPECTROMETRIC
SEPARATIONS
-
337
SEPARATION
OF
ION
SPECIES
IN
THE
MAGNETIC
SECTOR
FIELD
-
SINGLE
FOCUSING
MASS
SPECTROMETERS
-
337
19.4.2
BEHAVIOR
OF
ION
SPECIES
IN
THE
ELECTRIC
SECTOR
FIELD
-
DOUBLE
FOCUSING
MASS
SPECTROMETERS
-
338
19.4.3
19.4.4
19.4.5
19.4.6
19.5
QUADRUPOLE
MASS
SPECTROMETER
-
340
ION
TRAPS
-
MASS
SPECTROMETRY
-
340
CONTINUOUS
MODE
OF
OPERATION
-
DIFFERENTIAL
MOBILITY
ANALYZER
-
342
PREPARATIVE
MASS
SPECTROMETRY
-
344
EFFICACY
OF
THE
METHOD
-
RESOLVING
POWER
-
344
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
346
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
347
20
MIGRATION
OF
DISSOLVED
CHARGE
CARRIERS
IN
AN
ELECTRIC
FIELD
(ELECTROPHORESIS;
ELECTRODIALYSIS)
-
350
20.1
20.2
20.2.1
20.2.2
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
-
350
GENERAL
-
350
DEFINITIONS
-
350
APPEARANCES
DURING
CURRENT
PASSAGE
THROUGH
ELECTROLYTES
(FORMATION
OF
INTERFACES
-
HEAT
OF
CURRENT)
-
350
20.2.3
20.3
ION
MIGRATION
IN
LIQUID
PHASE
-
ION
MOBILITIES
-
352
ONE-DIMENSIONAL
ELECTROPHORETIC
SEPARATIONS
WITHOUT
CARRIERS
(TISELIUS
METHOD)
----
357
20.4
ONE-DIMENSIONAL
ELECTROPHORETIC
SEPARATIONS
WITH
CARRIER
(CARRIER
ELECTROPHORESIS)
-
359
20.4.1
CARRIER
MATERIALS
-
SPECIAL
FEATURES
OF
THE
USE
OF
CARRIERS
(ADSORPTION
-
ELECTROOSMOSIS
-
SUCTION
FLOW
-
CHANGE
IN
ION
MIGRATION
VELOCITIES
-
RELATIVE
MOBILITIES)
-
359
20.4.2
20.4.3
COLUMN
ELECTROPHORESIS
-
360
THIN-LAYER
METHODS
-
PAPER
ELECTROPHORESIS
-
HIGH-VOLTAGE
ELECTROPHORESIS
-
MICRO-AND
ULTRAMICRO
METHODS
-
361
20.5
20.5.1
20.5.2
20.5.3
20.6
SPECIAL
EFFECTS
WITH
INHOMOGENEOUS
SEPARATING
ZONES
-
362
INTERFACE
STABILIZATION
ACCORDING
TO
KENDALL
-
363
ZONE
SHARPENING
-
DISC
ELECTROPHORESIS
-
364
ION
FOCUSING
-
369
ONE-DIMENSIONAL
SEPARATIONS
WITH
SEMIPERMEABLE
MEMBRANE
(ELECTRODIALYSIS)
-
370
20.7
20.8
20.8.1
20.8.2
20.8.3
20.9
COUNTERCURRENT
ELECTROPHORESIS
-
371
TWO-DIMENSIONAL
MODE
OF
OPERATION
-
371
OVERVIEW
-
371
PROCEDURE
WITH
UNIFORM
BUFFER
SOLUTION
-
372
IMMUNO-ELECTROPHORESIS
-
373
EFFICACY
AND
SCOPE
OF
THE
METHOD
-
374
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
376
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
376
21
21.1
21.2
21.2.1
21.2.2
21.2.3
21.3
21.3.1
21.3.2
21.4
21.5
21.6
21.7
MIGRATION
OF
PARTICLES
IN
THE
CONCENTRATION
GRADIENT
(DIFFUSION)
-
378
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
-
378
GENERAL
----
378
DEFINITIONS
-
378
PICK
'
S
LAW
----
378
MEMBRANES
-
379
ONE-DIMENSIONAL
SEPARATIONS
BY
DIFFUSION
-
381
SEPARATIONS
IN
THE
GAS
PHASE
-
381
SEPARATIONS
IN
LIQUID
PHASE
(DIALYSIS)
-
382
PERVAPORATION
-
383
COUNTERCURRENT
METHOD
-
384
TWO-DIMENSIONAL
SEPARATIONS
BY
DIFFUSION
-
384
EFFICACY
AND
SCOPE
OF
THE
METHOD
-
390
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
390
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
391
22
MIGRATION
OF
PARTICLES
IN
THE
GRAVITATIONAL
FIELD
(SEDIMENTATION
-
FLOTATION)
-
393
22.1
22.2
GENERAL
-
DEFINITIONS
-
CENTRIFUGAL
FORCE
-
393
SEPARATIONS
USING
HEAVY
LIQUIDS
-
394
XVIII
-
CONTENTS
INDEX
-
403
22.3
SEPARATIONS
BY
SEDIMENTATION
IN
THE
GRAVITATIONAL
FIELD
OF
THE
EARTH
----
394
22.4
22.5
SEPARATIONS
WITH
THE
AID
OF
THE
ULTRACENTRIFUGE
-
394
EFFICACY
AND
SCOPE
OF
THE
METHOD
-
395
GENERAL
LITERATURE
----
396
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
397
23
23.1
SEPARATION
OF
PARTICLES
IN
THE
CROSSED
FORCE
FIELD
-
399
GENERAL
-
DEFINITIONS
-
ASYMMETRIC
FIELD-FLOW
FRACTIONATION
-
APPLICATIONS
----
399 |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
PREFACE
-
V
PART
I:
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
EVALUATION
OF
SEPARATION
PROCESSES
-
3
IDEAL
AND
REAL
SEPARATIONS
-
3
SEPARATION
FACTOR
-
ENRICHMENT
FACTOR
-
DEPLETION
FACTOR
-
3
SEPARATION
FACTORS
REQUIRED
FOR
ANALYTICAL
SEPARATIONS
-
4
LIMITS
OF
APPLICABILITY
OF
THE
SEPARATION
FACTOR
-
SELECTIVITY
AND
SPECIFICITY
OF
SEPARATIONS
----
4
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
6
2
2.1
CLASSIFICATION
OF
SEPARATION
PROCESSES
-
7
SEPARATIONS
DUE
TO
DIFFERENT
DISTRIBUTION
BETWEEN
TWO
IMMISCIBLE
PHASES
----
7
2.2
SEPARATIONS
DUE
TO
DIFFERENT
MIGRATION
RATES
IN
ONE
PHASE
-
7
GENERAL
LITERATURE
----
8
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
DURING
SEPARATIONS
-
9
REACTIONS
OF
THE
SUBSTANCE
TO
BE
SEPARATED
----
9
MASKING
OF
DISTURBANCES
-
9
SEPARATION
BY
TRANSPORT
REACTION
IN
THE
GAS
PHASE
-
9
DESTRUCTION
OF
CONTAMINANTS
----
11
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
12
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.1.1
4.4.2
ANALYTICAL
APPLICATION
OF
INCOMPLETE
SEPARATIONS
-
14
GENERAL
----
14
EMPIRICAL
YIELD
DETERMINATION
-
14
DETERMINATION
OF
YIELD
WITH
THE
AID
OF
PARTITION
COEFFICIENTS
-
14
ISOTOPE
DILUTION
METHOD
----
15
DEFINITIONS
----
15
SIMPLE
ISOTOPE
DILUTION
WITH
LABELED
SUBSTANCE
(SO
CALLED
DIRECT
ISOTOPE
DILUTION)
----
15
4.4.3
4.4.4
4.5
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.3
SIMPLE
ISOTOPE
DILUTION
WITH
UNLABELED
SUBSTANCE
-
16
DOUBLE
ISOTOPE
DILUTION
WITH
UNLABELED
SUBSTANCE
-
17
SEPARATIONS
WITH
SUBSTOICHIOMETRIC
REAGENT
ADDITION
----
18
PRINCIPLE
----
18
SATURATION
ANALYSIS
-
18
DOUBLE
ISOTOPE
DILUTION
WITH
LABELED
SUBSTANCE
-
19
VIII
-
CONTENTS
4.5.4
METHOD
ACCORDING
TO
RUZICKA
&
STARY
----
19
4.5.5
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
AND
EFFECTIVENESS
OF
THE
METHOD
-
20
4.6
STANDARD
ADDITION
METHOD
-
21
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
21
5
CONCENTRATION
DATA
-
23
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
24
PART
II:
SEPARATIONS
DUE
TO
DIFFERENT
DISTRIBUTION
BETWEEN
TWO
IMMISCIBLE
PHASES
6
INTRODUCTION
-
27
6.1
FEATURES
OF
THE
SINGLE
STEP
-
AUXILIARY
PHASES
-
PARTITION
COEFFICIENT
-
PARTITION
ISOTHERM
-----
27
6.2
EFFECTIVENESS
OF
SEPARATIONS
BY
DISTRIBUTION
-
SEPARATION
FACTOR
-
GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATION
OF
EFFECTIVENESS
-
29
6.3
PRACTICALLY
ACHIEVABLE
SEPARATION
FACTORS
-
32
6.4
IMPROVING
SEPARATIONS
THROUGH
OPTIMIZED
CHOICE
OF
CONDITIONS
-
33
6.5
IMPROVING
SEPARATIONS
BY
INSERTING
AUXILIARY
SUBSTANCES
-
33
6.6
IMPROVE
SEPARATIONS
BY
EXPLOITING
DIFFERENT
RATES
IN
SETTING
THE
DISTRIBUTION
EQUILIBRIA
OR
DIFFERENT
REACTION
RATES
-
33
6.7
IMPROVING
SEPARATIONS
BY
REPEATING
THE
SINGLE
STEP
-
34
6.7.1
GENERAL
-
DISCONTINUOUS
AND
CONTINUOUS
MODE
OF
OPERATION
-
CLOSED-LOOP
PROCESS
-----
34
6.7.2
ONE-SIDED
REPETITION
-
34
6.7.3
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION
(CASCADE)
-
36
6.7.4
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION
(TRIANGULAR
SCHEME
-
SEPARATION
SERIES)
-
37
6.7.5
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION
(SEPARATION
COLUMNS)
-
41
6.7.6
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION
(THIN
FILM
TECHNOLOGY)
-
56
6.7.7
COUNTERCURRENT
METHOD
------
57
6.7.8
CROSS-FLOW
METHOD
-----
58
6.8
OVERVIEW
-----
58
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
----
59
7
DISTRIBUTION
BETWEEN
TWO
LIQUIDS
-
61
7.1
GENERAL
-
61
7.1.1
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
-
61
7.1.2
AUXILIARY
PHASES
-
DISTRIBUTION
ISOTHERM
-
RATE
OF
EQUILIBRATION
SEPARATION
FACTORS
-
61
7.1.3
SOLVENTS
-
SOLVENT
MIXTURES
-
SYNERGISTIC
EFFECT
-
EXTRACTED
COMPOUNDS
-
CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
DURING
DISTRIBUTION
----
63
7.1.4
7.1.5
7.1.6
7.1.7
PH
DISTRIBUTION
CURVES
-
68
INFLUENCE
OF
EQUIONIC
ADDITIVES
-
73
INFLUENCE
OF
COMPLEXING
AGENTS
-
74
INCOMPLETE
SEPARATIONS
BY
DISTRIBUTION
BETWEEN
TWO
LIQUIDS
(CF.
1ST
PART,
CHAP.
4)
-
75
7.1.8
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.4
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.5
DISTURBANCES
----
75
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-TIME
EQUILIBRIUM
ADJUSTMENT
-
76
WORKING
METHOD
AND
DEVICES
----
76
APPLICATIONS
----
76
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-SIDED
REPETITION
----
78
DISCONTINUOUS
MODE
OF
OPERATION
-
78
CONTINUOUS
MODE
OF
OPERATION
----
79
SEPARATIONS
BY
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION:
SEPARATION
SERIES
-
82
DISCONTINUOUS
TRANSPORT
OF
THE
MOVING
PHASE
-
82
CONTINUOUS
ADVANCEMENT
OF
THE
MOVING
PHASE
-
84
CIRCULATION
METHOD
-
85
SEPARATIONS
BY
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION:
COLUMN
METHOD
(DISTRIBUTION
CHROMATOGRAPHY)
-
85
7.5.1
7.5.2
7.5.3
7.5.4
7.5.5
7.5.6
7.5.7
7.5.8
7.5.9
7.5.10
7.6
PRINCIPLE
----
85
SUPPORT
MATERIAL
OF
THE
STATIONARY
PHASE
-
85
COLUMN
MATERIAL
AND
DIMENSIONS
-
86
SUBSTANCE
INTRODUCTION
-
86
STATIONARY
AND
MOBILE
PHASE
-
87
FLOW
VELOCITY
OF
THE
MOBILE
PHASE
-
PRESSURE
COLUMNS
-
88
INFLUENCE
OF
THE
TEMPERATURE
-
89
STEPWISE
ELUTION
-
GRADIENT
ELUTION
-
90
ISOLATION
OF
COMPONENTS
-
ELUTION
CURVES
-
DETECTORS
-
90
EFFICACY
OF
PARTITION
CHROMATOGRAPHY
----
91
SEPARATIONS
BY
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION:
THIN-LAYER
TECHNIQUE
(THIN-LAYER
DISTRIBUTION
CHROMATOGRAPHY)
-
92
7.7
COUNTERCURRENT
DISTRIBUTION
-
92
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
93
8
8.1
8.1.1
8.1.2
SOLUBILITY
OF
GASES
IN
LIQUIDS
-
95
GENERAL
----
95
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
-
95
AUXILIARY
PHASES
-
DISTRIBUTION
ISOTHERM
-
EQUILIBRATION
RATE
-
SEPARATION
FACTORS
----
95
8.1.3
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
SOLVENTS
----
97
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-TIME
EQUILIBRIUM
ADJUSTMENT
----
97
DISCONTINUOUS
MODE
OF
OPERATION
----
97
CONTINUOUS
MODE
OF
OPERATION
-
100
X
-
CONTENTS
8.2.3
CIRCULATION
METHOD
----
101
8.3
8.4
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-SIDED
REPETITION
-
101
SEPARATIONS
BY
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION:
COLUMN
METHOD
(GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY)
----
103
8.4.1
8.4.2
8.4.3
8.4.4
8.4.5
8.4.6
8.4.7
8.4.8
8.4.9
8.4.10
8.4.11
8.4.12
8.4.13
8.5
8.6
PRINCIPLE
----
103
INERT
SUPPORT
MATERIAL
FOR
THE
STATIONARY
PHASE
-
103
COLUMN
MATERIAL
AND
DIMENSIONS
-
104
SAMPLE
TRANSFER
-
104
STATIONARY
PHASE
----
106
MOBILE
PHASE
-
CIRCULATION
METHOD
-
108
FLOW
RATE
OF
THE
MOBILE
PHASE
-
109
INFLUENCE
OF
TEMPERATURE
ON
THE
SEPARATIONS
-
109
GRADIENT
ELUTION
AND
REVERSE
GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY
-
111
ISOLATION
OF
INDIVIDUAL
COMPONENTS
FROM
THE
ELUATE
-
112
ELUTION
CURVES
AND
DETECTORS
----
113
IDENTIFYING
THE
BANDS
OF
AN
ELUTION
DIAGRAM
----
113
EFFICACY
AND
SCOPE
OF
THE
METHOD
----
117
COUNTERCURRENT
METHOD
-
118
CROSS
FLOW
METHOD
-
118
GENERAL
LITERATURE
----
118
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
119
9
9.1
9.1.1
9.1.2
9.1.3
ADSORPTION
AND
ABSORPTION
OF
GASES
ON
SOLIDS
-
120
GENERAL
-
120
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
----
120
DEFINITIONS
----
120
AUXILIARY
PHASES
-
DISTRIBUTION
ISOTHERMS
-
SPEED
OF
EQUILIBRIUM
ADJUSTMENT
-
120
9.1.4
9.1.5
9.1.6
9.2
9.3
9.3.1
9.3.2
9.3.3
9.4
DESORPTION
----
122
ADSORBENTS
----
122
ABSORBENTS
----
127
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-TIME
EQUILIBRIUM
ADJUSTMENT
----
127
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-SIDED
REPETITION
-
129
ADSORPTION
PROCESS
----
129
ABSORPTION
METHOD
----
129
CIRCULATION
METHOD
----
129
SEPARATIONS
BY
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION:
COLUMN
METHOD
(GAS
ADSORPTION
CHROMATOGRAPHY)
-
130
9.4.1
9.4.2
9.4.3
9.4.4
PRINCIPLE
----
130
COLUMN
MATERIAL
AND
DIMENSIONS
----
130
STATIONARY
AND
MOBILE
PHASE
-
131
TEMPERATURE
INFLUENCE
-
132
9.4.5
GRADIENT
ELUTION
-
REVERSE
GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY
-
DISPLACEMENT
TECHNIQUE
-
132
9.4.6
SAMPLING
OF
COMPONENTS
-
ELUTION
CURVES
-
DETECTORS
-
133
9.4.7
EFFICACY
AND
SCOPE
OF
THE
METHOD
-
133
9.5
COUNTERCURRENT
METHOD
-
134
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
134
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
134
10
ADSORPTION
OF
DISSOLVED
SUBSTANCES
ON
SOLIDS
-
137
10.1
GENERAL
-
137
10.1.1
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
-
137
10.1.2
AUXILIARY
PHASES
-
DISTRIBUTION
ISOTHERMS
-
SPEED
OF
EQUILIBRATION
-
IRREVERSIBLE
ADSORPTION
-
137
10.1.3
ADSORBENTS
-
138
10.1.4
SOLVENTS
IN
ADSORPTION
FROM
SOLUTIONS
-
143
10.1.5
DISTRIBUTION
COEFFICIENTS
AND
SEPARATION
FACTORS
-
144
10.2
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-TIME
EQUILIBRIUM
ADJUSTMENT
-
145
10.3
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-SIDED
REPETITION
-
146
10.4
SEPARATIONS
BY
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION:
SEPARATION
SERIES
-
148
10.5
SEPARATIONS
BY
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION:
COLUMN
METHODS
(ADSORPTION
CHROMATOGRAPHY)
-
149
10.5.1
PRINCIPLE
-
149
10.5.2
COLUMN
MATERIAL
AND
DIMENSIONS
-
FILLING
THE
COLUMNS
-
149
10.5.3
STATIONARY
AND
MOBILE
PHASE
-
150
10.5.4
SUBSTANCE
TASK
AND
LOADING
OF
THE
COLUMNS
-
150
10.5.5
INFLUENCE
OF
THE
FLOW
VELOCITY
OF
THE
MOBILE
PHASE
-
151
10.5.6
INFLUENCE
OF
THE
TEMPERATURE
-
151
10.5.7
GRADIENT
ELUTION
-
152
10.5.8
CLOSED
LOOP
RECIRCULATION
PROCEDURE
-
153
10.5.9
DISPLACEMENT
TECHNIQUE
-
INTERPOSITION
OF
AUXILIARY
SUBSTANCES
-
154
10.5.10
DETECTION
-
154
10.5.11
EFFICACY
AND
SCOPE
OF
THE
METHOD
-
155
10.6
SEPARATIONS
BY
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION:
PLANAR
METHODS
(THIN-LAYER
CHROMATOGRAPHY,
PAPER
CHROMATOGRAPHY)
-
157
10.6.1
PRINCIPLE
AND
ADSORBENTS
-
157
10.6.2
PERFORMING
THIN-LAYER
CHROMATOGRAPHY
-
158
10.6.3
PERFORMING
PAPER
CHROMATOGRAPHY
-
159
10.6.4
DETECTION
AND
IDENTIFICATION
OF
THE
SEPARATED
SUBSTANCES
-
160
10.6.5
EFFICACY
AND
SCOPE
OF
THIN
FILM
METHODS
-
160
10.7
CROSS-FLOW
METHOD
----
162
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
162
XII
-
CONTENTS
11
11.1
11.1.1
11.1.2
ION
EXCHANGE
-
167
GENERAL
----
167
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
-
167
DEFINITIONS
-
FUNCTIONAL
GROUPS
-
EXCHANGE
REACTIONS
-
REGENERATION
-
TITRATION
CURVES
-
EXCHANGE
CAPACITY
-
167
11.1.3
11.1.4
EXCHANGER
TYPES
-
POROSITY
AND
SWELLING
----
170
AUXILIARY
PHASES
-
EXCHANGE
EQUILIBRIA
-
DISTRIBUTION
COEFFICIENTS
-
EXCHANGE
ISOTHERM
-
SELECTIVITY
AND
SEPARATION
FACTORS
-
EXCHANGE
OF
IONS
OF
UNEQUAL
VALENCES
-
ORDER
OF
BINDING
STRENGTHS
OF
DIFFERENT
IONS
----
173
11.1.5
11.1.6
11.1.7
INFLUENCE
OF
THE
DISTRIBUTION
COEFFICIENTS
-
179
RATE
OF
EQUILIBRATION
-
181
SIDE
EFFECTS
OF
ION
EXCHANGE:
NEUTRAL
SALT
ADSORPTION
-
UPTAKE
OF
NONELECTROLYTES
-
SIEVE
EFFECT
-
IRREVERSIBLE
ADSORPTION
-
182
11.2
11.3
11.4
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-TIME
EQUILIBRATION
----
183
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-SIDED
REPETITION
-
184
SEPARATIONS
BY
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION:
COLUMN
METHODS
(ION
EXCHANGE
CHROMATOGRAPHY)
-
186
11.4.1
11.4.2
11.4.3
11.4.4
11.4.5
11.4.6
11.4.7
11.4.8
11.4.9
11.5
PRINCIPLE
----
186
COLUMN
MATERIAL
AND
DIMENSIONS
-
187
STATIONARY
AND
MOBILE
PHASE
-
LOADING
-
187
INFLUENCE
OF
THE
FLOW
RATE
OF
THE
MOBILE
PHASE
-
188
INFLUENCE
OF
THE
TEMPERATURE
-----189
STEPWISE
ELUTION
-
GRADIENT
ELUTION
-----189
DISPLACEMENT
TECHNIQUE
-----189
ISOLATION
OF
COMPONENTS
-
DETECTORS
----
190
EFFICACY
AND
SCOPE
OF
THE
METHOD
-
190
SEPARATIONS
BY
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION:
PLANAR
TECHNIQUE
(THIN-LAYER
ION
EXCHANGE
CHROMATOGRAPHY)
----
193
11.6
COUNTERCURRENT
METHOD
-
194
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
194
12
12.1
12.1.1
12.1.2
12.1.3
SOLUBILITY:
PRECIPITATION
METHODS
-
196
GENERAL
-----196
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
----
196
DEFINITIONS
----
196
AUXILIARY
PHASES
-
PRECIPITATION
REACTIONS
-
PRECIPITATION
PH
VALUES
-
SPEED
OF
PRECIPITATION
REACTIONS
----
196
12.1.4
12.1.5
12.1.6
12.1.7
SOLUBILITY
-
INFLUENCING
THE
SOLUBILITY
-
199
SUPERSATURATION
-
FAILURE
TO
PRECIPITATE
AT
LOW
CONCENTRATIONS
-
202
ENTRAINMENT
EFFECT
-
REDUCING
THE
CARRY
AWAY
-
203
SEPARATION
OF
PRECIPITATE
AND
SOLUTION:
FILTRATION
-
CENTRIFUGATION
-
206
12.2
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-TIME
EQUILIBRATION:
WORKING
WITH
AN
AUXILIARY
PHASE
----
209
12.2.1
12.2.2
12.2.3
INORGANIC
PRECIPITATION
BY
DOUBLE
CONVERSION
-
209
ORGANIC
PRECIPITATION
REAGENTS
FOR
INORGANIC
IONS
-
210
PRECIPITATION
REACTIONS
FOR
ORGANIC
SUBSTANCES:
DOUBLE
REACTION
-
ADDITION
-
CONDENSATION
-
INCLUSION
COMPOUNDS
-
ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY
REACTION
-
PROTEIN
PRECIPITATION
FOR
STRUCTURE
ELUCIDATION
-
212
12.2.4
PRECIPITATION
BY
REDUCTION:
GASEOUS
AND
DISSOLVED
REDUCING
AGENTS
-
216
12.2.5
12.3
PRECIPITATION
BY
REDUCTION
OR
OXIDATION:
ELECTROLYSIS
-
216
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-TIME
EQUILIBRATION:
WORKING
WITH
TWO
AUXILIARY
PHASES
----
230
12.3.1
12.3.2
12.3.3
12.3.4
12.4
12.4.1
12.4.2
12.4.3
12.5
PRECIPITATION
----
230
PRECIPITATION
WITH
SOLID
REAGENTS
-
PRECIPITATION
EXCHANGE
-
234
TWO-PHASE
PRECIPITATION
----
235
CEMENTATION
-
235
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-SIDED
REPETITION
-
236
RE-PRECIPITATION
-----236
FRACTIONATED
PRECIPITATION
----
237
PRECIPITATION
EXCHANGE
-
PRECIPITATION
WITH
ION
EXCHANGERS
-
237
SEPARATIONS
BY
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION:
PRECIPITATION
CHROMATOGRAPHY
-
238
12.6
SEPARATIONS
BY
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION:
THIN-LAYER
TECHNIQUE
(PRECIPITATION
PAPER
CHROMATOGRAPHY)
-----238
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
239
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
241
13
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.3.1
13.3.2
13.3.3
13.3.4
13.4
SOLUBILITY:
EXTRACTION
AND
PHASE
ANALYSIS
-
243
GENERAL
-
DEFINITIONS
-
AUXILIARY
PHASES
-
243
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-TIME
EQUILIBRIUM
ADJUSTMENT
-
243
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-SIDED
REPETITION
----
243
REPEATED
EXTRACTION
-
243
CIRCULATION
METHOD
-----245
FRACTIONATED
EXTRACTION
-
GRADIENT
EXTRACTION
-
246
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
AND
EFFECTIVENESS
OF
THE
METHOD
-
248
COUNTERCURRENT
METHOD
-
250
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
250
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
----
251
XIV
-
CONTENTS
14
SOLUBILITY:
CRYSTALLIZATION
-----253
14.1
GENERAL
(DEFINITIONS
-
AUXILIARY
PHASES
-
MELTING
AND
SOLUBILITY
DIAGRAMS)
-----
253
14.2
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-TIME
CRYSTALLIZATION
----
255
14.3
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-SIDED
REPETITION
----
256
14.3.1
REPEATED
CRYSTALLIZATION
FROM
MELTS
(ZONE
MELTS)
-
256
14.3.2
REPEATED
CRYSTALLIZATION
FROM
SOLUTIONS
-
258
14.4
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION
(CRYSTALLIZATION
IN
THE
TRIANGULAR
SCHEME
-
SEPARATION
SERIES
-
COLUMN
METHOD)
-
258
14.5
COUNTERCURRENT
METHOD
-
261
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
261
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
261
15
VOLATILIZATION:
DISTILLATION
AND
RELATED
PROCESSES
-
263
15.1
GENERAL
-
263
15.1.1
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
------263
15.1.2
DEFINITIONS
-
AUXILIARY
PHASES
(AUXILIARY
SUBSTANCES)
------263
15.1.3
VAPOR
PRESSURE
CURVES
OF
PURE
SUBSTANCES
-
GRAPHICAL
AND
MATHEMATICAL
REPRESENTATION
-
CLAUSIUS-CLAPEYRON
EQUATION
-
COX
DIAGRAMS
-
263
15.1.4
VAPOR
PRESSURES
OF
BINARY
LIQUID
MIXTURES
-
RAOULT
'
S
LAW
-
VAPOR
PRESSURE
DIAGRAMS
-
BOILING
DIAGRAMS
-
EQUILIBRIUM
DIAGRAMS
-
266
15.1.5
VOLATILITY
-
RELATIVE
VOLATILITY
(SEPARATION
FACTOR)
-
PRESENTATION
OF
THE
RESULT
OF
DISTILLATIONS
(DISTILLATION
CURVES)
-
275
15.2
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-TIME
EQUILIBRIUM
ADJUSTMENT
-
278
15.2.1
HEAD
SPACE
ANALYSIS
-
EXTRACTION
OF
DISSOLVED
GASES
(GASES
IN
METALS
AND
SOLUTIONS)
-----
278
15.2.2
SUCTION
OF
DISSOLVED
GASES
(GASES
IN
METALS
AND
SOLUTIONS)
-
280
15.3
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-SIDED
REPETITION
WITHOUT
AUXILIARY
SUBSTANCE
-
284
15.3.1
DRYING
-----
284
15.3.2
SOLVENT
EVAPORATION
-
OVERHEAD
DISTILLATION
-
285
15.3.3
SHORT
PATH
DISTILLATION
------
287
15.3.4
MICRODIFFUSION
------288
15.4
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-SIDED
REPETITION
WITH
AUXILIARY
SUBSTANCE
-
290
15.4.1
DISTILLATION
IN
THE
STREAM
OF
A
NON-CONDENSED
GAS:
GASES
IN
METALS
-
EXPULSION
OF
GASES
FROM
SOLUTIONS
WITH
AN
AUXILIARY
GAS
-
VACUUM
DISTILLATION
-----
290
15.4.2
DISTILLATION
IN
THE
STREAM
OF
A
SUBSEQUENTLY
CONDENSED
GAS
(CODISTILLATION):
STEAM
DISTILLATION
-
DISTILLATION
FROM
AQUEOUS
SOLUTIONS
-
DISTILLATION
IN
THE
VAPOR
STREAM
OF
ORGANIC
AUXILIARY
LIQUIDS
-
292
15.4.3
AZEOTROPIC
DISTILLATION
-----
296
15.4.4
CLOSED
LOOP
PROCEDURE
-----
296
15.5
COUNTERCURRENT
METHOD
WITHOUT
AUXILIARY
SUBSTANCE
-
298
15.5.1
GENERAL
-
USE
OF
BOILING
AND
EQUILIBRIUM
DIAGRAMS
-
THEORETICAL
BOTTOMS
(SEPARATION
STAGES)
-
REFLUX
RATIO
-
OPERATING
CONTENTS
-
298
15.5.2
DETERMINING
THE
NUMBER
OF
THEORETICAL
PLATES
OF
A
DISTILLATION
COLUMN
-----
302
15.5.3
COLUMN
TYPES
-
RETURN
CONTROL
-
VACUUM
DISTILLATION
-
CRYOGENIC
DISTILLATION
-----
302
15.6
COUNTERCURRENT
METHOD
WITH
AUXILIARY
SUBSTANCE
-
305
15.6.1
EXTRACTIVE
DISTILLATION
------305
15.6.2
AZEOTROPIC
DISTILLATION
------307
15.6.3
INSERTING
AUXILIARY
SUBSTANCES
-
307
15.7
EFFICACY
AND
SCOPE
OF
THE
METHOD
-
307
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
309
MORE
SPECIFIC
INTRODUCTIONS
-
309
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
309
16
VOLATILIZATION:
SUBLIMATION
-
312
16.1
GENERAL
-
312
16.1.1
HISTORICAL
-----
312
16.1.2
DEFINITIONS
-
P,
T
DIAGRAMS
-
AUXILIARY
GASES
-
312
16.2
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-SIDED
REPETITION
-
313
16.2.1
SUBLIMATION
UNDER
NORMAL
PRESSURE
-
VACUUM
SUBLIMATION
-
FREEZE
DRYING
313
16.2.2
FRACTIONATED
SUBLIMATION
-
RESUBLIMATION
-
314
16.2.3
SUBLIMATION
IN
THE
STREAM
OF
AN
AUXILIARY
GAS
-
CHLORINATION
-
EVAPORATION
ANALYSIS
-
PYROHYDROLYSIS
-
315
16.2.4
EFFICACY
AND
SCOPE
OF
THE
METHOD
-
317
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
318
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
318
17
CONDENSATION
-
320
17.1
GENERAL
-----
320
17.2
SEPARATIONS
BY
ONE-TIME
EQUILIBRIUM
ADJUSTMENT
-
320
17.2.1
FREEZING
OUT
OF
A
COMPONENT
FROM
A
STATIC
GAS
VOLUME
-
FRACTIONAL
CONDENSATION
-
320
17.2.2
CONDENSATION
IN
THE
TEMPERATURE
GRADIENT
-
320
17.2.3
FREEZING
OUT
COMPONENTS
FROM
A
GAS
STREAM
-
322
17.3
SYSTEMATIC
REPETITION
OF
CONDENSATIONS
-
322
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
323
XVI
-
CONTENTS
PART
III:
SEPARATIONS
DUE
TO
DIFFERENT
MIGRATION
RATES
IN
ONE
PHASE
18
INTRODUCTION
-
327
19
MIGRATION
OF
CHARGE
CARRIERS
IN
ELECTRIC
AND
MAGNETIC
FIELDS
(MASS
SPECTROMETRY)
-
329
19.1
19.2
19.2.1
19.2.2
19.2.3
19.2.4
19.3
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
-
329
GENERAL
-
329
DEFINITIONS
-
329
PRINCIPLE
STRUCTURE
OF
A
MASS
SPECTROMETER
-
330
IONIZATION
PROCESS
-
330
ACCELERATION
OF
IONS
IN
THE
ELECTRIC
FIELD
-
ENERGY
DISPERSION
-
334
ONE-DIMENSIONAL
MASS
SPECTROMETRIC
SEPARATIONS
(TIME-OF-FLIGHT
MASS
SPECTROMETERS)
-
335
19.4
19.4.1
TWO-DIMENSIONAL
MASS
SPECTROMETRIC
SEPARATIONS
-
337
SEPARATION
OF
ION
SPECIES
IN
THE
MAGNETIC
SECTOR
FIELD
-
SINGLE
FOCUSING
MASS
SPECTROMETERS
-
337
19.4.2
BEHAVIOR
OF
ION
SPECIES
IN
THE
ELECTRIC
SECTOR
FIELD
-
DOUBLE
FOCUSING
MASS
SPECTROMETERS
-
338
19.4.3
19.4.4
19.4.5
19.4.6
19.5
QUADRUPOLE
MASS
SPECTROMETER
-
340
ION
TRAPS
-
MASS
SPECTROMETRY
-
340
CONTINUOUS
MODE
OF
OPERATION
-
DIFFERENTIAL
MOBILITY
ANALYZER
-
342
PREPARATIVE
MASS
SPECTROMETRY
-
344
EFFICACY
OF
THE
METHOD
-
RESOLVING
POWER
-
344
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
346
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
347
20
MIGRATION
OF
DISSOLVED
CHARGE
CARRIERS
IN
AN
ELECTRIC
FIELD
(ELECTROPHORESIS;
ELECTRODIALYSIS)
-
350
20.1
20.2
20.2.1
20.2.2
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
-
350
GENERAL
-
350
DEFINITIONS
-
350
APPEARANCES
DURING
CURRENT
PASSAGE
THROUGH
ELECTROLYTES
(FORMATION
OF
INTERFACES
-
HEAT
OF
CURRENT)
-
350
20.2.3
20.3
ION
MIGRATION
IN
LIQUID
PHASE
-
ION
MOBILITIES
-
352
ONE-DIMENSIONAL
ELECTROPHORETIC
SEPARATIONS
WITHOUT
CARRIERS
(TISELIUS
METHOD)
----
357
20.4
ONE-DIMENSIONAL
ELECTROPHORETIC
SEPARATIONS
WITH
CARRIER
(CARRIER
ELECTROPHORESIS)
-
359
20.4.1
CARRIER
MATERIALS
-
SPECIAL
FEATURES
OF
THE
USE
OF
CARRIERS
(ADSORPTION
-
ELECTROOSMOSIS
-
SUCTION
FLOW
-
CHANGE
IN
ION
MIGRATION
VELOCITIES
-
RELATIVE
MOBILITIES)
-
359
20.4.2
20.4.3
COLUMN
ELECTROPHORESIS
-
360
THIN-LAYER
METHODS
-
PAPER
ELECTROPHORESIS
-
HIGH-VOLTAGE
ELECTROPHORESIS
-
MICRO-AND
ULTRAMICRO
METHODS
-
361
20.5
20.5.1
20.5.2
20.5.3
20.6
SPECIAL
EFFECTS
WITH
INHOMOGENEOUS
SEPARATING
ZONES
-
362
INTERFACE
STABILIZATION
ACCORDING
TO
KENDALL
-
363
ZONE
SHARPENING
-
DISC
ELECTROPHORESIS
-
364
ION
FOCUSING
-
369
ONE-DIMENSIONAL
SEPARATIONS
WITH
SEMIPERMEABLE
MEMBRANE
(ELECTRODIALYSIS)
-
370
20.7
20.8
20.8.1
20.8.2
20.8.3
20.9
COUNTERCURRENT
ELECTROPHORESIS
-
371
TWO-DIMENSIONAL
MODE
OF
OPERATION
-
371
OVERVIEW
-
371
PROCEDURE
WITH
UNIFORM
BUFFER
SOLUTION
-
372
IMMUNO-ELECTROPHORESIS
-
373
EFFICACY
AND
SCOPE
OF
THE
METHOD
-
374
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
376
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
376
21
21.1
21.2
21.2.1
21.2.2
21.2.3
21.3
21.3.1
21.3.2
21.4
21.5
21.6
21.7
MIGRATION
OF
PARTICLES
IN
THE
CONCENTRATION
GRADIENT
(DIFFUSION)
-
378
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
-
378
GENERAL
----
378
DEFINITIONS
-
378
PICK
'
S
LAW
----
378
MEMBRANES
-
379
ONE-DIMENSIONAL
SEPARATIONS
BY
DIFFUSION
-
381
SEPARATIONS
IN
THE
GAS
PHASE
-
381
SEPARATIONS
IN
LIQUID
PHASE
(DIALYSIS)
-
382
PERVAPORATION
-
383
COUNTERCURRENT
METHOD
-
384
TWO-DIMENSIONAL
SEPARATIONS
BY
DIFFUSION
-
384
EFFICACY
AND
SCOPE
OF
THE
METHOD
-
390
GENERAL
LITERATURE
-
390
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
391
22
MIGRATION
OF
PARTICLES
IN
THE
GRAVITATIONAL
FIELD
(SEDIMENTATION
-
FLOTATION)
-
393
22.1
22.2
GENERAL
-
DEFINITIONS
-
CENTRIFUGAL
FORCE
-
393
SEPARATIONS
USING
HEAVY
LIQUIDS
-
394
XVIII
-
CONTENTS
INDEX
-
403
22.3
SEPARATIONS
BY
SEDIMENTATION
IN
THE
GRAVITATIONAL
FIELD
OF
THE
EARTH
----
394
22.4
22.5
SEPARATIONS
WITH
THE
AID
OF
THE
ULTRACENTRIFUGE
-
394
EFFICACY
AND
SCOPE
OF
THE
METHOD
-
395
GENERAL
LITERATURE
----
396
LITERATURE
TO
THE
TEXT
-
397
23
23.1
SEPARATION
OF
PARTICLES
IN
THE
CROSSED
FORCE
FIELD
-
399
GENERAL
-
DEFINITIONS
-
ASYMMETRIC
FIELD-FLOW
FRACTIONATION
-
APPLICATIONS
----
399 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Bock, Rudolf 1915-2012 Nießner, Reinhard 1951- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)129450634 (DE-588)141829591 |
| author_facet | Bock, Rudolf 1915-2012 Nießner, Reinhard 1951- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Bock, Rudolf 1915-2012 |
| author_variant | r b rb r n rn |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049024732 |
| classification_rvk | VG 5150 |
| classification_tum | CHE 220 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1392144100 (DE-599)DNB1285487885 |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Chemie |
| discipline_str_mv | Chemie / Pharmazie Chemie |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV049024732 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:14:46Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T05:42:45Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)10095502-2 |
| isbn | 9783111179797 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034287562 |
| oclc_num | 1392144100 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-1102 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-11 DE-20 |
| owner_facet | DE-1102 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-11 DE-20 |
| physical | XVIII, 406 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | De Gruyter |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | De Gruyter Graduate |
| spelling | Bock, Rudolf 1915-2012 Verfasser (DE-588)129450634 aut Separation techniques in analytical chemistry distribution in non-miscible phases or by different migration rates in one phase Rudolf Bock, Reinhard Niessner Berlin ; Boston De Gruyter [2023] © 2023 XVIII, 406 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier De Gruyter Graduate Aus dem Vorwort, Seite VI: "(...) revised edition (now in English language)" Analytische Chemie (DE-588)4129906-1 gnd rswk-swf Trennverfahren (DE-588)4078395-9 gnd rswk-swf Verfahrenstechnik Chemische Technik Separation Processes Partition Chromatography Gas Chromatography Adsorption Absorption Thin-Layer Chromatography Ion Exchange Precipitation Methods Extraction Crystallization Distillation Sublimation Condensation Mass Spectrometry Electrophoresis Diffusion Sedimentation (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Analytische Chemie (DE-588)4129906-1 s Trennverfahren (DE-588)4078395-9 s DE-604 Nießner, Reinhard 1951- Verfasser (DE-588)141829591 aut Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG (DE-588)10095502-2 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-3-11-118206-3 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-3-11-118141-7 Ersatz von 978-3-11-026544-6 (DE-604)BV041553332 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034287562&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bock, Rudolf 1915-2012 Nießner, Reinhard 1951- Separation techniques in analytical chemistry distribution in non-miscible phases or by different migration rates in one phase Analytische Chemie (DE-588)4129906-1 gnd Trennverfahren (DE-588)4078395-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4129906-1 (DE-588)4078395-9 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Separation techniques in analytical chemistry distribution in non-miscible phases or by different migration rates in one phase |
| title_auth | Separation techniques in analytical chemistry distribution in non-miscible phases or by different migration rates in one phase |
| title_exact_search | Separation techniques in analytical chemistry distribution in non-miscible phases or by different migration rates in one phase |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Separation techniques in analytical chemistry distribution in non-miscible phases or by different migration rates in one phase |
| title_full | Separation techniques in analytical chemistry distribution in non-miscible phases or by different migration rates in one phase Rudolf Bock, Reinhard Niessner |
| title_fullStr | Separation techniques in analytical chemistry distribution in non-miscible phases or by different migration rates in one phase Rudolf Bock, Reinhard Niessner |
| title_full_unstemmed | Separation techniques in analytical chemistry distribution in non-miscible phases or by different migration rates in one phase Rudolf Bock, Reinhard Niessner |
| title_short | Separation techniques in analytical chemistry |
| title_sort | separation techniques in analytical chemistry distribution in non miscible phases or by different migration rates in one phase |
| title_sub | distribution in non-miscible phases or by different migration rates in one phase |
| topic | Analytische Chemie (DE-588)4129906-1 gnd Trennverfahren (DE-588)4078395-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Analytische Chemie Trennverfahren Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034287562&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bockrudolf separationtechniquesinanalyticalchemistrydistributioninnonmisciblephasesorbydifferentmigrationratesinonephase AT nießnerreinhard separationtechniquesinanalyticalchemistrydistributioninnonmisciblephasesorbydifferentmigrationratesinonephase AT walterdegruytergmbhcokg separationtechniquesinanalyticalchemistrydistributioninnonmisciblephasesorbydifferentmigrationratesinonephase |