Stalinism and the dialectics of Saturn: anticommunism, Marxism, and the fate of the Soviet Union
"This study examines the debates, history, and theory surrounding Stalinism and the Soviet Union. The author argues that the growing popularity of socialism in the United States calls for a renewed look at the legacy of Stalinism"--
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Lanham, Maryland ; Boulder ; New York ; London
Lexington Books
[2023]
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "This study examines the debates, history, and theory surrounding Stalinism and the Soviet Union. The author argues that the growing popularity of socialism in the United States calls for a renewed look at the legacy of Stalinism"-- |
| Beschreibung: | xxiii, 359 Seiten 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781666930894 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV049004253 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20231124 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 230616s2023 b||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 9781666930894 |c hardback |9 978-1-66693-089-4 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)1397517169 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV049004253 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 | ||
| 084 | |a OST |q DE-12 |2 fid | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Greene, Doug Enaa |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1302374141 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Stalinism and the dialectics of Saturn |b anticommunism, Marxism, and the fate of the Soviet Union |c Douglas Greene ; foreword by Harrison Fluss |
| 264 | 1 | |a Lanham, Maryland ; Boulder ; New York ; London |b Lexington Books |c [2023] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2023 | |
| 300 | |a xxiii, 359 Seiten |c 24 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 505 | 8 | |a Introduction: Saturn and her children -- 1. Stalinism as a bolt from the blue: the Jewish-Bolshevik contagion -- 2. Stalinism as a bolt from the blue: Big Brother -- 3. Stalinism as a bolt from the blue: the counter-Enlightenment project -- 4. Stalinism as historical necessity: Rubashov and terror -- 5. Stalinism as historical necessity: the ambiguities of Western Marxism -- 6. From Proletarian Jacobinism to Stalinist Thermidor -- 7. Stalinism as Thermidor: Western retreat and Eastern reconciliation -- 8. Escaping fate -- Appendix: Domenico Losurdo: a critical assessment of "Stalin: the history and critique of a black legend" | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "This study examines the debates, history, and theory surrounding Stalinism and the Soviet Union. The author argues that the growing popularity of socialism in the United States calls for a renewed look at the legacy of Stalinism"-- | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Trotzkismus |0 (DE-588)4061029-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Stalinismus |0 (DE-588)4056883-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Marxismus |0 (DE-588)4037764-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 653 | 2 | |a Soviet Union / Politics and government / 1936-1953 | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Soviet Union / Politics and government / 1917-1936 | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Communism / Soviet Union / History | |
| 653 | 1 | |a Stalin, Joseph / 1878-1953 / Influence | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Political culture / Soviet Union / History | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Socialism / United States / History | |
| 653 | 1 | |a Stalin, Joseph / 1878-1953 | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Communism | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Influence (Literary, artistic, etc.) | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Political culture | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Politics and government | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Socialism | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Soviet Union | |
| 653 | 2 | |a United States | |
| 653 | 4 | |a 1917-1953 | |
| 653 | 6 | |a History | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Marxismus |0 (DE-588)4037764-7 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Stalinismus |0 (DE-588)4056883-0 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Trotzkismus |0 (DE-588)4061029-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Fluss, Harrison |d ca. 20./21. Jh. |0 (DE-588)1257984675 |4 wpr | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe |z 9781666930900 |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034267385&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034267385&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Literaturverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034267385&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Register // Gemischte Register |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 940 | 1 | |q BSB_NED_20231124 | |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034267385 | ||
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909 |e 22/bsb |f 0904 |g 947.08 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804185270996697088 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents ix Foreword Acknowledgments xvii Saturn and His Children xix Chapter One: Stalinism as a Bolt from the Blue: The Jewish-Bolshevik Contagion 1 Chapter Two: Stalinism as a Bolt from the Blue: Big Brother 11 Chapter Three: Stalinism as a Bolt From the Blue: The Counter Enlightenment Project 27 Chapter Four: Stalinism as Historical Necessity: Rubashov and Terror 93 Chapter Five: Stalinism as Historical Necessity: The Ambiguities of Western Marxism 117 Chapter Six: From Proletarian Jacobinism to Stalinist Thermidor 205 Chapter Seven: Stalinism as Thermidor: Western Retreat and Eastern Reconciliation 249 Chapter Eight: Escaping Fate 281 Appendix: Domenico Losurdo: A Critical Assessment of Stalin: The History and Critique of a Black Legend 283 Bibliography 313 Index 339 About the Author 359 vii
Bibliography Adamczak, Bini. Yesterday s Tomorrow: On the Loneliness of Communist Specters and the Reconstruction of the Future. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2021. Adorno, Theodor W. Dream Notes. Cambridge: Polity, 2007. -------- . Minima Moralia: Reflections on a Damaged Life. New York: Verso, 2005. Adorno, Theodor W., and Max Horkheimer. The Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002. --------- . “Towards a New Manifesto.” New Left Review 65 (September-October 2010): 33-61. Adorno, Theodor W., and Walter Benjamin. The Complete Correspondence, 19281940. Translated by Nicholas Walker. Cambridge and Oxford, 1999. Ali, Tariq. The Dilemmas of Lenin: Terrorism, War, Empire, Love, Revolution. New York: Verso, 2017. --------- . Revolution from Above: Where Is the Soviet Union Going? London, Hutchinson, 1988. ----------. Winston Churchill: His Times, His Crimes. New York: Verso Books, 2022. Althusser, Louis. “Althusser in 1966: Cultural Revolution, Party, State and Conjuncture.” Kasama Project, April 19, 2010. https://mikeely.wordpress.com /2010/04/19/althusser-on-the-cultural-revolution/. ----------. Essays in Self-Criticism. London: New Left Books, 1976. ----------. For Marx. New York: Verso, 2005. ---------- . The Future Lasts Forever: A Memoir. New York: New Press, 1993. ----------. On the Reproduction of Capitalism. New York: Verso Books, 2014. ---------- . “On the Twenty-Second Congress of the French Communist Party.” New Left Review 104 (July-August 1977): 3-22. ---------- . Philosophy and the Spontaneous Philosophy of the
Scientists. New York: Verso, 2012. ---------- . “What Must Change in the Party.” New Left Review 109 (May-June 1978): 19—45. Amis, Martin. Koba the Dread: Laughter and the Twenty Million. New York: Vintage, 2002. Anderson, Barbara A., and Brian D. Silver. “Demographic Analysis and Population Catastrophes in the USSR.” Slavic Review 44, no. 3 (Autumn 1985): 517-36. 313
314 Bibliography Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life. New York: Grove Press, 1997. Anderson, Perry. The Antinomies ofAntonio Gramsci. New York: Verso, 2020. --------- . Arguments Within English Marxism. New York: Verso, 1980. --------- . Considerations on Western Marxism. New York: Verso, 1976. --------- . In Tracks ofHistorical Materialism. New York: Verso, 1984. --------- . “Trotsky’s Interpretation of Stalinism” in The Stalinist Legacy. Edited by Tariq Ali. Chicago: Haymarket, 2013. Andrew, Christopher, and Vasili Mitrokin. The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. New York: Basic Books, 1999. Anievas, Alexander, ed. Cataclysm 1914: The First World War and the Making of Modern World Politics. Boston: Brill, 2015. Arendt, Hannah. On Revolution. New York: Penguin, 1990. -------- . The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt, 1976. Aronson, Ronald. Camus and Sartre: The Story of a Friendship and the Quarrel that Ended It. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. --------- . “Sartre and the Dialectic: The Purposes of Critique II.” Yale French Studies (1985): 85-107. Aschheim, Steven E. The Nietzsche Legacy in Germany, 1890-1990. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. Augstein, Rudolf, ed. Die Dokumentation der Kontroverse um die Einzigartigkeit der nationalsozialistische Judenvernichtung. Munich: Piper, 1987. Avrich, Paul. Kronstadt 1921. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970. Badiou, Alain. Metapolitics. New York: Verso, 2005. Balibar, Étienne. On the Dictatorship of the Proletariat. London:
Verso, 1977. Banac, Ivo. With Stalin against Tito: Cominformist Splits in Yugoslav Communism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988. Baron, Samuel H. Plekhanov: The Father of Russian Marxism. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1963. Bartov, Omer. Hitler’s Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and the War in the Third Reich. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. Beauvoir, Simone de. Adieux: A Farewell to Sartre. New York: Pantheon, 1985. --------- . Force of Circumstance Volume I: After the War. New York: Harper Row, 1977. --------- . Letters to Sartre. New York: Little, Brown, 1990. --------- . The Mandarins. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1999. --------- . Political Writings. Edited by Margaret A. Simons and Marybeth Timmerman. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2021. --------- . The Prime of Life. New York: Penguin, 1965. Benjamin, Walter. The Correspondence of Walter Benjamin 1910-1940. Edited by Gershom Scholem and Theodor W. Adorno. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994. --------- . Moscow Diary. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986.
Bibliography 315 -------- . Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, Volume 1: 1913-1926. Edited by Marcus Bullock and Michael W. Jennings. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996. ---------. Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, Volume 2: Part 1:1927-1930. Edited by Michael W. Jennings, Howard Eiland, and Gary Smith. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999a. --------. Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, Volume 2: Part 2: 7937-7934. Edited by Michael W. Jennings, Howard Eiland, and Gary Smith. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999b. --------- . Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, 3: 1935-1938. Edited by Marcus Bullock, Howard Eiland, and Gary Smith. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002. -------- . Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, 4: 1938-1940. Edited by Marcus Bullock, Howard Eiland, and Gary Smith. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003. --------- . “1940 Survey of French Literature.” New Left Review 51 (May-June 2008): 31-45. --------- . “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction,” Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/ge /benjamin.htm. Bergman, Jay. The French Revolutionary Tradition in Russian and Soviet Politics, Political Thought, and Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019. --------- . “The Perils of Historical Analogy: Leon Trotsky on the French Revolution.” Journal of the History of Ideas 48, no. 1 (January-March 1987): 73-98. Bettelheim, Charles. Class Struggles in the USSR: The First Period 1917-1923. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1976. Birchall, Ian. “Neither
Washington nor Moscow? The ri se and fall ofthe Rassemblement Démocratique Révolutionnaire.” Journal ofEuropean Studies 29, no. 4 (December 1999): 365-404. --------- . Sartre Against Stalinism. New York: Berghahn Books, 2004. --------- . “Sartre’s Encounter with Daniel Guérin.” Sartre Studies International 2, no. 1 (1996): 41-56. ----------. “Sartre and Gauchisme.” European Studies 19, no. 1 (March 1989): 21-53. ----------. The Spectre ofBabeuf. London: Palgrave, 1997. Blackledge, Paul. Perry Anderson, Marxism and the New Left. London: Merlin, 2004. Blackstock, Paul W. “The Tukhachevsky Affair.” Russian Review 28, no. 2 (April 1969): 171-90. Bloch, Ernst. “A Jubilee for Renegades.” New German Critique 4 (Winter 1975): 17-25. ---------- . On Karl Marx. New York: Verso, 2018. ---------- . The Spirit of Utopia. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000. Bloch, Ernst, Georg Lukacs, Bertolt Brecht, Walter Benjamin and Theodor Adorno. Aesthetics and Politics. London: New Left Books, 1977. Bloch, Robert Jan, and Caspers Rubin. “How Can We Understand the Bends in the Upright Gait?” New German Critique 45 (Autumn 1988): 3-39.
316 Bibliography Borkenau, Franz. Modern Sociologists: Pareto. London: Chapman Hall, 1936. Brecht, Brecht. Bertolt Brecht Letters 1913-1956. Edited by John Willett. New York: Routledge, 1990. --------- . Brecht on Art and Politics. Edited by Tom Kuhn and Steve Giles. New York: Methuen, 2003. --------- . Bertolt Brecht ’s Me-ti Book of Interventions in the Flow of Things. New York: Bloomsbury, 2016. --------- . The Collected Poems of Bertolt Brecht. Edited by David Constantine. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 2019. --------- . Galileo. New York: Grove Press, 1966. --------- . Journals 1934-1955. New York: Routledge, 1996. Bronner, Stephen Eric, and Douglas MacKay Kellner, eds. Critical Theory and Society: A Reader. New York: Routledge, 1989. Broué, Pierre. “Trotsky and the French Revolution.” Cahiers Leon Trotsky 30, June 1987. https://www.marxists.org/archive/broue/1987/Trotsky%20and%20French %20Revolution. pdf. Brown, Michael E., Randy Martin, Frank Rosengarten, and George Snedeker, eds. New Studies in the Politics and Culture of US Communism. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1993. Brunner, José. “From Rousseau to Totalitarian Democracy: The French Revolution in J. L. Talmon’s Historiography.” History and Memory 3, no. 1 (Spring 1991): 60-85. Brunstedt, Jonathan. The Soviet Myth of World War II: Patriotic Memory and the Russian Question in the USSR. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. Brzezinski, Zbigniew. The Permanent Purge: Politics in Soviet Totalitarianism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956. Buchner, Georg. Danton’s Death, Leonce and Lena, and
Woyzeck. Translated by Victor Price. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Bukharin, Nikolai. N. I. Bukharin: Selected Writings on the State and the Transition to Socialism. Edited by Richard Day. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 1982. Burke, Edmund. The Philosophy of Edmund Burke: A Selection from His Speeches and Writings. Edited by L. I. Bredvold and R. G. Ross. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1960. --------- . Reflections on the Revolution in France. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1955. --------- . “Selections from the Speeches and Writings of Edmund Burke,” Gutenberg. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3286/3286-h/3286-h.htm. Burnham, James. The Machiavellians: Defenders of Freedom. New York: John Day Company, Inc., 1943. --------- . The Managerial Revolution or What Is Happening in the World Right Now. London: Putnam and Company Limited, 1944. Bush, George W. “Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom.” American Presidency Project, November 9,2005. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu /documents/remarks-presenting-the-presidential-medal-freedom-9.
Bibliography 317 Callinicos, Alex. “Bourgeois Revolutions and Historical Materialism.” International Socialism, www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/callinicos/1989/xx/bourrev.html . -------- . Trotskyism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990. Camus, Albert. Notebooks 1942-1951. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965. -------- . The Rebel. New York: Vintage Books, 1991. Cannon, James P. “Trotsky or Deutscher? On the New Revisionism and Its Theoretical Source.” Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/ cannon/works/1954/tord.htm. Carley, Michael Jabara. 1939: The Alliance That Never Was and the Coming of World War II. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1999. Can, E. H. Foundations ofa Planned Economy 1926-1929: Volume III-II. New York: Macmillan, 1976. -------- . A History of Soviet Russia: The Interregnum 1923-1924. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin: 1969. -------- . The Russian Revolution from Lenin to Stalin 1917-1929. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1979. -------- . Socialism in One Country 1924-1926 Volume II. London: Macmillan, 1959. Caute, David. Communism and the French Intellectuals 1914-1960. New York: Macmillan Company, 1964. -------- . Isaac and Isaiah: The Covert Punishment of a Cold War Heretic. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013. -------- . The Year of the Barricades: A Journey Through 1968. New York: Harper Row, 1988. Chamberlin, William Henry. The Russian Revolution 1917-1921: Volume One. London: Macmillan and Co., Limited, 1935. Chambers, Whittaker. Witness. Washington DC: Regnery, 1980. Chase, William. Enemies within the Gates? The Comintern
and the Stalinist Repression, 1934-1939. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001. Chattopadhyay, Kunal. The Marxism of Leon Trotsky. Kolkata: Progress Publishers, 2006. Chen, Anna. “George Orwell: a literary Trotskyist?” Marxists Internet Archive, https: //www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/isj2/1999/isj2-085/chen.htm. Chernyaev, Anatoly. My Six Years with Gorbachev. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000. Chomsky, Noam. New Mandarins and American Power. New York: Pantheon Books, 1969. Christofferson, Michael Scott. “An Antitotalitarian History of the French Revolution: François Furet’s ‘Penserla Révolution française’ in the Intellectual Politics of the Late 1970s.” French Historical Studies 22, no. 4 (Autumn 1999): 557-611. Churchill, Winston. Churchill by Himself: The Definitive Collection of Quotations. Edited by Richard M. Langworth. New York: Public Affairs, 2008. --------- . The Gathering Storm. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1985. --------- . Step by Step, 1936-1939. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1939. --------- . Their Finest Hour. New York: RosettaBooks, 2002.
318 Bibliography Claussen, Detlev. Theodor W. Adorno: One Last Genius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008. Cliff, Tony. Building the Party: Lenin 1893-1914. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2002. --------- . “The End of the Road: Deutscher’s Capitulation to Stalinism.” Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/cliff7works/1963/xx/deutscher .htm. --------- . State Capitalism in Russia. London: Pluto Press, 1974. Cobban, Alfred. Aspects of the French Revolution. London: Paladin, 1971. --------- . The Social Interpretation of the French Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968. Cohen, Stephen F. Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography 1888-1938. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980. --------- . Rethinking the Soviet Experience: Politics and History Since 1917. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985. Conquest, Robert. The Great Terror. London: Pimlico, 2008. --------- . The Great Terror: A Reassessment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. --------- . The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. --------- . “Kingsley Amis and ‘The Great Terror.’” New York Review of Books April 12, 2007. https://nybooks.com/articles/2007/04/12/kingsley-amis-and-the-great -terror/. --------- . Reflections on a Ravaged Century. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 2000. --------- . Tyrants and Typewriters: Communiqués from the Struggle for Truth. Lexington: Lexington Books, 1989. Cooper, Barry. Merleau-Ponty and Marxism: from terror to reform. Toronto: University of Toronto Press,
1979. Copion, Jeff. “In Search of a Soviet Holocaust.” The Village Voice. January 12, 1988. https://www.villagevoice.com/2020/ll/21/in-search-of-a-soviet-holocaust/. Cornforth, Maurice ed., Rebels and Their Causes: Essays in Honour ofA.L. Morton. London: Lawrence Wishart, 1978. Corrigan, Philip, Harvie Ramsay, and Derek Sayer. For Mao: Essays in Historical Materialism. London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1979. --------- . Socialist Construction and Marxist Theory: Bolshevism and Its Critique. London: MacMillan Press Ltd, 1978. Cotterill, David, ed. The Serge—Trotsky Papers. London: Pluto Press, 1994. Courtois, Stéphane, ed. The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. Crossman, Richard, ed. The God that Failed. New York: Harper Row, 1963. Daniels, Robert V. Conscience of the Revolution: Communist Opposition in Soviet Russia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960. Davidson, Alistair. Antonio Gramsci: An Intellectual Biography. Boston: Brill, 2017. Davidson, Neil. Holding Fast to an Image of the Past: Explorations in the Marxist Tradition. Chicago: Haymarket, 2017. . How Revolutionary Were the Bourgeois Revolutions? Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2012.
Bibliography 319 Davies, R. W., Mark Harrison, and S. G. Wheatcroft, ed. Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913-1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Davies R. W., and Stephen G. Wheatcroft. The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931-1933. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Day, Richard B. Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1973. -------- . “Leon Trotsky on the problems of the smychka and forced collectivization.” Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory 13, no. 1 (1982): 59-60. Day, Richard, and Daniel Gaido, eds. Witnesses to Permanent Revolution: The Documentary Record. Boston: Brill, 2009. Degras, Jane, ed. The Communist International 1919-1943—Volume 111: 1929-1943. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965. de Maistre, Joseph. Considerations on France. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Deutscher, Isaac. “Deutscher on the Chinese ‘Cultural Revolution.’” Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/deutscher/1966/china.htm. -------- . The Great Purges. New York: Basil Blackwater Publisher, 1984a. -------- . Heretics and Renegades. New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1969. -------- . Ironies of History: Essays on Contemporary Communism. Berkeley: Ramparts Press, 1971a. ---------. Marxism in Our Time. Berkeley: Ramparts Press, 1971b. ---------. Marxism, Wars and Revolutions: Essays from Four Decades. London: Verso, 1984b. --------- . The Non-.Jewish Jew and Other Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968. --------- . Russia after Stalin. London: Hamish
Hamilton, 1953. --------- . Russia, China and the West: A Contemporary Chronicle, 1953-1966. Edited by Fred Halliday. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970. --------- . Russia in Transition. New York: Grove Press, 1960. --------- . Stalin: A Political Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966. ---------. The Prophet Armed: Trotsky 18 79-1921. New York: Verso, 2003a. --------- . The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky 1921-1929. New York: Verso, 2003b. --------- . The Prophet Outcast: Trotsky 1929—1940. New York: Verso, 2003c. --------- . The Unfinished Revolution: Russia 1917-1967. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967. Dimitrov, George. The Fascist Offensive and the Unity of the Working Class. Paris: Foreign Languages Press, 2020. Djilas, Milovan. Conversations with Stalin. New York: Penguin Books, 1967. Duke, David. The Secret Behind Communism. Free Speech Press, 2013. Elliott, Gregory. Althusser: The Detour of Theory. Boston: Brill, 2006. Ericson III, Edward E. Feeding the German Eagle: Soviet Economic Aid to Nazi Germany, 7933-794/. Westport: Praeger, 1990. Evans, Richard. Eric Hobsbawm: A Life in History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
320 Bibliography Fainsod, Merle. How Russia is Ruled. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1953. --------- . Smolensk Under Soviet Rule. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958. Farber, Samuel. Before Stalinism: The Rise and Fall ofSoviet Democracy. New York: Verso, 1990. Fiori, Giuseppe. Antonio Gramsci: Life of a Revolutionary. New York: Verso, 1970. Fischer, Ernst. An Opposing Man. London: Allen Lane, 1974. Fitzpatrick, Sheila, ed. Cultural Revolution in Russia, 1928-1931. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978. --------- . Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union 1921-1934. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979. --------- . Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. --------- . On Stalin’s Team: The Years of Living Dangerously in Soviet Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015. --------- . “Revisionism in Retrospect: A Personal View.” Slavic Review 67, no. 3 (Fall 2008): 682-704. --------- . “Revisionism in Soviet History.” History and Theory 46, no. 4 (December 2007): 77-91. --------- . The Russian Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. --------- . Stalin’s Peasants: Resistance Survival in the Russian Village After Collectivization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. --------- . Tear Off the Masks! Identity and Imposture in Twentieth Century Russia. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005. Flakin, Nathaniel. “Was Rosa Luxemburg an Opponent of the Russian Revolution?” Left Voice, January 15, 2021. https://www.leftvoice.org/was-
rosa-luxemburg-an -opponent-of-the-russian-revolution/. Fleming, John V. The Anti-Communist Manifestos: Four Books that Shaped the Cold War. New York: W. W. Norton, 2009. Flewers, Paul. “Black Book of Communism.” Revolutionary History. https://www .marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol7/no4/flewers.html. --------- . 2005. I Know How, But I Don’t Know Why’: George Orwell s Conception of Totalitarianism, [online] Academia.edu. Available at: https://www.academia .edu/10000457/_I_Know_How_But_I_Don_t_Know_Why_George_Orwell_s _Conception_of_Totalitarianism [Accessed 8 November 2021]. --------- “Solzhenitsyn: false prophet.” Weekly Worker, March 9, 2008. https:/ weeklyworker.co.uk/worker/735/solzhenitsyn-false-prophet/. Flood, Andrew. “After 80 Years, Darkness at Noon’s Original Text Is Finally Translated.” The Guardian, September 24, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com /books/2019/sep/24/darkness-at-noon-original-text-gets-first-english-translation -arthur-koestler. Fluss, Harrison. “The Prophet Avec Lacan.” Historical Materialism. https://www .historicalmaterialism.org/book-review/prophet-avec-lacan .
Bibliography 321 Fluss, Harrison, and Landon Frim. Prometheus and Gaia: Technology, Ecology and Anti-Humanism. New York: Anthem Press, 2022. -------- . “Reason is Red: Why Marxism Needs a Philosophy.” Spectre Journal, August 29, 2022. https://spectrejournal.com/reason-is-red/. Forster, Jürgen, and Evan Mawdsley, “Hitler and Stalin in Perspective: Secret Speeches on the Eve of Barbarossa.” War in History 11, no. 1 (January 2004): 61-103. Friedländer, Saul. Memory, History, and the Extermination of the Jews of Europe. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1993. ---------. “Some Reflections on the Historicization of National Socialism.” German Politics Society 13 (February 1988): 9-21. Friedrich, Carl, and Zbigniew Brzezinski. Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965. Fritz, Stephen G. Ostkrieg: Hitler s War of Extermination. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2011. Frölich, Paul. Rosa Luxemburg: Ideas in Action. Chicago: Haymarket, 2010. Furet, François. “The French Revolution Revisited.” Government and Opposition 24, no. 3 (Summer 1989): 264-82. --------- . Interpreting the French Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. --------- . Lies, Passions and Illusions: The Democratic Imagination in the Twentieth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014. --------- . Passing of an Illusion: The Idea of Communism in the Twentieth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. --------- . Revolutionary France 1770-1880. Malden: Blackwell Publishers, 2000. Furet, François, and Denis Richet. The
French Revolution. New York: Macmillan Company, 1970. Furet, François, and Ernst Nolte. Fascism and Communism. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001. Fun, Grover. “In Memoriam Domenico Losurdo.” Grover Furr, July 1, 2018. https:// msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/research/losurdo_furr070118.html. --------- . Khrushchev Lied: The Evidence That Every “Revelation” of Stalin’s (and Beria ’s) “Crimes ” in Nikita Khrushchev ’s Infamous Secret Speech ” to the 20th Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on February 25, 1956, Is Provably False. Kettering, OH: Erythros Press and Media, LLC, 2011. --------- . The Murder of Sergei Kirov. Kettering, OH: Erythros Press and Media, LLC, 2013. --------- . The Mystery of the Katyn Massacre: The Evidence, The Solution. Kettering, OH: Erythros Press and Media, LLC, 2018. --------- . Trotsky’s Amalgams: Trotsky’s Lies, the Moscow Trials as Evidence, the Dewey Commission. Trotsky s Conspiracies of the 1930s, Volume One. Kettering, OH: Erythros Press and Media, 2015. Fun, Grover, and Spartacist League. “In Defense of Marshal Tukhachevsky.” Workers Vanguard 41-42 (Winter 1987-1988): 45^48. https://www.marxists.org/history/ etol/newspape/spartacist-us/1988-1993/0041-0042_Winter_l 989-88.pdf.
322 Bibliography Furr, Grover, Vladimir L. Bobrov, and Sven-Eric Holmström. Trotsky and the Military Conspiracy Soviet and Non-Soviet Evidence; with the Complete Transcript of the ‘‘TukhachevskyAffair” Trial. Kettering, OH: Erythros Press and Media, LLC. Garaudy, Roger. Literature of the Graveyard: Jean-Paul Sartre, François Mauriac, André Malraux, Arthur Koestler. New York: International Publishers, 1948. Gentile, Giovanni. Origins and Doctrine ofFascism. Edited by A. James Gregor. New Brunswick: Transaction, 2002. Geoghegan, Vincent. Ernst Bloch. New York: Routledge, 1995. Gerassi, John. Jean-Paul Sartre: Hated Conscience of His Century, Volume 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. Gerson, Lennard D. The Secret Police in Lenin’s Russia. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1976. Getty, J. Arch. “The Future Did Not Work.” The Atlantic, March 2000. https://www .theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2000/03/the-future-did-not-work/378081/. --------- . Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered 1933-1938. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. --------- . “Starving the Ukraine.” London Review of Books 9, no. 22 (January 1987). https://www.lrb.co.Uk/the-paper/v09/n02/j.-arch-getty/starving-the-ukraine. Getty, J. Arch, Gabor T. Rittersporn, and Viktor N. Zemskov. “Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-War Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence.” American Historical Review 98, no. 4 (October 1993): 1017-1049. Getty, Arch, and Oleg V. Naumov, eds. The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the
Bolsheviks, 1932-1939. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. Getty, J. Arch, and Roberta T. Manning, eds. Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Getzler, Israel. Martov: A Biography of a Russian Social Democrat. London: Cambridge University Press, 1967. Gilbert, Martin. Winston S. Churchill. V: Prophet of Truth, 1922-1939. London: Heinemann, 1977. --------- . Churchill and the Jews: A Lifelong Friendship. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2008. Glantz, David M., and Jonathan M. House. When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2015. Gorkin, Julian. “The Last Years of Victor Serge, 1941-1947.” Victor Serge: The Century of the Unexpected Essays on Revolution and Counter-Revolution. Revolutionary History 5, no. 3 (Autumn 1994): 199-208. Gramsci, Antonio. The Antonio Gramsci Reader: Selected Writings 1916-1935. New York: New York University Press, 2000. -------- . Letters from Prison. New York: Quartet Books, 1979. --------- . Selections from Political Writings (1910-1920). London: Lawrence Wishart, 1977. • Selections from Political Writings (1921-1926). London: Lawrence Wishart, 1978.
Bibliography 323 -------- . Selections from the Prison Notebooks. New York: International Publishers, 1971. Gray, Kevin. “Beauvoir Contra Merleau-Ponty: How Simone de Beauvoir’s Defense of Sartre Prefigured ‘The Critique of Dialectical Reason.’” Simone de Beauvoir Studies 23 (2006-2007): 75-81. Greeman, Richard. “The Return of Comrade Tulayev: Victor Serge and the Tragic Vision of Stalinism.” Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/history/ etol/newspape/isj2/1993/isj2-058/greeman.html. -------- . “The Victor Serge Affair and the French Literary Left.” Victor Serge: The Century of the Unexpected Essays on Revolution and Counter-Revolution, Revolutionary History 5, no. 3 (Autumn 1994): 142-74. ---------. “Victor Serge and the Novel of Revolution.” Marxists Internet Archive, http: //www.marxists.de/culture/greeman/sergenovel.htm. Greene, Doug Enaa. “Benjamin, Blanqui and the Apocalypse.” Red Wedge, September 13, 2016. http://www.redwedgemagazine.com/online-issue/benjamin-blanqui-and -the-apocalypseO. --------- . “Bukharin: The Favorite of the Whole Party.” LINKS International Journal of Socialist Renew al, February 13, 2013. http://links.org.au/node/4291. --------- . “Charles Bettelheim and the Socialist Road.” LINKS International Journal of Socialist Renewal, July 7, 2016. http://links.org.au/node/4745. --------- . “The Chimes at Midnight: Trotskyism in the USSR 1926-1938.” LINKS International Journal of Socialist Renewal, October 13, 2017. http://links.org.au/ chimes-at-midnight-trotskyism-ussr-1926-1938. --------- . “Combatants of a Greater War: A
Historiography of Europe’s Second Thirty Years War 1914-1945.” LINKS International Journal of Socialist Renewal, June 11, 2017. http://links.org.au/combatants-greater-war-historiography-europe-second -thirty-years-war-1914-1945. -------- . Communist Insurgent: Blanqui ’s Politics of Revolution. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2017. --------- . “Day of the people: Gracchus Babeuf and the communist idea.” LINKS International Journal of Socialist Renewal, February 20, 2013. http://links.org.au /node/3228. --------- . A Failure of Vision: Michael Harrington and the Limits of Democratic Socialism. Washington: Zero Books, 2021. --------- . “Georgi Plekhanov: Tragedy of a Forerunner,” LINKS International Journal of Socialist Renewal, July 28, 2016. http://links.org.au/node/4773. --------- . “Gramsci for Communists.” LINKS International Journal of Socialist Renewal, June 22, 2015. http://links.org.au/node/4474. --------- . “Grover Furr and the Moscow Trials.” The Blanquist, May 3, 2017. http:// blanquist.blogspot.com/2017/05/on-grover-furr-and-moscow-trials.html. --------- . “Karl Korsch’s Philosophical Bolshevism,” LINKS International Journal of Socialist Renewal, January 25, 2018. http://links.org.au/karl-korsch-philosophical -bolshevism.
324 Bibliography --------- . “Lenin’s Boys: A Short History of Soviet Hungary,” Cosmonaut, August 21, 2020. https://cosmonaut.blog/2020/08/21/lenins-boys-a-short-history-of-soviet -Hungary/. --------- . “Leon Trotsky and Cultural Revolution.” Cosmonaut, May 12,2019. https:// cosmonaut.blog/2019/05/12/leon-trotsky-and-cultural-revolution. --------- . “Lessons of the Commune.” Left Voice, March 21, 2021. https://www .leftvoice.org/lessons-of-the-commune/. --------- . “Louis Althusser and the Chinese Cultural Revolution.” The Blanquist, December 31, 2017. http://blanquist.blogspot.com/2017/12/louis-althusser-and -chinese-cultural.html. --------- . “The POUM: Those who would?” LINKS International Journal of Socialist Renewal, January 3, 2015. http://links.org.au/node/4229. --------- . “A Unity of Opposites: The Dengist and the Red Guard.” Monthly Review Online, August 19, 2022. https://mronline.org/2022/08/19/a-unity-of-opposites-the -dengist-and-the-red-guard/. --------- . “Victor Serge: On the Borders of Victory and Defeat.” Red Wedge Magazine, October 1, 2015.http://www.redwedgemagazine.com/online-issue/victor-serge -borders-victory-defeat. Greene, Doug Enaa, and Harrison Fluss. “Enlightenment Betrayed.” Left Voice, August 16, 2020. https://www.leftvoice.org/enlightenment-betrayed/. --------- . “Enlightenment Betrayed: Jonathan Israel, Marxism, and the Enlightenment Legacy.” Left Voice, July 14, 2020. https://www.leftvoice.org/enlightenment -betrayed-jonathan-israel-marxism-and-the-enlightenment-legacy/. --------- . “Hegel, Enlightenment, and Revolution.” Left Voice, July
26, 2020. https:// www.leftvoice.org/hegel-enlightenment-and-revolution/. --------- . “The Jacobin Enlightenment.” Left Voice, August 9, 2020. https://www .leftvoice.org/the-jacobin-enlightenment/. --------- . “Marx and the Communist Enlightenment.” Left Voice, August 4, 2020. https://www.leftvoice.org/marx-and-the-communist-enlightenment/. --------- . “Spinoza’s Radical Enlightenment.” Left Voice, July 19, 2020. https://www .leftvoice.org/spinozas-radical-enlightenment/. Greene, Doug Enaa, and Shalon van Tine. “A Fight on Two Fronts: On Jean-Luc Godard’s La Chinoise.” Cosmonaut, August 28, 2019. https://cosmonaut.blog/2019 /08/28/a-fight-on-two-fronts-on-jean-luc-godards-la-chinoise/. Grenier, Richard. “Solzhenitsyn and Anti-semitism: A New Debate.” The New York Times, November 13, 1985. https://www.nytimes.com/1985/ll/13/books/ solzhenitsyn-and-anti-semitism-a-new-debate.html. Grossman, Vasily. Life and Fate. New York: New York Review Books, 2006. Halliday, Fred. The Making of the Second Cold War. London: Verso, 1983. Halliday, Fred, and Maxine Molyneux. The Ethiopian Revolution. London: Verso, 1981. Hanebrink, Paul. A Specter Haunting Europe: The Myth of Judeo-Bolshevism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018. Haslam, Jonathan. The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security in Europe 1933-39. London: Palgrave, 1984.
Bibliography 325 Hayek, Friedrich. Law, Legislation and Liberty: A New Statement of the Liberal Principles of Justice and Political Economy. London: Routledge Kegan Paul Ltd., 1982. --------- . The Road to Serfdom. New York: Routledge, 2006. Haynes, Mike, and Jim Wolfreys, eds. History and Revolution: Refuting Revisionism. New York: Verso, 2007. Heckman, John. “Hyppolite and the Hegel Revival in France.” Те los 16 (1973): 128-45. Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. Elements of the Philosophy of Right. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Hitchens, Christopher. Arguably. New York: Twelve, 2011. Hitler, Adolf. The Complete Hitler. Edited by Max Domarus. Würzburg: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1990. --------- . Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941-1944: His Private Conversations. New York: Enigma Books, 2000. --------- . Mein Kampf. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998. Hobsbawm, Eric. The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century 1914-1991. London: Little, Brown, 1994. --------- .Age of Revolution 1789-1848. New York: Vintage Books, 1996. --------- . Echoes of the Marseillaise: Two Centuries Look Back on the French Revolution. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1990. --------- . “The Forward March of Labour Halted?” Marxism Today (September 1978): 279-86. --------- . “Eric Hobsbawm Speaks on His New Memoir.” UCLA. https://web .international.ucla.edu/asia/article/7315 . --------- . “History and Illusion.” New Left Review 220 (November-December 1996): 116-25. --------- . How to Change the World: Reflections on Marx and Marxism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.
--------- . Interesting Times: A Twentieth-Century Life. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2002. ----------. “The Late Show—Eric Hobsbawm—Age of Extremes (24 October 1994),” twl9751 Interview, [accessed November 12, 2021]. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=Nnd2Pu9NNPw t=9 Ils. ----------. The New Century. London: Little, Brown, 2000. ----------. On History. New York: The New Press, 1998. ----------. Revolutionaries: Contemporary Essays. London: Orion Books, 1973. Hook, Sidney. Out of Step: An Unquiet Life in the 20th Century. New York: Harper Row, 1987. Horowitz, David, ed. Isaac Deutscher: The Man and His Work. London: Macdonald, 1971. ---------- . The Politics of Bad Faith: The Radical Assault on America’s Future. New York: Free Press, 1998. ---------- . Radical Son: A Generational Odyssey. New York: The Free Press, 1997.
326 Bibliography Horst, Ian Scott. Like Ho Chi Minh! Like Che Guevara! The Revolutionary Left in Ethiopia, 1969-1979. Paris: Foreign Languages Press, 2020. James, C. L. R. The C. L. R. James Reader. Edited by Anna Grimshaw. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992. Jay, Martin. The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research 1923-1950. London: Heineman, 1973. Jeffries, Stuart. Grand Hotel Abyss: The Lives of the Frankfurt School. New York: Verso, 2016. Joffe, Adolf. “Letter to Leon Trotsky.” Marxists Internet Archive. https://www .marxists.org/archive/joffe/1927/letter.htm. Jones, William David. “Toward a Theory of Totalitarianism: Franz Borkenau’s Pareto. ’ ’ Journal of the History ofIdeas 53, no. 3 (July-September, 1992): 455-66. Jong, Alex de. “Stalin Handed Hundreds of Communists Over to Hitler.” Jacobin Magazine, August 21, 2021. https://www.jacobinmag.com/2021/08/hitler-stalin -pact-nazis-communist-deportation-soviet. Kadarkay, Arpad. Georg Lukdcs: Life, Thought and Politics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Inc., 1991. Kellner, Douglas. Herbert Marcuse and the Crisis of Marxism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. Kelly, Daniel. James Burnham and the Struggle for the World: A Life. Wilmington: ISI Books, 2002. Kershaw, Ian. Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1998. --------- . Hitler 1936-1945: Nemesis. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 2000a. --------- . Hitler, The Germans, and the Final Solution. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008. --------- . The Hitler Myth ’: Image and Reality in the Third Reich.
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987. --------- . Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation. New York: Arnold, 2000b. Kershaw, Ian, and Moshe Lewin, eds. Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Khilnani, Sunil. Arguing Revolution: The Intellectual Left in Postwar France. NewHaven: Yale University Press, 1993. Khlevniuk, Oleg V. Stalin: New Biography of the Dictator. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015. Khrushchev, Nikita. The Memoirs ofNikita Khrushchev Volume I: Commissar [19181945]. Providence: Brown University Press, 2004. --------- . “Speech to 20th Congress of the C.P.S.U.” Marxists Internet Archive, https: //www.marxists.org/archive/khrushchev/1956/02/24.htm. Knowlton, James, and Truett Cates, trans. Forever in the Shadow of Hitler? Original Documents of the Historikerstreit Controversy Concerning the Singularity of the Holocaust. Atlantic Heights, NJ: Prometheus Books, 1993. Koch, H. W., ed. Aspects of the Third Reich. London: Macmillan, 1985. Koestler, Arthur. Arrow in the Blue. London: Collins, 1952. --------- . Dialogue with Death. New York: Macmillan Company, 1942.
Bibliography 327 -------- . Darkness at Noon. New York: Bantam Books, 1968. -------- . The Gladiators. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1965a. -------- . Invisible Writing. Boston: Beacon Press, 1954. ---------. Stranger on the Square: Arthur and Cynthia Koestler. New York: Random House, 1984. ---------. The Yogi and the Commissar. London: Hutchinson Co Ltd., 1965b. Kolakowski, Leszek. L’esprit révolutionnaire, suivi de Marxisme, utopie et anti-utopie. Paris: Editions Complexe, 1978. --------- . Main Currents ofMarxism: The Founders, The Golden Age, The Breakdown. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 2005. --------- . “My Correct Views on Everything.” Socialist Register 11 (1974): 1-20. Korsch, Karl. Karl Korsch: Revolutionary Theory. Edited by Douglas Kellner. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1977. --------- . Marxism and Philosophy. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970. Kotkin, Stephen. Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. --------- . Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878-1928. New York: Penguin, 2014. --------- . Stalin: Waitingfor Hitler, 1929-1941. New York: Penguin, 2018. Lacqueur, Walter, ed. Fascism: A Reader s Guide—Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976. Landmann, Michael. “Talking with Ernst Bloch: Korcula, 1968.” Telos 25 (1975): 165-85. Lang, Berel. Heidegger’s Silence. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996. Larina, Anna. This 1 Cannot Forget: The Memoirs ofNikolai Bukharin ’s Widow. New York: W. W. Norton, 1993. Laudani, Raffaele, ed. Secret Reports on
Nazi Germany: The Frankfurt School Contribution to the War Effort. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013. Lazare, Daniel. “Timothy Snyder’s Lies.” Jacobin Magazine, September 9, 2014. https://www.jacobinmag.com/2014/09/timothy-snyders-lies/. Le Blanc, Paul. Leon Trotsky and the Organizational Principles of the Revolutionary Party. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2014. --------- . “Spider and Fly: The Leninist Philosophy of Georg Lukâcs.” Historical Materialism 21, no. 2 (2013): 47-75. Lecourt, Dominique. Proletarian Science? The Case of Lysenko. London: New Left Books, 1977. Leggett, George. The Cheka: Lenin s Political Police. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981. Leibovitz, Clement and Alvin Finkel. In Our Time: The Hitler-Chamberlain Collusion. London: Merlin Books, 1997. Lenin, V. I. The Collected Works of V. I. Lenin. 45 Volumes. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1974. Lévy, Bernard-Henri. Barbarism with a Human Face. New York: HarperCollins, 1979. Lewin, Moshe. The Gorbachev Phenomenon: A Historical Interpretation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. ---------- . “The Immediate Background of Soviet Collectivization.” Soviet Studies 17, no. 2 (1965): 162-97.
328 Bibliography --------- . Lenin ’s Last Struggle. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005a. --------- . Political Undercurrents in Soviet Economic Debates: From Bukharin to the Modern Reformers. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974. --------- . Russian Peasants and Soviet Power: A Study in Collectivization. New York: W. W. Norton Company, Inc., 1968. --------- . The Soviet Century. New York: Verso, 2005b. Lewis, Ben, and Lars T. Lih, eds. Martov and Zinoviev: Head to Head at Halle. London: November Publications, 2011. Lovestone, Jay. “The Moscow Trial in Historical Perspective [Feb. 1937].” Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/lovestone/moscow-trials.pdf. Losurdo, Domenico. Class Struggle: A Political and Philosophical History. New York: Palgrave, 2016a. --------- . “Flight from History? The Communist Movement between Self-Criticism and Self-Contempt.” Nature, Society and Thought 13, no. 3 (October 2000): 457-514. --------- . “History of the Communist Movement: Failure, Betrayal, or Learning Process?” Nature, Society, and Thought 16, no. 1 (January 2003): 33-57. --------- . “Marx, Columbus, and the October Revolution: Historical Materialism and the Analysis of Revolutions. ’’Nature, Society, and Thought 9, no. 1 (1996): 65-86. --------- . Nietzsche, the Aristocratic Rebel: Intellectual Biography and Critical Balance-Sheet. Chicago: Haymarket, 2020a. --------- . “Preface,” Associazione Stalin, https://www.associazionestalin.it/losurdo _preffurr.html. --------- . Stalin: The History and Critique of a Black Legend. Translated by David
Ferreira Morrisville, North Carolina: Lulu, 2020b. --------- . “Stalin and Hitler: Twin Brothers or Mortal Enemies?” Crisis and Critique 3, no. 1 (2016b): 33-47. --------- . “Towards a Critique of the Category of Totalitarianism.” Historical Materialism 12, no. 2 (January 2004): 25-55. --------- . War and Revolution. New York: Verso, 2015. Losurdo, Domenico, and Grover Furr, “Lo storico statunitense Grover Furr a proposito del dibattito su Stalin tra Domenico Losurdo e Nicolas Werth.” Domenico Losurdo. http://domenicolosurdo.blogspot.com/2013/01/lo-storico-statunitense-grover-furr .html. Löwy, Michael. Fire Alarm: Reading Walter Benjamin ’s “On the Concept ofHistory ” New York: Verso, 2006. --------- . Georg Lukacs: From Romanticism to Bolshevism. London: New Left Books, 1979. Lucas, Scott. Orwell. London: Haus Publishing Limited, 2003. Lukacs, Georg. The Culture ofPeople ’s Democracy Hungarian Essays on Literature, Art, and Democratic Transition, 1945-1948. Boston: Brill, 2 013. --------- . The Destruction ofReason. New York: Verso, 2021. . German Realists in the Nineteenth Century. Translated by Jeremy Gaines and Paul Keast. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993. . Goethe and His Age. London: Merlin Books, 1968.
Bibliography 329 --------- . History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics Cambridge: MIT Press, 1971. --------- . Lenin: A Study of the Unity of His Thought. New York: Verso, 2009. --------- . Marxism and Human Liberation. Edited by E. San Juan Jr. New York: Delta Book, 1973. --------- . The Meaning of Contemporary Realism. London: Merlin Books, 1963. --------- . The Process ofDemocratization. Albany: State University of New York, 1991. --------- . “The Struggle of Humanism and Barbarism.” Marxists Internet Archive. https://www.marxists.org/archive/lukacs/works/1943/humanism-barbarism/index .htm. --------- . Tactics and Ethics, 1919-1929: The Questions of Parliamentarianism and Other Essays. New York: Verso, 2014. Luxemburg, Rosa. The Rosa Luxemburg Reader. Edited by Peter Hudis Kevin B. Anderson. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2004. --------- . Rosa Luxemburg Speaks. Edited by Mary-Alice Waters. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970. --------- . “Constituent Assembly or Council Government?” Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung. https://www.rosalux.de/stiftung/historisches-zentrum/rosa-luxemburg/constituent -assembly-or-council-government. Macciocchi, Maria-Antonietta. Daily Life in Revolutionary China. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972. --------- . Letters from inside the Italian Communist Party to Louis Althusser. London: New Left Books, 1973. Macdonald, Dwight. “Once More: Kronstadt.” Marxists Internet Archive, https:// www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/macdonald/1938/04/kronstadt.htm. Malia, Martin. “Judging Nazism and Communism.” National Interest 69 (Fall
2002): 63-78. --------- . The Soviet Tragedy: A History of Socialism in Russia, 1917-1991. New York: The Free Press, 1994. Mallet du Pan, Jacques. Considerations on the nature of the French Revolution. London, 1793. Mandel, Ernest. “Ernest Mandel—Letter to Jean-Paul Sartre. A Reply to ‘The Communists and Peace.’” 1IRE International Institute for Research and Education. https://www.iire.org/node/962. ----------. “The Gulag Archipelago Solzhenitsyn’s Assault on Stalinism and the October Revolution.” Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive /mandel/1974/05/solzhenitsyn-gulag.html. ---------- . “Mandel on Althusser, Party and Class,” Marxists Internet Archive, https:// www.marxists.org/archive/mandel/1982/xx/althusser.htm . ---------- . Meaning of the Second World War. New York: Verso, 1986. ---------- . “The Mystifications of State Capitalism.” Marxists Internet Archive, https:// www.marxists.org/archive/mandel/1970/08/state-cap.htm. ---------- . “Trotsky’s Marxism: An Anti-Critique.” New Left Review M (JanuaryFebruary 1968): 32-51.
330 Bibliography --------- . “Trotsky’s Marxism: A Rejoinder.” New Left Review 56 (July-August 1969): 69-96. --------- . Trotsky: A Study in the Dynamic of His Thought. London: New Left Books, 1979. --------- . Trotsky As Alternative. New York: Verso, 1995. Marcuse, Herbert. “An Essay on Liberation.” Marxists Internet Archive. https://www .marxists.org/reference/archive/marcuse/works/1969/essay-liberation.htm. --------- . The Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse Volume I: Technology, War and Fascism. Edited by Douglas Kellner. New York: Routledge, 1998. --------- . The Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse Volume IIP. The New Left and the 1960s. Edited by Douglas Kellner. New York: Routledge, 2005. --------- . The Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse Volume VI: Marxism, Revolution and Utopia. Edited by Douglas Kellner and Clayton Pierce. New York: Routledge, 2014. --------- . The Essential Marcuse: Selected Writings of Philosopher and Social Critic Herbert Marcuse. Edited by Andrew Feenberg and William Leiss. Boston: Beacon Press, 2000. --------- . Five Lectures: Psychoanalysis, Politics, and Utopia. Boston: Beacon Press, 1970. --------- . Negations: Essays in Critical Theory. London: MayFly Books, 2009. --------- . One Dimensional Man: Studies in the ideology of advanced industrial soci ety. New York: Routledge, 2002. --------- . Reason and Revolution: Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory. London: Routledge, 1955. --------- . Soviet Marxism: A Critical Analysis. New York: Columbia University Press, 1958. Marcy, Sam. “The Global Class War.” Marxists Internet Archive.
https://www .marxists.org/history/etol/writers/marcy/gclasswar/index.html. --------- . “Perestroika: a Marxist Critique [1990].” Marxists Internet Archive, https:// www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/marcy/perestroika/index.htm. Marie, Jean-Jacques and Domenico Losurdo. “Losurdo’s ‘Stalin’: the debate between Jean-Jacques Marie and Domenico Losurdo.” Historical Materialism, https:// www.historicalmaterialism.org/book-review/losurdos-stalin-debate-between-jean -jacques-marie-and-domenico-losurdo. Marot, John. “Stephen Kotkin’s Stalin Is a Distorting Mirror of the Russian Revolution.” Jacobin Magazine, November 20, 2020. https://jacobinmag.com /2020/11/stephen-kotkin-stalin-russian-revolution-book-review. Martov, Julius. “Decomposition or Conquest of the State.” Marxists Internet Archive. https://www.marxists.org/archive/martov/1921/xx/decomp.htm. Marx, Karl, and Frederick Engels. The Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: 50 Volumes. London: Lawrence Wishart, 1975. Mathiez, Albert. “Bolshevism and Jacobinism.” Marxists Internet Archive, https:// www.marxists.org/histoiy/france/revolution/mathiez/1920/bolshevism-jacobinism .htm.
Bibliography 331 Mayer, Arno. The Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. -------- . The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War. New York: Pantheon Books, 1981. -------- . Why the Heavens Did Not Darken? The Final Solution in History. New York: Pantheon Books, 1988. Mayer, Robert. “Lenin and the Jacobin Identity in Russia.” Studies in East European Thought 51, no. 2 (June 1999): 127-54. McDermott, Kevin. Stalin. New York: Palgrave, 2006. McMahon, Darrin. Enemies ofthe Enlightenment: The French Counter-Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. McMeekin, Sean. The Russian Revolution: A New History. New York: Basic Books, 2017. -------- . Stalin’s War: A New History of the Second World War. New York: Basic Books, 2021. Meaker, Gerald H. The Revolutionary Left in Spain, 1914-1923. Stanford: University of Stanford Press, 1974. Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. Adventures of the Dialectic. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973. -------- . Humanism and Terror: An Essay on the Communist Problem. Boston: Beacon Press, 1969. -------- . Signs. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1964. Merridale Catherine. Ivan’s War: Life and Death in the Red Army, 1939-1945. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006. Mészâros, Istvân. Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transition. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1995. -------- . The Power of Ideology. New York: Zed, 2005. ---------. The Work of Sartre: Search for Freedom and the Challenge of History. New York: Monthly Review
Press, 2012. Meyer, Alfred G. Leninism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957. Miliband, Ralph. “Kolakowski’s Anti-Marx.” Political Studies 29 (1981): 115-22. Moir, Cat. Ernst Bloch ’s Speculative Materialism: Ontology, Epistemology, Politics. Boston: Brill, 2020. Molotov, V. M., and Feliz Chuev. Molotov Remembers: Inside Kremlin Politics. Chicago: Ivan D. Ree, 1993. Müller-Doohm, Stefan. Adorno: A Biography. Cambridge: Polity, 2005. Mussolini, Benito. Opera Omnia Benito Mussolini XXIX. Firenze: La Fenice, 1959. Negt, Oskar, and Zach Zipes. “Bloch, the German Philosopher of the October Revolution.” New German Critique 4 (Winter 1975): 3-16. Netti, J. P. Rosa Luxemburg. New York: Verso, 2019. Newsinger, John. Hope Lies in the Proles: George Orwell and the Left. London: Pluto Press, 2018. --------- . Orwell’s Politics. New York: Palgrave, 1999. Nisbet, Robert A. “Arendt on Totalitarianism.” The National Interest 27 (Spring 1992): 85-91.
332 Bibliography --------- . “Rousseau and Totalitarianism.” Journal of Politics 5, no. 2 (May 1943): 93-114. Nizan, Paul. Aden, Arabie. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987. Nolte, Ernst. “Big Business and German Politics: A Comment.” American Historical Review 75, no. 1 (October 1969): 71-78. --------- . La guerra civil europea, 1917-1945: Nacionalsocialismo y bolchevismo. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Econômica, 1996. --------- . Martin Heidegger: Politik und Geschichte im Leben und Denken. Berlin and Frankfurt: Propyläen, 1992. --------- . Nietzsche und der Nietzscheanismus. Berlin: Propyläen, 1990. --------- . Three Faces ofFascism. New York: Mentor, 1965. Novack, George, ed. Existentialism versus Marxism: Conflicting Views on Humanism. New York: Dell Publishing Co, 1966. Orwell, George. 1984. New York: Signet Classic, 1983. --------- . Animal Farm. Harlow: Longman Group Ltd., 1983. --------- . The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell 1920-1940, ed. Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus. New York: Harcourt, Brace World, Inc., 1968a. -------- . The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume II: My Country Right or Left 1940-1943. Edited by Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus. Jaffrey, NH: Nonpareil Books, 2000. -------- . The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume III: As I Please 1943-1945. Edited by Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1968b. --------- . The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume IV: In Front of Your Nose 1945-1950. Edited by Sonia Orwell
and Ian Angus. London: The Camelot Press Ltd., 1968c. --------- . ‘“For what am I fighting?’ : George Orwell on Arthur Koestler’s ‘Darkness at Noon.’” New Statesman, January 4, 1941. https://www.newstatesman.com/culture /2013/01 /what-am-i-fighting-george-orwell-arthur-koestlers-darkness-noon. --------- . “George Orwell’s Preface to the Ukrainian edition of Animal Farm. George Orwell Foundation, https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/ orwell/books-by-orwell/animal-farm/preface-to-the-ukrainian-edition-of-animal -farm-by-george-orwell/. --------- . Homage to Catalonia. New York: Harcourt, 1980. --------- . The Road to Wigan Pier. New York: Harcourt, Inc., 1958. Osborne, Peter, ed. A Critical Sense: Interviews with Intellectuals. New York: Routledge, 1996. Pablo, Michel. “The Post-Stalin ‘New Course.’” Marxists Internet Archive, https:/ www.marxists.org/archive/pablo/1953/xx/newcourse.htm. Palmer, Bryan. Marxism and Historical Practice: Interventions and Appreciations Volume IL Brill: Boston, 2015. Palmier, Jean-Michel. Weimar in Exile: The Antifascist Emigration in Europe and America. New York: Verso, 2006. Parker, Stephen. Bertolt Brecht: A Literary Life. New York: Bloomsbury, 2014.
Bibliography 333 Parkinson, Donald. “Carrying the Burden of Communist Man.” Cosmonaut, November 1, 2019. Pipes, Richard. The Russian Revolution. New York: Vintage Books, 1990. -------- . Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime. New York: Alfred A. Knoppf, 1993. Plamenatz, John. German Marxism Russian Communism. New York: Harper Row, 1964. Plekhanov, Georgi. Plekhanov: Selected Philosophical Works, Volume I. London: Lawrence Wishart, 1961. Popoff, Alexandra. Vasily Grossman and the Soviet Century. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019. Popper, Karl. The Open Society and Its Enemies. New York: Routledge, 2011. Preobrazhensky, Evgeny. The New Economics. London, Oxford University Press, 1965. Rakovsky, Christian. Christian Rakovsky: Selected Writings on Opposition in the USSR 1923-1930. Edited by Gus Fagan. London: Allison and Busby, 1980. Rancière, Jacques. Althusser ’s Lesson. New York: Continuum, 2011. Range, Peter Ross. 1924: The Year That Made Hitler. New York: Back Bay Books, 2016. Roberts, David D. The Totalitarian Experiment in Twentieth-Century Europe: Understanding the Poverty of Great Politics. New York: Routledge, 2006. Roberts, Geoffrey. Stalin’s Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939-1953. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. Rogovin, Vadim Z. 1937: Stalin’s Year of Terror. Oak Park: Mehring Books, 1998. -------- . Bolsheviks Against Stalinism 1928-1933: Leon Trotsky and the Left Opposition. Oak Park: Mehring Books, 2019. -------- . Stalin’s Terror of 1937-1938: Political Genocide in the USSR. Oak Park: Mehring Books, 2009. -------- . Was There an Alternative?
1923-1927 Trotskyism: A Look Back Through the Years. Oak Park: Mehring Books, 2021. Rosengarten, Frank. The Revolutionary Marxism of Antonio Gramsci. Boston: Brill, 2014. Rosmer, Alfred. Moscow Under Lenin. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971. Rossanda, Rossana. “Mao’s Marxism.” Socialist Register 8 (1971): 53-80. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. Basic Political Writings. Edited by Donald Cress. Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 1987. Saccarelli, Emanuele. Gramsci and Trotsky in the Shadow of Stalinism: The Political Theory and Practice of Opposition. New York: Routledge, 2008. Sartre, Jean-Paul. The Aftermath of War. New York: Seagull, 2008a. --------- . Between Existentialism and Marxism. New York: Verso, 2008b. --------- . The Communists and the Peace. New York: George Braziller, 1968a. --------- . The Critique ofDialectical Reason Volume I: Theory ofPractical Ensembles. New York: Verso, 2004. --------- . The Critique of Dialectical Reason Volume II: The Intelligibility of History. New York: Verso, 2006. --------- . Dirty Hands. New York: Vintage, 1989. --------- . The Ghost of Stalin. New York: George Braziller, 1968b.
334 Bibliography --------- . Sartre in the Seventies: Interviews and Essays. London: Andre Deutch, 1978. --------- . Search for a Method. New York: Vintage, 1968c. --------- . Situations. New York: George Braziller, 1965. --------- . What Is Literature? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988. Sartre, Jean-Paul, and John Gerassi, Talking with Sartre: Conversations and Debates. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009. Saunders, Frances Stonor. The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World ofArts and Letters. New York: New Press, 2013. Scammell, Michael. Koestler: The Literary and Political Odyssey of a Twentieth-Century Skeptic. New York: Random House, 2009. --------- . Solzhenitsyn: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1984. Schapiro, Leonard. The Origin of the Communist Autocracy: Political Opposition in the Soviet State, First Phase 1917-1922. London: Macmillan, 1977. Serge, Victor. The Case of Comrade Tulayev. New York: New York Review Books, 2004. --------- . From Lenin to Stalin. New York: Pioneer Publishers, 1937. --------- . “A Letter to the Editors.” Partisan Review 8, no. 5 (September-October 1941): 418-23. --------- . Memoirs of a Revolutionary. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2002. --------- . Memoirs of a Revolutionary. New York: New York Review Books, 2012. --------- . Midnight in the Century. New York: New York Review Books, 2015. --------- . Notebooks 1936-194 7. New York: New York Review Books, 2019. --------- . Portrait de Staline. Paris: Editions Bernard Grasset, 1940. --------- . “To René Lefeuvre.” Marxists Internet Archive,
https://www.marxists.org/ archive/serge/194x/xx/lefeuvre.html. --------- . Revolution in Danger: Writingsfrom Russia 1919-1921. Chicago: Haymarket, 2011a. --------- . Russia Twenty Years After. Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press, 1996. --------- . “Unpublished Manuscript on Their Morals and Ours.” Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/serge/1940/trotsky-morals.htm. --------- . “What Is Fascism?” Partisan Review 8, no. 5 (September-October 1941) --------- . Witness to the German Revolution. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2011b. Seymour, Joseph. “Marxism and the Jacobin Communist Tradition.” Young Spartacist. https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/youngspart-sl/index.htm. Shachtman, Max. “Four Portraits of Stalinism—V: A Critique of Deutscher’s Work on Stalin.” Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/shachtma /1950/09/deutscher-stalin.htm. --------- . “Trotsky’s Stalin: A Critical Evaluation.” Marxists Internet Archive, https:// www.marxists.org/archive/shachtma/1946/10/trotsky-stalin.html. Shatz, Adam. “The Guilty Party.” Lingua Franca. http://linguaffanca.mirror.theinfo .org/br/9911/shatz.html. Shlapentokh, Dmitry. The Counter-Revolution in Revolution: Images of Thermidor and Napoleon at the Time ofRussian Revolution and Civil War. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999.
Bibliography 335 Shorten, Richard. “Europe’s Twentieth Century in Retrospect? A Cautious Note on the Furet/Nolte Debate.” The European Legacy: Toward New Paradigms 9, no. 3 (2004): 285-304. Simmel, E., ed. Anti-Semitism: A Social Disease. New York: International Universities Press, 1946. Singer, Daniel. Deserter from Death: Dispatches from Western Europe 1950-2000. New York: Nation Books, 2005. --------- . Prelude to Revolution: France in May 1968. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2017. --------- . The Road to Gdansk. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1981. --------- . “The Sound and the Furet.” The Nation, January 1, 1998. https://www .thenation.com/article/archive/sound-and-furet/. Smaldone, William. Rudolf Hilferding: Tragedy of a German Social Democrat. DeKalb: North Illinois University Press. Smith, Andrew. Which East is Red? The Maoist Presence in the Soviet Union and Soviet Bloc Europe 1956-1980. Paris: Foreign Languages Press, 2019. Snyder, Timothy. Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books, 2010. Soboul, Albert. Understanding the French Revolution. New York: International Publishers, 1988. Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr. Between Two Millstones, Book 1: Sketches of Exile, 19741978. South Bend: Notre Dame University Press, 2018a. --------- . From Under the Rubble. Boston: Little, Brown, 1975a. --------- . The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation. New York: Vintage Books, 2018b. --------- . The Gulag Archipelago 1918-1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation Volume I. New York: Harper Row, 1974a. --------- . The Gulag
Archipelago, 1918-1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation Volume II. New York: Harper Row Publishers, 1974b. --------- . The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation Volume III. New York: Harper Row Publishers, 1974c. --------- . Lenin in Zürich. London: The Bodley Head, 1975b. --------- . The Oak and Calf: Sketches of Literary Life in the Soviet Union. New York: Harper Row, 1980. --------- . The Solzhenitsyn Reader: New and Essential Writings 1947-2005. Edited by Edward E. Ericson, Jr. and Daniel J. Mahoney. Wilmington: 1SI Books, 2006. --------- . Warning to the West: Speeches, 1975-6. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1976. Sourvarine, Boris. Stalin: A Critical Survey of Bolshevism. New York: Longmans, Green, Co., 1939. Spriano, Paolo. Antonio Gramsci and the Party: The Prison Years. London: Lawrence Wishart, 1979. Squiers, Anthony. “Contradiction and Coriolanus: A Philosophical Analysis of Mao Tse Tung’s Influence on Bertolt Brecht.” Philosophy and Literature 37, no. 1 (April 2013): 239-46.
336 Bibliography Stalin, Joseph V. Stalin Collected Works. 14 Volumes. Moscow: Foreign Language Publishing House, 1953. Stewart, Jon, ed. The Debate between Sartre and Merleau-Ponty. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1998. Stirk, Peter M. R. Max Horkheimer: A New Introduction. Boston: Barnes Noble Books, 1992. Suny, Ronald Grigor. The Baku Commune 1917-1918: Class and Nationality in the Russian Revolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972. --------- . Red Flag Unfurled: History, Historians, and the Russian Revolution. New York: Verso Books, 2017. --------- . Red Flag Wounded: Stalinism and the Fate of the Soviet Experiment. New York: Verso, 2020. Svechin, Aleksandr A. Strategy. Minneapolis: East View Publications, 1992. Talmon, Jacob L. Myth ofthe Nation and Vision ofRevolution: Ideological Polarization in the Twentieth Century. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1991. -------- . The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy. London: Seeker Warburg, 1952. --------- . Political Messianism: The Romantic Phase. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1960. --------- . Romanticism and Revolt: Europe 1815-1848. New York: Harcourt, Brace World, Inc., 1967. Thompson, Edward P. “An Open Letter to Leszek Kolakowski.” Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/thompson-ep/1973/kolakowski.htm. --------- . The Poverty of Theory. London: Merlin Press, 1978. Tocqueville, Alexis de. The Old Regime and the French Revolution. Garden City: Anchor Books, 1955. Traverse, Enzo. Fire and Blood: The European Civil War, 1914-1945. New York: Verso, 2017. --------- .
Revolution: An Intellectual History. New York: Verso, 2021. --------- . Understanding the Nazi Genocide: Marxism after Auschwitz. London: Pluto Press, 1999. --------- . Understanding Nazi Violence. New York: New Press, 2003. Trepper, Leopold. The Great Game: Memoirs ofthe Spy Hitler Couldn Ï Silence. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977. Triandafillov, V. K. The Nature of the Operations of Modern Armies. Newbury Park: Frank Cass Co. Ltd, 1994. Trotsky, Leon. The Challenge of the Left Opposition (1926-1927). New York: PathfinderPress, 1980. -------- . The Challenge of the Left Opposition (1928-1929). New York: Pathfinder Press, 1981. --------- . History ofthe Russian Revolution Volume II: The Attempted Counterrevolution. New York: Simon Schuster, 1937. --------- . In Defense ofMarxism. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1973a. --------- . My Life: An Attempt at BiographyNew York: Pathfinder Press, 1970a. --------- . On the Jewish Question. New York: Pathfinder Press, 2009. --------- . Our Political Tasks. London: New Park Publications, 1979a.
Bibliography 337 --------- . The Permanent Revolution Results and Prospects. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1978a. --------- . Problems of Everyday Life. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1973b. --------- . The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and Where is it Going? New York: PathfinderPress, 1972a. --------- . “The Socialist Fatherland in Danger.” Marxists Internet Archive, https:// www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1918/military/ch32.htm. --------- . The Spanish Revolution (1931-39). New York: Pathfinder Press, 1973c. --------- . Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence. Translated by Alan Woods. London: Wellred Books, 2016. --------- . The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1971. --------- . Terrorism and Communism: A Reply to Karl Kautsky. New York: Verso, 2007. --------- . Their Morals and Ours. New York: Pathfinder Press, 2004. --------- . The Third International After Lenin. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970b. -------- . Trotsky s Diary in Exile 1935. London: Faber and Faber, 1958. --------- . “What Next?” Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/ trotsky/1917/next/ch05 .htm. --------- . Whither France? New York: Merit, 1968. --------- . Writings of Leon Trotsky [1929]. New York: Pathfinder Books, 1975a --------- . Writings of Leon Trotsky [1930]. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1975b. --------- . Writings of Leon Trotsky [1930-1931]. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1973d. --------- . Writings of Leon Trotsky [1932-1933]. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1972b. --------- . Writings of Leon Trotsky [1933-1934]. New York:
Pathfinder Press, 1975b. --------- . Writings of Leon Trotsky [1934-1935]. New York: Pathfinder Press, 2002. . Writings of Leon Trotsky [1935-1936]. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1977. . Writings of Leon Trotsky [1936-193 7]. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1978b. . Writings of Leon Trotsky [193 7-1938]. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1976. ---------- . Writings of Leon Trotsky [1939-1940]. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1973e. ---------- . Writings of Leon Trotsky [Supplement 1934-1940]. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1979b. Tucker, Robert C. Stalinas Revolutionary 1879-1929. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973. ---------- . Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1929-1941. New York: W. W. Norton, 1990. ---------- , ed. Stalinism: Essays in Historical Interpretation. New York: W. W. Norton, 1977. Tucker, Robert C., and Stephen Cohen, eds. The Great Purge Trial. New York: Grosset and Dunlap Publishers, 1965. Twiss, Thomas M. Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy. Boston: Brill, 2014. Ulam, Adam B. The Bolsheviks: The Intellectual and Political History ofthe ‘Triumph of Communism in Russia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998. . The New Face of Soviet Totalitarianism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963. ---------- -. Stalin: The Man and His Era. New York: Viking Press, 1973. Volkogonov, Dmitri. Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990.
338 Bibliography von Mises, Ludwig. Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961. Wald, Alan. The New York Intellectuals: The Rise and Decline of the Anti-Stalinist Left from the 1930s to the 1980s. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987. --------- . “Victor Serge and the New York Anti-Stalinist left.” Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory 28, no 1 (2000): 99-117. Walsh, Nick. “Solzhenitsyn breaks last taboo of the revolution.” The Guardian, January 25, 2003. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/jan/25/russia.books. Weissman, Susan. “On Stalinism.” Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory 28, no. 1 (2000): 197-221. --------- . Victor Serge: The Course is Set On Hope. New York: Verso, 2001. Werth, Alexander. Russia at War 1941-1945. New York: Carroll Graf, 1984. White, Duncan. Cold Warriors: Writers Who Waged the Literary Cold War. New York: Custom House, 2019. Wiener, Jon. How We Forgot the Cold War: A Historical Journey Across America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012. Wiggershaus, Rolf. The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995. Wilford, Hugh. The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Abingdon: Routledge, 2013. Winkler, Martin M., ed. Spartacus: Film and History. Malden: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2007. Wizisla, Edmut. Walter Benjamin and Bertolt Brecht: The Story ofa Friendship. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009. Woddis, Jack. New Theories of Revolution: A commentary on the views of Frantz Fanon, Régis Debray and
Herbert Marcuse. New York: International Publishers, 1972. Wohlforth, Tim. ‘Communists’ Against Revolution: The Theory of Structural Assimilation. London: Folrose Books, 1978. Wolin, Richard, ed. The Heidegger Controversy. A Critical Reader. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993. Wright, John G. “Trotsky’s Biography of Stalin—The Meaning of the Attacks Upon It.” Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/wright /1946/05/stalbiog.html. de Zayas, Alfred M. Nemesis at Potsdam: The Anglo-Americans and the Expulsion of the Germans. New York: Routledge, 1977. Zhdanov, Andrei. “On Literature, Music and Philosophy.” Marxists Internet Archive. https://www.marxists.org/subject/art/lit_crit/zhdanov/lit-music-philosophy.htm . Zizek, Slavoj. In Defense of Lost Causes. New York: Verso, 2008.
Index abstract utopianism, 144 Action Française, 61 Aczél, György, 149 Adamczak, Bini, 300 A den, Arabie (Nizan), 173-74 Adorno, Theodor, xxiii, 117-20, 188n8, 188nll; Benjamin and, 126; The Dialectic of Enlightenment, 120, 189nl6; on fascism, 120; on Moscow Trials, 119 Adventures of the Dialectic (MerleauPonty), 110-11, 180 Agulhon, Maurice, 55 Algerian War, 169, 183, 186 Ali, Tariq, 272-73, 280n80 Althusser, Louis, xxiii, 117; anti humanism of, 166-67, 1980193; on Chinese Revolution, 167-68; Essays on Self-Criticism, 168; For Marx, 164-65,1987190; Frankfurt School and, 164-71; French Communist Party and, 164-71; Maoism and, 169,171,199nl99; on Secret Speech, 165-66, 286; as Western Marxist, 164-71 Amendola, Giovanni, 27 Amis, Martin, 89nl33 Andersen, Martin, 131 Anderson, Barbara, 70 Anderson, Perry, 58, 158, 272-73, 280n79 Andropov, Yuri, 47 Angelus Novus (Klee), xiv Animal Farm (Orwell), 16-18 anti-communism: Bolshevism as satanic, xii; Hitler and, 65; Stalinism as satanic, xii anti-fascist movements: Benjamin and, 125—26; Brecht in, 130—31 anti-humanism, 166-67, 198nl93 anti-Jacobinism: Arendt on, 40-41; Counter-Enlightenment Project and, 39-43; totalitarianism and, 39-43 anti-Semitism, 309-10; Dreyfus Affair, 40; far-right, 8; Horkheimer on, 189nl3; racial, 8; of Solzhenitsyn, 6-8; in Soviet Union, 189nl3; spiritual, 8; Thermidor concept and, 226; totalitarianism and, 30 anti-Stalinist movements: Trotsky and, 122; Ukrainian Resurgent Army, 9nl8; Vlassov movement, 9nl8 anti-totalitarian movements, 58 Aragon, Louis, 173, 251-52 Arendt, Hannah, 242n45; on anti
Jacobinism, 40-41; on Nazism, 31; Origins of Totalitarianism, 30-32, 339
340 Index 40; On Revolution, 40; on Stalinism, 31; on totalitarianism, 30-32, 86nl01 Aristotle, 32 Aron, Raymond, 105, 174 Arrival and Departure (Koestler), 101 Andry, Colette, 172-73 Aulard, François Victor Alphonse, 228 “The Author as Producer” (Benjamin), 125 Babel, Isaac, 252 Babeuf, Gracchus, 42, 215, 226 Bakunin, Mikhail, xiii Barbusse, Henri, 252 Bartov, Omer, 67 Beauvoir, Simone de, 187; Koestler and, 102-3; on Moscow Trials, 172-73; Sartre and, 172-78,181 Before Stalinism (Farber), 276n26 Behemoth (Neumann), 29 Being and Nothingness (Sartre), 181 Bell, Daniel, 277n38 Benjamin, Walter, xxiii, 100, 119, 274n6; Adorno and, 126; anti-fascist movements and, 125-26; “The Author as Producer,” 125; Bloch and, 124; Communist Party of Germany and, 124; critique of the Enlightenment, 127-28; Critique of Violence, 123-24; disillusion with Soviet Union, 124-27; Horkheimer and, 126-27; on Moscow Show Trials, xii; on mystical fatalism, xiv; One-Way Street, xi; The Origin of German Tragic Drama, xi-xii; Theses on the Philosophy of History, 127; Trotsky and, 124-26; on voluntarism, xiv; as Western Marxist, 123-28; “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction,” 125 Berlin Uprising, 269 Berman, Matvei, 6 Bettelheim, Charles, 199nl99 Big Brother concept, Stalinism and, 11-22; totalitarianism and, 16-22 Birchall, Ian, 245n75 Birth of Our Power (Serge), 251 The Black Book of Communism, 75-79; Counter-Enlightenment Project and, xxiii, 44, 60, 76-79; critiques of, 77-78 Black Hundreds, in Russia, 2, 8 black parliamentarism, 156, 197nl56 Blair, Tony, 163 Blanqui, Louis-Auguste,
43 Bloch, Ernst, xxiii; Benjamin and, 124; on Bolshevik Revolution, 123; in German Academy of Sciences, 122; on Moscow Trials, 121; as political exile, 121; return to Germany, 122; on Trotsky, 122; as Western Marxist, 121-23 Blum Theses (Lukacs), 145 Blyukher, Vasily, 296 Bolshevik Party: power struggles within, 33-34; Thermidor concept and, 217. See also Bukharin, Nikolai: Stalin, Josef; Trotsky, Leon Bolshevik Revolution, 37, 185; Bloch on, 123; as civil war, 63-64; French Revolution as influence on, 63-64; totalitarianism as result of, 53-54. See also Russian Revolution Bolsheviks: class genocide by, 73; in Darkness at Noon, 100; Kronstadt Mutiny/Uprising and, 216, 253-54; Luxemburg on, 213; New Economic Policy and, 33-34; Oppositional Bolsheviks, 70, 224; role in Russian Revolution, 33 The Bolsheviks (Ulam), 40 Bolshevism: anti-communist responses to, xii; evil foundations of, xiii; hegemonic theory of, 157; Jacobinism and, 40, 214-15; Judeo-Bolshevism, 2; proletarian Jacobinism and, 207-8; purges as feature of, 15; in Russia, xxi; as satanic, xii; Stalinism as evolution
Index of, 35, 205; theory of elites and, 28; universalist, 4 “bolt from the blue” approach, to Stalinism: Big Brother concept, 11-22; Jews as “virus” in, 1-8; methodological approach to, xxiiixxiv; totalitarianism and, 27-34 Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon III), xxii. See also The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte; Napoleon III Bonaparte, Napoleon, Second Empire under, xii Bonapartism, xxi, 197nl66; Thermidor concept and, 231-32. See also The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte Borchardt, Hermann, 191n58 Bordiga, Amadeo, 150-52. See also Italian Communist Party Borkenau, Franz, 16, 28, 105 bourgeois revolution, in Russia, 208-9 Brandler, Henirich, 269 Brecht, Bertolt, xxiii, 117-18, 124, 191n58, 254; in anti-fascist movements, 130-31; on Chinese Revolution, 137-38; critique of Nazi-Soviet Pact, 135-36; “The farmer’s address to his ox,” 135; in German Democratic Republic, 136; Great Terror and, 131; House Un-American Activities Commission and, 136; Korsch and, 128-29, 133-34; Life of Galileo, 133-34; MeTi, 129; on Moscow Trials, 131-33; “The Solution,” 137; on Stalin, 130; Stalinism and, 137-38; theater career of, 128-29; Threepenny Opera, 128; “To those born after,” 132-33; on Trotsky, 130, 134-35; as Western Marxist, 124, 128-38 Bredel, Willi, 131 Brentano, Bernard von, 135 Brezhnev, Leonid, 46, 193n94 Broué, Pierre, 240nl 341 Bruckner, Pascal, 58 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 31-32, 39 Buber-Neumann, Margarete, 48 Büchner, Georg, xiv, xxi Bukharin, Nikolai, 33, 36-37, 108, 246nl08, 288-89; arrest of, 295; Stalin and, 95, 221; trial of, 134. See also Moscow Show Trials
Bulletin of the Opposition (Trotsky), 263, 292 Buonarroti, Philippe, 42-43 bureaucratic collectivism, 24n42 Burke, Edmund, 43 Bumham, James, 18-20, 24n42, 105, 182, 249-50, 259-60, 276n31 Bush, George W., 69 Cachin, Marcel, 214 Callinicos, Alexander, 266 Camus, Albert, 113nl3; Koestler and, 102-4; The Rebel, 104, 114n31 The Cancer Ward (Solzhenitsyn), 46 Cannon, James P., 272 Capital (Marx), 94, 128 capitalism, 1; communism and, 111 Carmichael, Stokely, 187 Carr, Edward Hallett, 34-35 The Case of Comrade Tulayev (Serge), 258-59, 288 Castro, Fidel, 78, 187 Caute, David, 169 CCF. See Congress for Cultural Freedom Ceausescu, Nicolae, 78 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 30, 104-5 Chamberlain, Neville, 299 Chamberlin, William, 214 Chambers, Whitaker, 73-74 Chinese Revolution, 137-38; Althusser on, 167-68; Losurdo on, 308n2 Churchill, Winston, xxiii, 80nl8, 286; on Moscow Show Trials, 4; Mussolini and, 4; on Nazi Germany, 28-29; on Russian Civil War, 2-3;
342 Index on subversive Jews, 2-5, 8n4; on totalitarianism, 28-29 CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency Ciliga, Ante, 48 Clemenceau, Georges, 225 Cliff, Tony, 9nl8 Cobban, Alfred, 55-56 Cochin, Augustin, 58 Cohen, Stephen, 29-30, 34, 36-37, 289 Cold War: The Black Book of Communism, xxiii; Counter Enlightenment Project, xxiii, 249, 268 collectivism: bureaucratic, 24n42; Stalin campaigns, 70; Trotsky on, 221-22 Collinet, Michel, 172 colonialism, 78, 183 COMINTERN. See Communist International communism: The Black Book of Communism, xxiii, 44, 60, 75-79; capitalism and, 111; emancipatory potential of, xxi; fascism and, 88nll7; Marx on, 49; Orwell’s critique of, 13, 22; Solzhenitsyn as critic of, 48^19; totalitarianism and, 32-33; U.S. Central Intelligence Agency fight against, 30. See also specific countries Communist Age of Reason, 210 Communist International (COMINTERN): founding of, 215; Italian Communist Party and, 150; Koestler and, 97; Losurdo and, 297-298; Lukâcs denounced by, 143; promotion of revolutions, 222; Serge and, 250 Communist Party of Germany (KPD), 95, 124, 159 Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), 159, 163 Communist Party of Poland (KPP), 262, 291 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU): Gramsci and, 152-53; purges from, 227-28, 245n82; Third Period, 232, 262; Trotsky expulsion from, 227; Twenty-Second Congress, 46; Zinoviev expulsion from, 227. See also Communist International; specific communist parties The Communists and the Peace (Sartre), 178-80 The Complete Black Book of Russian Jewry, 307 The Condition of the Working Class in England (Engels),
11 Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF), 105 Conquered City (Serge), 251 Conquest, Robert, xxiii, 7, 287; The Great Terror, 69; Harvest of Sorrow, 68-70; historical legacy of, 71-72; Orwell and, 69 Conrad, Joseph, 264 Conspiracy of Equals, 42, 226 Cornford, John, 160 Corrigan, Philip, 200n201 cosmopolitanism, 308 Counter-Enlightenment Project: anti Jacobinism and, 39-43; The Black Book of Communism and, xxiii, 44, 60, 76-79; Cold War and, xxiii, 249, 268; Solzhenitsyn and, 52; Soviet Union as “Evil Empire” and, 68; totalitarianism and, 27-34 Courtois, Stéphane, 76-77 CPGB. See Communist Party of Great Britain CPSU. See Communist Party of the Soviet Union Critique ofDialectical Reason (Sartre), 172, 184 Critique of Violence (Benjamin), 123-24 Cuban Revolution, 187 Cultural Revolution, in Soviet Union, 37-38 The Daily Worker, 161-62 Daniel, Yuli, 48
Index Danton, Georges, 206, 209 Danton s Death (Büchner), xiv, xxi Darkness at Noon (Koestler), xxiii, 97, 100-104, 107, 112; Bolshevik references in, 100 Davidson, Neil, 266 Davies, Joseph, 292 Davies, R. W., 70-71 Davis, Mike, 78 Day, Richard, 243n61 Deng Xiaoping, 308n2 Les Derniers temps (Malraux), 261 Desanti, Dominique, 174 Desanti, Jean-Toussaint, 174 despotism, xxi de-Stalinization campaigns: under Khrushchev, 268-71; Marcuse on, 140 Destiny of a Revolution (Serge), 253 The Destruction ofReason (Lukâcs), 146, 189116 Deutscher, Isaac, xxiv, 34, 105,140, 145, 187, 279n74; in Communist Party of Poland, 262; defense of Stalinism, 265; Gomulka and, 269-70; Hobsbawm and, 162; as journalist, 264; on Maoism, 270-71; as Marxist historian, 262-73; The Moscow Trial, 263; The Prophet Armed, 267; The Prophet Outcast, 267: The Prophet Unarmed, 267; on Secret Speech, 284; Stalin, 264-65; on Stalin as military leader, 303; on Tukhachevsky Affair, 292; The Unfinished Revolution, 271 Dewey, John, 105, 257 Dialectical and Historical Materialism (Stalin), 160 The Dialectic of Enlightenment (Adorno and Horkheimer), 120, 189nl6 Dialectic of Saturn: as concept, xi-xii, xv, 281-82; Greene on, xv; historical necessity approach and, 101, 112; Losurdo and, 283-84; scope of, 343 283-84; totalitarianism and, 41, 43; value judgments on, 273 Dialogue with Death (Koestler), 102 dictatorships, 31 Dimitrov, George, 304 Dirty Hands (Sartre), 181-82 Djilas, Milovan, 306-7 Doctor’s Plot, 308 Dommanget, Maurice, 55 Donovan, Bill, 104 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 73-74 Dreyfus, Alfred, 253 Dreyfus Affair, 40
Dubcek, Alexander, 149 Duclos, Jacques, 178 Duke, David, 8 Durtain, Luc, 251 Dzerzhinsky, Feliks, 210 Eastman, Max, 257 Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts (Marx), 138, 143 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 252, 306 Eichmann, Adolf, 66 The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (Marx), xii-xiii, xxii Eisler, Hanns, 119, 130 electoralism, 112 elites, theory of, Bolshevism and, 28 Engels, Friedrich, xiii; The Condition of the Working Class in England, 11 ; on French Revolution, 205-6 England, Independent Labour Party, 12 the Enlightenment: Benjamin as critic of, 127-28; philosophes, 43, 58; rationalism during, xxiii, 67-68. See also Counter-Enlightenment Project Enrages group, 228 Ericson, Edward, 301 Essays on Self-Criticism (Althusser), 168 Everyday Stalinism (Fitzpatrick), 38 existentialism, Sartre and, 174-75, 186 Existentialism versus Marxism (Novack), 95
344 Experiments in Economic Planning in the Soviet Union (Pollock), 118 Fainsod, Merle, 34, 80n22 famines: death tolls from, 78; in Ukraine, 70-71, 78 Fanon, Frantz, 186-87 Farber, Samuel, 276n26 “The farmer’s address to his ox” (Brecht), 135 Farrell, James, 257 far-right anti-Semitism, 8 fascism: Adorno on, 120; communism and, 88nll7. See also anti fascist movements Fast, Howard, 113nl8 Fastenko, Anatoly Ilyich, 45 fatalism, Benjamin on, xiv Feuchtwanger, Lion, 131-32 Finkelraut, Alain, 58 The First Circle (Solzhenitsyn), 47 First Congress of Soviets, 209 Fischer, Ernst, 281 Fischer, Louis, 104 Fischer, Ruth, 288 Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 34, 37-38 Five-Year Plans, 168, 229-30, 235; after Russian Revolution, 37 Fluss, Harrison, 194nl07 For Marx (Althusser), 164-65, 198nl90 Foundations of Leninism (Stalin), 246nl08 France: Action Française, 61-62; Bonapartism in, xxi; Jacobinism in, xxi; Paris Commune of 1871, 1 ; Second Empire, xii; social revolutions in, 1, 187. See also French Communist Party; French Revolution; specific emperors; specific kings Franco, Francisco, 51 Frankfurt School, 29, 52, 65; Adorno and, 117-20; Althusser and, 164-71; Gramsci and, 150-59; Hobsbawm and, 159-64; Horkheimer and, Index 117-20; Institute for Social Research and, 118; Lukacs and, 142-50; Marcuse and, 138—42; Western Marxism and, 117 French Communist Party (PCF), 55; Althusser and, 164-71; founding of, 214; Losurdo on, 298; MerleauPonty and, 106; during Paris protests in 1968, 57; Sartre and, 172, 175-76, 178-79; student wing of, 167 French Revolution: Bolshevik Revolution influenced by, 63-64;
as bourgeois revolution, 57; despotism at end of, xxi; Engels on, 205-6; Furet on, 55-57; historical legacy of, 1; Hobsbawm on, 1; Machiavelli and, 242n45; mobilization of oppressed during, 1 ; nouveaux philosophes, 57-59; Robespierre and, xiii; Russian Revolution modeled on, 215-16, 231 Frenkel, Naftaly, 6 Friedländer, Saul, 67 Friedrich, Carl, 31-32, 39 From Lenin to Stalin (Serge), 252 Furet, François, 85n89; in anti totalitarian movement, 58; The Black Book of Communism, 60; French Communist Party, 55; on French Revolution, 55-57; The Passing of an Illusion, 59 Furr, Grover, 285-86, 309n5, 311n30 Gagarin, Yuri, 61-62 Garaudy, Roger, 106, 169; on historical necessity approach to Stalinism, 93-95; on Marxism, 93-95 Gaullism, 261 GDR. See German Democratic Republic genocide: by Bolsheviks, 73; Hitler and, 66; in Nazi Germany, 64 Gentile, Giovanni, 27-28 George V (King), 294 George VI (King), 294 Gerassi, Fernando, 173, 176
Index German Democratic Republic (GDR), 136 German Marxism Russian Communism (Plamenatz), 40 German October, 219 Germany: Communist Party of Germany, 95, 124, 159; de-Nazification process in, 139; National Socialist Party, 5, 61-68; Non-Aggression Pact, 296; Social Democratic Party in, 138. See also German Democratic Republic; Nazi Germany Getty, J. Arch, 34, 38-39, 47 The Ghost of Stalin (Sartre), 182-83 Gide, André, 104, 252 Ginzburg, Evgenia, 48 The Gladiators (Koestler), 97-100, 113nl3 Glantz, David, 303-4 Glucksmann, André, 58 The God that Failed, 104-5 Goebbels, Joseph, 288, 296 Gold, Mike, 252 Goldman, Wendy, 39 Gollan, John, 161 Gollancz, Victor, 11, 20 Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 52, 123, 269-70 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 37, 163 Gorky, Maxim, 252 Gramsci, Antonio, xxiii, 117,163; on Bolshevization of communism, 151; CPSU and, 152-53; Frankfurt School and, 150-59; Italian Communist Party and, 150-54; permanent revolution theory, 158; The Prison Notebooks, 150, 155, 157-59, 215; Serge and, 250; Togliatti and, 151-55; on totalitarianism and, 155; Trotsky and, 150-53, 159; as Western Marxist, 150-59 Great Depression, 125 Great Purge, 291-97 Great Terror, 131, 286-91 The Great Terror (Conquest), 69 345 Greene, Doug, xii, xv Grigor, Ronald, 39 Grossman, Henryk, 118, 189n23 Grossman, Vasily, 305, 307 Guerin, Daniel, 115n58 Guevara, Che, 187 The Gulag Archipelago (Solzhenitsyn), 6, 44, 47, 50-51, 57-58, 83n74 Habermas, Jürgen, 65 Halliday, Fred, 272-73, 280n79 Hardy, Daphne, 100 Harvest of Sorrow (Conquest), 68-70 Hayek, Friedrich, 32-33, 80nnl7-18 HCP. See Hungarian Communist Party
Hébertistes group, 228 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, xi, 95; The Phenomenology of Spirit, xv; Thermidor realism of, 143-M4 Heidegger, Martin, 60-61, 140 Herzen, Alexander, 205 Hess, Rudolf, 23n20 Heydrich, Reinhard, 136 Hilferding, Rudolf, 28 Hilgruber, Andreas, 65, 67 Hill, Christopher, 161 Hiss, Alger, 74 historical materialism: Marxism and, 94; methodological approach to, xxiiixxiv; Trotsky and, xv historical necessity approach, to Stalinism, xxiii-xxiv, 267-68; conceptual development of, 93-95; Dialectic of Saturn and, 101, 112; Garaudy and, 93-95; Koestler and, 101,112; Lukacs on, 146-47; Merleau-Ponty on, 111 ; Sartre and, 93-95 historical realism, Marx on, xiv historicism, German, critiques of, xiv History and Class Consciousness (Lukacs), 124, 143 A History of Babeuf’s Conspiracy for Equality (Buonarroti), 42-^43 History of Soviet Russia (Carr), 35
346 History of the Russian Revolution (Trotsky), 126 Hitler, Adolf, xxiii; as anticommunist, 65; genocide under, 66; on Jews as moral threat, 62; on Jews as supporters of communism, 5; on Judeo-Bolshevism, 5, 68; on Marxism, 5; Mein Kampf 295; National Socialists and, 5; Nolte on, 62, 65; Operation Barbarossa, 5, 68, 136, 301-2; Tukhachevsky Affair and, 292. See also National Socialist Party; Nazi Germany Hobsbawm, Eric, xxiii, 117, 197nl71; academic career, 161; in Communist Party of Germany, 159; in Communist Party of Great Britain, 159, 163; Deutscher and, 162; Frankfurt School and, 159-64; on French Revolution, 1; Italian Communist Party and, 162-63; on verdicts of Moscow Trials, 160; as Western Marxist, 159-64 Ho Chi Minh, 78, 260-61 Hölderlin, Friedrich, 144 “Hölderlin’s Hyperion” (Lukâcs), 144 Holy Alliance of Metternich, 1 Homage to Catalonia (Orwell), 14 Hook, Sidney, 105, 132, 259 Horkheimer, Max, xxiii, 117-20; on anti-Semitism in Soviet Union, 189nl3; Benjamin and, 126-27; The Dialectic of Enlightenment, 120, 189nl6; Marcuse and, 138-39, 141-42; on Stalinism, 119 Horowitz, David, 48, 82n52, 84n76, 273 House Un-American Activities Commission, in U.S., 136 How Russia is Ruled (Fainsod), 34, 80n22 Hoxha, Enver, 78 Hugo, Victor, xii-xiii; on Napoleon III, xxii Humanism and Terror (Merleau-Ponty), 106-7, 109, 112 Index Humbert-Droz, Jules, 154,288 Hundred Flowers campaign, 271 Hungarian Communist Party (HCP), 142, 145,291 Hungary, 195nl22, 291; communist revolution in, 148-49, 182; Lukâcs in, 146-47; withdrawal from Warsaw Pact, 123, 148 Huxley, Aldous, 252
Hyppolite, Jean, 192n87 I Choose Freedom (Kravchenko), 48, 176 Ignatieff, Michael, 163—64 Illuminati, 3 Ilyich, Vladimir, 196nl36 imperialism, totalitarianism and, 30 “The Impotence of the German Working Class” (Horkheimer), 118 Independent Labour Party (England), 12 Industrial Revolution, 1 Inside the Whale (Orwell), 23n22 Institute for Social Research, 118 International Congress of Writers for the Defense, 252 internationalism, 306 International Relief and Rescue Committee (IRRC), 19-20 Irving, David, 65 Italian Communist Party (PCI), 150-54; Bolshevization of, 151 ; Communist International and, 150; Hobsbawm and, 162-63 Italy, fascism in, 61 Jackson, Henry “Scoop,” 72 Jacobinism, xxi; Bolshevism and, 40, 214-15; German Social-Democracy and, 240nl2; Jacobin Constitution of 1793, 40; proletarian, 205-16; Rousseau and, 41—42; Russian Revolution and, 55. See also anti-Jacobinism Jam bet, Christian, 58 James, C. L. R., 183
Index Jânossy, Ferene, 145 Jaspers, Karl, 105 Jay, Martin, 120 Jewish people: Churchill on, 2-5, 8n4; Hitler on, 5; Judeo-Bolshevism, 2; as moral threat, 62; “non-subversive,” 3; Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 2; racial genocide of, 64; role in Russian Revolution, 5; “subversive,” 2-5, 8n4; Trotsky on, 3-4; in Tsarist Russia, 2; as “virus,” 1-8. See also anti-Semitism “The Jews and Europe” (Horkheimer), 119 Joffe, Adolf, 227 Journey in the Whirlwind (Ginzburg), 48 Jubilee for Renegades (Bloch), 121-22 Judeo-Bolshevism, 2; Hitler and, 5, 68 Kamenev, Lev, 290 Kanapa, Jean, 174 Karl Marx (Carr), 34-35 Kautsky, Karl, 211,213 Kerensky, Alexander, 210 Kerenskyism, 210 Kershaw, Ian, 65-66, 86nl05 Khlevniuk, Oleg, 287-88 Khrushchev, Nikita, 193n94; de-Stalinization campaign under, 268-71; Secret Speech, 122-23, 137, 148, 165, 247П118 Khrushchev Lied (Furr), 285 Kiernan, Victor, 161 Kinnock, Neil, 163 Kirov, Sergei, 287-88 Klee, Paul, xiv Koestler, Arthur, 95-106; Arrival and Departure, 101; Beauvoir and, 102-3; Camus and, 102-4; CIA and, 104-5; Communist International and, 97; in Communist Party of Germany, 95, 97; Darkness at Noon, xxiii, 97, 100-104, 107, 112; Dialogue with Death, 102; The Gladiators, 97-100, 347 113nl3; Hess and, 23n20; historical necessity approach and, 101, 112; imprisonment of, 96; International Relief and Rescue Committee and, 19-20; Orwell and, 17, 19-20, 100; rejection of Stalinism, 105; resignation from Communist Party of Germany, 97; in Soviet Union, 96; The Spanish Testament, 97, 102; The Yogi and the Commissar, 101-2 Kogan, Lazar, 6 Kolakowski,
Leszek, 52-55, 84n81; Main Currents of Marxism, 52, 54, 84n76; on Marx, 52-53 Koltsov, Mikhail, 252 Korean War, 110 Kornfeld, Boris Nikolayevich, 45 Kornilov, Lavr, 210 Korsch, Karl, 128-29, 133-34, 143 Kostrzewa, Wera, 263 Kotkin, Stephen, 71, 75-76 Kouchner, Bernard, 58 KPD. See Communist Party of Germany KPP. See Communist Party of Poland Kravchenko, Victor, 48,176 el-Krim, Abd, 172 Kronstadt Mutiny/Uprising, 216, 25354, 275nl5 Kubrick, Stanley, 113nl8 Kun, Béla, 145, 291 Läcis, Asja, 131 Lang, Fritz, 136 Larina, Anna, 295 Late Victorian Holocausts (Davis), 78 Lazare, Daniel, 91nl66 Lecourt, Dominique, 167, 169 Lefebvre, Henri, 173-75 Lefort, Claude, 174 Left Book Club, 14 leftist concepts, in Nineteen EightyFour, 24n49 Left Opposition, 224, 268; Enragés, 228; Hébertistes, 228; Maoism and, 271; Stalinism and, xv
348 Leiris, Michel, 174 Lenin, Vladimir, 78; on Bolshevism, 207-08; cultural revolution advocated by, 217-18; Luxemburg on, 207; Mensheviks as opposition to, 40; on proletarian Jacobinism, 217-18, 240nl2; What is to be Done, 33 Leningrad Opposition, 225 Lenin in Zürich (Solzhenitsyn), 6 Leninism: purges as feature of, 15; Stalinism and, 36 Leninism (Meyer, A.), 40, 80nl9 Lenin ’s Last Struggle (Lewin), 36 Leonetti, Alfonso, 154 Lèvy, Bernard-Henri, 58 Lewin, Moshe, 34, 36, 70 Liberation Army, in Russia, 6 Liebknecht, Karl, 138 The Life and Death ofLeon Trotsky (Sedov, N., and Serge), 257 Life and Fate (Grossman, V.), 305 Life of Galileo (Brecht), 133-34 Linhart, Robert, 167 “The Lion and the Unicorn” (Orwell), 16 Literature and Revolution (Trotsky), 151 Literature of the Graveyard (Garaudy), 106 Litvinov, Maxim, 294-95 Losurdo, Domenico, xxiii, 67-68, 71, 78, 87nl 11, 89nl29, 283-308; on Chinese Revolution, 308n2; Communist International and, 297298; Dialectic of Saturn and, 283-84; on French Communist Party, 298; Furr and, 285-86, 309n5; on Great Purge, 291-97; on Great Terror, 286-91; on Moscow Trials, 286-87; on Nazi-Soviet Pact, 298-302; on Secret Speech, 284-86; Stalin, 283; on Tukhachevsky Affair, 291-97 Louis XI (King), 59 Louis XIV (King), 59 Louis XVI (King), xxii, 56 Index Lovestone, Jay, xxi Lukacs, Georg, xxiii, 117; Blum Theses, 145; Communist International denouncement of, 143; The Destruction ofReason, 146, 189nl6; on historical necessity of Stalinism, 146-47; History and Class Consciousness, 124, 143; Hölderlin’s Hyperion,” 144; in Hungarian Communist
Party, 142, 145; “Moses Hess and the Problem of Idealist Dialectics,” 143; in new Hungary, 146-47; Prague Spring as influence on, 149; On the Process ofDemocratization, 149-50; Russian Revolution and, 142; on Secret Speech, 284; Serge and, 250; Tailism and the Dialectic, 143; as Thermidorian, 142, 144; as Western Marxist, 142-50; The Young Hegel, 145-46 Luxemburg, Rosa, xv-xvi, 97, 195nl22; on Bolsheviks, 212-14; on Lenin, 207; murder of, 138; The Russian Revolution, 212-13; Stalin compared to, 147-48 Macciocchi, Maria Antoinetta, 165 MacDonald, Dwight, 17, 24n42, 25354, 257, 260 Machiavelli, Niccolo, 242n45 The Machiavellians (Burnham), 18 The Magnetic Mountain (Kotkin), 75 Main Currents ofMarxism (Kolakowski), 52, 54, 84n76 Maisky, Ivan, 302 Maistre, Joseph de, 1 Malaparte, Curzio, 288 Malia, Martin, xxiii, 74-75 Mallet du Pan, Jacques, xiv Malraux, André, 103, 252, 261 managerial revolution, 276n31 The Managerial Revolution (Burnham), 18-20, 24n42 Mandel, Ernest, 179-80, 219-20
Index Maoism, 48-50; Althusser and, 169, 171, 199nl99; Left Opposition and, 271; Sartre on, 201n285 Mao Zedong, 78, 260; Hundred Flowers campaign, 271 Marat, Jean-Paul, 206,209 Marcuse, Herbert, xxiii; on de-Stalinization of Soviet Union, 140; exile in U.S., 138-39; Horkheimer and, 138-39, 141-42; integration of working class into bourgeois society, 141-42; New Left movement inspired by, 141-42; Office for Strategic Services and, 139; The One-Dimensional Man, 139, 141 ; Reason and Revolution, 139, 192n87; in Social Democratic Party, 138; Soviet Marxism, 140; as Western Marxist, 138-42 Marcy, Sam, 272 Maretskii, Dmitrii, 225 Margolin, Jean-Louis, 78 Marrot, Raymond, 174 Martin, Henri, 178 Martinet, Marcel, 251, 255 Martov, Julius, 206, 212 Marx, Karl, xvi, 43; Capital, 94, 128; on communism, 49; Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts, 138, 143; The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, xii-xiii, xxii; on historical realism, xiv; Kolakowski on, 52-53; universalist doctrines of, 83n74; Weitling and, xiii Marxism: demonology and, xiii; Deutscher as historian, 262-73; Garaudy on, 93-95; Hitler on, 5; as materialist philosophy, 94; MerleauPonty on, 106-7; Serge’s rejection of, 256; in Spain, 13. See also Western Marxism Marxism and Philosophy (Korsch), 128, 143 mass politics, totalitarianism and, 30 materialism. See historical materialism 349 Mathiez, Albert, 55, 214 Maurras, Charles, 62 Mayer, Arno, 67-68, 87nlll Mazauric, Claude, 55-57 McMeekin, Sean, 89nl30 Medvedev, Zhores, 48 Mein Kampf (Hitler), 293 Men in Prison (Serge), 251 Mensheviks, 208-10, 212, 263; as opponents of
Lenin, 40 Menshevism, 226; Trotsky and, 207 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, xxiii, 95, 134, 174; Adventures of the Dialectic, 110-11; on Dialectic of Saturn, 109-11; electoralism and, 112; French Communist Party and, 106; on historical necessity approach, 111-12; Humanism and Terror, 106-7, 109, 112; liberalism of, 112; on Marxism, 106-7; on Moscow Trials, 108-9; Sartre and, 176-77; on Stalinism, 109; Trotsky and, 109, 115n51; Western Marxism and, 117 Mesnil, Jacques, 251 Mészâros, Istvân, 186 Me-Ti (Brecht), 129 Meyer, Alfred, 40, 80nl9 Meyer, Heinrich, 131 Midnight in the Century (Serge), 251, 274n6 von Mises, Ludwig, 88nll7 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 97, 300 morality, 255 Morton, A. L., 161 Moscow 1937 (Feuchtwanger), 131-32 Moscow Show Trials (Moscow Trials), 40-41; Adorno on, 119; Beauvoir on, 172-73; Benjamin on, xii; Bloch during, 121; Brecht on, 131-33; Bukharin and, 134; Churchill on, 4; Hobsbawm on, 160; Losurdo on, 286-87; Merleau-Ponty on, 108-9; Partido Obero de Unificaciôn Marxistaand, 13-15; Sartre on, 172-73
350 The Moscow Trial (Deutscher), 263 Moscow Trials. See Moscow Show Trials “Moses Hess and the Problem of Idealist Dialectics” (Lukacs), 143 Munich Agreement, 298-299 Münzenberg, Willi, 96 The Murder of Sergei Kirov (Furr), 285 Mussolini, Benito, 290-91; Churchill on, 4; totalitarianism and, 27-28 “My Country Right or Left” (Orwell), 16 My Life (Trotsky), 126, 158 The Myth of the French Revolution (Cobban), 55 Index New Left movement, Marcuse as inspiration for, 141-42 New Left Review, 272-73 Newsinger, John, 22, 24n29, 24n49 Nicholas II (Tsar), xxii Nietzsche, Friedrich, xiv, 62, 87nl 11 Nikolaev, Leonid, 287 Nin, Andrés, 215 Nineteen Eighty-Four (Orwell), 12, 14, 19-22; leftist themes in, 24n49; literary influences on, 20; socialism themes in, 21; totalitarian themes in, 19, 21 Nisbet, Robert, 29 Nizan, Paul, 172-74, 252 Nolte, Ernst, xxiii, 60-68, 87nl 11, 88nll7; Heidegger and, 60-61; on Hitler, 62, 65; Three Faces of Fascism, 61-63, 86nl05 Non-Aggression Pact, 296, 299-302 “non-subversive” Jews, 3 Noske, Guslav, 214 nouveaux philosophes, 57-59 Le Nouvel Observateur, 58 Novack, George, 95 Novy Mir, 46 Nyers, Rezsö, 149 Nagy, Imre, 148 Napoleon III (Emperor): Hugo on, xxii; Stalin compared to, 233-34 nationalism: internationalism as replacement of, 306; in Soviet Union, 304-08; utopianism and, 304-5 National Socialist Party, in Germany, 5, 61-68; race doctrine of, 62 Nazi Germany: dictatorships in, 31; Nazi-Soviet Pact, 29, 119, 127, 298-302; Non-Aggression Pact with Soviet Union, 296, 299-302 October Revolution, 33, 99; Pipes on, Operation Barbarossa, 5, 68, 136, 72;
Stalinism and, xii 301-2; racial genocide in, 64; Office for Strategic Services (OSS), 139 totalitarianism in, 28-30, 34—36; as The Old Regime and the French totalitarian state, 28-29. See also Revolution (Tocqueville), 59 Third Reich Olivier, Albert, 174 Nazism, 28-29; Arendt on, 31 One Day in the Life ofIvan Denisovich Nazi-Soviet Pact, 29, 119, 127; Brecht (Solzhenitsyn), 46 critique of, 135-36; Losurdo on, The One-Dimensional Man 298-302; Sartre critique of, 173 (Marcuse), 139, 141 necessity. See historical necessity One-Way Street (Benjamin), xi Neher, Carola, 131 On Revolution (Arendt), 40 NEP. See New Economic Policy On the Process of Democratization Neumann, Franz, 29 (Lukacs), 149-50 New Economic Policy (NEP), 33-34, The Open Society and Its Enemies 156,216-17 (Popper), 32 The New Economics Operation Barbarossa, 5, 68, 136, 301-2 (Preobrazhensky), 222
Index Oppositional Bolsheviks, 70, 224 oppositional Marxism: Serge and, 28; Souvarine and, 28; Trotsky and, 28 The Origin of German Tragic Drama (Benjamin), xi-xii Origins of the Great Purges (Getty), 38 The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy (Talmon), 40 Origins of Totalitarianism (Arendt), 30-32, 40 Origins on the Doctrine of Fascism (Gentile), 28 Orwell, George, xxiii; Animal Farm, 16-18; antiwar position of, 16; Burnham and, 18-19; on communism, 13, 22; Conquest and, 69; criticism of Partido Obero de Unification Marxista, 15; Hess and, 23n20; Homage to Catalonia, 14; in Independent Labour Party, 12; Inside the Whale, 23n22; Koestler and, 17, 19-20,100; “The Lion and the Unicorn,” 16; “My Country Right or Left,” 16; naming of suspected communists, 20; Newsinger on, 22, 24n29, 24n49; Nineteen Eighty-Four, 12, 14, 19-22, 24n49; on Republicanism in Spain, 13; The Road to Wigan Pier, 11, 13-15; romanticism of, 12; on Stalinism, 11-22; on totalitarianism, 16-22; on Trotsky, 23n20. See also Big Brother concept Orwell ’s Politics (Newsinger), 24n29 OSS. See Office for Strategic Services Our Political Tasks (Trotsky), 207 Pablo, Michel, 271-72 Paget, Mamaine, 103 Palmer, Bryan, 198nl83 Panin, Dmitri, 45 Papon, Maurice, 77 Pareto, Vilfredo, 28 Paris Communes (of 1793-1794, of 1871), 212 351 Parker, Stephen, 130 Partido Obero de Unification Marxista (POUM), 13-15, 97; Orwell criticism of, 15; Serge support of, 253 Partisan Review, 259-60 Parvus, Alexander, 6 The Passing of an Illusion (Furet), 59 Pasternak, Boris, 252 Patri, Aimé, 172 patriotism, in Soviet Union, 304-8 Paulhan,
Jean, 174 Paz, Magdeleine, 251 PCE. See Spanish Communist Party PCF. See French Communist Party PCI. See Italian Communist Party Pearce, Brian, 161 People’s Democracies, 269-70 permanent revolution theory, 158 The Persistence of the Old Regime (Mayer), 87nl 11 Peterson, Jordan, 83n74 The Phenomenology of Spirit (Hegel), xv Pipes, Richard, xxiii, 7, 72-74; on October Revolution, 72 Plamenatz, John, 40 Plato, 32 Plekhanov, Georgi, 206-7 Poland, 123; Communist Party of Poland, 262, 291 Polish October of 1956, 52 Political Messianism (Talmon), 82n52 Pollock, Friedrich, 118 Pol Pot, 78 Popper, Karl, 32 The Possessed (Dostoevsky), 74 POUM. See Partido Obero de Unification Marxista Prague Spring, 149, 163, 169, 187 Preobrazhensky, Evgeny, 222, 262 The Prison Notebooks (Gramsci), 150, 155, 157-59, 215 proletarian Jacobinism, 205-18; Bolshevism and, 207-8; Communist International and, 215; Lenin
352 on, 217-18, 240nl2; Luxemburg and, 212-14; Mensheviks and, 208-10, 212; Stalin and, 236-37; Trotsky and, 210 Proletarian Science? The Case of Lysenko (Lecourt), 169 The Prophet Armed (Deutscher), 267 The Prophet Outcast (Deutscher), 267 The Prophet Unarmed (Deutscher), 267 Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 2 Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, xii-xiii Rabinowitch, Alexander, 39 racial anti-Semitism, 8 Radek, Karl, 95, 262, 294 Radical Enlightenment, 41, 43 radicalism, xxi Rakovsky, Christian, 228-29, 245n75, 262 Ramsay, Harvie, 200n201 Rancière, Jacques, 167, 170 Rappoport, Yakov, 6 rationalism, during the Enlightenment, xxiii Ravazzoli, Paolo, 154 Reagan, Ronald, 68 realism, of Stalin, 157-58, 219-20, 300. See also historical realism Reason and Revolution (Marcuse), 139, 192n87 The Rebel (Camus), 104, 114n31 Red Army, 44, 67, 177-78, 211-13, 224, 260, 269 Red Star, 306-7 Red Terror, 211 Republicanism, in Spain, 13 Rêvai, Jözsef, 147 revolutionary romanticism, 147 The Revolution Betrayed (Trotsky), xv, xxiii-xxiv, 28, 79n3, 229, 234-35, 237-38 Richet, Denis, 55 Ridgway, Matthew, 178 Ridgway Riots, 178 Rigaudias, Louis, 174 Index Rights of Man, 43 The Road to Serfdom (Hayek), 3233,80nnl7-18 The Road to Wigan Pier (Orwell), 11, 13-15 Robert, Jan, 122-23 Roberts, Geoffrey, 300, 303 Robespierre, Maximilien, xiii, 41 -42, 59. See also Jacobinism Rogovin, Vadim, 289, 291 Rolland, Romain, 252 Rosenberg, William G., 39 Rosmer, Alfred, 223-24 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: as intellectual source of totalitarianism, 29; Jacobinism and, 41-42; Social Contract, 41 Rousset, David, 174, 176-77 Rudas,
Lâszlô, 147 Russell, Bertrand, 187 Russell Tribunal, 187 Russia: Black Hundreds in, 2, 8; Bolshevism in, xxi; bourgeois revolution in, 208-9; Jewish contagion fears in, 2; Liberation Army in, 6; October Revolution, xii, 33, 72, 99; Stalinism in, xxi; totalitarianism in, 30, 34, 36; White Armies in, 6. See also Bolshevism; communism; Stalinism Russian Civil War, 2-3 Russian Revolution, 185; Bolshevik’s role in, 33; chauvinism of, 217; despotism at end of, xxi; Five-Year Plans after, 37; French Revolution as model for, 215-16, 231; Jacobinism and, 55; Jewish role in, 5; Lukacs and, 142; Sartre as skeptic of, 172; Serge on, 250. See also Bolsheviks; Bolshevism The Russian Revolution (Luxemburg), 212-13 The Russian Revolution (Pipes), 72
Index Saccarelli, Emanuele, 158-59, 197nl56, 197nl66 Sakharov, Andrei, 48 salus populi suprema lex, 206 Salvemini, Gaëtano, 252 Samuel, Raphael, 161 Sartre, Jean-Paul, xxiii, 115n58; Beauvoir and, 172-78, 181; Being and Nothingness, 181; on colonialism, 183; The Communists and the Peace, 178-80; Congress of Cultural Freedom and, 105; critique of Algerian War, 183, 186; Critique of Dialectical Reason, 172, 184; Dirty Hands, 181-82; existentialism and, 174-75, 186; in French Army, 174; French Communist Party and, 172, 175-76, 179-80; The Ghost of Stalin, 182-83; on Maoism, 203n285; Merleau-Ponty and, 176-77; on Moscow Trials, 172-73; on Nazi-Soviet Pact, 173; on proletariat class, 179; rejection of Marxism, 187-88; The Search for a Method, 183-84; skepticism of Russian Revolution, 172; on Stalin, 172, 184-86; support of Third World revolutions, 187; Le Temps Modernes, 174-75; on Vietnam War, 187; The Wall, 102; Western Marxism and, 171-88; What is Literature?, 180 Sayer, Derek, 200n201 Shachtman, Max, 249-50, 263, 26667, 278n55 Schapiro, Leonard, 40, 80nl9 Schapiro, Meyer, 257 Scholem, Gershom, xiv scissor crisis, 220 The Search for a Method (Sartre), 183-84 Second Empire, under Bonaparte, xii Secret Speech, of Khrushchev, 122-23, 137, 148, 165, 247nll8; critiques of, 285; Losurdo on, 284-86 353 SED. See Socialist Unity Party Sedgewick, Peter, 261 Sedov, Lev, 252, 275n23 Sedov, Natalia, 252 Serge, Victor, xxiv, 47-48, 174, 196nl36, 226, 240nl2, 249-62; arrest of, 250-51; in Belgium, 25253; Birth of Our Power, 251; The Case of Comrade Tulayev, 258-59, 288; Conquered City, 251;
Destiny of a Revolution, 253; Gaullism and, 261; Gramsci and, 250; International Congress of Writers for the Defense, 252; From Lenin to Stalin, 252; The Life and Death ofLeon Trotsky, 257; Lukacs and, 250; Men in Prison, 251; Midnight in the Century, 251, 274n6; as oppositional Marxist, 28; Partido Obero de Unification Marxista and, 253; political exile of, 257-58; rejection of Marxism, 256; support for Russian Revolution, 250; Their Morals and Ours, 254-56; Year One of the Russian Revolution, 251 ; Year Two of the Russian Revolution, 274n4 Shalamov, Varlam, 48 Shatz, Adam, 77 Shultz, George, 69 Silone, Ignazio, 104-5 Silver, Brian, 70 Singer, Daniel, 77, 85n89, 262 Sinyavsky, Andrei, 48 Smith, Andrew, 49 Snyder, Timothy, 91nl66 Soboul, Albert, 55-57 Social Contract (Rousseau), 41 social democracy, Jacobinism and, 240nl2 Social Democratic Party (Germany), 138 The Social Interpretation of the French Revolution (Cobban), 55 socialism: Bukharin and, 246nl08; in Germany, 5, 61-68; as global theory,
354 236; in Nineteen Eighty-Four, 21; Stalin and, 219; Thermidor concept in, 235; Trotsky on, 220 Socialisme et Liberté group, 174 Socialist Party of America, 277n38 socialist realism, 131 Socialist Register, 54 Socialist Unity Party (SED), 136-37 Socialist Workers Party (SWP), 249 Solow, Herbert, 257 Solts, Aron, 6 “The Solution” (Brecht), 137 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, xxiii, 83n68; anti-Semitism of, 6-8; The Cancer Ward, 46; Counter-Enlightenment Project and, 52; as critic of communism, 48-49; The First Circle, 47; The Gulag Archipelago, 6, 44, 47, 50-51, 57-58, 83n74; as Marxist, 45-46; One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, 46; political exile of, 46; in Red Army, 44; religious faith for, 45; on Trotsky, 7; Two Hundred Years Together, 7 Sorge, Richard, 302 Souvarine, Boris, 28, 79n3, 251, 276n26 Soviet Marxism (Marcuse), 140 The Soviet Tragedy (Malia), 74-75 Soviet Union (USSR): academic studies on, 34; anti-Semitism in, 189nl3; Cultural Revolution in, 37-38; de-Stalinization of, 140; dictatorships in, 31; as dysfunctional bureaucracy, 39; as “Evil Empire,” 68; First Congress of Soviets, 209; industrialization in, 236-37; nationalism in, 304-8; Nazi-Soviet Pact, 29, 119, 127, 298-302; Non Aggression Pact with Nazi Germany, 296, 299-302; socialist realism as orthodoxy in, 131. See also Russia; specific countries; specific topics Spain: Civil War in, 96, 160, 173; Franco in, 51; Parti do Obero de Unificaciön Marxista, 13-15; Index Republicanism, 13; Spanish Communist Party, 13 Spanish Civil War, 96, 160, 173 Spanish Communist Party (PCE), 13 The Spanish Testament
(Koestler), 97, 102 Spartacist League, 3 Spartacus (film), 113nl8 Spartacus, as literary symbol, 97-100, 113nl3 Spender, Stephen, 104 Spinoza, Baruch, xii, 95, 282 The Spirit of Utopia (Bloch), 121 spiritual anti-Semitism, 8 Stalin (Deutscher), 264—65 Stalin (Losurdo), 283 Stalin (Trotsky), 238, 246nll5 Stalin, Josef, 78; Brecht on, 130; Bukharin and, 95, 221; collectivation campaign, 70; Dialectical and Historical Materialism, 160; as evil, xiii; Foundations of Leninism, 246nl08; Luxemburg compared to, 147-48; military leadership of, 303-4; proletarian Jacobinism and, 236-37; realism of, 157-58, 219-20; socialism and, 219; Soviet nationalism under, 304-8. See also totalitarianism Stalinism: alternative to, 216-23; Arendt on, 31; Bolshevism as foundation of, 35, 205; Brecht and, 137-38; as demonic and evil, xii, xiv; Deutscher as defender of, 265; Horkheimer on, 119; Left Opposition and, xv; Leninism and, 36; Merleau-Ponty on, 109; October Revolution and, xii; origins of, 253-54; Orwell on, 11-22; purges as feature of, 15; in Russia, xxi; Trotsky analysis of, 238-39. See also anti-Stalinist movements; “bolt from the blue” approach; de-Stalinization campaigns; historical necessity approach; Thermidor concept
Index Stalin ’s Peasants (Fitzpatrick), 38 State Capitalism or Totalitarian State Economy (Hilferding), 28 Ste. Croix, Geoffrey de, 161 Striker, Eva, 97 “subversive” Jews, 2-5, 8n4 Suny, Ronald Grigor, 35, 39 SWP. See Socialist Workers Party Tailism and the Dialectic (Lukacs), 143 Talmon, Jacob, xxiii, 40-42, 82n52 Le Temps Modernes, 174-75 Terracini, Umberto, 154 Terrorism and Communism (Trotsky), 211 Thatcher, Margaret, 69 Their Morals and Ours (Serge), 254-56 Thermidor concept, of Stalinism, 194nl07, 223-28; anti-Semitism and, 226; Bolshevik Party and, 217; Bonapartism and, 231-32; Hegel and, 143-44; Left Opposition and, 224, 233; Lukacs and, 142, 144; Oppositional Bolsheviks, 224; socialism and, 235; Trotsky and, 229-39, 265-66 Theses on the Philosophy of History (Benjamin), 127 Third Reich: Auschwitz and, 64-65; defeat of, 29; as totalitarian state, 64. See also Nazi Germany Thirty Years After the Russian Revolution, 261-62 Thompson, Edward P., 54, 161 Thorez, Maurice, 171 Three Faces of Fascism (Nolte), 61-63, 86nl05 Threepenny Opera (Brecht), 128 Thurston, Robert, 39 Tito, Josef, 260 Tkachev, Pyotr, 40, 205 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 59 Togliatti, Palmiro, 151-55 totalitarian democrats, 41 355 Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (Brzezinski and Friedrich), 31-32 The Totalitarian Enemy (Borkenau), 16 totalitarianism: in Animal Farm, 16-18; anti-Jacobinism and, 39-43; anti-Semitism and, 30; Arendt on, 30-32, 86nl01; Big Brother concept and, 16-22; Bolshevik Revolution and, 53-54; “bolt from the blue” approach to, 27-34; communism and, 32-33; conceptual approach to,
27-34; as conceptual term, 27-28; Counter-Enlightenment Project and, 27-34; Dialectic of Saturn and, 41, 43; failure as theory, 27; Gramsci on, 155; imperialism and, 30; main features of, 32; mass politics and, 30; Mussolini and, 27-28; in Nazi Germany, 28-30, 34-36; in Nineteen Eighty-Four, 19, 21; Orwell on, 16-22; revisionist approaches to, 34-39; Rousseau as intellectual source of, 29; in Russia, 30, 34, 36. See also anti-totalitarian movement “To those born after” (Brecht), 132-33 Transitional Program, xvinl2 Traverso, Enzo, 67, 89nl29, 189nl6 Tress, Pietro, 154 Tretiakov, Sergei, 130 The Trojan Horse (Nizan), 172 Trotsky, Leon, 78, 244n66; alternative to Stalinism, 216-23; anti Stalinism of, 122; Bloch on, 122; Brecht on, 130, 134-35; Bulletin of the Opposition, 263, 292; on collectivism, 221-22; conception of morality, 255; expulsion from Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 227; Gramsci and, 150-53, 159; historical materialism and, xv; History of the Russian Revolution, 126; Literature and Revolution, 151; Menshevism and, 207; MerleauPonty and, 109, 115n51 ; My Life, 126, 158; as oppositional Marxist,
356 Index 28; Orwell on, 23n20; Our Political Tasks, 207; in The Prison Notebooks, 158; proletarian Jacobinism and, 210; Red Army, 44, 67, 177-78, 211-13, 224, 260, 269; The Revolution Betrayed, xv, xxiii-xxiv, 28, 79n3, 229, 234—35, 237-38; on socialism, 220; Solzhenitsyn on, 7; Stalin, 238, 246nll5; Stalinism analysis by, 238-39; Terrorism and Communism, 211; Thermidor concept and, 229-39, 265-66; on Transitional Program, xvinl2; Where is England Going?, 124 Trotskyism, 48-49 Trotskyist Opposition, 156-57 Trumbo, Dalton, 113nl8 Tsarist Russia. See Russia Tucker, Robert, 34-36 Tukhachevsky, Mikhail, 291-97 Tukhachevsky Affair, 291-97 Tvardovsky, Aleksandr, 46 Two Hundred Years Together (Solzhenitsyn), 7 Two Kinds ofDoom (Hilgruber), 65 Ukraine, famine in, 70-71, 78 Ukrainian Resurgent Army (UPA), 9nl8 Ulam, Adam, 7, 33, 40 Under the Bolshevik Regime (Pipes), 72 Under Two Dictators (BuberNeumann), 48 The Unfinished Revolution (Deutscher), 271 United States (U.S.): Central Intelligence Agency, 30, 104-5; House Un-American Activities Commission, 136; Marcuse exile in, 138-39; Office for Strategic Services, 139; response to communism, 30; Socialist Party of America, 277n38; Socialist Workers Party in, 249 universalist Bolshevism, 4 UPA. See Ukrainian Resurgent Army Urbahns, Hugo, 230 U.S. See United States USSR. See Soviet Union utopianism: abstract, 144; nationalism and, 304-5 Vakulich, Pavel, 294 Vergniaud, Pierre Victurnien, xiii Victor, Pierre, 167 Vietnam War, 187 Vitkevic, Nikolai, 44 Vlasov, Andrey, 6 Vlassov movement, 9nl8 voluntarism, xiv Voronyanskaya, Elizaveta, 47
Walecki, Henryk, 263 The Wall (Sartre), 102 Warburg, Max, 191n58 Warsaw Pact, 187; Hungary withdrawal from, 123, 148 Warski, Adolf, 263 We (Zamyatin), 20 Weil, Hermann, 118 Weissman, Suzi, 259, 261 Weitling, Wilhelm, xiii Werth, Léon, 251 Werth, Nicolas, 78 Western Marxism: Adorno and, 117-20; Althusser and, 164-71; Benjamin and, 123-28; Blochand, 121-23; Brecht and, 124, 128-38; Frankfurt School and, 117; Gramsci and, 15059; historical development of, 117; Hobsbawm and, 159-64; Horkheimer and, 117-20; Lukâcs and, 142-50; Marcuse and, 138—42; MerleauPonty and, 117; Sartre and, 171-88 What is Literature? (Sartre), 180 What is to be Done (Lenin), 33 Wheatcroft, Stephen, 70-71 Where is England Going? (Trotsky), 124 White Armies, in Russia, 6 White Terror, 211
Index Why the Heavens Did Not Darken (Mayer), 68 Wiesel, Elie, 7 Willikens, Werner, 66 Witness (Chambers), 74 Wittfogel, Karl, 189n23 Wolfe, Bernard, 202n256 Workers’ World Party, 272 “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction” (Benjamin), 125 Wretched of the Earth (Fanon), 186-87 Wright, Richard, 104 Yagoda, Genrikh, 6 Year One of the Russian Revolution (Serge), 251 357 Year Two of the Russian Revolution (Serge), 274n4 Yegorov, Aleksandr, 296 Yeltsin, Boris, 280n80 The Yogi and the Commissar (Koestler), 101-2 The Young Hegel (Lukâcs), 145—46 Yugoslav Communist Party, 291 Zalutskii, Petr, 225 Zamyatin, Yevgeny, 20 Zhdanov, Andrei, 164,175 Zinoviev, Grigory, 143, 217, 225; expulsion from Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 227 Zizek, Slavoj, 132, 194nl07
|
| adam_txt |
Contents ix Foreword Acknowledgments xvii Saturn and His Children xix Chapter One: Stalinism as a Bolt from the Blue: The Jewish-Bolshevik Contagion 1 Chapter Two: Stalinism as a Bolt from the Blue: Big Brother 11 Chapter Three: Stalinism as a Bolt From the Blue: The Counter Enlightenment Project 27 Chapter Four: Stalinism as Historical Necessity: Rubashov and Terror 93 Chapter Five: Stalinism as Historical Necessity: The Ambiguities of Western Marxism 117 Chapter Six: From Proletarian Jacobinism to Stalinist Thermidor 205 Chapter Seven: Stalinism as Thermidor: Western Retreat and Eastern Reconciliation 249 Chapter Eight: Escaping Fate 281 Appendix: Domenico Losurdo: A Critical Assessment of Stalin: The History and Critique of a Black Legend 283 Bibliography 313 Index 339 About the Author 359 vii
Bibliography Adamczak, Bini. Yesterday's Tomorrow: On the Loneliness of Communist Specters and the Reconstruction of the Future. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2021. Adorno, Theodor W. Dream Notes. Cambridge: Polity, 2007. -------- . Minima Moralia: Reflections on a Damaged Life. New York: Verso, 2005. Adorno, Theodor W., and Max Horkheimer. The Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002. --------- . “Towards a New Manifesto.” New Left Review 65 (September-October 2010): 33-61. Adorno, Theodor W., and Walter Benjamin. The Complete Correspondence, 19281940. Translated by Nicholas Walker. Cambridge and Oxford, 1999. Ali, Tariq. The Dilemmas of Lenin: Terrorism, War, Empire, Love, Revolution. New York: Verso, 2017. --------- . Revolution from Above: Where Is the Soviet Union Going? London, Hutchinson, 1988. ----------. Winston Churchill: His Times, His Crimes. New York: Verso Books, 2022. Althusser, Louis. “Althusser in 1966: Cultural Revolution, Party, State and Conjuncture.” Kasama Project, April 19, 2010. https://mikeely.wordpress.com /2010/04/19/althusser-on-the-cultural-revolution/. ----------. Essays in Self-Criticism. London: New Left Books, 1976. ----------. For Marx. New York: Verso, 2005. ---------- . The Future Lasts Forever: A Memoir. New York: New Press, 1993. ----------. On the Reproduction of Capitalism. New York: Verso Books, 2014. ---------- . “On the Twenty-Second Congress of the French Communist Party.” New Left Review 104 (July-August 1977): 3-22. ---------- . Philosophy and the Spontaneous Philosophy of the
Scientists. New York: Verso, 2012. ---------- . “What Must Change in the Party.” New Left Review 109 (May-June 1978): 19—45. Amis, Martin. Koba the Dread: Laughter and the Twenty Million. New York: Vintage, 2002. Anderson, Barbara A., and Brian D. Silver. “Demographic Analysis and Population Catastrophes in the USSR.” Slavic Review 44, no. 3 (Autumn 1985): 517-36. 313
314 Bibliography Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life. New York: Grove Press, 1997. Anderson, Perry. The Antinomies ofAntonio Gramsci. New York: Verso, 2020. --------- . Arguments Within English Marxism. New York: Verso, 1980. --------- . Considerations on Western Marxism. New York: Verso, 1976. --------- . In Tracks ofHistorical Materialism. New York: Verso, 1984. --------- . “Trotsky’s Interpretation of Stalinism” in The Stalinist Legacy. Edited by Tariq Ali. Chicago: Haymarket, 2013. Andrew, Christopher, and Vasili Mitrokin. The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. New York: Basic Books, 1999. Anievas, Alexander, ed. Cataclysm 1914: The First World War and the Making of Modern World Politics. Boston: Brill, 2015. Arendt, Hannah. On Revolution. New York: Penguin, 1990. -------- . The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt, 1976. Aronson, Ronald. Camus and Sartre: The Story of a Friendship and the Quarrel that Ended It. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. --------- . “Sartre and the Dialectic: The Purposes of Critique II.” Yale French Studies (1985): 85-107. Aschheim, Steven E. The Nietzsche Legacy in Germany, 1890-1990. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. Augstein, Rudolf, ed. Die Dokumentation der Kontroverse um die Einzigartigkeit der nationalsozialistische Judenvernichtung. Munich: Piper, 1987. Avrich, Paul. Kronstadt 1921. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970. Badiou, Alain. Metapolitics. New York: Verso, 2005. Balibar, Étienne. On the Dictatorship of the Proletariat. London:
Verso, 1977. Banac, Ivo. With Stalin against Tito: Cominformist Splits in Yugoslav Communism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988. Baron, Samuel H. Plekhanov: The Father of Russian Marxism. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1963. Bartov, Omer. Hitler’s Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and the War in the Third Reich. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. Beauvoir, Simone de. Adieux: A Farewell to Sartre. New York: Pantheon, 1985. --------- . Force of Circumstance Volume I: After the War. New York: Harper Row, 1977. --------- . Letters to Sartre. New York: Little, Brown, 1990. --------- . The Mandarins. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1999. --------- . Political Writings. Edited by Margaret A. Simons and Marybeth Timmerman. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2021. --------- . The Prime of Life. New York: Penguin, 1965. Benjamin, Walter. The Correspondence of Walter Benjamin 1910-1940. Edited by Gershom Scholem and Theodor W. Adorno. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994. --------- . Moscow Diary. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986.
Bibliography 315 -------- . Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, Volume 1: 1913-1926. Edited by Marcus Bullock and Michael W. Jennings. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996. ---------. Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, Volume 2: Part 1:1927-1930. Edited by Michael W. Jennings, Howard Eiland, and Gary Smith. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999a. --------. Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, Volume 2: Part 2: 7937-7934. Edited by Michael W. Jennings, Howard Eiland, and Gary Smith. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999b. --------- . Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, 3: 1935-1938. Edited by Marcus Bullock, Howard Eiland, and Gary Smith. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002. -------- . Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, 4: 1938-1940. Edited by Marcus Bullock, Howard Eiland, and Gary Smith. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003. --------- . “1940 Survey of French Literature.” New Left Review 51 (May-June 2008): 31-45. --------- . “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction,” Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/ge /benjamin.htm. Bergman, Jay. The French Revolutionary Tradition in Russian and Soviet Politics, Political Thought, and Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019. --------- . “The Perils of Historical Analogy: Leon Trotsky on the French Revolution.” Journal of the History of Ideas 48, no. 1 (January-March 1987): 73-98. Bettelheim, Charles. Class Struggles in the USSR: The First Period 1917-1923. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1976. Birchall, Ian. “Neither
Washington nor Moscow? The ri se and fall ofthe Rassemblement Démocratique Révolutionnaire.” Journal ofEuropean Studies 29, no. 4 (December 1999): 365-404. --------- . Sartre Against Stalinism. New York: Berghahn Books, 2004. --------- . “Sartre’s Encounter with Daniel Guérin.” Sartre Studies International 2, no. 1 (1996): 41-56. ----------. “Sartre and Gauchisme.” European Studies 19, no. 1 (March 1989): 21-53. ----------. The Spectre ofBabeuf. London: Palgrave, 1997. Blackledge, Paul. Perry Anderson, Marxism and the New Left. London: Merlin, 2004. Blackstock, Paul W. “The Tukhachevsky Affair.” Russian Review 28, no. 2 (April 1969): 171-90. Bloch, Ernst. “A Jubilee for Renegades.” New German Critique 4 (Winter 1975): 17-25. ---------- . On Karl Marx. New York: Verso, 2018. ---------- . The Spirit of Utopia. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000. Bloch, Ernst, Georg Lukacs, Bertolt Brecht, Walter Benjamin and Theodor Adorno. Aesthetics and Politics. London: New Left Books, 1977. Bloch, Robert Jan, and Caspers Rubin. “How Can We Understand the Bends in the Upright Gait?” New German Critique 45 (Autumn 1988): 3-39.
316 Bibliography Borkenau, Franz. Modern Sociologists: Pareto. London: Chapman Hall, 1936. Brecht, Brecht. Bertolt Brecht Letters 1913-1956. Edited by John Willett. New York: Routledge, 1990. --------- . Brecht on Art and Politics. Edited by Tom Kuhn and Steve Giles. New York: Methuen, 2003. --------- . Bertolt Brecht ’s Me-ti Book of Interventions in the Flow of Things. New York: Bloomsbury, 2016. --------- . The Collected Poems of Bertolt Brecht. Edited by David Constantine. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 2019. --------- . Galileo. New York: Grove Press, 1966. --------- . Journals 1934-1955. New York: Routledge, 1996. Bronner, Stephen Eric, and Douglas MacKay Kellner, eds. Critical Theory and Society: A Reader. New York: Routledge, 1989. Broué, Pierre. “Trotsky and the French Revolution.” Cahiers Leon Trotsky 30, June 1987. https://www.marxists.org/archive/broue/1987/Trotsky%20and%20French %20Revolution. pdf. Brown, Michael E., Randy Martin, Frank Rosengarten, and George Snedeker, eds. New Studies in the Politics and Culture of US Communism. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1993. Brunner, José. “From Rousseau to Totalitarian Democracy: The French Revolution in J. L. Talmon’s Historiography.” History and Memory 3, no. 1 (Spring 1991): 60-85. Brunstedt, Jonathan. The Soviet Myth of World War II: Patriotic Memory and the Russian Question in the USSR. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. Brzezinski, Zbigniew. The Permanent Purge: Politics in Soviet Totalitarianism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956. Buchner, Georg. Danton’s Death, Leonce and Lena, and
Woyzeck. Translated by Victor Price. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Bukharin, Nikolai. N. I. Bukharin: Selected Writings on the State and the Transition to Socialism. Edited by Richard Day. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 1982. Burke, Edmund. The Philosophy of Edmund Burke: A Selection from His Speeches and Writings. Edited by L. I. Bredvold and R. G. Ross. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1960. --------- . Reflections on the Revolution in France. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1955. --------- . “Selections from the Speeches and Writings of Edmund Burke,” Gutenberg. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3286/3286-h/3286-h.htm. Burnham, James. The Machiavellians: Defenders of Freedom. New York: John Day Company, Inc., 1943. --------- . The Managerial Revolution or What Is Happening in the World Right Now. London: Putnam and Company Limited, 1944. Bush, George W. “Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom.” American Presidency Project, November 9,2005. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu /documents/remarks-presenting-the-presidential-medal-freedom-9.
Bibliography 317 Callinicos, Alex. “Bourgeois Revolutions and Historical Materialism.” International Socialism, www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/callinicos/1989/xx/bourrev.html . -------- . Trotskyism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990. Camus, Albert. Notebooks 1942-1951. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965. -------- . The Rebel. New York: Vintage Books, 1991. Cannon, James P. “Trotsky or Deutscher? On the New Revisionism and Its Theoretical Source.” Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/ cannon/works/1954/tord.htm. Carley, Michael Jabara. 1939: The Alliance That Never Was and the Coming of World War II. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1999. Can, E. H. Foundations ofa Planned Economy 1926-1929: Volume III-II. New York: Macmillan, 1976. -------- . A History of Soviet Russia: The Interregnum 1923-1924. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin: 1969. -------- . The Russian Revolution from Lenin to Stalin 1917-1929. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1979. -------- . Socialism in One Country 1924-1926 Volume II. London: Macmillan, 1959. Caute, David. Communism and the French Intellectuals 1914-1960. New York: Macmillan Company, 1964. -------- . Isaac and Isaiah: The Covert Punishment of a Cold War Heretic. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013. -------- . The Year of the Barricades: A Journey Through 1968. New York: Harper Row, 1988. Chamberlin, William Henry. The Russian Revolution 1917-1921: Volume One. London: Macmillan and Co., Limited, 1935. Chambers, Whittaker. Witness. Washington DC: Regnery, 1980. Chase, William. Enemies within the Gates? The Comintern
and the Stalinist Repression, 1934-1939. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001. Chattopadhyay, Kunal. The Marxism of Leon Trotsky. Kolkata: Progress Publishers, 2006. Chen, Anna. “George Orwell: a literary Trotskyist?” Marxists Internet Archive, https: //www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/isj2/1999/isj2-085/chen.htm. Chernyaev, Anatoly. My Six Years with Gorbachev. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000. Chomsky, Noam. New Mandarins and American Power. New York: Pantheon Books, 1969. Christofferson, Michael Scott. “An Antitotalitarian History of the French Revolution: François Furet’s ‘Penserla Révolution française’ in the Intellectual Politics of the Late 1970s.” French Historical Studies 22, no. 4 (Autumn 1999): 557-611. Churchill, Winston. Churchill by Himself: The Definitive Collection of Quotations. Edited by Richard M. Langworth. New York: Public Affairs, 2008. --------- . The Gathering Storm. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1985. --------- . Step by Step, 1936-1939. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1939. --------- . Their Finest Hour. New York: RosettaBooks, 2002.
318 Bibliography Claussen, Detlev. Theodor W. Adorno: One Last Genius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008. Cliff, Tony. Building the Party: Lenin 1893-1914. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2002. --------- . “The End of the Road: Deutscher’s Capitulation to Stalinism.” Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/cliff7works/1963/xx/deutscher .htm. --------- . State Capitalism in Russia. London: Pluto Press, 1974. Cobban, Alfred. Aspects of the French Revolution. London: Paladin, 1971. --------- . The Social Interpretation of the French Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968. Cohen, Stephen F. Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography 1888-1938. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980. --------- . Rethinking the Soviet Experience: Politics and History Since 1917. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985. Conquest, Robert. The Great Terror. London: Pimlico, 2008. --------- . The Great Terror: A Reassessment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. --------- . The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. --------- . “Kingsley Amis and ‘The Great Terror.’” New York Review of Books April 12, 2007. https://nybooks.com/articles/2007/04/12/kingsley-amis-and-the-great -terror/. --------- . Reflections on a Ravaged Century. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 2000. --------- . Tyrants and Typewriters: Communiqués from the Struggle for Truth. Lexington: Lexington Books, 1989. Cooper, Barry. Merleau-Ponty and Marxism: from terror to reform. Toronto: University of Toronto Press,
1979. Copion, Jeff. “In Search of a Soviet Holocaust.” The Village Voice. January 12, 1988. https://www.villagevoice.com/2020/ll/21/in-search-of-a-soviet-holocaust/. Cornforth, Maurice ed., Rebels and Their Causes: Essays in Honour ofA.L. Morton. London: Lawrence Wishart, 1978. Corrigan, Philip, Harvie Ramsay, and Derek Sayer. For Mao: Essays in Historical Materialism. London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1979. --------- . Socialist Construction and Marxist Theory: Bolshevism and Its Critique. London: MacMillan Press Ltd, 1978. Cotterill, David, ed. The Serge—Trotsky Papers. London: Pluto Press, 1994. Courtois, Stéphane, ed. The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. Crossman, Richard, ed. The God that Failed. New York: Harper Row, 1963. Daniels, Robert V. Conscience of the Revolution: Communist Opposition in Soviet Russia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960. Davidson, Alistair. Antonio Gramsci: An Intellectual Biography. Boston: Brill, 2017. Davidson, Neil. Holding Fast to an Image of the Past: Explorations in the Marxist Tradition. Chicago: Haymarket, 2017. . How Revolutionary Were the Bourgeois Revolutions? Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2012.
Bibliography 319 Davies, R. W., Mark Harrison, and S. G. Wheatcroft, ed. Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913-1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Davies R. W., and Stephen G. Wheatcroft. The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931-1933. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Day, Richard B. Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1973. -------- . “Leon Trotsky on the problems of the smychka and forced collectivization.” Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory 13, no. 1 (1982): 59-60. Day, Richard, and Daniel Gaido, eds. Witnesses to Permanent Revolution: The Documentary Record. Boston: Brill, 2009. Degras, Jane, ed. The Communist International 1919-1943—Volume 111: 1929-1943. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965. de Maistre, Joseph. Considerations on France. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Deutscher, Isaac. “Deutscher on the Chinese ‘Cultural Revolution.’” Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/deutscher/1966/china.htm. -------- . The Great Purges. New York: Basil Blackwater Publisher, 1984a. -------- . Heretics and Renegades. New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1969. -------- . Ironies of History: Essays on Contemporary Communism. Berkeley: Ramparts Press, 1971a. ---------. Marxism in Our Time. Berkeley: Ramparts Press, 1971b. ---------. Marxism, Wars and Revolutions: Essays from Four Decades. London: Verso, 1984b. --------- . The Non-.Jewish Jew and Other Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968. --------- . Russia after Stalin. London: Hamish
Hamilton, 1953. --------- . Russia, China and the West: A Contemporary Chronicle, 1953-1966. Edited by Fred Halliday. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970. --------- . Russia in Transition. New York: Grove Press, 1960. --------- . Stalin: A Political Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966. ---------. The Prophet Armed: Trotsky 18 79-1921. New York: Verso, 2003a. --------- . The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky 1921-1929. New York: Verso, 2003b. --------- . The Prophet Outcast: Trotsky 1929—1940. New York: Verso, 2003c. --------- . The Unfinished Revolution: Russia 1917-1967. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967. Dimitrov, George. The Fascist Offensive and the Unity of the Working Class. Paris: Foreign Languages Press, 2020. Djilas, Milovan. Conversations with Stalin. New York: Penguin Books, 1967. Duke, David. The Secret Behind Communism. Free Speech Press, 2013. Elliott, Gregory. Althusser: The Detour of Theory. Boston: Brill, 2006. Ericson III, Edward E. Feeding the German Eagle: Soviet Economic Aid to Nazi Germany, 7933-794/. Westport: Praeger, 1990. Evans, Richard. Eric Hobsbawm: A Life in History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
320 Bibliography Fainsod, Merle. How Russia is Ruled. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1953. --------- . Smolensk Under Soviet Rule. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958. Farber, Samuel. Before Stalinism: The Rise and Fall ofSoviet Democracy. New York: Verso, 1990. Fiori, Giuseppe. Antonio Gramsci: Life of a Revolutionary. New York: Verso, 1970. Fischer, Ernst. An Opposing Man. London: Allen Lane, 1974. Fitzpatrick, Sheila, ed. Cultural Revolution in Russia, 1928-1931. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978. --------- . Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union 1921-1934. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979. --------- . Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. --------- . On Stalin’s Team: The Years of Living Dangerously in Soviet Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015. --------- . “Revisionism in Retrospect: A Personal View.” Slavic Review 67, no. 3 (Fall 2008): 682-704. --------- . “Revisionism in Soviet History.” History and Theory 46, no. 4 (December 2007): 77-91. --------- . The Russian Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. --------- . Stalin’s Peasants: Resistance Survival in the Russian Village After Collectivization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. --------- . Tear Off the Masks! Identity and Imposture in Twentieth Century Russia. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005. Flakin, Nathaniel. “Was Rosa Luxemburg an Opponent of the Russian Revolution?” Left Voice, January 15, 2021. https://www.leftvoice.org/was-
rosa-luxemburg-an -opponent-of-the-russian-revolution/. Fleming, John V. The Anti-Communist Manifestos: Four Books that Shaped the Cold War. New York: W. W. Norton, 2009. Flewers, Paul. “Black Book of Communism.” Revolutionary History. https://www .marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol7/no4/flewers.html. --------- . 2005. 'I Know How, But I Don’t Know Why’: George Orwell's Conception of Totalitarianism, [online] Academia.edu. Available at: https://www.academia .edu/10000457/_I_Know_How_But_I_Don_t_Know_Why_George_Orwell_s _Conception_of_Totalitarianism [Accessed 8 November 2021]. --------- “Solzhenitsyn: false prophet.” Weekly Worker, March 9, 2008. https:/' weeklyworker.co.uk/worker/735/solzhenitsyn-false-prophet/. Flood, Andrew. “After 80 Years, Darkness at Noon’s Original Text Is Finally Translated.” The Guardian, September 24, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com /books/2019/sep/24/darkness-at-noon-original-text-gets-first-english-translation -arthur-koestler. Fluss, Harrison. “The Prophet Avec Lacan.” Historical Materialism. https://www .historicalmaterialism.org/book-review/prophet-avec-lacan .
Bibliography 321 Fluss, Harrison, and Landon Frim. Prometheus and Gaia: Technology, Ecology and Anti-Humanism. New York: Anthem Press, 2022. -------- . “Reason is Red: Why Marxism Needs a Philosophy.” Spectre Journal, August 29, 2022. https://spectrejournal.com/reason-is-red/. Forster, Jürgen, and Evan Mawdsley, “Hitler and Stalin in Perspective: Secret Speeches on the Eve of Barbarossa.” War in History 11, no. 1 (January 2004): 61-103. Friedländer, Saul. Memory, History, and the Extermination of the Jews of Europe. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1993. ---------. “Some Reflections on the Historicization of National Socialism.” German Politics Society 13 (February 1988): 9-21. Friedrich, Carl, and Zbigniew Brzezinski. Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965. Fritz, Stephen G. Ostkrieg: Hitler 's War of Extermination. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2011. Frölich, Paul. Rosa Luxemburg: Ideas in Action. Chicago: Haymarket, 2010. Furet, François. “The French Revolution Revisited.” Government and Opposition 24, no. 3 (Summer 1989): 264-82. --------- . Interpreting the French Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. --------- . Lies, Passions and Illusions: The Democratic Imagination in the Twentieth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014. --------- . Passing of an Illusion: The Idea of Communism in the Twentieth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. --------- . Revolutionary France 1770-1880. Malden: Blackwell Publishers, 2000. Furet, François, and Denis Richet. The
French Revolution. New York: Macmillan Company, 1970. Furet, François, and Ernst Nolte. Fascism and Communism. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001. Fun, Grover. “In Memoriam Domenico Losurdo.” Grover Furr, July 1, 2018. https:// msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/research/losurdo_furr070118.html. --------- . Khrushchev Lied: The Evidence That Every “Revelation” of Stalin’s (and Beria ’s) “Crimes ” in Nikita Khrushchev ’s Infamous "Secret Speech ” to the 20th Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on February 25, 1956, Is Provably False. Kettering, OH: Erythros Press and Media, LLC, 2011. --------- . The Murder of Sergei Kirov. Kettering, OH: Erythros Press and Media, LLC, 2013. --------- . The Mystery of the Katyn Massacre: The Evidence, The Solution. Kettering, OH: Erythros Press and Media, LLC, 2018. --------- . Trotsky’s Amalgams: Trotsky’s Lies, the Moscow Trials as Evidence, the Dewey Commission. Trotsky's Conspiracies of the 1930s, Volume One. Kettering, OH: Erythros Press and Media, 2015. Fun, Grover, and Spartacist League. “In Defense of Marshal Tukhachevsky.” Workers Vanguard 41-42 (Winter 1987-1988): 45^48. https://www.marxists.org/history/ etol/newspape/spartacist-us/1988-1993/0041-0042_Winter_l 989-88.pdf.
322 Bibliography Furr, Grover, Vladimir L. Bobrov, and Sven-Eric Holmström. Trotsky and the Military Conspiracy Soviet and Non-Soviet Evidence; with the Complete Transcript of the ‘‘TukhachevskyAffair” Trial. Kettering, OH: Erythros Press and Media, LLC. Garaudy, Roger. Literature of the Graveyard: Jean-Paul Sartre, François Mauriac, André Malraux, Arthur Koestler. New York: International Publishers, 1948. Gentile, Giovanni. Origins and Doctrine ofFascism. Edited by A. James Gregor. New Brunswick: Transaction, 2002. Geoghegan, Vincent. Ernst Bloch. New York: Routledge, 1995. Gerassi, John. Jean-Paul Sartre: Hated Conscience of His Century, Volume 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. Gerson, Lennard D. The Secret Police in Lenin’s Russia. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1976. Getty, J. Arch. “The Future Did Not Work.” The Atlantic, March 2000. https://www .theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2000/03/the-future-did-not-work/378081/. --------- . Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered 1933-1938. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. --------- . “Starving the Ukraine.” London Review of Books 9, no. 22 (January 1987). https://www.lrb.co.Uk/the-paper/v09/n02/j.-arch-getty/starving-the-ukraine. Getty, J. Arch, Gabor T. Rittersporn, and Viktor N. Zemskov. “Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-War Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence.” American Historical Review 98, no. 4 (October 1993): 1017-1049. Getty, Arch, and Oleg V. Naumov, eds. The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the
Bolsheviks, 1932-1939. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. Getty, J. Arch, and Roberta T. Manning, eds. Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Getzler, Israel. Martov: A Biography of a Russian Social Democrat. London: Cambridge University Press, 1967. Gilbert, Martin. Winston S. Churchill. V: Prophet of Truth, 1922-1939. London: Heinemann, 1977. --------- . Churchill and the Jews: A Lifelong Friendship. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2008. Glantz, David M., and Jonathan M. House. When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2015. Gorkin, Julian. “The Last Years of Victor Serge, 1941-1947.” Victor Serge: The Century of the Unexpected Essays on Revolution and Counter-Revolution. Revolutionary History 5, no. 3 (Autumn 1994): 199-208. Gramsci, Antonio. The Antonio Gramsci Reader: Selected Writings 1916-1935. New York: New York University Press, 2000. -------- . Letters from Prison. New York: Quartet Books, 1979. --------- . Selections from Political Writings (1910-1920). London: Lawrence Wishart, 1977. • Selections from Political Writings (1921-1926). London: Lawrence Wishart, 1978.
Bibliography 323 -------- . Selections from the Prison Notebooks. New York: International Publishers, 1971. Gray, Kevin. “Beauvoir Contra Merleau-Ponty: How Simone de Beauvoir’s Defense of Sartre Prefigured ‘The Critique of Dialectical Reason.’” Simone de Beauvoir Studies 23 (2006-2007): 75-81. Greeman, Richard. “The Return of Comrade Tulayev: Victor Serge and the Tragic Vision of Stalinism.” Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/history/ etol/newspape/isj2/1993/isj2-058/greeman.html. -------- . “The Victor Serge Affair and the French Literary Left.” Victor Serge: The Century of the Unexpected Essays on Revolution and Counter-Revolution, Revolutionary History 5, no. 3 (Autumn 1994): 142-74. ---------. “Victor Serge and the Novel of Revolution.” Marxists Internet Archive, http: //www.marxists.de/culture/greeman/sergenovel.htm. Greene, Doug Enaa. “Benjamin, Blanqui and the Apocalypse.” Red Wedge, September 13, 2016. http://www.redwedgemagazine.com/online-issue/benjamin-blanqui-and -the-apocalypseO. --------- . “Bukharin: The Favorite of the Whole Party.” LINKS International Journal of Socialist Renew al, February 13, 2013. http://links.org.au/node/4291. --------- . “Charles Bettelheim and the Socialist Road.” LINKS International Journal of Socialist Renewal, July 7, 2016. http://links.org.au/node/4745. --------- . “The Chimes at Midnight: Trotskyism in the USSR 1926-1938.” LINKS International Journal of Socialist Renewal, October 13, 2017. http://links.org.au/ chimes-at-midnight-trotskyism-ussr-1926-1938. --------- . “Combatants of a Greater War: A
Historiography of Europe’s Second Thirty Years War 1914-1945.” LINKS International Journal of Socialist Renewal, June 11, 2017. http://links.org.au/combatants-greater-war-historiography-europe-second -thirty-years-war-1914-1945. -------- . Communist Insurgent: Blanqui ’s Politics of Revolution. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2017. --------- . “Day of the people: Gracchus Babeuf and the communist idea.” LINKS International Journal of Socialist Renewal, February 20, 2013. http://links.org.au /node/3228. --------- . A Failure of Vision: Michael Harrington and the Limits of Democratic Socialism. Washington: Zero Books, 2021. --------- . “Georgi Plekhanov: Tragedy of a Forerunner,” LINKS International Journal of Socialist Renewal, July 28, 2016. http://links.org.au/node/4773. --------- . “Gramsci for Communists.” LINKS International Journal of Socialist Renewal, June 22, 2015. http://links.org.au/node/4474. --------- . “Grover Furr and the Moscow Trials.” The Blanquist, May 3, 2017. http:// blanquist.blogspot.com/2017/05/on-grover-furr-and-moscow-trials.html. --------- . “Karl Korsch’s Philosophical Bolshevism,” LINKS International Journal of Socialist Renewal, January 25, 2018. http://links.org.au/karl-korsch-philosophical -bolshevism.
324 Bibliography --------- . “Lenin’s Boys: A Short History of Soviet Hungary,” Cosmonaut, August 21, 2020. https://cosmonaut.blog/2020/08/21/lenins-boys-a-short-history-of-soviet -Hungary/. --------- . “Leon Trotsky and Cultural Revolution.” Cosmonaut, May 12,2019. https:// cosmonaut.blog/2019/05/12/leon-trotsky-and-cultural-revolution. --------- . “Lessons of the Commune.” Left Voice, March 21, 2021. https://www .leftvoice.org/lessons-of-the-commune/. --------- . “Louis Althusser and the Chinese Cultural Revolution.” The Blanquist, December 31, 2017. http://blanquist.blogspot.com/2017/12/louis-althusser-and -chinese-cultural.html. --------- . “The POUM: Those who would?” LINKS International Journal of Socialist Renewal, January 3, 2015. http://links.org.au/node/4229. --------- . “A Unity of Opposites: The Dengist and the Red Guard.” Monthly Review Online, August 19, 2022. https://mronline.org/2022/08/19/a-unity-of-opposites-the -dengist-and-the-red-guard/. --------- . “Victor Serge: On the Borders of Victory and Defeat.” Red Wedge Magazine, October 1, 2015.http://www.redwedgemagazine.com/online-issue/victor-serge -borders-victory-defeat. Greene, Doug Enaa, and Harrison Fluss. “Enlightenment Betrayed.” Left Voice, August 16, 2020. https://www.leftvoice.org/enlightenment-betrayed/. --------- . “Enlightenment Betrayed: Jonathan Israel, Marxism, and the Enlightenment Legacy.” Left Voice, July 14, 2020. https://www.leftvoice.org/enlightenment -betrayed-jonathan-israel-marxism-and-the-enlightenment-legacy/. --------- . “Hegel, Enlightenment, and Revolution.” Left Voice, July
26, 2020. https:// www.leftvoice.org/hegel-enlightenment-and-revolution/. --------- . “The Jacobin Enlightenment.” Left Voice, August 9, 2020. https://www .leftvoice.org/the-jacobin-enlightenment/. --------- . “Marx and the Communist Enlightenment.” Left Voice, August 4, 2020. https://www.leftvoice.org/marx-and-the-communist-enlightenment/. --------- . “Spinoza’s Radical Enlightenment.” Left Voice, July 19, 2020. https://www .leftvoice.org/spinozas-radical-enlightenment/. Greene, Doug Enaa, and Shalon van Tine. “A Fight on Two Fronts: On Jean-Luc Godard’s La Chinoise.” Cosmonaut, August 28, 2019. https://cosmonaut.blog/2019 /08/28/a-fight-on-two-fronts-on-jean-luc-godards-la-chinoise/. Grenier, Richard. “Solzhenitsyn and Anti-semitism: A New Debate.” The New York Times, November 13, 1985. https://www.nytimes.com/1985/ll/13/books/ solzhenitsyn-and-anti-semitism-a-new-debate.html. Grossman, Vasily. Life and Fate. New York: New York Review Books, 2006. Halliday, Fred. The Making of the Second Cold War. London: Verso, 1983. Halliday, Fred, and Maxine Molyneux. The Ethiopian Revolution. London: Verso, 1981. Hanebrink, Paul. A Specter Haunting Europe: The Myth of Judeo-Bolshevism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018. Haslam, Jonathan. The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security in Europe 1933-39. London: Palgrave, 1984.
Bibliography 325 Hayek, Friedrich. Law, Legislation and Liberty: A New Statement of the Liberal Principles of Justice and Political Economy. London: Routledge Kegan Paul Ltd., 1982. --------- . The Road to Serfdom. New York: Routledge, 2006. Haynes, Mike, and Jim Wolfreys, eds. History and Revolution: Refuting Revisionism. New York: Verso, 2007. Heckman, John. “Hyppolite and the Hegel Revival in France.” Те los 16 (1973): 128-45. Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. Elements of the Philosophy of Right. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Hitchens, Christopher. Arguably. New York: Twelve, 2011. Hitler, Adolf. The Complete Hitler. Edited by Max Domarus. Würzburg: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1990. --------- . Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941-1944: His Private Conversations. New York: Enigma Books, 2000. --------- . Mein Kampf. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998. Hobsbawm, Eric. The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century 1914-1991. London: Little, Brown, 1994. --------- .Age of Revolution 1789-1848. New York: Vintage Books, 1996. --------- . Echoes of the Marseillaise: Two Centuries Look Back on the French Revolution. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1990. --------- . “The Forward March of Labour Halted?” Marxism Today (September 1978): 279-86. --------- . “Eric Hobsbawm Speaks on His New Memoir.” UCLA. https://web .international.ucla.edu/asia/article/7315 . --------- . “History and Illusion.” New Left Review 220 (November-December 1996): 116-25. --------- . How to Change the World: Reflections on Marx and Marxism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.
--------- . Interesting Times: A Twentieth-Century Life. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2002. ----------. “The Late Show—Eric Hobsbawm—Age of Extremes (24 October 1994),” twl9751 Interview, [accessed November 12, 2021]. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=Nnd2Pu9NNPw t=9 Ils. ----------. The New Century. London: Little, Brown, 2000. ----------. On History. New York: The New Press, 1998. ----------. Revolutionaries: Contemporary Essays. London: Orion Books, 1973. Hook, Sidney. Out of Step: An Unquiet Life in the 20th Century. New York: Harper Row, 1987. Horowitz, David, ed. Isaac Deutscher: The Man and His Work. London: Macdonald, 1971. ---------- . The Politics of Bad Faith: The Radical Assault on America’s Future. New York: Free Press, 1998. ---------- . Radical Son: A Generational Odyssey. New York: The Free Press, 1997.
326 Bibliography Horst, Ian Scott. Like Ho Chi Minh! Like Che Guevara! The Revolutionary Left in Ethiopia, 1969-1979. Paris: Foreign Languages Press, 2020. James, C. L. R. The C. L. R. James Reader. Edited by Anna Grimshaw. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992. Jay, Martin. The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research 1923-1950. London: Heineman, 1973. Jeffries, Stuart. Grand Hotel Abyss: The Lives of the Frankfurt School. New York: Verso, 2016. Joffe, Adolf. “Letter to Leon Trotsky.” Marxists Internet Archive. https://www .marxists.org/archive/joffe/1927/letter.htm. Jones, William David. “Toward a Theory of Totalitarianism: Franz Borkenau’s Pareto.'’'’ Journal of the History ofIdeas 53, no. 3 (July-September, 1992): 455-66. Jong, Alex de. “Stalin Handed Hundreds of Communists Over to Hitler.” Jacobin Magazine, August 21, 2021. https://www.jacobinmag.com/2021/08/hitler-stalin -pact-nazis-communist-deportation-soviet. Kadarkay, Arpad. Georg Lukdcs: Life, Thought and Politics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Inc., 1991. Kellner, Douglas. Herbert Marcuse and the Crisis of Marxism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. Kelly, Daniel. James Burnham and the Struggle for the World: A Life. Wilmington: ISI Books, 2002. Kershaw, Ian. Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1998. --------- . Hitler 1936-1945: Nemesis. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 2000a. --------- . Hitler, The Germans, and the Final Solution. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008. --------- . The Hitler Myth ’: Image and Reality in the Third Reich.
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987. --------- . Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation. New York: Arnold, 2000b. Kershaw, Ian, and Moshe Lewin, eds. Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Khilnani, Sunil. Arguing Revolution: The Intellectual Left in Postwar France. NewHaven: Yale University Press, 1993. Khlevniuk, Oleg V. Stalin: New Biography of the Dictator. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015. Khrushchev, Nikita. The Memoirs ofNikita Khrushchev Volume I: Commissar [19181945]. Providence: Brown University Press, 2004. --------- . “Speech to 20th Congress of the C.P.S.U.” Marxists Internet Archive, https: //www.marxists.org/archive/khrushchev/1956/02/24.htm. Knowlton, James, and Truett Cates, trans. Forever in the Shadow of Hitler? Original Documents of the Historikerstreit Controversy Concerning the Singularity of the Holocaust. Atlantic Heights, NJ: Prometheus Books, 1993. Koch, H. W., ed. Aspects of the Third Reich. London: Macmillan, 1985. Koestler, Arthur. Arrow in the Blue. London: Collins, 1952. --------- . Dialogue with Death. New York: Macmillan Company, 1942.
Bibliography 327 -------- . Darkness at Noon. New York: Bantam Books, 1968. -------- . The Gladiators. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1965a. -------- . Invisible Writing. Boston: Beacon Press, 1954. ---------. Stranger on the Square: Arthur and Cynthia Koestler. New York: Random House, 1984. ---------. The Yogi and the Commissar. London: Hutchinson Co Ltd., 1965b. Kolakowski, Leszek. L’esprit révolutionnaire, suivi de Marxisme, utopie et anti-utopie. Paris: Editions Complexe, 1978. --------- . Main Currents ofMarxism: The Founders, The Golden Age, The Breakdown. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 2005. --------- . “My Correct Views on Everything.” Socialist Register 11 (1974): 1-20. Korsch, Karl. Karl Korsch: Revolutionary Theory. Edited by Douglas Kellner. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1977. --------- . Marxism and Philosophy. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970. Kotkin, Stephen. Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. --------- . Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878-1928. New York: Penguin, 2014. --------- . Stalin: Waitingfor Hitler, 1929-1941. New York: Penguin, 2018. Lacqueur, Walter, ed. Fascism: A Reader's Guide—Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976. Landmann, Michael. “Talking with Ernst Bloch: Korcula, 1968.” Telos 25 (1975): 165-85. Lang, Berel. Heidegger’s Silence. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996. Larina, Anna. This 1 Cannot Forget: The Memoirs ofNikolai Bukharin ’s Widow. New York: W. W. Norton, 1993. Laudani, Raffaele, ed. Secret Reports on
Nazi Germany: The Frankfurt School Contribution to the War Effort. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013. Lazare, Daniel. “Timothy Snyder’s Lies.” Jacobin Magazine, September 9, 2014. https://www.jacobinmag.com/2014/09/timothy-snyders-lies/. Le Blanc, Paul. Leon Trotsky and the Organizational Principles of the Revolutionary Party. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2014. --------- . “Spider and Fly: The Leninist Philosophy of Georg Lukâcs.” Historical Materialism 21, no. 2 (2013): 47-75. Lecourt, Dominique. Proletarian Science? The Case of Lysenko. London: New Left Books, 1977. Leggett, George. The Cheka: Lenin 's Political Police. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981. Leibovitz, Clement and Alvin Finkel. In Our Time: The Hitler-Chamberlain Collusion. London: Merlin Books, 1997. Lenin, V. I. The Collected Works of V. I. Lenin. 45 Volumes. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1974. Lévy, Bernard-Henri. Barbarism with a Human Face. New York: HarperCollins, 1979. Lewin, Moshe. The Gorbachev Phenomenon: A Historical Interpretation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. ---------- . “The Immediate Background of Soviet Collectivization.” Soviet Studies 17, no. 2 (1965): 162-97.
328 Bibliography --------- . Lenin ’s Last Struggle. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005a. --------- . Political Undercurrents in Soviet Economic Debates: From Bukharin to the Modern Reformers. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974. --------- . Russian Peasants and Soviet Power: A Study in Collectivization. New York: W. W. Norton Company, Inc., 1968. --------- . The Soviet Century. New York: Verso, 2005b. Lewis, Ben, and Lars T. Lih, eds. Martov and Zinoviev: Head to Head at Halle. London: November Publications, 2011. Lovestone, Jay. “The Moscow Trial in Historical Perspective [Feb. 1937].” Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/lovestone/moscow-trials.pdf. Losurdo, Domenico. Class Struggle: A Political and Philosophical History. New York: Palgrave, 2016a. --------- . “Flight from History? The Communist Movement between Self-Criticism and Self-Contempt.” Nature, Society and Thought 13, no. 3 (October 2000): 457-514. --------- . “History of the Communist Movement: Failure, Betrayal, or Learning Process?” Nature, Society, and Thought 16, no. 1 (January 2003): 33-57. --------- . “Marx, Columbus, and the October Revolution: Historical Materialism and the Analysis of Revolutions. ’’Nature, Society, and Thought 9, no. 1 (1996): 65-86. --------- . Nietzsche, the Aristocratic Rebel: Intellectual Biography and Critical Balance-Sheet. Chicago: Haymarket, 2020a. --------- . “Preface,” Associazione Stalin, https://www.associazionestalin.it/losurdo _preffurr.html. --------- . Stalin: The History and Critique of a Black Legend. Translated by David
Ferreira Morrisville, North Carolina: Lulu, 2020b. --------- . “Stalin and Hitler: Twin Brothers or Mortal Enemies?” Crisis and Critique 3, no. 1 (2016b): 33-47. --------- . “Towards a Critique of the Category of Totalitarianism.” Historical Materialism 12, no. 2 (January 2004): 25-55. --------- . War and Revolution. New York: Verso, 2015. Losurdo, Domenico, and Grover Furr, “Lo storico statunitense Grover Furr a proposito del dibattito su Stalin tra Domenico Losurdo e Nicolas Werth.” Domenico Losurdo. http://domenicolosurdo.blogspot.com/2013/01/lo-storico-statunitense-grover-furr .html. Löwy, Michael. Fire Alarm: Reading Walter Benjamin ’s “On the Concept ofHistory ” New York: Verso, 2006. --------- . Georg Lukacs: From Romanticism to Bolshevism. London: New Left Books, 1979. Lucas, Scott. Orwell. London: Haus Publishing Limited, 2003. Lukacs, Georg. The Culture ofPeople ’s Democracy Hungarian Essays on Literature, Art, and Democratic Transition, 1945-1948. Boston: Brill, 2 013. --------- . The Destruction ofReason. New York: Verso, 2021. . German Realists in the Nineteenth Century. Translated by Jeremy Gaines and Paul Keast. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993. . Goethe and His Age. London: Merlin Books, 1968.
Bibliography 329 --------- . History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics Cambridge: MIT Press, 1971. --------- . Lenin: A Study of the Unity of His Thought. New York: Verso, 2009. --------- . Marxism and Human Liberation. Edited by E. San Juan Jr. New York: Delta Book, 1973. --------- . The Meaning of Contemporary Realism. London: Merlin Books, 1963. --------- . The Process ofDemocratization. Albany: State University of New York, 1991. --------- . “The Struggle of Humanism and Barbarism.” Marxists Internet Archive. https://www.marxists.org/archive/lukacs/works/1943/humanism-barbarism/index .htm. --------- . Tactics and Ethics, 1919-1929: The Questions of Parliamentarianism and Other Essays. New York: Verso, 2014. Luxemburg, Rosa. The Rosa Luxemburg Reader. Edited by Peter Hudis Kevin B. Anderson. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2004. --------- . Rosa Luxemburg Speaks. Edited by Mary-Alice Waters. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970. --------- . “Constituent Assembly or Council Government?” Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung. https://www.rosalux.de/stiftung/historisches-zentrum/rosa-luxemburg/constituent -assembly-or-council-government. Macciocchi, Maria-Antonietta. Daily Life in Revolutionary China. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972. --------- . Letters from inside the Italian Communist Party to Louis Althusser. London: New Left Books, 1973. Macdonald, Dwight. “Once More: Kronstadt.” Marxists Internet Archive, https:// www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/macdonald/1938/04/kronstadt.htm. Malia, Martin. “Judging Nazism and Communism.” National Interest 69 (Fall
2002): 63-78. --------- . The Soviet Tragedy: A History of Socialism in Russia, 1917-1991. New York: The Free Press, 1994. Mallet du Pan, Jacques. Considerations on the nature of the French Revolution. London, 1793. Mandel, Ernest. “Ernest Mandel—Letter to Jean-Paul Sartre. A Reply to ‘The Communists and Peace.’” 1IRE International Institute for Research and Education. https://www.iire.org/node/962. ----------. “The Gulag Archipelago Solzhenitsyn’s Assault on Stalinism and the October Revolution.” Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive /mandel/1974/05/solzhenitsyn-gulag.html. ---------- . “Mandel on Althusser, Party and Class,” Marxists Internet Archive, https:// www.marxists.org/archive/mandel/1982/xx/althusser.htm . ---------- . Meaning of the Second World War. New York: Verso, 1986. ---------- . “The Mystifications of State Capitalism.” Marxists Internet Archive, https:// www.marxists.org/archive/mandel/1970/08/state-cap.htm. ---------- . “Trotsky’s Marxism: An Anti-Critique.” New Left Review M (JanuaryFebruary 1968): 32-51.
330 Bibliography --------- . “Trotsky’s Marxism: A Rejoinder.” New Left Review 56 (July-August 1969): 69-96. --------- . Trotsky: A Study in the Dynamic of His Thought. London: New Left Books, 1979. --------- . Trotsky As Alternative. New York: Verso, 1995. Marcuse, Herbert. “An Essay on Liberation.” Marxists Internet Archive. https://www .marxists.org/reference/archive/marcuse/works/1969/essay-liberation.htm. --------- . The Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse Volume I: Technology, War and Fascism. Edited by Douglas Kellner. New York: Routledge, 1998. --------- . The Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse Volume IIP. The New Left and the 1960s. Edited by Douglas Kellner. New York: Routledge, 2005. --------- . The Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse Volume VI: Marxism, Revolution and Utopia. Edited by Douglas Kellner and Clayton Pierce. New York: Routledge, 2014. --------- . The Essential Marcuse: Selected Writings of Philosopher and Social Critic Herbert Marcuse. Edited by Andrew Feenberg and William Leiss. Boston: Beacon Press, 2000. --------- . Five Lectures: Psychoanalysis, Politics, and Utopia. Boston: Beacon Press, 1970. --------- . Negations: Essays in Critical Theory. London: MayFly Books, 2009. --------- . One Dimensional Man: Studies in the ideology of advanced industrial soci ety. New York: Routledge, 2002. --------- . Reason and Revolution: Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory. London: Routledge, 1955. --------- . Soviet Marxism: A Critical Analysis. New York: Columbia University Press, 1958. Marcy, Sam. “The Global Class War.” Marxists Internet Archive.
https://www .marxists.org/history/etol/writers/marcy/gclasswar/index.html. --------- . “Perestroika: a Marxist Critique [1990].” Marxists Internet Archive, https:// www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/marcy/perestroika/index.htm. Marie, Jean-Jacques and Domenico Losurdo. “Losurdo’s ‘Stalin’: the debate between Jean-Jacques Marie and Domenico Losurdo.” Historical Materialism, https:// www.historicalmaterialism.org/book-review/losurdos-stalin-debate-between-jean -jacques-marie-and-domenico-losurdo. Marot, John. “Stephen Kotkin’s Stalin Is a Distorting Mirror of the Russian Revolution.” Jacobin Magazine, November 20, 2020. https://jacobinmag.com /2020/11/stephen-kotkin-stalin-russian-revolution-book-review. Martov, Julius. “Decomposition or Conquest of the State.” Marxists Internet Archive. https://www.marxists.org/archive/martov/1921/xx/decomp.htm. Marx, Karl, and Frederick Engels. The Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: 50 Volumes. London: Lawrence Wishart, 1975. Mathiez, Albert. “Bolshevism and Jacobinism.” Marxists Internet Archive, https:// www.marxists.org/histoiy/france/revolution/mathiez/1920/bolshevism-jacobinism .htm.
Bibliography 331 Mayer, Arno. The Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. -------- . The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War. New York: Pantheon Books, 1981. -------- . Why the Heavens Did Not Darken? The Final Solution in History. New York: Pantheon Books, 1988. Mayer, Robert. “Lenin and the Jacobin Identity in Russia.” Studies in East European Thought 51, no. 2 (June 1999): 127-54. McDermott, Kevin. Stalin. New York: Palgrave, 2006. McMahon, Darrin. Enemies ofthe Enlightenment: The French Counter-Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. McMeekin, Sean. The Russian Revolution: A New History. New York: Basic Books, 2017. -------- . Stalin’s War: A New History of the Second World War. New York: Basic Books, 2021. Meaker, Gerald H. The Revolutionary Left in Spain, 1914-1923. Stanford: University of Stanford Press, 1974. Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. Adventures of the Dialectic. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973. -------- . Humanism and Terror: An Essay on the Communist Problem. Boston: Beacon Press, 1969. -------- . Signs. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1964. Merridale Catherine. Ivan’s War: Life and Death in the Red Army, 1939-1945. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006. Mészâros, Istvân. Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transition. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1995. -------- . The Power of Ideology. New York: Zed, 2005. ---------. The Work of Sartre: Search for Freedom and the Challenge of History. New York: Monthly Review
Press, 2012. Meyer, Alfred G. Leninism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957. Miliband, Ralph. “Kolakowski’s Anti-Marx.” Political Studies 29 (1981): 115-22. Moir, Cat. Ernst Bloch ’s Speculative Materialism: Ontology, Epistemology, Politics. Boston: Brill, 2020. Molotov, V. M., and Feliz Chuev. Molotov Remembers: Inside Kremlin Politics. Chicago: Ivan D. Ree, 1993. Müller-Doohm, Stefan. Adorno: A Biography. Cambridge: Polity, 2005. Mussolini, Benito. Opera Omnia Benito Mussolini XXIX. Firenze: La Fenice, 1959. Negt, Oskar, and Zach Zipes. “Bloch, the German Philosopher of the October Revolution.” New German Critique 4 (Winter 1975): 3-16. Netti, J. P. Rosa Luxemburg. New York: Verso, 2019. Newsinger, John. Hope Lies in the Proles: George Orwell and the Left. London: Pluto Press, 2018. --------- . Orwell’s Politics. New York: Palgrave, 1999. Nisbet, Robert A. “Arendt on Totalitarianism.” The National Interest 27 (Spring 1992): 85-91.
332 Bibliography --------- . “Rousseau and Totalitarianism.” Journal of Politics 5, no. 2 (May 1943): 93-114. Nizan, Paul. Aden, Arabie. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987. Nolte, Ernst. “Big Business and German Politics: A Comment.” American Historical Review 75, no. 1 (October 1969): 71-78. --------- . La guerra civil europea, 1917-1945: Nacionalsocialismo y bolchevismo. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Econômica, 1996. --------- . Martin Heidegger: Politik und Geschichte im Leben und Denken. Berlin and Frankfurt: Propyläen, 1992. --------- . Nietzsche und der Nietzscheanismus. Berlin: Propyläen, 1990. --------- . Three Faces ofFascism. New York: Mentor, 1965. Novack, George, ed. Existentialism versus Marxism: Conflicting Views on Humanism. New York: Dell Publishing Co, 1966. Orwell, George. 1984. New York: Signet Classic, 1983. --------- . Animal Farm. Harlow: Longman Group Ltd., 1983. --------- . The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell 1920-1940, ed. Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus. New York: Harcourt, Brace World, Inc., 1968a. -------- . The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume II: My Country Right or Left 1940-1943. Edited by Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus. Jaffrey, NH: Nonpareil Books, 2000. -------- . The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume III: As I Please 1943-1945. Edited by Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1968b. --------- . The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume IV: In Front of Your Nose 1945-1950. Edited by Sonia Orwell
and Ian Angus. London: The Camelot Press Ltd., 1968c. --------- . ‘“For what am I fighting?’ : George Orwell on Arthur Koestler’s ‘Darkness at Noon.’” New Statesman, January 4, 1941. https://www.newstatesman.com/culture /2013/01 /what-am-i-fighting-george-orwell-arthur-koestlers-darkness-noon. --------- . “George Orwell’s Preface to the Ukrainian edition of Animal Farm." George Orwell Foundation, https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/ orwell/books-by-orwell/animal-farm/preface-to-the-ukrainian-edition-of-animal -farm-by-george-orwell/. --------- . Homage to Catalonia. New York: Harcourt, 1980. --------- . The Road to Wigan Pier. New York: Harcourt, Inc., 1958. Osborne, Peter, ed. A Critical Sense: Interviews with Intellectuals. New York: Routledge, 1996. Pablo, Michel. “The Post-Stalin ‘New Course.’” Marxists Internet Archive, https:/ www.marxists.org/archive/pablo/1953/xx/newcourse.htm. Palmer, Bryan. Marxism and Historical Practice: Interventions and Appreciations Volume IL Brill: Boston, 2015. Palmier, Jean-Michel. Weimar in Exile: The Antifascist Emigration in Europe and America. New York: Verso, 2006. Parker, Stephen. Bertolt Brecht: A Literary Life. New York: Bloomsbury, 2014.
Bibliography 333 Parkinson, Donald. “Carrying the Burden of Communist Man.” Cosmonaut, November 1, 2019. Pipes, Richard. The Russian Revolution. New York: Vintage Books, 1990. -------- . Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime. New York: Alfred A. Knoppf, 1993. Plamenatz, John. German Marxism Russian Communism. New York: Harper Row, 1964. Plekhanov, Georgi. Plekhanov: Selected Philosophical Works, Volume I. London: Lawrence Wishart, 1961. Popoff, Alexandra. Vasily Grossman and the Soviet Century. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019. Popper, Karl. The Open Society and Its Enemies. New York: Routledge, 2011. Preobrazhensky, Evgeny. The New Economics. London, Oxford University Press, 1965. Rakovsky, Christian. Christian Rakovsky: Selected Writings on Opposition in the USSR 1923-1930. Edited by Gus Fagan. London: Allison and Busby, 1980. Rancière, Jacques. Althusser ’s Lesson. New York: Continuum, 2011. Range, Peter Ross. 1924: The Year That Made Hitler. New York: Back Bay Books, 2016. Roberts, David D. The Totalitarian Experiment in Twentieth-Century Europe: Understanding the Poverty of Great Politics. New York: Routledge, 2006. Roberts, Geoffrey. Stalin’s Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939-1953. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. Rogovin, Vadim Z. 1937: Stalin’s Year of Terror. Oak Park: Mehring Books, 1998. -------- . Bolsheviks Against Stalinism 1928-1933: Leon Trotsky and the Left Opposition. Oak Park: Mehring Books, 2019. -------- . Stalin’s Terror of 1937-1938: Political Genocide in the USSR. Oak Park: Mehring Books, 2009. -------- . Was There an Alternative?
1923-1927 Trotskyism: A Look Back Through the Years. Oak Park: Mehring Books, 2021. Rosengarten, Frank. The Revolutionary Marxism of Antonio Gramsci. Boston: Brill, 2014. Rosmer, Alfred. Moscow Under Lenin. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971. Rossanda, Rossana. “Mao’s Marxism.” Socialist Register 8 (1971): 53-80. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. Basic Political Writings. Edited by Donald Cress. Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 1987. Saccarelli, Emanuele. Gramsci and Trotsky in the Shadow of Stalinism: The Political Theory and Practice of Opposition. New York: Routledge, 2008. Sartre, Jean-Paul. The Aftermath of War. New York: Seagull, 2008a. --------- . Between Existentialism and Marxism. New York: Verso, 2008b. --------- . The Communists and the Peace. New York: George Braziller, 1968a. --------- . The Critique ofDialectical Reason Volume I: Theory ofPractical Ensembles. New York: Verso, 2004. --------- . The Critique of Dialectical Reason Volume II: The Intelligibility of History. New York: Verso, 2006. --------- . Dirty Hands. New York: Vintage, 1989. --------- . The Ghost of Stalin. New York: George Braziller, 1968b.
334 Bibliography --------- . Sartre in the Seventies: Interviews and Essays. London: Andre Deutch, 1978. --------- . Search for a Method. New York: Vintage, 1968c. --------- . Situations. New York: George Braziller, 1965. --------- . What Is Literature? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988. Sartre, Jean-Paul, and John Gerassi, Talking with Sartre: Conversations and Debates. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009. Saunders, Frances Stonor. The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World ofArts and Letters. New York: New Press, 2013. Scammell, Michael. Koestler: The Literary and Political Odyssey of a Twentieth-Century Skeptic. New York: Random House, 2009. --------- . Solzhenitsyn: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1984. Schapiro, Leonard. The Origin of the Communist Autocracy: Political Opposition in the Soviet State, First Phase 1917-1922. London: Macmillan, 1977. Serge, Victor. The Case of Comrade Tulayev. New York: New York Review Books, 2004. --------- . From Lenin to Stalin. New York: Pioneer Publishers, 1937. --------- . “A Letter to the Editors.” Partisan Review 8, no. 5 (September-October 1941): 418-23. --------- . Memoirs of a Revolutionary. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2002. --------- . Memoirs of a Revolutionary. New York: New York Review Books, 2012. --------- . Midnight in the Century. New York: New York Review Books, 2015. --------- . Notebooks 1936-194 7. New York: New York Review Books, 2019. --------- . Portrait de Staline. Paris: Editions Bernard Grasset, 1940. --------- . “To René Lefeuvre.” Marxists Internet Archive,
https://www.marxists.org/ archive/serge/194x/xx/lefeuvre.html. --------- . Revolution in Danger: Writingsfrom Russia 1919-1921. Chicago: Haymarket, 2011a. --------- . Russia Twenty Years After. Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press, 1996. --------- . “Unpublished Manuscript on Their Morals and Ours.” Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/serge/1940/trotsky-morals.htm. --------- . “What Is Fascism?” Partisan Review 8, no. 5 (September-October 1941) --------- . Witness to the German Revolution. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2011b. Seymour, Joseph. “Marxism and the Jacobin Communist Tradition.” Young Spartacist. https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/youngspart-sl/index.htm. Shachtman, Max. “Four Portraits of Stalinism—V: A Critique of Deutscher’s Work on Stalin.” Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/shachtma /1950/09/deutscher-stalin.htm. --------- . “Trotsky’s Stalin: A Critical Evaluation.” Marxists Internet Archive, https:// www.marxists.org/archive/shachtma/1946/10/trotsky-stalin.html. Shatz, Adam. “The Guilty Party.” Lingua Franca. http://linguaffanca.mirror.theinfo .org/br/9911/shatz.html. Shlapentokh, Dmitry. The Counter-Revolution in Revolution: Images of Thermidor and Napoleon at the Time ofRussian Revolution and Civil War. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999.
Bibliography 335 Shorten, Richard. “Europe’s Twentieth Century in Retrospect? A Cautious Note on the Furet/Nolte Debate.” The European Legacy: Toward New Paradigms 9, no. 3 (2004): 285-304. Simmel, E., ed. Anti-Semitism: A Social Disease. New York: International Universities Press, 1946. Singer, Daniel. Deserter from Death: Dispatches from Western Europe 1950-2000. New York: Nation Books, 2005. --------- . Prelude to Revolution: France in May 1968. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2017. --------- . The Road to Gdansk. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1981. --------- . “The Sound and the Furet.” The Nation, January 1, 1998. https://www .thenation.com/article/archive/sound-and-furet/. Smaldone, William. Rudolf Hilferding: Tragedy of a German Social Democrat. DeKalb: North Illinois University Press. Smith, Andrew. Which East is Red? The Maoist Presence in the Soviet Union and Soviet Bloc Europe 1956-1980. Paris: Foreign Languages Press, 2019. Snyder, Timothy. Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books, 2010. Soboul, Albert. Understanding the French Revolution. New York: International Publishers, 1988. Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr. Between Two Millstones, Book 1: Sketches of Exile, 19741978. South Bend: Notre Dame University Press, 2018a. --------- . From Under the Rubble. Boston: Little, Brown, 1975a. --------- . The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation. New York: Vintage Books, 2018b. --------- . The Gulag Archipelago 1918-1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation Volume I. New York: Harper Row, 1974a. --------- . The Gulag
Archipelago, 1918-1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation Volume II. New York: Harper Row Publishers, 1974b. --------- . The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation Volume III. New York: Harper Row Publishers, 1974c. --------- . Lenin in Zürich. London: The Bodley Head, 1975b. --------- . The Oak and Calf: Sketches of Literary Life in the Soviet Union. New York: Harper Row, 1980. --------- . The Solzhenitsyn Reader: New and Essential Writings 1947-2005. Edited by Edward E. Ericson, Jr. and Daniel J. Mahoney. Wilmington: 1SI Books, 2006. --------- . Warning to the West: Speeches, 1975-6. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1976. Sourvarine, Boris. Stalin: A Critical Survey of Bolshevism. New York: Longmans, Green, Co., 1939. Spriano, Paolo. Antonio Gramsci and the Party: The Prison Years. London: Lawrence Wishart, 1979. Squiers, Anthony. “Contradiction and Coriolanus: A Philosophical Analysis of Mao Tse Tung’s Influence on Bertolt Brecht.” Philosophy and Literature 37, no. 1 (April 2013): 239-46.
336 Bibliography Stalin, Joseph V. Stalin Collected Works. 14 Volumes. Moscow: Foreign Language Publishing House, 1953. Stewart, Jon, ed. The Debate between Sartre and Merleau-Ponty. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1998. Stirk, Peter M. R. Max Horkheimer: A New Introduction. Boston: Barnes Noble Books, 1992. Suny, Ronald Grigor. The Baku Commune 1917-1918: Class and Nationality in the Russian Revolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972. --------- . Red Flag Unfurled: History, Historians, and the Russian Revolution. New York: Verso Books, 2017. --------- . Red Flag Wounded: Stalinism and the Fate of the Soviet Experiment. New York: Verso, 2020. Svechin, Aleksandr A. Strategy. Minneapolis: East View Publications, 1992. Talmon, Jacob L. Myth ofthe Nation and Vision ofRevolution: Ideological Polarization in the Twentieth Century. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1991. -------- . The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy. London: Seeker Warburg, 1952. --------- . Political Messianism: The Romantic Phase. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1960. --------- . Romanticism and Revolt: Europe 1815-1848. New York: Harcourt, Brace World, Inc., 1967. Thompson, Edward P. “An Open Letter to Leszek Kolakowski.” Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/thompson-ep/1973/kolakowski.htm. --------- . The Poverty of Theory. London: Merlin Press, 1978. Tocqueville, Alexis de. The Old Regime and the French Revolution. Garden City: Anchor Books, 1955. Traverse, Enzo. Fire and Blood: The European Civil War, 1914-1945. New York: Verso, 2017. --------- .
Revolution: An Intellectual History. New York: Verso, 2021. --------- . Understanding the Nazi Genocide: Marxism after Auschwitz. London: Pluto Press, 1999. --------- . Understanding Nazi Violence. New York: New Press, 2003. Trepper, Leopold. The Great Game: Memoirs ofthe Spy Hitler Couldn Ï Silence. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977. Triandafillov, V. K. The Nature of the Operations of Modern Armies. Newbury Park: Frank Cass Co. Ltd, 1994. Trotsky, Leon. The Challenge of the Left Opposition (1926-1927). New York: PathfinderPress, 1980. -------- . The Challenge of the Left Opposition (1928-1929). New York: Pathfinder Press, 1981. --------- . History ofthe Russian Revolution Volume II: The Attempted Counterrevolution. New York: Simon Schuster, 1937. --------- . In Defense ofMarxism. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1973a. --------- . My Life: An Attempt at BiographyNew York: Pathfinder Press, 1970a. --------- . On the Jewish Question. New York: Pathfinder Press, 2009. --------- . Our Political Tasks. London: New Park Publications, 1979a.
Bibliography 337 --------- . The Permanent Revolution Results and Prospects. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1978a. --------- . Problems of Everyday Life. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1973b. --------- . The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and Where is it Going? New York: PathfinderPress, 1972a. --------- . “The Socialist Fatherland in Danger.” Marxists Internet Archive, https:// www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1918/military/ch32.htm. --------- . The Spanish Revolution (1931-39). New York: Pathfinder Press, 1973c. --------- . Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence. Translated by Alan Woods. London: Wellred Books, 2016. --------- . The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1971. --------- . Terrorism and Communism: A Reply to Karl Kautsky. New York: Verso, 2007. --------- . Their Morals and Ours. New York: Pathfinder Press, 2004. --------- . The Third International After Lenin. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970b. -------- . Trotsky's Diary in Exile 1935. London: Faber and Faber, 1958. --------- . “What Next?” Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/ trotsky/1917/next/ch05 .htm. --------- . Whither France? New York: Merit, 1968. --------- . Writings of Leon Trotsky [1929]. New York: Pathfinder Books, 1975a --------- . Writings of Leon Trotsky [1930]. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1975b. --------- . Writings of Leon Trotsky [1930-1931]. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1973d. --------- . Writings of Leon Trotsky [1932-1933]. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1972b. --------- . Writings of Leon Trotsky [1933-1934]. New York:
Pathfinder Press, 1975b. --------- . Writings of Leon Trotsky [1934-1935]. New York: Pathfinder Press, 2002. . Writings of Leon Trotsky [1935-1936]. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1977. . Writings of Leon Trotsky [1936-193 7]. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1978b. . Writings of Leon Trotsky [193 7-1938]. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1976. ---------- . Writings of Leon Trotsky [1939-1940]. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1973e. ---------- . Writings of Leon Trotsky [Supplement 1934-1940]. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1979b. Tucker, Robert C. Stalinas Revolutionary 1879-1929. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973. ---------- . Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1929-1941. New York: W. W. Norton, 1990. ---------- , ed. Stalinism: Essays in Historical Interpretation. New York: W. W. Norton, 1977. Tucker, Robert C., and Stephen Cohen, eds. The Great Purge Trial. New York: Grosset and Dunlap Publishers, 1965. Twiss, Thomas M. Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy. Boston: Brill, 2014. Ulam, Adam B. The Bolsheviks: The Intellectual and Political History ofthe ‘Triumph of Communism in Russia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998. . The New Face of Soviet Totalitarianism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963. ---------- -. Stalin: The Man and His Era. New York: Viking Press, 1973. Volkogonov, Dmitri. Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990.
338 Bibliography von Mises, Ludwig. Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961. Wald, Alan. The New York Intellectuals: The Rise and Decline of the Anti-Stalinist Left from the 1930s to the 1980s. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987. --------- . “Victor Serge and the New York Anti-Stalinist left.” Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory 28, no 1 (2000): 99-117. Walsh, Nick. “Solzhenitsyn breaks last taboo of the revolution.” The Guardian, January 25, 2003. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/jan/25/russia.books. Weissman, Susan. “On Stalinism.” Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory 28, no. 1 (2000): 197-221. --------- . Victor Serge: The Course is Set On Hope. New York: Verso, 2001. Werth, Alexander. Russia at War 1941-1945. New York: Carroll Graf, 1984. White, Duncan. Cold Warriors: Writers Who Waged the Literary Cold War. New York: Custom House, 2019. Wiener, Jon. How We Forgot the Cold War: A Historical Journey Across America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012. Wiggershaus, Rolf. The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995. Wilford, Hugh. The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Abingdon: Routledge, 2013. Winkler, Martin M., ed. Spartacus: Film and History. Malden: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2007. Wizisla, Edmut. Walter Benjamin and Bertolt Brecht: The Story ofa Friendship. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009. Woddis, Jack. New Theories of Revolution: A commentary on the views of Frantz Fanon, Régis Debray and
Herbert Marcuse. New York: International Publishers, 1972. Wohlforth, Tim. ‘Communists’ Against Revolution: The Theory of Structural Assimilation. London: Folrose Books, 1978. Wolin, Richard, ed. The Heidegger Controversy. A Critical Reader. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993. Wright, John G. “Trotsky’s Biography of Stalin—The Meaning of the Attacks Upon It.” Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/wright /1946/05/stalbiog.html. de Zayas, Alfred M. Nemesis at Potsdam: The Anglo-Americans and the Expulsion of the Germans. New York: Routledge, 1977. Zhdanov, Andrei. “On Literature, Music and Philosophy.” Marxists Internet Archive. https://www.marxists.org/subject/art/lit_crit/zhdanov/lit-music-philosophy.htm . Zizek, Slavoj. In Defense of Lost Causes. New York: Verso, 2008.
Index abstract utopianism, 144 Action Française, 61 Aczél, György, 149 Adamczak, Bini, 300 A den, Arabie (Nizan), 173-74 Adorno, Theodor, xxiii, 117-20, 188n8, 188nll; Benjamin and, 126; The Dialectic of Enlightenment, 120, 189nl6; on fascism, 120; on Moscow Trials, 119 Adventures of the Dialectic (MerleauPonty), 110-11, 180 Agulhon, Maurice, 55 Algerian War, 169, 183, 186 Ali, Tariq, 272-73, 280n80 Althusser, Louis, xxiii, 117; anti humanism of, 166-67, 1980193; on Chinese Revolution, 167-68; Essays on Self-Criticism, 168; For Marx, 164-65,1987190; Frankfurt School and, 164-71; French Communist Party and, 164-71; Maoism and, 169,171,199nl99; on Secret Speech, 165-66, 286; as Western Marxist, 164-71 Amendola, Giovanni, 27 Amis, Martin, 89nl33 Andersen, Martin, 131 Anderson, Barbara, 70 Anderson, Perry, 58, 158, 272-73, 280n79 Andropov, Yuri, 47 Angelus Novus (Klee), xiv Animal Farm (Orwell), 16-18 anti-communism: Bolshevism as satanic, xii; Hitler and, 65; Stalinism as satanic, xii anti-fascist movements: Benjamin and, 125—26; Brecht in, 130—31 anti-humanism, 166-67, 198nl93 anti-Jacobinism: Arendt on, 40-41; Counter-Enlightenment Project and, 39-43; totalitarianism and, 39-43 anti-Semitism, 309-10; Dreyfus Affair, 40; far-right, 8; Horkheimer on, 189nl3; racial, 8; of Solzhenitsyn, 6-8; in Soviet Union, 189nl3; spiritual, 8; Thermidor concept and, 226; totalitarianism and, 30 anti-Stalinist movements: Trotsky and, 122; Ukrainian Resurgent Army, 9nl8; Vlassov movement, 9nl8 anti-totalitarian movements, 58 Aragon, Louis, 173, 251-52 Arendt, Hannah, 242n45; on anti
Jacobinism, 40-41; on Nazism, 31; Origins of Totalitarianism, 30-32, 339
340 Index 40; On Revolution, 40; on Stalinism, 31; on totalitarianism, 30-32, 86nl01 Aristotle, 32 Aron, Raymond, 105, 174 Arrival and Departure (Koestler), 101 Andry, Colette, 172-73 Aulard, François Victor Alphonse, 228 “The Author as Producer” (Benjamin), 125 Babel, Isaac, 252 Babeuf, Gracchus, 42, 215, 226 Bakunin, Mikhail, xiii Barbusse, Henri, 252 Bartov, Omer, 67 Beauvoir, Simone de, 187; Koestler and, 102-3; on Moscow Trials, 172-73; Sartre and, 172-78,181 Before Stalinism (Farber), 276n26 Behemoth (Neumann), 29 Being and Nothingness (Sartre), 181 Bell, Daniel, 277n38 Benjamin, Walter, xxiii, 100, 119, 274n6; Adorno and, 126; anti-fascist movements and, 125-26; “The Author as Producer,” 125; Bloch and, 124; Communist Party of Germany and, 124; critique of the Enlightenment, 127-28; Critique of Violence, 123-24; disillusion with Soviet Union, 124-27; Horkheimer and, 126-27; on Moscow Show Trials, xii; on mystical fatalism, xiv; One-Way Street, xi; The Origin of German Tragic Drama, xi-xii; Theses on the Philosophy of History, 127; Trotsky and, 124-26; on voluntarism, xiv; as Western Marxist, 123-28; “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction,” 125 Berlin Uprising, 269 Berman, Matvei, 6 Bettelheim, Charles, 199nl99 Big Brother concept, Stalinism and, 11-22; totalitarianism and, 16-22 Birchall, Ian, 245n75 Birth of Our Power (Serge), 251 The Black Book of Communism, 75-79; Counter-Enlightenment Project and, xxiii, 44, 60, 76-79; critiques of, 77-78 Black Hundreds, in Russia, 2, 8 black parliamentarism, 156, 197nl56 Blair, Tony, 163 Blanqui, Louis-Auguste,
43 Bloch, Ernst, xxiii; Benjamin and, 124; on Bolshevik Revolution, 123; in German Academy of Sciences, 122; on Moscow Trials, 121; as political exile, 121; return to Germany, 122; on Trotsky, 122; as Western Marxist, 121-23 Blum Theses (Lukacs), 145 Blyukher, Vasily, 296 Bolshevik Party: power struggles within, 33-34; Thermidor concept and, 217. See also Bukharin, Nikolai: Stalin, Josef; Trotsky, Leon Bolshevik Revolution, 37, 185; Bloch on, 123; as civil war, 63-64; French Revolution as influence on, 63-64; totalitarianism as result of, 53-54. See also Russian Revolution Bolsheviks: class genocide by, 73; in Darkness at Noon, 100; Kronstadt Mutiny/Uprising and, 216, 253-54; Luxemburg on, 213; New Economic Policy and, 33-34; Oppositional Bolsheviks, 70, 224; role in Russian Revolution, 33 The Bolsheviks (Ulam), 40 Bolshevism: anti-communist responses to, xii; evil foundations of, xiii; hegemonic theory of, 157; Jacobinism and, 40, 214-15; Judeo-Bolshevism, 2; proletarian Jacobinism and, 207-8; purges as feature of, 15; in Russia, xxi; as satanic, xii; Stalinism as evolution
Index of, 35, 205; theory of elites and, 28; universalist, 4 “bolt from the blue” approach, to Stalinism: Big Brother concept, 11-22; Jews as “virus” in, 1-8; methodological approach to, xxiiixxiv; totalitarianism and, 27-34 Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon III), xxii. See also The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte; Napoleon III Bonaparte, Napoleon, Second Empire under, xii Bonapartism, xxi, 197nl66; Thermidor concept and, 231-32. See also The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte Borchardt, Hermann, 191n58 Bordiga, Amadeo, 150-52. See also Italian Communist Party Borkenau, Franz, 16, 28, 105 bourgeois revolution, in Russia, 208-9 Brandler, Henirich, 269 Brecht, Bertolt, xxiii, 117-18, 124, 191n58, 254; in anti-fascist movements, 130-31; on Chinese Revolution, 137-38; critique of Nazi-Soviet Pact, 135-36; “The farmer’s address to his ox,” 135; in German Democratic Republic, 136; Great Terror and, 131; House Un-American Activities Commission and, 136; Korsch and, 128-29, 133-34; Life of Galileo, 133-34; MeTi, 129; on Moscow Trials, 131-33; “The Solution,” 137; on Stalin, 130; Stalinism and, 137-38; theater career of, 128-29; Threepenny Opera, 128; “To those born after,” 132-33; on Trotsky, 130, 134-35; as Western Marxist, 124, 128-38 Bredel, Willi, 131 Brentano, Bernard von, 135 Brezhnev, Leonid, 46, 193n94 Broué, Pierre, 240nl 341 Bruckner, Pascal, 58 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 31-32, 39 Buber-Neumann, Margarete, 48 Büchner, Georg, xiv, xxi Bukharin, Nikolai, 33, 36-37, 108, 246nl08, 288-89; arrest of, 295; Stalin and, 95, 221; trial of, 134. See also Moscow Show Trials
Bulletin of the Opposition (Trotsky), 263, 292 Buonarroti, Philippe, 42-43 bureaucratic collectivism, 24n42 Burke, Edmund, 43 Bumham, James, 18-20, 24n42, 105, 182, 249-50, 259-60, 276n31 Bush, George W., 69 Cachin, Marcel, 214 Callinicos, Alexander, 266 Camus, Albert, 113nl3; Koestler and, 102-4; The Rebel, 104, 114n31 The Cancer Ward (Solzhenitsyn), 46 Cannon, James P., 272 Capital (Marx), 94, 128 capitalism, 1; communism and, 111 Carmichael, Stokely, 187 Carr, Edward Hallett, 34-35 The Case of Comrade Tulayev (Serge), 258-59, 288 Castro, Fidel, 78, 187 Caute, David, 169 CCF. See Congress for Cultural Freedom Ceausescu, Nicolae, 78 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 30, 104-5 Chamberlain, Neville, 299 Chamberlin, William, 214 Chambers, Whitaker, 73-74 Chinese Revolution, 137-38; Althusser on, 167-68; Losurdo on, 308n2 Churchill, Winston, xxiii, 80nl8, 286; on Moscow Show Trials, 4; Mussolini and, 4; on Nazi Germany, 28-29; on Russian Civil War, 2-3;
342 Index on subversive Jews, 2-5, 8n4; on totalitarianism, 28-29 CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency Ciliga, Ante, 48 Clemenceau, Georges, 225 Cliff, Tony, 9nl8 Cobban, Alfred, 55-56 Cochin, Augustin, 58 Cohen, Stephen, 29-30, 34, 36-37, 289 Cold War: The Black Book of Communism, xxiii; Counter Enlightenment Project, xxiii, 249, 268 collectivism: bureaucratic, 24n42; Stalin campaigns, 70; Trotsky on, 221-22 Collinet, Michel, 172 colonialism, 78, 183 COMINTERN. See Communist International communism: The Black Book of Communism, xxiii, 44, 60, 75-79; capitalism and, 111; emancipatory potential of, xxi; fascism and, 88nll7; Marx on, 49; Orwell’s critique of, 13, 22; Solzhenitsyn as critic of, 48^19; totalitarianism and, 32-33; U.S. Central Intelligence Agency fight against, 30. See also specific countries Communist Age of Reason, 210 Communist International (COMINTERN): founding of, 215; Italian Communist Party and, 150; Koestler and, 97; Losurdo and, 297-298; Lukâcs denounced by, 143; promotion of revolutions, 222; Serge and, 250 Communist Party of Germany (KPD), 95, 124, 159 Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), 159, 163 Communist Party of Poland (KPP), 262, 291 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU): Gramsci and, 152-53; purges from, 227-28, 245n82; Third Period, 232, 262; Trotsky expulsion from, 227; Twenty-Second Congress, 46; Zinoviev expulsion from, 227. See also Communist International; specific communist parties The Communists and the Peace (Sartre), 178-80 The Complete Black Book of Russian Jewry, 307 The Condition of the Working Class in England (Engels),
11 Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF), 105 Conquered City (Serge), 251 Conquest, Robert, xxiii, 7, 287; The Great Terror, 69; Harvest of Sorrow, 68-70; historical legacy of, 71-72; Orwell and, 69 Conrad, Joseph, 264 Conspiracy of Equals, 42, 226 Cornford, John, 160 Corrigan, Philip, 200n201 cosmopolitanism, 308 Counter-Enlightenment Project: anti Jacobinism and, 39-43; The Black Book of Communism and, xxiii, 44, 60, 76-79; Cold War and, xxiii, 249, 268; Solzhenitsyn and, 52; Soviet Union as “Evil Empire” and, 68; totalitarianism and, 27-34 Courtois, Stéphane, 76-77 CPGB. See Communist Party of Great Britain CPSU. See Communist Party of the Soviet Union Critique ofDialectical Reason (Sartre), 172, 184 Critique of Violence (Benjamin), 123-24 Cuban Revolution, 187 Cultural Revolution, in Soviet Union, 37-38 The Daily Worker, 161-62 Daniel, Yuli, 48
Index Danton, Georges, 206, 209 Danton 's Death (Büchner), xiv, xxi Darkness at Noon (Koestler), xxiii, 97, 100-104, 107, 112; Bolshevik references in, 100 Davidson, Neil, 266 Davies, Joseph, 292 Davies, R. W., 70-71 Davis, Mike, 78 Day, Richard, 243n61 Deng Xiaoping, 308n2 Les Derniers temps (Malraux), 261 Desanti, Dominique, 174 Desanti, Jean-Toussaint, 174 despotism, xxi de-Stalinization campaigns: under Khrushchev, 268-71; Marcuse on, 140 Destiny of a Revolution (Serge), 253 The Destruction ofReason (Lukâcs), 146, 189116 Deutscher, Isaac, xxiv, 34, 105,140, 145, 187, 279n74; in Communist Party of Poland, 262; defense of Stalinism, 265; Gomulka and, 269-70; Hobsbawm and, 162; as journalist, 264; on Maoism, 270-71; as Marxist historian, 262-73; The Moscow Trial, 263; The Prophet Armed, 267; The Prophet Outcast, 267: The Prophet Unarmed, 267; on Secret Speech, 284; Stalin, 264-65; on Stalin as military leader, 303; on Tukhachevsky Affair, 292; The Unfinished Revolution, 271 Dewey, John, 105, 257 Dialectical and Historical Materialism (Stalin), 160 The Dialectic of Enlightenment (Adorno and Horkheimer), 120, 189nl6 Dialectic of Saturn: as concept, xi-xii, xv, 281-82; Greene on, xv; historical necessity approach and, 101, 112; Losurdo and, 283-84; scope of, 343 283-84; totalitarianism and, 41, 43; value judgments on, 273 Dialogue with Death (Koestler), 102 dictatorships, 31 Dimitrov, George, 304 Dirty Hands (Sartre), 181-82 Djilas, Milovan, 306-7 Doctor’s Plot, 308 Dommanget, Maurice, 55 Donovan, Bill, 104 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 73-74 Dreyfus, Alfred, 253 Dreyfus Affair, 40
Dubcek, Alexander, 149 Duclos, Jacques, 178 Duke, David, 8 Durtain, Luc, 251 Dzerzhinsky, Feliks, 210 Eastman, Max, 257 Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts (Marx), 138, 143 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 252, 306 Eichmann, Adolf, 66 The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (Marx), xii-xiii, xxii Eisler, Hanns, 119, 130 electoralism, 112 elites, theory of, Bolshevism and, 28 Engels, Friedrich, xiii; The Condition of the Working Class in England, 11 ; on French Revolution, 205-6 England, Independent Labour Party, 12 the Enlightenment: Benjamin as critic of, 127-28; philosophes, 43, 58; rationalism during, xxiii, 67-68. See also Counter-Enlightenment Project Enrages group, 228 Ericson, Edward, 301 Essays on Self-Criticism (Althusser), 168 Everyday Stalinism (Fitzpatrick), 38 existentialism, Sartre and, 174-75, 186 Existentialism versus Marxism (Novack), 95
344 Experiments in Economic Planning in the Soviet Union (Pollock), 118 Fainsod, Merle, 34, 80n22 famines: death tolls from, 78; in Ukraine, 70-71, 78 Fanon, Frantz, 186-87 Farber, Samuel, 276n26 “The farmer’s address to his ox” (Brecht), 135 Farrell, James, 257 far-right anti-Semitism, 8 fascism: Adorno on, 120; communism and, 88nll7. See also anti fascist movements Fast, Howard, 113nl8 Fastenko, Anatoly Ilyich, 45 fatalism, Benjamin on, xiv Feuchtwanger, Lion, 131-32 Finkelraut, Alain, 58 The First Circle (Solzhenitsyn), 47 First Congress of Soviets, 209 Fischer, Ernst, 281 Fischer, Louis, 104 Fischer, Ruth, 288 Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 34, 37-38 Five-Year Plans, 168, 229-30, 235; after Russian Revolution, 37 Fluss, Harrison, 194nl07 For Marx (Althusser), 164-65, 198nl90 Foundations of Leninism (Stalin), 246nl08 France: Action Française, 61-62; Bonapartism in, xxi; Jacobinism in, xxi; Paris Commune of 1871, 1 ; Second Empire, xii; social revolutions in, 1, 187. See also French Communist Party; French Revolution; specific emperors; specific kings Franco, Francisco, 51 Frankfurt School, 29, 52, 65; Adorno and, 117-20; Althusser and, 164-71; Gramsci and, 150-59; Hobsbawm and, 159-64; Horkheimer and, Index 117-20; Institute for Social Research and, 118; Lukacs and, 142-50; Marcuse and, 138—42; Western Marxism and, 117 French Communist Party (PCF), 55; Althusser and, 164-71; founding of, 214; Losurdo on, 298; MerleauPonty and, 106; during Paris protests in 1968, 57; Sartre and, 172, 175-76, 178-79; student wing of, 167 French Revolution: Bolshevik Revolution influenced by, 63-64;
as bourgeois revolution, 57; despotism at end of, xxi; Engels on, 205-6; Furet on, 55-57; historical legacy of, 1; Hobsbawm on, 1; Machiavelli and, 242n45; mobilization of oppressed during, 1 ; nouveaux philosophes, 57-59; Robespierre and, xiii; Russian Revolution modeled on, 215-16, 231 Frenkel, Naftaly, 6 Friedländer, Saul, 67 Friedrich, Carl, 31-32, 39 From Lenin to Stalin (Serge), 252 Furet, François, 85n89; in anti totalitarian movement, 58; The Black Book of Communism, 60; French Communist Party, 55; on French Revolution, 55-57; The Passing of an Illusion, 59 Furr, Grover, 285-86, 309n5, 311n30 Gagarin, Yuri, 61-62 Garaudy, Roger, 106, 169; on historical necessity approach to Stalinism, 93-95; on Marxism, 93-95 Gaullism, 261 GDR. See German Democratic Republic genocide: by Bolsheviks, 73; Hitler and, 66; in Nazi Germany, 64 Gentile, Giovanni, 27-28 George V (King), 294 George VI (King), 294 Gerassi, Fernando, 173, 176
Index German Democratic Republic (GDR), 136 German Marxism Russian Communism (Plamenatz), 40 German October, 219 Germany: Communist Party of Germany, 95, 124, 159; de-Nazification process in, 139; National Socialist Party, 5, 61-68; Non-Aggression Pact, 296; Social Democratic Party in, 138. See also German Democratic Republic; Nazi Germany Getty, J. Arch, 34, 38-39, 47 The Ghost of Stalin (Sartre), 182-83 Gide, André, 104, 252 Ginzburg, Evgenia, 48 The Gladiators (Koestler), 97-100, 113nl3 Glantz, David, 303-4 Glucksmann, André, 58 The God that Failed, 104-5 Goebbels, Joseph, 288, 296 Gold, Mike, 252 Goldman, Wendy, 39 Gollan, John, 161 Gollancz, Victor, 11, 20 Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 52, 123, 269-70 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 37, 163 Gorky, Maxim, 252 Gramsci, Antonio, xxiii, 117,163; on Bolshevization of communism, 151; CPSU and, 152-53; Frankfurt School and, 150-59; Italian Communist Party and, 150-54; permanent revolution theory, 158; The Prison Notebooks, 150, 155, 157-59, 215; Serge and, 250; Togliatti and, 151-55; on totalitarianism and, 155; Trotsky and, 150-53, 159; as Western Marxist, 150-59 Great Depression, 125 Great Purge, 291-97 Great Terror, 131, 286-91 The Great Terror (Conquest), 69 345 Greene, Doug, xii, xv Grigor, Ronald, 39 Grossman, Henryk, 118, 189n23 Grossman, Vasily, 305, 307 Guerin, Daniel, 115n58 Guevara, Che, 187 The Gulag Archipelago (Solzhenitsyn), 6, 44, 47, 50-51, 57-58, 83n74 Habermas, Jürgen, 65 Halliday, Fred, 272-73, 280n79 Hardy, Daphne, 100 Harvest of Sorrow (Conquest), 68-70 Hayek, Friedrich, 32-33, 80nnl7-18 HCP. See Hungarian Communist Party
Hébertistes group, 228 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, xi, 95; The Phenomenology of Spirit, xv; Thermidor realism of, 143-M4 Heidegger, Martin, 60-61, 140 Herzen, Alexander, 205 Hess, Rudolf, 23n20 Heydrich, Reinhard, 136 Hilferding, Rudolf, 28 Hilgruber, Andreas, 65, 67 Hill, Christopher, 161 Hiss, Alger, 74 historical materialism: Marxism and, 94; methodological approach to, xxiiixxiv; Trotsky and, xv historical necessity approach, to Stalinism, xxiii-xxiv, 267-68; conceptual development of, 93-95; Dialectic of Saturn and, 101, 112; Garaudy and, 93-95; Koestler and, 101,112; Lukacs on, 146-47; Merleau-Ponty on, 111 ; Sartre and, 93-95 historical realism, Marx on, xiv historicism, German, critiques of, xiv History and Class Consciousness (Lukacs), 124, 143 A History of Babeuf’s Conspiracy for Equality (Buonarroti), 42-^43 History of Soviet Russia (Carr), 35
346 History of the Russian Revolution (Trotsky), 126 Hitler, Adolf, xxiii; as anticommunist, 65; genocide under, 66; on Jews as moral threat, 62; on Jews as supporters of communism, 5; on Judeo-Bolshevism, 5, 68; on Marxism, 5; Mein Kampf 295; National Socialists and, 5; Nolte on, 62, 65; Operation Barbarossa, 5, 68, 136, 301-2; Tukhachevsky Affair and, 292. See also National Socialist Party; Nazi Germany Hobsbawm, Eric, xxiii, 117, 197nl71; academic career, 161; in Communist Party of Germany, 159; in Communist Party of Great Britain, 159, 163; Deutscher and, 162; Frankfurt School and, 159-64; on French Revolution, 1; Italian Communist Party and, 162-63; on verdicts of Moscow Trials, 160; as Western Marxist, 159-64 Ho Chi Minh, 78, 260-61 Hölderlin, Friedrich, 144 “Hölderlin’s Hyperion” (Lukâcs), 144 Holy Alliance of Metternich, 1 Homage to Catalonia (Orwell), 14 Hook, Sidney, 105, 132, 259 Horkheimer, Max, xxiii, 117-20; on anti-Semitism in Soviet Union, 189nl3; Benjamin and, 126-27; The Dialectic of Enlightenment, 120, 189nl6; Marcuse and, 138-39, 141-42; on Stalinism, 119 Horowitz, David, 48, 82n52, 84n76, 273 House Un-American Activities Commission, in U.S., 136 How Russia is Ruled (Fainsod), 34, 80n22 Hoxha, Enver, 78 Hugo, Victor, xii-xiii; on Napoleon III, xxii Humanism and Terror (Merleau-Ponty), 106-7, 109, 112 Index Humbert-Droz, Jules, 154,288 Hundred Flowers campaign, 271 Hungarian Communist Party (HCP), 142, 145,291 Hungary, 195nl22, 291; communist revolution in, 148-49, 182; Lukâcs in, 146-47; withdrawal from Warsaw Pact, 123, 148 Huxley, Aldous, 252
Hyppolite, Jean, 192n87 I Choose Freedom (Kravchenko), 48, 176 Ignatieff, Michael, 163—64 Illuminati, 3 Ilyich, Vladimir, 196nl36 imperialism, totalitarianism and, 30 “The Impotence of the German Working Class” (Horkheimer), 118 Independent Labour Party (England), 12 Industrial Revolution, 1 Inside the Whale (Orwell), 23n22 Institute for Social Research, 118 International Congress of Writers for the Defense, 252 internationalism, 306 International Relief and Rescue Committee (IRRC), 19-20 Irving, David, 65 Italian Communist Party (PCI), 150-54; Bolshevization of, 151 ; Communist International and, 150; Hobsbawm and, 162-63 Italy, fascism in, 61 Jackson, Henry “Scoop,” 72 Jacobinism, xxi; Bolshevism and, 40, 214-15; German Social-Democracy and, 240nl2; Jacobin Constitution of 1793, 40; proletarian, 205-16; Rousseau and, 41—42; Russian Revolution and, 55. See also anti-Jacobinism Jam bet, Christian, 58 James, C. L. R., 183
Index Jânossy, Ferene, 145 Jaspers, Karl, 105 Jay, Martin, 120 Jewish people: Churchill on, 2-5, 8n4; Hitler on, 5; Judeo-Bolshevism, 2; as moral threat, 62; “non-subversive,” 3; Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 2; racial genocide of, 64; role in Russian Revolution, 5; “subversive,” 2-5, 8n4; Trotsky on, 3-4; in Tsarist Russia, 2; as “virus,” 1-8. See also anti-Semitism “The Jews and Europe” (Horkheimer), 119 Joffe, Adolf, 227 Journey in the Whirlwind (Ginzburg), 48 Jubilee for Renegades (Bloch), 121-22 Judeo-Bolshevism, 2; Hitler and, 5, 68 Kamenev, Lev, 290 Kanapa, Jean, 174 Karl Marx (Carr), 34-35 Kautsky, Karl, 211,213 Kerensky, Alexander, 210 Kerenskyism, 210 Kershaw, Ian, 65-66, 86nl05 Khlevniuk, Oleg, 287-88 Khrushchev, Nikita, 193n94; de-Stalinization campaign under, 268-71; Secret Speech, 122-23, 137, 148, 165, 247П118 Khrushchev Lied (Furr), 285 Kiernan, Victor, 161 Kinnock, Neil, 163 Kirov, Sergei, 287-88 Klee, Paul, xiv Koestler, Arthur, 95-106; Arrival and Departure, 101; Beauvoir and, 102-3; Camus and, 102-4; CIA and, 104-5; Communist International and, 97; in Communist Party of Germany, 95, 97; Darkness at Noon, xxiii, 97, 100-104, 107, 112; Dialogue with Death, 102; The Gladiators, 97-100, 347 113nl3; Hess and, 23n20; historical necessity approach and, 101, 112; imprisonment of, 96; International Relief and Rescue Committee and, 19-20; Orwell and, 17, 19-20, 100; rejection of Stalinism, 105; resignation from Communist Party of Germany, 97; in Soviet Union, 96; The Spanish Testament, 97, 102; The Yogi and the Commissar, 101-2 Kogan, Lazar, 6 Kolakowski,
Leszek, 52-55, 84n81; Main Currents of Marxism, 52, 54, 84n76; on Marx, 52-53 Koltsov, Mikhail, 252 Korean War, 110 Kornfeld, Boris Nikolayevich, 45 Kornilov, Lavr, 210 Korsch, Karl, 128-29, 133-34, 143 Kostrzewa, Wera, 263 Kotkin, Stephen, 71, 75-76 Kouchner, Bernard, 58 KPD. See Communist Party of Germany KPP. See Communist Party of Poland Kravchenko, Victor, 48,176 el-Krim, Abd, 172 Kronstadt Mutiny/Uprising, 216, 25354, 275nl5 Kubrick, Stanley, 113nl8 Kun, Béla, 145, 291 Läcis, Asja, 131 Lang, Fritz, 136 Larina, Anna, 295 Late Victorian Holocausts (Davis), 78 Lazare, Daniel, 91nl66 Lecourt, Dominique, 167, 169 Lefebvre, Henri, 173-75 Lefort, Claude, 174 Left Book Club, 14 leftist concepts, in Nineteen EightyFour, 24n49 Left Opposition, 224, 268; Enragés, 228; Hébertistes, 228; Maoism and, 271; Stalinism and, xv
348 Leiris, Michel, 174 Lenin, Vladimir, 78; on Bolshevism, 207-08; cultural revolution advocated by, 217-18; Luxemburg on, 207; Mensheviks as opposition to, 40; on proletarian Jacobinism, 217-18, 240nl2; What is to be Done, 33 Leningrad Opposition, 225 Lenin in Zürich (Solzhenitsyn), 6 Leninism: purges as feature of, 15; Stalinism and, 36 Leninism (Meyer, A.), 40, 80nl9 Lenin ’s Last Struggle (Lewin), 36 Leonetti, Alfonso, 154 Lèvy, Bernard-Henri, 58 Lewin, Moshe, 34, 36, 70 Liberation Army, in Russia, 6 Liebknecht, Karl, 138 The Life and Death ofLeon Trotsky (Sedov, N., and Serge), 257 Life and Fate (Grossman, V.), 305 Life of Galileo (Brecht), 133-34 Linhart, Robert, 167 “The Lion and the Unicorn” (Orwell), 16 Literature and Revolution (Trotsky), 151 Literature of the Graveyard (Garaudy), 106 Litvinov, Maxim, 294-95 Losurdo, Domenico, xxiii, 67-68, 71, 78, 87nl 11, 89nl29, 283-308; on Chinese Revolution, 308n2; Communist International and, 297298; Dialectic of Saturn and, 283-84; on French Communist Party, 298; Furr and, 285-86, 309n5; on Great Purge, 291-97; on Great Terror, 286-91; on Moscow Trials, 286-87; on Nazi-Soviet Pact, 298-302; on Secret Speech, 284-86; Stalin, 283; on Tukhachevsky Affair, 291-97 Louis XI (King), 59 Louis XIV (King), 59 Louis XVI (King), xxii, 56 Index Lovestone, Jay, xxi Lukacs, Georg, xxiii, 117; Blum Theses, 145; Communist International denouncement of, 143; The Destruction ofReason, 146, 189nl6; on historical necessity of Stalinism, 146-47; History and Class Consciousness, 124, 143; "Hölderlin’s Hyperion,” 144; in Hungarian Communist
Party, 142, 145; “Moses Hess and the Problem of Idealist Dialectics,” 143; in new Hungary, 146-47; Prague Spring as influence on, 149; On the Process ofDemocratization, 149-50; Russian Revolution and, 142; on Secret Speech, 284; Serge and, 250; Tailism and the Dialectic, 143; as Thermidorian, 142, 144; as Western Marxist, 142-50; The Young Hegel, 145-46 Luxemburg, Rosa, xv-xvi, 97, 195nl22; on Bolsheviks, 212-14; on Lenin, 207; murder of, 138; The Russian Revolution, 212-13; Stalin compared to, 147-48 Macciocchi, Maria Antoinetta, 165 MacDonald, Dwight, 17, 24n42, 25354, 257, 260 Machiavelli, Niccolo, 242n45 The Machiavellians (Burnham), 18 The Magnetic Mountain (Kotkin), 75 Main Currents ofMarxism (Kolakowski), 52, 54, 84n76 Maisky, Ivan, 302 Maistre, Joseph de, 1 Malaparte, Curzio, 288 Malia, Martin, xxiii, 74-75 Mallet du Pan, Jacques, xiv Malraux, André, 103, 252, 261 managerial revolution, 276n31 The Managerial Revolution (Burnham), 18-20, 24n42 Mandel, Ernest, 179-80, 219-20
Index Maoism, 48-50; Althusser and, 169, 171, 199nl99; Left Opposition and, 271; Sartre on, 201n285 Mao Zedong, 78, 260; Hundred Flowers campaign, 271 Marat, Jean-Paul, 206,209 Marcuse, Herbert, xxiii; on de-Stalinization of Soviet Union, 140; exile in U.S., 138-39; Horkheimer and, 138-39, 141-42; integration of working class into bourgeois society, 141-42; New Left movement inspired by, 141-42; Office for Strategic Services and, 139; The One-Dimensional Man, 139, 141 ; Reason and Revolution, 139, 192n87; in Social Democratic Party, 138; Soviet Marxism, 140; as Western Marxist, 138-42 Marcy, Sam, 272 Maretskii, Dmitrii, 225 Margolin, Jean-Louis, 78 Marrot, Raymond, 174 Martin, Henri, 178 Martinet, Marcel, 251, 255 Martov, Julius, 206, 212 Marx, Karl, xvi, 43; Capital, 94, 128; on communism, 49; Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts, 138, 143; The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, xii-xiii, xxii; on historical realism, xiv; Kolakowski on, 52-53; universalist doctrines of, 83n74; Weitling and, xiii Marxism: demonology and, xiii; Deutscher as historian, 262-73; Garaudy on, 93-95; Hitler on, 5; as materialist philosophy, 94; MerleauPonty on, 106-7; Serge’s rejection of, 256; in Spain, 13. See also Western Marxism Marxism and Philosophy (Korsch), 128, 143 mass politics, totalitarianism and, 30 materialism. See historical materialism 349 Mathiez, Albert, 55, 214 Maurras, Charles, 62 Mayer, Arno, 67-68, 87nlll Mazauric, Claude, 55-57 McMeekin, Sean, 89nl30 Medvedev, Zhores, 48 Mein Kampf (Hitler), 293 Men in Prison (Serge), 251 Mensheviks, 208-10, 212, 263; as opponents of
Lenin, 40 Menshevism, 226; Trotsky and, 207 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, xxiii, 95, 134, 174; Adventures of the Dialectic, 110-11; on Dialectic of Saturn, 109-11; electoralism and, 112; French Communist Party and, 106; on historical necessity approach, 111-12; Humanism and Terror, 106-7, 109, 112; liberalism of, 112; on Marxism, 106-7; on Moscow Trials, 108-9; Sartre and, 176-77; on Stalinism, 109; Trotsky and, 109, 115n51; Western Marxism and, 117 Mesnil, Jacques, 251 Mészâros, Istvân, 186 Me-Ti (Brecht), 129 Meyer, Alfred, 40, 80nl9 Meyer, Heinrich, 131 Midnight in the Century (Serge), 251, 274n6 von Mises, Ludwig, 88nll7 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 97, 300 morality, 255 Morton, A. L., 161 Moscow 1937 (Feuchtwanger), 131-32 Moscow Show Trials (Moscow Trials), 40-41; Adorno on, 119; Beauvoir on, 172-73; Benjamin on, xii; Bloch during, 121; Brecht on, 131-33; Bukharin and, 134; Churchill on, 4; Hobsbawm on, 160; Losurdo on, 286-87; Merleau-Ponty on, 108-9; Partido Obero de Unificaciôn Marxistaand, 13-15; Sartre on, 172-73
350 The Moscow Trial (Deutscher), 263 Moscow Trials. See Moscow Show Trials “Moses Hess and the Problem of Idealist Dialectics” (Lukacs), 143 Munich Agreement, 298-299 Münzenberg, Willi, 96 The Murder of Sergei Kirov (Furr), 285 Mussolini, Benito, 290-91; Churchill on, 4; totalitarianism and, 27-28 “My Country Right or Left” (Orwell), 16 My Life (Trotsky), 126, 158 The Myth of the French Revolution (Cobban), 55 Index New Left movement, Marcuse as inspiration for, 141-42 New Left Review, 272-73 Newsinger, John, 22, 24n29, 24n49 Nicholas II (Tsar), xxii Nietzsche, Friedrich, xiv, 62, 87nl 11 Nikolaev, Leonid, 287 Nin, Andrés, 215 Nineteen Eighty-Four (Orwell), 12, 14, 19-22; leftist themes in, 24n49; literary influences on, 20; socialism themes in, 21; totalitarian themes in, 19, 21 Nisbet, Robert, 29 Nizan, Paul, 172-74, 252 Nolte, Ernst, xxiii, 60-68, 87nl 11, 88nll7; Heidegger and, 60-61; on Hitler, 62, 65; Three Faces of Fascism, 61-63, 86nl05 Non-Aggression Pact, 296, 299-302 “non-subversive” Jews, 3 Noske, Guslav, 214 nouveaux philosophes, 57-59 Le Nouvel Observateur, 58 Novack, George, 95 Novy Mir, 46 Nyers, Rezsö, 149 Nagy, Imre, 148 Napoleon III (Emperor): Hugo on, xxii; Stalin compared to, 233-34 nationalism: internationalism as replacement of, 306; in Soviet Union, 304-08; utopianism and, 304-5 National Socialist Party, in Germany, 5, 61-68; race doctrine of, 62 Nazi Germany: dictatorships in, 31; Nazi-Soviet Pact, 29, 119, 127, 298-302; Non-Aggression Pact with Soviet Union, 296, 299-302 October Revolution, 33, 99; Pipes on, Operation Barbarossa, 5, 68, 136, 72;
Stalinism and, xii 301-2; racial genocide in, 64; Office for Strategic Services (OSS), 139 totalitarianism in, 28-30, 34—36; as The Old Regime and the French totalitarian state, 28-29. See also Revolution (Tocqueville), 59 Third Reich Olivier, Albert, 174 Nazism, 28-29; Arendt on, 31 One Day in the Life ofIvan Denisovich Nazi-Soviet Pact, 29, 119, 127; Brecht (Solzhenitsyn), 46 critique of, 135-36; Losurdo on, The One-Dimensional Man 298-302; Sartre critique of, 173 (Marcuse), 139, 141 necessity. See historical necessity One-Way Street (Benjamin), xi Neher, Carola, 131 On Revolution (Arendt), 40 NEP. See New Economic Policy On the Process of Democratization Neumann, Franz, 29 (Lukacs), 149-50 New Economic Policy (NEP), 33-34, The Open Society and Its Enemies 156,216-17 (Popper), 32 The New Economics Operation Barbarossa, 5, 68, 136, 301-2 (Preobrazhensky), 222
Index Oppositional Bolsheviks, 70, 224 oppositional Marxism: Serge and, 28; Souvarine and, 28; Trotsky and, 28 The Origin of German Tragic Drama (Benjamin), xi-xii Origins of the Great Purges (Getty), 38 The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy (Talmon), 40 Origins of Totalitarianism (Arendt), 30-32, 40 Origins on the Doctrine of Fascism (Gentile), 28 Orwell, George, xxiii; Animal Farm, 16-18; antiwar position of, 16; Burnham and, 18-19; on communism, 13, 22; Conquest and, 69; criticism of Partido Obero de Unification Marxista, 15; Hess and, 23n20; Homage to Catalonia, 14; in Independent Labour Party, 12; Inside the Whale, 23n22; Koestler and, 17, 19-20,100; “The Lion and the Unicorn,” 16; “My Country Right or Left,” 16; naming of suspected communists, 20; Newsinger on, 22, 24n29, 24n49; Nineteen Eighty-Four, 12, 14, 19-22, 24n49; on Republicanism in Spain, 13; The Road to Wigan Pier, 11, 13-15; romanticism of, 12; on Stalinism, 11-22; on totalitarianism, 16-22; on Trotsky, 23n20. See also Big Brother concept Orwell ’s Politics (Newsinger), 24n29 OSS. See Office for Strategic Services Our Political Tasks (Trotsky), 207 Pablo, Michel, 271-72 Paget, Mamaine, 103 Palmer, Bryan, 198nl83 Panin, Dmitri, 45 Papon, Maurice, 77 Pareto, Vilfredo, 28 Paris Communes (of 1793-1794, of 1871), 212 351 Parker, Stephen, 130 Partido Obero de Unification Marxista (POUM), 13-15, 97; Orwell criticism of, 15; Serge support of, 253 Partisan Review, 259-60 Parvus, Alexander, 6 The Passing of an Illusion (Furet), 59 Pasternak, Boris, 252 Patri, Aimé, 172 patriotism, in Soviet Union, 304-8 Paulhan,
Jean, 174 Paz, Magdeleine, 251 PCE. See Spanish Communist Party PCF. See French Communist Party PCI. See Italian Communist Party Pearce, Brian, 161 People’s Democracies, 269-70 permanent revolution theory, 158 The Persistence of the Old Regime (Mayer), 87nl 11 Peterson, Jordan, 83n74 The Phenomenology of Spirit (Hegel), xv Pipes, Richard, xxiii, 7, 72-74; on October Revolution, 72 Plamenatz, John, 40 Plato, 32 Plekhanov, Georgi, 206-7 Poland, 123; Communist Party of Poland, 262, 291 Polish October of 1956, 52 Political Messianism (Talmon), 82n52 Pollock, Friedrich, 118 Pol Pot, 78 Popper, Karl, 32 The Possessed (Dostoevsky), 74 POUM. See Partido Obero de Unification Marxista Prague Spring, 149, 163, 169, 187 Preobrazhensky, Evgeny, 222, 262 The Prison Notebooks (Gramsci), 150, 155, 157-59, 215 proletarian Jacobinism, 205-18; Bolshevism and, 207-8; Communist International and, 215; Lenin
352 on, 217-18, 240nl2; Luxemburg and, 212-14; Mensheviks and, 208-10, 212; Stalin and, 236-37; Trotsky and, 210 Proletarian Science? The Case of Lysenko (Lecourt), 169 The Prophet Armed (Deutscher), 267 The Prophet Outcast (Deutscher), 267 The Prophet Unarmed (Deutscher), 267 Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 2 Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, xii-xiii Rabinowitch, Alexander, 39 racial anti-Semitism, 8 Radek, Karl, 95, 262, 294 Radical Enlightenment, 41, 43 radicalism, xxi Rakovsky, Christian, 228-29, 245n75, 262 Ramsay, Harvie, 200n201 Rancière, Jacques, 167, 170 Rappoport, Yakov, 6 rationalism, during the Enlightenment, xxiii Ravazzoli, Paolo, 154 Reagan, Ronald, 68 realism, of Stalin, 157-58, 219-20, 300. See also historical realism Reason and Revolution (Marcuse), 139, 192n87 The Rebel (Camus), 104, 114n31 Red Army, 44, 67, 177-78, 211-13, 224, 260, 269 Red Star, 306-7 Red Terror, 211 Republicanism, in Spain, 13 Rêvai, Jözsef, 147 revolutionary romanticism, 147 The Revolution Betrayed (Trotsky), xv, xxiii-xxiv, 28, 79n3, 229, 234-35, 237-38 Richet, Denis, 55 Ridgway, Matthew, 178 Ridgway Riots, 178 Rigaudias, Louis, 174 Index Rights of Man, 43 The Road to Serfdom (Hayek), 3233,80nnl7-18 The Road to Wigan Pier (Orwell), 11, 13-15 Robert, Jan, 122-23 Roberts, Geoffrey, 300, 303 Robespierre, Maximilien, xiii, 41 -42, 59. See also Jacobinism Rogovin, Vadim, 289, 291 Rolland, Romain, 252 Rosenberg, William G., 39 Rosmer, Alfred, 223-24 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: as intellectual source of totalitarianism, 29; Jacobinism and, 41-42; Social Contract, 41 Rousset, David, 174, 176-77 Rudas,
Lâszlô, 147 Russell, Bertrand, 187 Russell Tribunal, 187 Russia: Black Hundreds in, 2, 8; Bolshevism in, xxi; bourgeois revolution in, 208-9; Jewish contagion fears in, 2; Liberation Army in, 6; October Revolution, xii, 33, 72, 99; Stalinism in, xxi; totalitarianism in, 30, 34, 36; White Armies in, 6. See also Bolshevism; communism; Stalinism Russian Civil War, 2-3 Russian Revolution, 185; Bolshevik’s role in, 33; chauvinism of, 217; despotism at end of, xxi; Five-Year Plans after, 37; French Revolution as model for, 215-16, 231; Jacobinism and, 55; Jewish role in, 5; Lukacs and, 142; Sartre as skeptic of, 172; Serge on, 250. See also Bolsheviks; Bolshevism The Russian Revolution (Luxemburg), 212-13 The Russian Revolution (Pipes), 72
Index Saccarelli, Emanuele, 158-59, 197nl56, 197nl66 Sakharov, Andrei, 48 salus populi suprema lex, 206 Salvemini, Gaëtano, 252 Samuel, Raphael, 161 Sartre, Jean-Paul, xxiii, 115n58; Beauvoir and, 172-78, 181; Being and Nothingness, 181; on colonialism, 183; The Communists and the Peace, 178-80; Congress of Cultural Freedom and, 105; critique of Algerian War, 183, 186; Critique of Dialectical Reason, 172, 184; Dirty Hands, 181-82; existentialism and, 174-75, 186; in French Army, 174; French Communist Party and, 172, 175-76, 179-80; The Ghost of Stalin, 182-83; on Maoism, 203n285; Merleau-Ponty and, 176-77; on Moscow Trials, 172-73; on Nazi-Soviet Pact, 173; on proletariat class, 179; rejection of Marxism, 187-88; The Search for a Method, 183-84; skepticism of Russian Revolution, 172; on Stalin, 172, 184-86; support of Third World revolutions, 187; Le Temps Modernes, 174-75; on Vietnam War, 187; The Wall, 102; Western Marxism and, 171-88; What is Literature?, 180 Sayer, Derek, 200n201 Shachtman, Max, 249-50, 263, 26667, 278n55 Schapiro, Leonard, 40, 80nl9 Schapiro, Meyer, 257 Scholem, Gershom, xiv scissor crisis, 220 The Search for a Method (Sartre), 183-84 Second Empire, under Bonaparte, xii Secret Speech, of Khrushchev, 122-23, 137, 148, 165, 247nll8; critiques of, 285; Losurdo on, 284-86 353 SED. See Socialist Unity Party Sedgewick, Peter, 261 Sedov, Lev, 252, 275n23 Sedov, Natalia, 252 Serge, Victor, xxiv, 47-48, 174, 196nl36, 226, 240nl2, 249-62; arrest of, 250-51; in Belgium, 25253; Birth of Our Power, 251; The Case of Comrade Tulayev, 258-59, 288; Conquered City, 251;
Destiny of a Revolution, 253; Gaullism and, 261; Gramsci and, 250; International Congress of Writers for the Defense, 252; From Lenin to Stalin, 252; The Life and Death ofLeon Trotsky, 257; Lukacs and, 250; Men in Prison, 251; Midnight in the Century, 251, 274n6; as oppositional Marxist, 28; Partido Obero de Unification Marxista and, 253; political exile of, 257-58; rejection of Marxism, 256; support for Russian Revolution, 250; Their Morals and Ours, 254-56; Year One of the Russian Revolution, 251 ; Year Two of the Russian Revolution, 274n4 Shalamov, Varlam, 48 Shatz, Adam, 77 Shultz, George, 69 Silone, Ignazio, 104-5 Silver, Brian, 70 Singer, Daniel, 77, 85n89, 262 Sinyavsky, Andrei, 48 Smith, Andrew, 49 Snyder, Timothy, 91nl66 Soboul, Albert, 55-57 Social Contract (Rousseau), 41 social democracy, Jacobinism and, 240nl2 Social Democratic Party (Germany), 138 The Social Interpretation of the French Revolution (Cobban), 55 socialism: Bukharin and, 246nl08; in Germany, 5, 61-68; as global theory,
354 236; in Nineteen Eighty-Four, 21; Stalin and, 219; Thermidor concept in, 235; Trotsky on, 220 Socialisme et Liberté group, 174 Socialist Party of America, 277n38 socialist realism, 131 Socialist Register, 54 Socialist Unity Party (SED), 136-37 Socialist Workers Party (SWP), 249 Solow, Herbert, 257 Solts, Aron, 6 “The Solution” (Brecht), 137 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, xxiii, 83n68; anti-Semitism of, 6-8; The Cancer Ward, 46; Counter-Enlightenment Project and, 52; as critic of communism, 48-49; The First Circle, 47; The Gulag Archipelago, 6, 44, 47, 50-51, 57-58, 83n74; as Marxist, 45-46; One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, 46; political exile of, 46; in Red Army, 44; religious faith for, 45; on Trotsky, 7; Two Hundred Years Together, 7 Sorge, Richard, 302 Souvarine, Boris, 28, 79n3, 251, 276n26 Soviet Marxism (Marcuse), 140 The Soviet Tragedy (Malia), 74-75 Soviet Union (USSR): academic studies on, 34; anti-Semitism in, 189nl3; Cultural Revolution in, 37-38; de-Stalinization of, 140; dictatorships in, 31; as dysfunctional bureaucracy, 39; as “Evil Empire,” 68; First Congress of Soviets, 209; industrialization in, 236-37; nationalism in, 304-8; Nazi-Soviet Pact, 29, 119, 127, 298-302; Non Aggression Pact with Nazi Germany, 296, 299-302; socialist realism as orthodoxy in, 131. See also Russia; specific countries; specific topics Spain: Civil War in, 96, 160, 173; Franco in, 51; Parti do Obero de Unificaciön Marxista, 13-15; Index Republicanism, 13; Spanish Communist Party, 13 Spanish Civil War, 96, 160, 173 Spanish Communist Party (PCE), 13 The Spanish Testament
(Koestler), 97, 102 Spartacist League, 3 Spartacus (film), 113nl8 Spartacus, as literary symbol, 97-100, 113nl3 Spender, Stephen, 104 Spinoza, Baruch, xii, 95, 282 The Spirit of Utopia (Bloch), 121 spiritual anti-Semitism, 8 Stalin (Deutscher), 264—65 Stalin (Losurdo), 283 Stalin (Trotsky), 238, 246nll5 Stalin, Josef, 78; Brecht on, 130; Bukharin and, 95, 221; collectivation campaign, 70; Dialectical and Historical Materialism, 160; as evil, xiii; Foundations of Leninism, 246nl08; Luxemburg compared to, 147-48; military leadership of, 303-4; proletarian Jacobinism and, 236-37; realism of, 157-58, 219-20; socialism and, 219; Soviet nationalism under, 304-8. See also totalitarianism Stalinism: alternative to, 216-23; Arendt on, 31; Bolshevism as foundation of, 35, 205; Brecht and, 137-38; as demonic and evil, xii, xiv; Deutscher as defender of, 265; Horkheimer on, 119; Left Opposition and, xv; Leninism and, 36; Merleau-Ponty on, 109; October Revolution and, xii; origins of, 253-54; Orwell on, 11-22; purges as feature of, 15; in Russia, xxi; Trotsky analysis of, 238-39. See also anti-Stalinist movements; “bolt from the blue” approach; de-Stalinization campaigns; historical necessity approach; Thermidor concept
Index Stalin ’s Peasants (Fitzpatrick), 38 State Capitalism or Totalitarian State Economy (Hilferding), 28 Ste. Croix, Geoffrey de, 161 Striker, Eva, 97 “subversive” Jews, 2-5, 8n4 Suny, Ronald Grigor, 35, 39 SWP. See Socialist Workers Party Tailism and the Dialectic (Lukacs), 143 Talmon, Jacob, xxiii, 40-42, 82n52 Le Temps Modernes, 174-75 Terracini, Umberto, 154 Terrorism and Communism (Trotsky), 211 Thatcher, Margaret, 69 Their Morals and Ours (Serge), 254-56 Thermidor concept, of Stalinism, 194nl07, 223-28; anti-Semitism and, 226; Bolshevik Party and, 217; Bonapartism and, 231-32; Hegel and, 143-44; Left Opposition and, 224, 233; Lukacs and, 142, 144; Oppositional Bolsheviks, 224; socialism and, 235; Trotsky and, 229-39, 265-66 Theses on the Philosophy of History (Benjamin), 127 Third Reich: Auschwitz and, 64-65; defeat of, 29; as totalitarian state, 64. See also Nazi Germany Thirty Years After the Russian Revolution, 261-62 Thompson, Edward P., 54, 161 Thorez, Maurice, 171 Three Faces of Fascism (Nolte), 61-63, 86nl05 Threepenny Opera (Brecht), 128 Thurston, Robert, 39 Tito, Josef, 260 Tkachev, Pyotr, 40, 205 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 59 Togliatti, Palmiro, 151-55 totalitarian democrats, 41 355 Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (Brzezinski and Friedrich), 31-32 The Totalitarian Enemy (Borkenau), 16 totalitarianism: in Animal Farm, 16-18; anti-Jacobinism and, 39-43; anti-Semitism and, 30; Arendt on, 30-32, 86nl01; Big Brother concept and, 16-22; Bolshevik Revolution and, 53-54; “bolt from the blue” approach to, 27-34; communism and, 32-33; conceptual approach to,
27-34; as conceptual term, 27-28; Counter-Enlightenment Project and, 27-34; Dialectic of Saturn and, 41, 43; failure as theory, 27; Gramsci on, 155; imperialism and, 30; main features of, 32; mass politics and, 30; Mussolini and, 27-28; in Nazi Germany, 28-30, 34-36; in Nineteen Eighty-Four, 19, 21; Orwell on, 16-22; revisionist approaches to, 34-39; Rousseau as intellectual source of, 29; in Russia, 30, 34, 36. See also anti-totalitarian movement “To those born after” (Brecht), 132-33 Transitional Program, xvinl2 Traverso, Enzo, 67, 89nl29, 189nl6 Tress, Pietro, 154 Tretiakov, Sergei, 130 The Trojan Horse (Nizan), 172 Trotsky, Leon, 78, 244n66; alternative to Stalinism, 216-23; anti Stalinism of, 122; Bloch on, 122; Brecht on, 130, 134-35; Bulletin of the Opposition, 263, 292; on collectivism, 221-22; conception of morality, 255; expulsion from Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 227; Gramsci and, 150-53, 159; historical materialism and, xv; History of the Russian Revolution, 126; Literature and Revolution, 151; Menshevism and, 207; MerleauPonty and, 109, 115n51 ; My Life, 126, 158; as oppositional Marxist,
356 Index 28; Orwell on, 23n20; Our Political Tasks, 207; in The Prison Notebooks, 158; proletarian Jacobinism and, 210; Red Army, 44, 67, 177-78, 211-13, 224, 260, 269; The Revolution Betrayed, xv, xxiii-xxiv, 28, 79n3, 229, 234—35, 237-38; on socialism, 220; Solzhenitsyn on, 7; Stalin, 238, 246nll5; Stalinism analysis by, 238-39; Terrorism and Communism, 211; Thermidor concept and, 229-39, 265-66; on Transitional Program, xvinl2; Where is England Going?, 124 Trotskyism, 48-49 Trotskyist Opposition, 156-57 Trumbo, Dalton, 113nl8 Tsarist Russia. See Russia Tucker, Robert, 34-36 Tukhachevsky, Mikhail, 291-97 Tukhachevsky Affair, 291-97 Tvardovsky, Aleksandr, 46 Two Hundred Years Together (Solzhenitsyn), 7 Two Kinds ofDoom (Hilgruber), 65 Ukraine, famine in, 70-71, 78 Ukrainian Resurgent Army (UPA), 9nl8 Ulam, Adam, 7, 33, 40 Under the Bolshevik Regime (Pipes), 72 Under Two Dictators (BuberNeumann), 48 The Unfinished Revolution (Deutscher), 271 United States (U.S.): Central Intelligence Agency, 30, 104-5; House Un-American Activities Commission, 136; Marcuse exile in, 138-39; Office for Strategic Services, 139; response to communism, 30; Socialist Party of America, 277n38; Socialist Workers Party in, 249 universalist Bolshevism, 4 UPA. See Ukrainian Resurgent Army Urbahns, Hugo, 230 U.S. See United States USSR. See Soviet Union utopianism: abstract, 144; nationalism and, 304-5 Vakulich, Pavel, 294 Vergniaud, Pierre Victurnien, xiii Victor, Pierre, 167 Vietnam War, 187 Vitkevic, Nikolai, 44 Vlasov, Andrey, 6 Vlassov movement, 9nl8 voluntarism, xiv Voronyanskaya, Elizaveta, 47
Walecki, Henryk, 263 The Wall (Sartre), 102 Warburg, Max, 191n58 Warsaw Pact, 187; Hungary withdrawal from, 123, 148 Warski, Adolf, 263 We (Zamyatin), 20 Weil, Hermann, 118 Weissman, Suzi, 259, 261 Weitling, Wilhelm, xiii Werth, Léon, 251 Werth, Nicolas, 78 Western Marxism: Adorno and, 117-20; Althusser and, 164-71; Benjamin and, 123-28; Blochand, 121-23; Brecht and, 124, 128-38; Frankfurt School and, 117; Gramsci and, 15059; historical development of, 117; Hobsbawm and, 159-64; Horkheimer and, 117-20; Lukâcs and, 142-50; Marcuse and, 138—42; MerleauPonty and, 117; Sartre and, 171-88 What is Literature? (Sartre), 180 What is to be Done (Lenin), 33 Wheatcroft, Stephen, 70-71 Where is England Going? (Trotsky), 124 White Armies, in Russia, 6 White Terror, 211
Index Why the Heavens Did Not Darken (Mayer), 68 Wiesel, Elie, 7 Willikens, Werner, 66 Witness (Chambers), 74 Wittfogel, Karl, 189n23 Wolfe, Bernard, 202n256 Workers’ World Party, 272 “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction” (Benjamin), 125 Wretched of the Earth (Fanon), 186-87 Wright, Richard, 104 Yagoda, Genrikh, 6 Year One of the Russian Revolution (Serge), 251 357 Year Two of the Russian Revolution (Serge), 274n4 Yegorov, Aleksandr, 296 Yeltsin, Boris, 280n80 The Yogi and the Commissar (Koestler), 101-2 The Young Hegel (Lukâcs), 145—46 Yugoslav Communist Party, 291 Zalutskii, Petr, 225 Zamyatin, Yevgeny, 20 Zhdanov, Andrei, 164,175 Zinoviev, Grigory, 143, 217, 225; expulsion from Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 227 Zizek, Slavoj, 132, 194nl07 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Greene, Doug Enaa |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1302374141 (DE-588)1257984675 |
| author_facet | Greene, Doug Enaa |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Greene, Doug Enaa |
| author_variant | d e g de deg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049004253 |
| contents | Introduction: Saturn and her children -- 1. Stalinism as a bolt from the blue: the Jewish-Bolshevik contagion -- 2. Stalinism as a bolt from the blue: Big Brother -- 3. Stalinism as a bolt from the blue: the counter-Enlightenment project -- 4. Stalinism as historical necessity: Rubashov and terror -- 5. Stalinism as historical necessity: the ambiguities of Western Marxism -- 6. From Proletarian Jacobinism to Stalinist Thermidor -- 7. Stalinism as Thermidor: Western retreat and Eastern reconciliation -- 8. Escaping fate -- Appendix: Domenico Losurdo: a critical assessment of "Stalin: the history and critique of a black legend" |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1397517169 (DE-599)BVBBV049004253 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>03962nam a2200673 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV049004253</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20231124 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">230616s2023 b||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781666930894</subfield><subfield code="c">hardback</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-66693-089-4</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1397517169</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV049004253</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Greene, Doug Enaa</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1302374141</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Stalinism and the dialectics of Saturn</subfield><subfield code="b">anticommunism, Marxism, and the fate of the Soviet Union</subfield><subfield code="c">Douglas Greene ; foreword by Harrison Fluss</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Lanham, Maryland ; Boulder ; New York ; London</subfield><subfield code="b">Lexington Books</subfield><subfield code="c">[2023]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2023</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xxiii, 359 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="c">24 cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Introduction: Saturn and her children -- 1. Stalinism as a bolt from the blue: the Jewish-Bolshevik contagion -- 2. Stalinism as a bolt from the blue: Big Brother -- 3. Stalinism as a bolt from the blue: the counter-Enlightenment project -- 4. Stalinism as historical necessity: Rubashov and terror -- 5. Stalinism as historical necessity: the ambiguities of Western Marxism -- 6. From Proletarian Jacobinism to Stalinist Thermidor -- 7. Stalinism as Thermidor: Western retreat and Eastern reconciliation -- 8. Escaping fate -- Appendix: Domenico Losurdo: a critical assessment of "Stalin: the history and critique of a black legend"</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"This study examines the debates, history, and theory surrounding Stalinism and the Soviet Union. The author argues that the growing popularity of socialism in the United States calls for a renewed look at the legacy of Stalinism"--</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Trotzkismus</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4061029-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Stalinismus</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4056883-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Marxismus</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4037764-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Soviet Union / Politics and government / 1936-1953</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Soviet Union / Politics and government / 1917-1936</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Communism / Soviet Union / History</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Stalin, Joseph / 1878-1953 / Influence</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Political culture / Soviet Union / History</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Socialism / United States / History</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Stalin, Joseph / 1878-1953</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Communism</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Influence (Literary, artistic, etc.)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Political culture</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Politics and government</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Socialism</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Soviet Union</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">United States</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">1917-1953</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="6"><subfield code="a">History</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Marxismus</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4037764-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Stalinismus</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4056883-0</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Trotzkismus</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4061029-9</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Fluss, Harrison</subfield><subfield code="d">ca. 20./21. Jh.</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1257984675</subfield><subfield code="4">wpr</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Online-Ausgabe</subfield><subfield code="z">9781666930900</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034267385&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034267385&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Literaturverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034267385&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Register // Gemischte Register</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">oe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="q">BSB_NED_20231124</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034267385</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">909</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">0904</subfield><subfield code="g">947.08</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| id | DE-604.BV049004253 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:10:26Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:52:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781666930894 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034267385 |
| oclc_num | 1397517169 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xxiii, 359 Seiten 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20231124 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Lexington Books |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Greene, Doug Enaa Verfasser (DE-588)1302374141 aut Stalinism and the dialectics of Saturn anticommunism, Marxism, and the fate of the Soviet Union Douglas Greene ; foreword by Harrison Fluss Lanham, Maryland ; Boulder ; New York ; London Lexington Books [2023] © 2023 xxiii, 359 Seiten 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Introduction: Saturn and her children -- 1. Stalinism as a bolt from the blue: the Jewish-Bolshevik contagion -- 2. Stalinism as a bolt from the blue: Big Brother -- 3. Stalinism as a bolt from the blue: the counter-Enlightenment project -- 4. Stalinism as historical necessity: Rubashov and terror -- 5. Stalinism as historical necessity: the ambiguities of Western Marxism -- 6. From Proletarian Jacobinism to Stalinist Thermidor -- 7. Stalinism as Thermidor: Western retreat and Eastern reconciliation -- 8. Escaping fate -- Appendix: Domenico Losurdo: a critical assessment of "Stalin: the history and critique of a black legend" "This study examines the debates, history, and theory surrounding Stalinism and the Soviet Union. The author argues that the growing popularity of socialism in the United States calls for a renewed look at the legacy of Stalinism"-- Trotzkismus (DE-588)4061029-9 gnd rswk-swf Stalinismus (DE-588)4056883-0 gnd rswk-swf Marxismus (DE-588)4037764-7 gnd rswk-swf Soviet Union / Politics and government / 1936-1953 Soviet Union / Politics and government / 1917-1936 Communism / Soviet Union / History Stalin, Joseph / 1878-1953 / Influence Political culture / Soviet Union / History Socialism / United States / History Stalin, Joseph / 1878-1953 Communism Influence (Literary, artistic, etc.) Political culture Politics and government Socialism Soviet Union United States 1917-1953 History Marxismus (DE-588)4037764-7 s Stalinismus (DE-588)4056883-0 s Trotzkismus (DE-588)4061029-9 s DE-604 Fluss, Harrison ca. 20./21. Jh. (DE-588)1257984675 wpr Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 9781666930900 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034267385&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034267385&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034267385&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Greene, Doug Enaa Stalinism and the dialectics of Saturn anticommunism, Marxism, and the fate of the Soviet Union Introduction: Saturn and her children -- 1. Stalinism as a bolt from the blue: the Jewish-Bolshevik contagion -- 2. Stalinism as a bolt from the blue: Big Brother -- 3. Stalinism as a bolt from the blue: the counter-Enlightenment project -- 4. Stalinism as historical necessity: Rubashov and terror -- 5. Stalinism as historical necessity: the ambiguities of Western Marxism -- 6. From Proletarian Jacobinism to Stalinist Thermidor -- 7. Stalinism as Thermidor: Western retreat and Eastern reconciliation -- 8. Escaping fate -- Appendix: Domenico Losurdo: a critical assessment of "Stalin: the history and critique of a black legend" Trotzkismus (DE-588)4061029-9 gnd Stalinismus (DE-588)4056883-0 gnd Marxismus (DE-588)4037764-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4061029-9 (DE-588)4056883-0 (DE-588)4037764-7 |
| title | Stalinism and the dialectics of Saturn anticommunism, Marxism, and the fate of the Soviet Union |
| title_auth | Stalinism and the dialectics of Saturn anticommunism, Marxism, and the fate of the Soviet Union |
| title_exact_search | Stalinism and the dialectics of Saturn anticommunism, Marxism, and the fate of the Soviet Union |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Stalinism and the dialectics of Saturn anticommunism, Marxism, and the fate of the Soviet Union |
| title_full | Stalinism and the dialectics of Saturn anticommunism, Marxism, and the fate of the Soviet Union Douglas Greene ; foreword by Harrison Fluss |
| title_fullStr | Stalinism and the dialectics of Saturn anticommunism, Marxism, and the fate of the Soviet Union Douglas Greene ; foreword by Harrison Fluss |
| title_full_unstemmed | Stalinism and the dialectics of Saturn anticommunism, Marxism, and the fate of the Soviet Union Douglas Greene ; foreword by Harrison Fluss |
| title_short | Stalinism and the dialectics of Saturn |
| title_sort | stalinism and the dialectics of saturn anticommunism marxism and the fate of the soviet union |
| title_sub | anticommunism, Marxism, and the fate of the Soviet Union |
| topic | Trotzkismus (DE-588)4061029-9 gnd Stalinismus (DE-588)4056883-0 gnd Marxismus (DE-588)4037764-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Trotzkismus Stalinismus Marxismus |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034267385&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034267385&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034267385&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT greenedougenaa stalinismandthedialecticsofsaturnanticommunismmarxismandthefateofthesovietunion AT flussharrison stalinismandthedialecticsofsaturnanticommunismmarxismandthefateofthesovietunion |