Verfügbarkeit: Soviet self-hatred

Soviet self-hatred: the secret identities of postsocialism in contemporary Russia

"As Borenstein shows in his readings of a range of popular culture texts, the imaginary identities Russians have been trying on since the Soviet collapse reflect an aggressive, often outward-facing self-hatred that allows some Russians to come to terms with their country's standing in the...

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Borenstein, Eliot 1966- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Ithaca ; London Cornell University Press 2023
Schlagworte:	Geschichte 1991-2022 Fremdbild Soziale Identität Postkommunismus Nationalbewusstsein Selbstbild Russland National characteristics, Russian Russians / Attitudes Post-communism / Russia (Federation) Russia (Federation) / Social conditions / 1991- Post-communism Social conditions Russia (Federation) Since 1991
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register
Zusammenfassung:	"As Borenstein shows in his readings of a range of popular culture texts, the imaginary identities Russians have been trying on since the Soviet collapse reflect an aggressive, often outward-facing self-hatred that allows some Russians to come to terms with their country's standing in the world, the social and economic misery, and the dominance of oligarchism and Putinsim"-
Beschreibung:	x, 192 Seiten 23 x 15,3 cm
ISBN:	9781501769887 9781501769870

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505	8		\|a Introduction. Postsocialism and the Legacy of Shame -- Zombie Sovieticus: The Descent of Soviet Man -- The Rise and Fall of Sovok -- Just a Guy Named Vasya -- Whatever Happened to the New Russians? -- Rich Man's Burden -- Russian Orc: The Evil Empire Strikes Back -- Conclusion. Russian Self-Hatred
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents Acknowledgments Introduction: Postsocialism and the Legacy of Shame ix 1 1. Zombie Sovieticus: The Descent of Soviet Man 24 2. The Rise and Fall of Sovok 40 3. Just a Guy Named Vasya 60 4. Whatever Happened to the New Russians? 80 5. Rich Man’s Burden 96 6. Russian Orc: The Evil Empire Strikes Back 121 Conclusion: Russian Self-Hatred 154 Notes Works Cited Index 163 171 183 Works Cited Adams, John Joseph, and David Barr Kirtley. The Geeks’ Guide to the Galaxy [podcast], episode 336. November 22,2018. https://geeksguideshow.com/2018/11/16/ ggg336-andy-duncan/. Agamben, Giorgio. Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, translated by Daniel Heller-Roazen. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998. Ahmed, Sara. The Cultural Politics of Emotion. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004. Akunin, Boris. Altyn-Tolobas. St. Petersburg: Neva, 2000. “Aleksandr Gradskii: Mne seichas interesna bolee slozhnaia muzyka, chem rok.” RIANovosti. March 3,2009. https://ria.ru/20091103/191732613.html. “Andrei Lukin: la Vatnik!” Read by Iurii Vladimirovich Nazarov. March 17,2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-TG_5A3EpI. “Anekdoty pro sovok.” http://www.vysokovskiy.ru/anekdot/sovok/. Arkus, Liubov’. “la sdelal kartinu dlia sta millionov inostrantsev, zhivushchikh v moei strane.” Seans. December 7,2011. https://seance.ru/films/ sibirskij-tsirjulnik/?ap=numeric. Artamonova, Aleksandra. “Vnuk ‘sovka’: Anton Chadskii o iavlenii i poiavlenii Vatnika. November 25, 2014. https://www.newkaliningrad.ru/news/ politics/4821328-vnuk-sovka-anton-chadskiy-o-yavlenii-i-poyavlenii-vatnika. html. Attwood, Margaret. The Handmaid’s Tale. New York: Knopf, 1998. Atwood, Lynn. The New Soviet Man and Woman: Sex Role Socialization in the USSR. New York: Palgrave, 1990. Bassin, Mark. The Gumilev Mystique: Biopolitics, Eurasianism, and the Construction of Community in Modern Russia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2016. Bassin, Mark, and Gonzalo Pozo, eds. The Politics of Eurasianism: Identity, Popular Culture, and Russia’s Foreign Policy. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2017. Basulto, Dominic. Russophobia: How Western Media Turns Russia into the Enemy. S.I.: The Druzhba Project, 2015. Bellamy, Edward. Looking Backward. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1996. Belostotskii, Gennady. “Lennon i Karenina.” Kul’tura. March 5, 2009. https://dlib. eastview.com/browse/doc/19703537. Benediktov, Kirill. Milliarder 3: Konets igry. Moscow: Populiarnaia literatura, 2011. Berdiaev, Nikolai. Novoe srednevekov’e. Moscow: T8,2018. Bergen, Richard Angelo. ‘“A Warp of Horror’: J. R. R. Tolkien’s Sub-Creations of Evil.” Mythlore 36, no. 1 (2017): 103-22. Bershidsky, Leonid. “Putin’s Russia, Tolkien’s Mordor: What’s the Difference.” Bloomberg. December 11,2014. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/ articles/2014-12-ll/putins-russia-tolkiens-mordor-whats-the-difference. Beumers, Birgit. 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Zubok, Vladislav. “Russia’s Identity Quest.” Orbis 49, no. 1 (2005): 183-93. Index 1984 (Orwell), 109 access: money and, 117; role in post-Soviet era, 97; Soviet system and, 95,96 Ackroyd, Dan, 25 affect theory, and concept of self-hatred, 4 affirmational fandom, 22; and reactionary defense of Tolkien, 131; and Russian Orc, 153; state-sponsored, Russian historiography under Putin as, 160-61; war in Ukraine as extreme real-life expression of, 23 African Americans, and racial melancholia, 6 Agamben, Giorgio, 35, 37 Ahmed, Sara, 4-6 Akhmatova, Anna, 114,115 Akunin, Boris, 28 alienation: between elites and common people, Russia’s history of, 68-69; of evil, Russian antisemitism as, 62; negative identities and process of, 16,63,67; sovok’s, from postSoviet trends, 69 American Born Chinese (Yang), 26-27 American exceptionalism, and self-proclaimed Russian Orcs, 17,137 American Psycho, New Russian compared to, 102 America protiv Rossii (Kalashnikov and Krupnov), 137-38 Anderson, Benedict, 20 Andropov, Yuri, 32 anekdoty (jokes): about Chukchi, 107,166n2; about New Russians, 103-8,166n9; characters populating, 48; political, in Soviet era, 103 anime fan culture, 21 Anninsky, Lev, 41 antisemitism, Russian: explanation for, 62; slur used in, 165n6; and war on Ukraine, 162 Asian Americans: anxieties of, 26-27; and racial melancholia, 6-7 Asimov, Isaac, 138 Atwood, Lynn, 27 Atwood, Margaret, 109 Balabanov, Aleksei, 105,108 The Barber of Siberia (film), 154-59; affirmative messages of, 169n2; casting of, 155,156,169nl; cost of, 157; and Russian identity, renegotiation of, 156,157-59; tagline from, 155,157-58,162 Baron Cohen, Sacha, 24-26,80,81 The Bedbug (Mayakovsky), 29-30,98 Bellamy, Edward, 24,25 Belostotsky, Gennady, 50 Bender, Ostap, 92-93 Benediktov, Kirill, 115 Berdiaev, Nikolai, 98 Berezovsky, Boris, 89 Bershidsky, Leonid, 146 Bezrukov, Sergei, 112 Bilbo, Theodore G., 131 Billionaire trilogy, 114-18,119 Bimmer (film), 112 The Black Book ofArda (Vasilieva and Nekrasova), 136 Blok, Aleksandr: “The People and the Intelligentsia,” 68; “The Scythians,” 138,149 Bobyr’, Zinaida, 133 Bodrov, Sergei, Jr., 18 Bogdanov, Konstantin, 34 Boiko, Mikhail, 143 Bolshevism: approach to feminism, 27-28; and New Man, idea of, 28 Bond, James, Cold War plots in movies about, 123 Borat character, 24-26,80,81; Kazakhstan government’s response to, 25,26,164nl; post-Soviet shame exemplified by, 26 Bozovic, Marijeta, 80-82 Bravo (band), 60-61, 66, 79 Brezhnev, Leonid, 32,71 Brigada (film), 112-13,114,119 Bright (film), 168n9 Brin, David, 130,132,168n5 Bromfield, Andrew, 140,142 The Bronze Horseman (Pushkin), 55 Brother (film), 105,108 Buber, Martin, 103 Buddha’s Little Finger (Pelevin), 66 183 184 INDEX Bulgakov, Mikhail: Heart of a Dog, 29, 30; The Master and Margarita, 52 Butner (film), 112 Burnt by the Sun (film), 56,154 Bush, George W., 17,137 Buslov, Pyotr, 112 Butler, Judith, 156 bydlo, 16,63,67-69; connection to self-hatred, 62,69; Internet and, 165nl4; national and global, 69; Orcs compared to, 143; as proxy for socioeconomic class, 79; television and, 69-72; as tool for alienation, 67 Bykov, Dmitrii, 23,52,53; Justification, 66; Living Souls, 16,63,64-67,165nl2; popularity of, 53; on sovok, 52,69 capitalism: accumulation of wealth in, assumed rationality of, 88; management of scarcity in, 95; Marxist perspective on, 108 capitalism, Russian: criminality and, 108-9; injustice and deceit characterizing, 88, 97; New Russian as face of, 88,98 Cassiday, Julie, 166n3 Chaadaev, Pyotr, 158 Chadsky, Anton, 77; public art action in Ukraine, 77-78; and Vatnik Internet meme, 72, 73-74, 75 Chapaev: jokes about, 48,66; literary works about, 65-66 Chapaev (film), 66 Chapaev (Furmanov), 65 Chapaev and the Void (Pelevin), 66 Chaplin, Vsevolod, 121 Chekhov, Anton: The Cherry Orchard, 52,53, 108; The Three Sisters, 108 Chen, Adrian, 151 ehern’ (term), 68 Chernaia kniga Ardy (Vasilieva and Nekrasova), 136 The Cherry Orchard (Chekhov), 52,53,108 Chess, K., 58 Chin, Bertha, 20 Chukchi, jokes about, 107,166n2 Clark, Katerina, 110 class. See socioeconomic class Clinton, Bill, 129 Colbert, Stephen, 75 Cold War, 122; dualistic storytelling popularized during, 122-23; politics of, entanglement with Western mass fantasy, 124-25; reversal of binaries of, Russian Orc and, 130; in Western popular culture, 122-23 common people: alienation between elites and, Russia’s history of, 68-69; as bydlo, 67; as category under Soviet ideology, 61,63; infatuation with, in 19th-century Russia, 68; post-Soviet types embodying disdain for, 61-63; as Vasyas/Vaskas, 61, 63,64-67, 165n2 conservative nationalists, 22-23,42-43 conspiracy theories: about Soviet collapse, 11; Russophobia as tool in, 62,129,165n4; and US elections of 2016,151-52; and war in Ukraine, 162 consumer culture/consumption: negative identities defined in relation to, 51; New Russian and, 95,103-6; sovok and, 17,45, 49,50,51 Crimea, Russian annexation of, 12; appropriation of “Orc” epithet after, 140, 146; nationalists supporting, 16,76 criminality: imaginary post-Soviet identities and, 16-17,79; New Russian and, 17,52,79, 83,106,108-9,112-13,114; privatization in 1990s and, 94 Cronin, Justin, 166n3 culture: imaginary post-Soviet identities and, 16-17,79; New Russian and, 100,102, 106-7; Russian Orc and, 17; sovok and, 17,69 curatorial fandom, 22. See also affirmational fandom The Daily Show, right-wing person in, 75 The Day of the Oprichnik (Sorokin), 98 Dead Man’s Bluff (fUni), 105,108-9 Dead Souls (Gogol), 64,68 Death by Internet (Tuchkov), 99-102,118 DeLillo, Don, 82 Dilbert (comic strip), 25 dissidents, Brezhnev-era, 43 Donbas: as live-action-role-playing game (LARP), 23; as Orc homeland, 148,149 Dontsov, Sergei, 55 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 28 DozhdTV, 22 Draitser, Emil, 103,107 Dreiden, Sergei, 55 Dubchek, Viktor, 145-46 Dubin, Boris, 38 Dubov, Yuli, 89 Duncan,Andy, 131 Dunn, Elizabeth, 10-11 dystopia, New Man as product of, 29-32 effectiveness, imaginary post-Soviet identities and, 16-17, 79 egalitarianism, Soviet, 97; vs. access, 96; vs. elitism of educated urbanites, 61,63; vs. post-Soviet capitalism, 97 Elizarov, Mikhail, 140-41; The Librarian, 140, 141; “Orkskaia” (“Orc Song”), 140-41,143, 144,146,148,149; Pasternak, 140 INDEX Eng, David L„ 6,7 Envy (Olesha), 30-32 Epstein, Mikhail, 41-42 Erofeev, Venedikt, 94 Erofeyev, Viktor, 37 Estingeev, Denis, 112 Ethnogenesis (literary project), 114-18,167n5 ethnogenesis, theory of, 102,114,161 Etkind, Alexander, 7 EVE online fan fiction, 145 Everything Is Illuminated (film), 25 Eye of Sauron: as basilisk, 127; planned art installation in Moscow, 121-22, 128-29,147 Famous Men Who Never Lived (Chess), 58 fandom, 20-21; nationalism compared to, 20,21,153; types of, 21-22,153. See also affirmational fandom; transformational fandom fantasy: allegorical potential of, 135; Cold War dualism and, 123; ideology as form of, 125, 138; politics compared to, 129; Star Wars (film series) as, 130 Fantasy Worlds website, 144 fascism: The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien) and connections to, 128,134,141; online trolls and espousal of, 127; Soviet use of term, 161 feminism, Bolshevik approach to, 27-28 feudalism: fantasies of New Russian and, 98-102; nostalgic, The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien) and, 130 Foer, Jonathan Safran, 25 Forster, E. M., 58 The Forsyth Saga (Galsworthy), 128 Foundation (Asimov), 138 Frankfurt, Harry, 91 Freud, Sigmund: on conflicts between ethnicities/nations, 21; on hatred as libidinal attachment, 4; impact on Russian audiences, 135; Russian revisionist reading of The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien) and, 151 Frolkov, Vladimir Georgievich (“Yarovrat”), 139-40 Fukuyama, Francis, 24 Furmanov, Dmitry, 65 Fyodorov, Nikolai, 135 Galsworthy, John, 128 Game of Thrones (TV series): ethical compromises of, 125; racial undertones of, 136 Gardner, John, 137 Gates, Bill, 88 gay propaganda law (2013), 19 Geller, Mikhail, 33 185 gender: of New Man, 27; of New Russian, 83-84; and post-Soviet identity constructs, 17-19. See also masculinity; women Generation P (Pelevin), 127 Genis, Alexander, 41 Georgia, Russia’s 2008 invasion of: and postSoviet, declaration of end of, 12; and Voronezh bombing meme, 1 Gilman, Sander, 3,4,5 Global Orcs, 143 global unity, predictions regarding, 24 Gnevorca (Kalashnikov and Krupnov), 137-38 Goblin Studios, 141 Gogol, Nikolai: Dead Souls, 64,68; influence on Tuchkov, 99 Goscilo, Helena, 107 Gradsky, Alexander, 40-41 Graham, Seth, 103,107, 166n2, 166nn8-9 Griboyedov, Alexander, 77,101 Gudkov, Lev, 6, 38,63 Gulag, vatnik associated with, 72,74 Gumilev, Lev, 167n6; in Billionaire trilogy, 114-18; ethnogenesis theory of, 102, 114,161 Gumilev, Nikolai, 114 Han, Shinhee, 6,7 The Handmaid’s Tale (Atwood), 109 Harry Potter (Rowling): Anglo-Saxon values in, 124,126,135; fundamentalist US Protestants’ objections to, 121; Russian audiences’ response to, 124,126,128 hatred: complicated dynamic between self and other in, 4; role in conspiracy theories, 62; toward New Russians, 111; Vatnik associated with, 74,75. See also self-hatred Hayek, F. A., 98 Haynes, Todd, 156 Heart of a Dog (Bulgakov), 29 Heldt, Barbara, 31 “hereditary proletarian,” category of, 61 heterotopia, political fantasies and, 129 Hitler, Adolf: in Ethnogenesis series, 115; representation in The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien), 134; in revisionist Lord of the Rings fan fiction, 136 The Hobbit (film series): Eye of Sauron art installation in honor of, 121-22,128-29, 147; Russian nationalist review of, 147 homelessness crisis, post-Soviet, 16,64 Homo sacer, 35,37; vs. Homosos, 38 Homosos, 17,34-38,39; origins of term, 34, 40; sovok compared to, 34,37,40 Homo Sovieticus, 33-35; as Homosos, 17, 34-38; ideological function of, 39 186 INDEX Homo Sovieticus (Zinoviev), 17, 34-37, 38, 94 Homo Zapiens (Pelevin), 127 Hooker, Mark T, 134 humanism, New Russians’ reflexive rejection of, 104 humor: American, Russian anekdoty compared to, 48; centered on sovok, 45-48. See also anekdoty; styob “I Am a Vatnik” (Lukin), 75-77 identity: imaginative formation of, 2,19; Soviet collapse and crisis of, 2-3,7, 157-58; Soviet experiment with, 27. See also identity constructs; negative identity identity constructs, post-Soviet, 16,19; axes for evaluation of, 16-17,79; The Barber of Siberia (film) and, 156,157-59; gender and, 17-19; as masks/performances, 8; melancholy and, 7; negative, 6,63; pride and shame and, 3,8, 15,67; self-hatred and, 7,15,159 identity constructs, Soviet: degradation of, 33-39; development of, 27-33 ideology, as form of fantasy, 125,138 Ilf, Ilya, 92-93 imagined community, notion of, 20 immigrant experience: Soviet collapse compared to, 50; sovok compared to, 50; yokel as reflection of, 26-27 Tm Not There (film), 156 intelligentsia: late Soviet, sovok as typical member of, 51-53,57,69,108; in rich Russians’ origin story, 119-20 Intergirl (film), 112 Internet: Bill Gates and, 88; bydlo on, 165nl4; Russian Orc on, 138-39,151; Sovok of the Week on, 45-48 Internet meme(s): Russian Orc Runet, 138, 139; Vatnik, 63,72,73,75; Voronezh bombing, 1-2,160 Internet Research Agency, St. Petersburg, 151 Internet trolls: and fascist tropes, 127; Orcs compared to, 151-52 Irony ofFate (film), 8-9 Jackson, Peter, 124,127,128,147. See also The Hobbit (film series); The Lord of the Rings (film series) Jameson, Frederic, 129 Jemisin, N. K., 131-32 Jenkins, Henry, 20 jew(s): as descendants of Khazars, theory of, 66-67,165n7; designation on Soviet internal identity papers, 86; Lord of the Rings revisionism and, 140-41 Jewish anxiety: Borat character as variation of, 26; self-hatred as variation of, 3-4,5 Jewison, Norman, 124 Jigoulov, Vadim, 45 Jobs, Steve, 99 Joel, Billy, 82 Justification (Bykov), 66 Kalashnikov, Maksim, 137-38, 143,146 Kamenkovich, Mariia, 134 Karlsson-on-the-Roof (Lindgren), 128 Karrik, Valerii, 134 Kartseva, Elena, 126 Kasta (band), 60,61,66,79 Kaufman, Andy, 25 Kazakhstan, Borat films and, 25,26,164nl Khavtan, Evgeny, 60,61 Khazars, 64,66-67,165n7 Khort, Igor, 145 Kibirov, Timur, 12-13 Kobrin, Kirill, 163nl0 Koestler, Arthur, 66,165n7 Kolina, Elena, 84 kolorady, as ethnic slur, 73 Kol’tso t’my (Perumov), 136 Konchalovsky, Andrei, 56 Kondrateva, Elena, 115 Korobov-Latyntsev, Andrei, 149-51 Kostya Gumankov s Paris Love (film), 50 Krasnyi padavan (Dubchek), 145-46 Krasnyi vlastelin (Shkenev), 144 Krivov, Andrei, 151 Krupnov, Yuri, 137-38,143 Krylova, Anna, 28,32 Lacan, Jacques, 125,151 Lapin, Sergei, 61 The Last Ringbearer (Yeskov), 136-37,139 Law of the Lawless (film). See Brigada Levada, Yuri, 38-39 Leviathan (film), 111 LGBTQI community, demonization of, 19 liberals: anti-Russian, projecting Orc traits onto, 149-50; patriotic, 22,23; post-Soviet, negative identity constructs employed by, 16,67,74-75 “liberpunk” science fiction, 137 The Librarian (Elizarov), 140,141 Limita (film), 112 Lindgren, Astrid, 128 Lipovetsky, Mark, 3,92,99,101,166n6 Liu, Hailong, 20 Liubif po-russki (film), 110-11 live-action-role-playing game (LARP), Donbas as, 23 INDEX LiveJournal, and Russian Orc Runet meme, 138,139 Living Souls (Bykov), 16,64-67,165nl2 Lombroso, Cesare, 135 Lomko, Ivan, 151 Looking Backward (Bellamy), 24,25 The Lord of the Rings (film series): first installment of, 124,127; Goblin Studios version of, 141 The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien): Anglo-Saxon values in, 124,126,130; dualistic cosmology of, 125,130; “evil empire” in, 17,122,128, 136; racist undertones in, 128,130-32, 133-34,167n3; resonance in Russian culture, 122,127-29; revisionist fiction based on, 136-38,139-45,168n5; Russian audiences’ response to, 124,126,130,133, 136,147-48; Russian nationalist reading of, 149-51; Russian translations of, Soviet subtext in, 134-35; Russophobie intent of, accusations of, 133-34,136,137-38, 139; and Soviet collapse, prediction of, 133; unofficial circulation in Soviet Union, 129,133; war in Ukraine and references to, 146-47; World War II and, 128,134,141. See also θre(s) “Lord of the Steppe” (Tuchkov), 100-101,102 Love, Russian Style (film), 110-11 Lucas, George, 124 Lukin, Andrei lurevich, 75-77 Lukyanenko, Sergei, 145 Lungin, Pavel, 89-93 MAGA hat, vatnik compared to, 75,79 Maguire, Gregory, 137 Maikov, Pavel, 112 Mamet, David, 156 Mamin, Yuri, 164n7; Window to Paris (film), 50, 55-59 Mamleev, Yuri, 37 Martin, Steve, 25 Marxism: on capitalism, 108; on class, 51, 97; on common people, 68; and labor as cult, 94; and nurture vs. nature, 35; and utopianism, 27,28 masculinity: and affirmational fandom, 22; of New Man, 27; of New Russian, 83; and post-Soviet identity constructs, 17-19; of yokel figure, 25 mass culture: categories of, as interpretive framework, 20; dualistic Western, and Cold War imaginary, 122-23; and post-Soviet identity constructs, 16,18,157; Soviet, 122; Westernized, anxieties about, 3,69 The Master and Margarita (Bulgakov), 52 The Matrix (film), 138-39 187 Matveev, Yevgeny, 110,111 Mavrodi, Sergei, 105 Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 29-30,98 McFarlane, Seth, 72 medievalism: alt-right and, 131; faux, Tolkien and, 131; new, 98-102 Medinsky, Vladimir, 22 Medvedev, Dmitri, 114 Medvedev, Sergei, 67-68 melancholy: and contemporary Russian identity, 7; racial, 6-7 meme(s). See Internet meme(s) Menshikov, Oleg, 154, 156 Meshalkin, Leonid, 145 meshchanstvo, Soviet struggle against, 49 Midville, China, 130,167n3 Mikhalkov, Nikita: The Barber of Siberia (film), 154-59; Burnt by the Sun (film), 56,154; Oscar hopes of, 154-55; in role of Tsar Alexander III, 155, 169nl Milosevic, Slobodan, 129 minorities: identity studies regarding, 3-4; parallels with Russian fans’ experience, 135-36; in Soviet Union, 85 Mironenko, Sergei, 22 MMM pyramid scheme, 94-95; ad campaign for, 53-54; founder of, 105 Mochalov, Pavel, 144-45 money: New Russian and, 79,84,87,95,97, 102-3,117,166n9; after reforms of 1990, 95; rich Russian and, 117; in Soviet society, 95,96 Moorcock, Michael, 128,130 Morimoto, Lori Hitchcock, 20 Moscow-Petushki (Erofeev),94 moskali, as ethnic slur, 73 Muller, Martin, 15,163n7 Narbikova, Valeria, 37 nationalism: fandom compared to, 20,21, 153; Swift’s satire of, 21; transformational/ affirmational binary in, 22-23 nationalism, Russian: and annexation of Crimea, 16,76; and Orc phenomenon, 19-20,147-49,153; Putin-era, Vatnik as representative of, 16,72,73,75,76-77; and revisionist Lord of the Rings interpretations, 144-45,149-51; and Star Wars fan fiction, 145-46 nation building, shame as form of, 5 Navalny, Alexei, 114 Nazarov, Yuri, 75-76 Nazis: Orcs modeled on, 134; in Soviet binary storytelling, 123; victory over, pride in, 42-43; war in Ukraine framed as battle against, 161-62 188 INDEX Nebesa obetovannye (film), 55 negative identity, 6,63; process of alienation and, 16,63,67; reclaiming as point of pride, 17,63,67 Nekrasova, Natalia, 136 NEPman, 29-30 Nevzorov, Aleksandr, 147 New Economic Policy (NEP), 29 New Man: dystopian representations of, 29-32; limitations of term, 32; masculinity associated with, 27; NEPman as rival of, 29-30; New Russian compared to, 28,98; New Soviet Man replacing, 28,32; paradox of, 43; Soviet Man compared to, 35; utopian roots of, 28-29, 35 new medievalism, 98-102 New Russian(s), 16,79,82; American Psycho compared to, 102; business model of, 114; characteristics of, 84, 95,102-3; as concept, 87-88; and consumer culture, 95, 103-6; and criminality, 17, 52,79,83, 106,108-9,112-13,114; and culture, 100,102,106-7; decline of, resurgence of state power and, 109-10; as economic pseudophenomenon, 93-94; as face of Russian capitalism, 88; and feudalist fantasies, 98-102; as figure of urban folklore, 87; in film, 89-93, 108-9, 111; financial collapse of 1998 and, 113-14; gender of, 83-84; hint at masculine inadequacy in, 18-19; jokes (anekdoty) about, 103-8,166n9; literary depictions of, 99-102; New (Soviet) Man compared to, 28, 98; North American robber barons compared to, 97; oligarchs as version of, 89,93,95; origins of term, 84-86; Putin-era successors to, 82, 95; rich Russian distinguished from, 117,118,120; romance novels and features of, 82-84; sovok compared to, 16,17, 49, 52,87,95, 106; and taste, 95,105-7; temporalities suggested by, 97-98; transformation into rich Russian, 110,112-13, 119-20; and wealth, 79, 84,87,95, 97,166n9 The New Russians (Smith), 85,86,98 New Soviet Man: New Man replaced by, 28, 32; New Russian as parodic counterpart to, 98; as political aspiration, 38 Neyolova, Marina, 156 Night Watch series (Lukyanenko), 145 Novak, Joseph, 34 Novodvorskaia, Valeriia, 145, 168nl2 Novae srednevekov’e (Berdiaev), 98 Okno v Parizh (film), 50,55-59 Olesha, Yuri, 30-32 oligareh(s): as New Russians, 89,93,95; Putin and, 109-10,114 Oligarkh (film). See Tycoon (film) Olivier salad, 8,9,163n5 θre(s)/θre identity, 136-38; Internet trolls compared to, 151-52; mass culture and, 18; online, 138-39; as the Other, 132, 168n5; racism in depiction of, 128,131-32, 133-34,167n3; revisionism regarding, 136-38, 139-45,168n5,168n9; Russian appropriation of, 19-20,122,130,148-49. See also Russian θre(s) Orki i russkie—brat’ia navek! (Meshalkin), 145 “Orkskaia”/“Orc Song” (Elizarov), 140-41, 143,144,146,148,149 Ormond, Julia, 154,156 Orwell, George, 109 Osminkin, Roman, 8 Oushakine, Serguei, 13,33,83-84 paleoconservatism, Russian, 129,167n2 parasite, social: New Russian as, 95; Soviet understanding of, 94 participatory culture, 20-21. See also fandom “Party Like a Russian” (song), 80-82 Passage (Cronin), 166n3 Pasternak (Elizarov), 140 Pelevin, Victor: Chapaev and the Void, 66; Generation P, 127; “ork”/“urk” wordplay by, 142,146; popularity of, 53; on post-Soviet intelligentsia, 51-52,54,69; S.N.U.F.F., 141-43,148 “The People and the Intelligentsia” (Blok), 68 Perumov, Nik, 136 Petrov, Evgeny, 92-93 Philosophical Letters (Chaadaev), 158 Platonov, Andrei, 135 Platt, Kevin, 12-13 politics: Cold War, entanglement with Western mass fantasy, 124-25; fantasy and science fiction compared to, 129 Polyanskaya, Anna, 151 popadantsy genre, 143-45 Poslednii kol’tsenosets (Yeskov), 136-37 posthuman, New Russian as, 104 postmodernism, late- and post-Soviet, 37 postsocialism: built-in limitation of term, 9; definition of, 10-11; end of, eagerness to declare, 12-15; messiness associated with, 14; perspectives on, 9-11; post-Soviet compared to, 11; scholars’ discomfort with term, 10-11; as temporal framework, 15; viewed as global condition, 10; virtues of term, 11,14,15 post-Soviet: built-in limitation of term, 9; difficulty defining, 33; discursive void left INDEX by, 13-14; end of, eagerness to declare, 12-15,163nl0; end of, joke regarding, 8-9; end of, Putin’s declaration of, 11-12; meaning of, 8; postsocialism compared to, 11; virtues of term, 11,14; weakness associated with, 15 post-Soviet Man, 33 pride: and identity formation, 2-3,8; reclamation of negative identities as point of, 17,63,67; Soviet victory in World War II and, 3,33,42-43; transformation of shame into, Russian Orc and, 17,19,141, 143; transformation of shame into, vatniki and,75-77 Prilepin, Zakhar, 42,43 privatization (1990s), 88,92-93,94,97 Prokhorov, Mikhail, 114 The Promised Heavens (film), 55 Pushkin, Alexander: The Bronze Horseman, 55; “The Stationmaster,” 87 Putin, Vladimir: centralization of state authority under, 109-10; compared to Sauron, 146,168nl2; economic growth under, 114; on end of post-Soviet period, 11-12; historiography under, as statesponsored affirmational fandom, 160-61; idea of Russophobia under, 62; imaginary world created and sold by, 129; “Nazi” (term) used by, 161-62; and oligarchs, 109-10,114; paleoconservatism (term) applied to program of, 129; and politics of collective identity reclamation, 7; and russkii vs. rossiiskii, use of term, 163nl2; and salvational myth of New Russia, 15; supporters of, identity labels used for, 67, 73; and war in Ukraine, 159,161 racial melancholia, 6-7 racism: Game of Thrones (TV series) and, 136; The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien) and, 128, 130-32,133-34,167n3 Radishchev, Alexander, 104 The Rage of the Orc (Kalashnikov and Krupnov), 137-38,143 Razlogov, Kirill, 126,169n2 Reagan, Ronald: “evil empire” speech of, 17, 124-25, 126,127, 128,137; imaginary world created and sold by, 129 Red Lord (Shkenev), 144 Red Padawan (Dubchek), 145-46 Reitter, Paul, 4,5 Rhys, Jean, 137 rich Russian(s), 82; Billionaire trilogy about, 114-18; New Russian distinguished from, 117,118,120; New Russian’s transformation into, 110,112-13,119-20; origin story of, 189 119-20; romanticization of, 112-13; self image of, contradictions inherent in, 119; song about, 80-82 Rich Russians: From Oligarchs to Bourgeoisie (Schimpfössl), 119-20 right-wing circles: crusades against Social Justice Warriors, 136; preoccupation with Middle Ages, 131; and Russian Orc identity, 138-40 TheRingof Darkness (Perumov), 136 robber barons, New Russians compared to, 97 Rodin, Vasily, 75 romance novel, Russian, 82-84, 166n3 Room with a View (Forster), 58 rossiianin: use of term, 14,86; vatnik as, 72,74 rossiiskii, use of term, 86,163nl2 Russian Ark (film), 55,156 Russian Federation: Borat films and, 25; contrast with Soviet Union, 33; Soviet legacy and, 2 Russian θre(s), 19-20,130; bydlo compared to, 143; and culture, 17; as double projection, 152-53; imagined perceptions of Russians from outside of Russia and, 17,19,153; Internet trolls compared to, 151-52; as interpretive strategy, 18,146; nationalism and, 19-20,147-49,153; online, 138-39,151; pivot from shame to pride in, 17,19,141,143; in revisionist fan fiction, 136-38,139-45,168n5; right-wing online circles and, 138-40; roots of, 133-34, 151; self-hatred and, 17,139,147-48; song about, 140-41,143,144; sovok compared to, 139,146; war in Ukraine and evolution of, 146-47,148-49 Russian Orc Runet meme, 138,139 Russian Orthodox Church: Eye of Sauron art installation in Moscow and, 121-22; on Tolkien fans as “foreign sect,” 133 The Russians (Smith), 85 The Russians Are Coming! The Russians Are Coming! (film), 125 russkii, use of term, 85-86,163nl2 Russophobia, accusations of: conspiracy theories and, 62,129,165n4; Eye of Sauron art installation and, 128-29; history of, 62; image of Vatnik and, 75; in The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien), 133-34,136,137-38,139; in Western entertainment, 127 Ryazanov, Eldar: Irony ofFate (film), 8-9; The Promised Heavens (film), 55 Rykov, Konstantin, 114,116, 118 Sakharnyi Kreml’ (Sorokin), 98 Salt of the earth (band), 148-49 Saturday Night Live (TV show), 25 190 INDEX Saunders, Robert A., 25 Sauron (character): Putin compared to, 146, 168nl2. See also Eye of Sauron Schechter, Brandon, 161 Schimpfössl, Elisabeth, 119-20 Schreiber, Liev, 25 science fiction: Cold War dualism and, 123; politics compared to, 129; Russian, liberpunk subgenre of, 137 “The Scythians” (Blok), 138,149 self-hatred: and contemporary Russian identity, 7,15,159; depathologization of, 5; and Jewish anxiety, 3-4,5; libidinal logic of love and hate and, 4; post-Soviet successors to sovok and, 62,63; and racial melancholia, 7; role in conspiracy theories, 62; Russian Orc and, 17,139; Russia’s war on Ukraine as form of, 160,162 Sergeitsev, Timofei, 162 Shabelnikov, Yuri, 77 Shafarevich, Igor, 62 Shakhnazarov, Yuri, 40 Shakhter (Khort), 145 shame: and contested Russian identities, 3, 8,16; individual and collective sense of, 5; Soviet and post-Soviet, Borat character exemplifying, 26; after Soviet collapse, 2-3, 18,26; transformation into pride, Russian Orc and, 17,19,141,143; transformation into pride, vatniki and, 75-77 Sharafutdinova, Gulnaz, 7-8, 38,39 Shkenev, Sergei, 144 Sibirskii tsirul’nik (film). See The Barber of Siberia (film) Sidorov, Aleksei, 112 The Simpsons (TV series), 21-22 Sinyavsky, Andrei, 62,162 Siutkin, Valery, 61 Skvirskaja, Vera, 75,77 Sleptsov, Ivan, 133 The S/ynx (Tolstaya), 99 Smert’prikhoditpo internetu (Tuchkov). See Death by Internet (Tuchkov) Smith, Hendrick: The New Russians, 85, 86,98; The Russians, 85 S.N.U.F.F. (Pelevin), 141-43,148 Soboleva, Maja, 34,164n5 social asthenia, 6 socialist realist hero, fate of, 110 Social Justice Warriors, right-wing crusades against, 136 socioeconomic class: Marx on, 51; New Russians and, 97; in post-Soviet Russia, stigmatized identities used as proxy for, 79; in Soviet Union, 96; in US, 96 Sokurov, Alexander, 55,156 Sol’ zemli (band), 148-49 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 40 Sorokin, Vladimir, 37,98 Souch, Irina, 15 South Ossetia, reconstruction of, 1 Soviet: as nearly empty signifier, 32; sovok as slang for, 42-43 Soviet Man: degradation of, 33-38; idea of, 32-33; ideological function of, 39; movement to sovok from, 33, 39; New Man compared to, 35; sociological research on, 38-39; supranational nature of, 33; Zinoviev on, 34 The Soviet Novel (Clark), 110 Soviet Union: access in, role of, 96; alleged egalitarianism vs. elitism in, 61,63; erosion of confidence in, explanations for, 3; as experiment in utopian identity formation, 27; labor as cult in, 93-94; legacy of, pride and shame associated with, 2-3; money in, role of, 95,96; sovok as slang for, 42-43; value of production in, 88 Soviet Union, collapse of: chaos (bespredel) after, 109; conspiracy theories regarding, 11; crisis of homelessness following, 16,64; crisis of naming following, 14; crisis of taste following, 51; identity crisis following, 2-3, 7, 157-58; immigrant experience compared to, 50; The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien) as prediction of, 133; loss experienced in, 13; melancholia after, 7; privatization after, 88,92-93, 94,97; process leading to, 13; shame after, 2-3,18,26; sovok after, 50-51; Western fantasy’s capture of Russian popular imagination coinciding with, 124-25 “Sovki” (song), 43-44 sovok: ambivalence associated with, 49, 50; Borat character compared to, 26; built-in limit on life span of, 59; bydlo compared to, 67-69; catchiness of term, 40; characteristics of, 17; and consumer culture, 17,45,49,50, 51; and culture, 17, 69; as diagnosis, 42; double bind of, 44; in film, 50, 55-59; Homo Sovieticus/Homosos compared to, 34, 37,40; humor centered on, 45-48; love-hate dynamic associated with, 63; masculine inadequacy of, hint at, 18-19; meaning of, 42-43,44; as member of late Soviet intelligentsia, 51-53,57,69, 108; memetic success of, 42; in MMM ad campaign, 53-54; movement from Soviet Man to, 33, 39; New Russian compared to, 16,17,49,52,87,95,106; oral folklore and, 40,43; Orc compared to, 139,146; origins of term, 40-42,50, 72-73; polyvalence of, INDEX 42,43,62; post-Soviet successors to, 62-63; as slang for Soviet, 42-43; song about, 43-44; Soviet insecurities projected on, 16; after Soviet Union’s collapse, 50-51; and taste, 47,48,51,106; traveling, tropes of, 50, 55-59; Vatnik as successor to, 74,76; Vatnik compared to, 72-73,78-79 Sovok of the Week test, 45-48 Spengler, Oswald, 135 Spielberg, Stephen, 25 SpongeBob (cartoon character), Vatnik compared to, 72 Stakhanov, Alexei, 94 Stalin, Joseph: and category of “hereditary proletarian,” 61; imaginary world created and sold by, 129; and New Soviet Man, idea of, 28; representation in The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien), 134; in Russian revisionist fan fiction, 144,145; and “Soviet” (term), 32 Star Trek (TV series): political and ideological messages attributed to, 125,135 Star Wars (film series): Anglo-Saxon values in, 124,126,135; Cold War politics and, 124,126-27; dualistic cosmology of, 130; Russian audiences’ response to, 124,126, 127-28; Russian revisionist fan fiction based on, 145-46 state power, Russian: centralization under Putin, 109-10; merger with wealth, 111 “The Stationmaster” (Pushkin), 87 “Stepnoi barin” (Tuchkov), 100-101,102 stiliagi, Soviet campaign against, 49 “Stiliagi iz Moskvy” (album), 60-61 “Strashnaia mesf ” (Tuchkov), 99-100 Strategic Defense Initiative, 124 styob (ironic overidentification): Chadsky and, 77-78; negative portrayal of Russia in Western media and, 127; Vatnik as, 75 Surkov, Vladislav, 114 Svechenie (art group), 121 Swift, Jonathan, 21 Tal kov, Igor, 43-44 The Tank Driver ofMordor (Mochalov), 144-45 taste: as cultural capital, 51; New Russian and, 95,105-7; Soviet collapse and crisis of, 51; sovok and, 47, 48,51,106 Taxi (film), 25 television, identity constructs associated with, 16,69-72 Terminal (film), 25 “A Terrible Vengeance” (Tuchkov), 99-100 That ’70s Show (TV series), 25 The Three Sisters (Chekhov), 108 191 Tolkien, J. R. R.: disdain for political interpretations, 141. See also The Lord of the Rings Tolstaya, Tatyana, 99 transformational fandom, 22; liberal nationalism as, 23; The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien) and, 131; and Russian Orc, 153 transition to democracy (transitology): notion of, 10; vs. postsocialism, 14 trickster(s): New Russian as, 92,101; in Russian literature, 92-93 trolls. See Internet trolls Trump, Donald: imaginary world created and sold by, 129; New Russian compared to, 87,106 Tuchkov, Vladimir, 99-102,118 The Twelve Chairs (Ilf and Petrov), 92-93 Tycoon (film), 89-93,102,112, 114 Ukraine: Chadsky’s public art action in, 77-78; imperial attitude of condescension toward, 160,161,162; linkage of“orc” to, in revisionist fiction, 142,146; Russian dismissal of existence of, 78; separatist movement in, 19. See also Crimea; Donbas Ukraine, war in, 12,159-60; anti-Nazi rhetoric and, 161-62; antisemitism and, 162; ethnic slurs gaining prevalence during, 16,73; as extreme affirmational fandom, 23; meaning for Russia, 160-62; and Orc identity, evolution of, 146-47,148-49; Putin and, 159,161; Russian cultural figures supporting, 76; as self-hatred, 160,162; Western media on, 121 Ukrainian(s): designation on Soviet internal identity papers, 86; inherent Russianness of, insistence on, 162 ukropy (dills), as ethnic slur, 73,142, 146 United States: exceptionalism of, and self proclaimed Russian Orcs, 17,137; hostility toward, “negative identity” stemming from, 6; identity formation in, 27,164n3; majority identity in, 3; “middle class” designation in, 96; racial melancholia in, 6-7; Russian interference in elections in, 62,151-52; slavery in, shame associated with, 5. See also Western other urapatriotizm (hurrah patriotism), Vatnik as mouthpiece of, 72 utopianism: and idea of New Man, 28-29,35; Marxism and, 27,28; politics and, 129 Vail’, Pyotr, 41 “Varkraft” (song), 148-49 Vasilieva, Natalia, 136 192 INDEX Vasyas (Vaskas/Vaski), 16; average person indicated by, 61,165n2; in Bykov’s Living Souls, 63,64-67; connection to self-hatred, 62,63; hint at masculine inadequacy in, 19; origins of term, 60-61; as proxy for socioeconomic class, 79; as successor to sovok, 62-63 vatniki, 16,72-79; American version of, 75,79; connection to self-hatred, 62; in contemporary Russian fashion, 75; hint at masculine inadequacy in, 19; as proxy for socioeconomic class, 79; reappropriation as positive image, 75-77; sovok compared to, 72-74, 76,78-79; as Ukrainian ethnopolitical slur, 16, 73; visual image of, 72, 75 Vatnik Internet meme, 63,72,73, 75,77 Verdery, Katherine, 10-11 veshchizm, Soviet rejection of, 49 Vesti (TV newscast), 80 Voinovich, Vladimir, 40 Volkov, Shulamit, 4 Volkov,Vadim, 109 Voronezh bombing, meme of, 1-2,160 Vysotsky, Vladimir, 111 “Warcraft” (song), 148-49 wealth: accumulation of, narratives to sell, 87-88; imaginary post-Soviet identities and, 16-17,79; merger with state power, 111; New Russians and, 79,84,87,95,97, 102-3,117,166n9 Weininger, Otto, 135 Western (American) other: hatred of, vatnik associated with, 74,75; imagined alienating gaze of, Russian Orc based on, 19,153; negative identity based on hostility toward, 6; Russian nationalist reinterpretation of The Lord of the Rings and, 147-48 Western popular culture: anxieties about, 3,69; Cold War in, 122-23 Williams, Robbie, 80-82 Window to Paris (film), 50,55-59 Winters, Joseph R., 6 Woe from Wit (Griboyedov), 77,101 women (woman): concept of New (Soviet) Man and, 27; in first post-Soviet decade, 18; New Russian, 83-84; nineteenth-century Russian heroines, “terrible perfection” of, 31; Russia represented as, 18; as targets of Internet trolls, 151; and transformational fandom, 22 World War 1,24 World War II: and The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien), 128,134,141; popularity of superhero comics in run-up to, 123; pride associated with, 3, 33,42-43; and Soviet storytelling, 122-23; story of Panfilov’s guardsmen in, 22 Yang, Gene, 26-27 “Yarovrat” (Vladimir Georgievich Frolkov), 139-40 Yeltsin, Boris, 14,109 Yeskov, Kirill, 136-37, 139 yokel: Borat character as, 24-26; as common global phenomenon, 26-27; as figure in popular culture, 26; New Russian as, 16; Second World, representations of, 25; Soviet/post-Soviet, 25,26; sovok as, 16 YouTube, and bydlo, 69 Zamlelova, Svetlana, 128-29 Zelensky, Volodymyr, 161 ZhD (Bykov), 64,165n7. See also Living Souls (Bykov) Zhirinovsky, Vladimir Vol fovich, 145 Zhmurki (film). See Dead Man’s Bluff (film) Zhogov, Dmitrii, 77 Zinoviev, Alexander: and Homosos, origins of term, 17,34,40; Homo Sovieticus, 17, 34-37,38 Ziiek, Slavoj, 125,151 Znak kachestva (TV program), 69-72 Zubok, Vladislav, 6 Zviagintsev, Andrei, 111 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
adam_txt	Contents Acknowledgments Introduction: Postsocialism and the Legacy of Shame ix 1 1. Zombie Sovieticus: The Descent of Soviet Man 24 2. The Rise and Fall of Sovok 40 3. Just a Guy Named Vasya 60 4. Whatever Happened to the New Russians? 80 5. Rich Man’s Burden 96 6. Russian Orc: The Evil Empire Strikes Back 121 Conclusion: Russian Self-Hatred 154 Notes Works Cited Index 163 171 183 Works Cited Adams, John Joseph, and David Barr Kirtley. The Geeks’ Guide to the Galaxy [podcast], episode 336. November 22,2018. https://geeksguideshow.com/2018/11/16/ ggg336-andy-duncan/. Agamben, Giorgio. Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, translated by Daniel Heller-Roazen. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998. Ahmed, Sara. The Cultural Politics of Emotion. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004. Akunin, Boris. Altyn-Tolobas. St. Petersburg: Neva, 2000. “Aleksandr Gradskii: Mne seichas interesna bolee slozhnaia muzyka, chem rok.” RIANovosti. 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Index 1984 (Orwell), 109 access: money and, 117; role in post-Soviet era, 97; Soviet system and, 95,96 Ackroyd, Dan, 25 affect theory, and concept of self-hatred, 4 affirmational fandom, 22; and reactionary defense of Tolkien, 131; and Russian Orc, 153; state-sponsored, Russian historiography under Putin as, 160-61; war in Ukraine as extreme real-life expression of, 23 African Americans, and racial melancholia, 6 Agamben, Giorgio, 35, 37 Ahmed, Sara, 4-6 Akhmatova, Anna, 114,115 Akunin, Boris, 28 alienation: between elites and common people, Russia’s history of, 68-69; of evil, Russian antisemitism as, 62; negative identities and process of, 16,63,67; sovok’s, from postSoviet trends, 69 American Born Chinese (Yang), 26-27 American exceptionalism, and self-proclaimed Russian Orcs, 17,137 American Psycho, New Russian compared to, 102 America protiv Rossii (Kalashnikov and Krupnov), 137-38 Anderson, Benedict, 20 Andropov, Yuri, 32 anekdoty (jokes): about Chukchi, 107,166n2; about New Russians, 103-8,166n9; characters populating, 48; political, in Soviet era, 103 anime fan culture, 21 Anninsky, Lev, 41 antisemitism, Russian: explanation for, 62; slur used in, 165n6; and war on Ukraine, 162 Asian Americans: anxieties of, 26-27; and racial melancholia, 6-7 Asimov, Isaac, 138 Atwood, Lynn, 27 Atwood, Margaret, 109 Balabanov, Aleksei, 105,108 The Barber of Siberia (film), 154-59; affirmative messages of, 169n2; casting of, 155,156,169nl; cost of, 157; and Russian identity, renegotiation of, 156,157-59; tagline from, 155,157-58,162 Baron Cohen, Sacha, 24-26,80,81 The Bedbug (Mayakovsky), 29-30,98 Bellamy, Edward, 24,25 Belostotsky, Gennady, 50 Bender, Ostap, 92-93 Benediktov, Kirill, 115 Berdiaev, Nikolai, 98 Berezovsky, Boris, 89 Bershidsky, Leonid, 146 Bezrukov, Sergei, 112 Bilbo, Theodore G., 131 Billionaire trilogy, 114-18,119 Bimmer (film), 112 The Black Book ofArda (Vasilieva and Nekrasova), 136 Blok, Aleksandr: “The People and the Intelligentsia,” 68; “The Scythians,” 138,149 Bobyr’, Zinaida, 133 Bodrov, Sergei, Jr., 18 Bogdanov, Konstantin, 34 Boiko, Mikhail, 143 Bolshevism: approach to feminism, 27-28; and New Man, idea of, 28 Bond, James, Cold War plots in movies about, 123 Borat character, 24-26,80,81; Kazakhstan government’s response to, 25,26,164nl; post-Soviet shame exemplified by, 26 Bozovic, Marijeta, 80-82 Bravo (band), 60-61, 66, 79 Brezhnev, Leonid, 32,71 Brigada (film), 112-13,114,119 Bright (film), 168n9 Brin, David, 130,132,168n5 Bromfield, Andrew, 140,142 The Bronze Horseman (Pushkin), 55 Brother (film), 105,108 Buber, Martin, 103 Buddha’s Little Finger (Pelevin), 66 183 184 INDEX Bulgakov, Mikhail: Heart of a Dog, 29, 30; The Master and Margarita, 52 Butner (film), 112 Burnt by the Sun (film), 56,154 Bush, George W., 17,137 Buslov, Pyotr, 112 Butler, Judith, 156 bydlo, 16,63,67-69; connection to self-hatred, 62,69; Internet and, 165nl4; national and global, 69; Orcs compared to, 143; as proxy for socioeconomic class, 79; television and, 69-72; as tool for alienation, 67 Bykov, Dmitrii, 23,52,53; Justification, 66; Living Souls, 16,63,64-67,165nl2; popularity of, 53; on sovok, 52,69 capitalism: accumulation of wealth in, assumed rationality of, 88; management of scarcity in, 95; Marxist perspective on, 108 capitalism, Russian: criminality and, 108-9; injustice and deceit characterizing, 88, 97; New Russian as face of, 88,98 Cassiday, Julie, 166n3 Chaadaev, Pyotr, 158 Chadsky, Anton, 77; public art action in Ukraine, 77-78; and Vatnik Internet meme, 72, 73-74, 75 Chapaev: jokes about, 48,66; literary works about, 65-66 Chapaev (film), 66 Chapaev (Furmanov), 65 Chapaev and the Void (Pelevin), 66 Chaplin, Vsevolod, 121 Chekhov, Anton: The Cherry Orchard, 52,53, 108; The Three Sisters, 108 Chen, Adrian, 151 ehern’ (term), 68 Chernaia kniga Ardy (Vasilieva and Nekrasova), 136 The Cherry Orchard (Chekhov), 52,53,108 Chess, K., 58 Chin, Bertha, 20 Chukchi, jokes about, 107,166n2 Clark, Katerina, 110 class. See socioeconomic class Clinton, Bill, 129 Colbert, Stephen, 75 Cold War, 122; dualistic storytelling popularized during, 122-23; politics of, entanglement with Western mass fantasy, 124-25; reversal of binaries of, Russian Orc and, 130; in Western popular culture, 122-23 common people: alienation between elites and, Russia’s history of, 68-69; as bydlo, 67; as category under Soviet ideology, 61,63; infatuation with, in 19th-century Russia, 68; post-Soviet types embodying disdain for, 61-63; as Vasyas/Vaskas, 61, 63,64-67, 165n2 conservative nationalists, 22-23,42-43 conspiracy theories: about Soviet collapse, 11; Russophobia as tool in, 62,129,165n4; and US elections of 2016,151-52; and war in Ukraine, 162 consumer culture/consumption: negative identities defined in relation to, 51; New Russian and, 95,103-6; sovok and, 17,45, 49,50,51 Crimea, Russian annexation of, 12; appropriation of “Orc” epithet after, 140, 146; nationalists supporting, 16,76 criminality: imaginary post-Soviet identities and, 16-17,79; New Russian and, 17,52,79, 83,106,108-9,112-13,114; privatization in 1990s and, 94 Cronin, Justin, 166n3 culture: imaginary post-Soviet identities and, 16-17,79; New Russian and, 100,102, 106-7; Russian Orc and, 17; sovok and, 17,69 curatorial fandom, 22. See also affirmational fandom The Daily Show, right-wing person in, 75 The Day of the Oprichnik (Sorokin), 98 Dead Man’s Bluff (fUni), 105,108-9 Dead Souls (Gogol), 64,68 Death by Internet (Tuchkov), 99-102,118 DeLillo, Don, 82 Dilbert (comic strip), 25 dissidents, Brezhnev-era, 43 Donbas: as live-action-role-playing game (LARP), 23; as Orc homeland, 148,149 Dontsov, Sergei, 55 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 28 DozhdTV, 22 Draitser, Emil, 103,107 Dreiden, Sergei, 55 Dubchek, Viktor, 145-46 Dubin, Boris, 38 Dubov, Yuli, 89 Duncan,Andy, 131 Dunn, Elizabeth, 10-11 dystopia, New Man as product of, 29-32 effectiveness, imaginary post-Soviet identities and, 16-17, 79 egalitarianism, Soviet, 97; vs. access, 96; vs. elitism of educated urbanites, 61,63; vs. post-Soviet capitalism, 97 Elizarov, Mikhail, 140-41; The Librarian, 140, 141; “Orkskaia” (“Orc Song”), 140-41,143, 144,146,148,149; Pasternak, 140 INDEX Eng, David L„ 6,7 Envy (Olesha), 30-32 Epstein, Mikhail, 41-42 Erofeev, Venedikt, 94 Erofeyev, Viktor, 37 Estingeev, Denis, 112 Ethnogenesis (literary project), 114-18,167n5 ethnogenesis, theory of, 102,114,161 Etkind, Alexander, 7 EVE online fan fiction, 145 Everything Is Illuminated (film), 25 Eye of Sauron: as basilisk, 127; planned art installation in Moscow, 121-22, 128-29,147 Famous Men Who Never Lived (Chess), 58 fandom, 20-21; nationalism compared to, 20,21,153; types of, 21-22,153. See also affirmational fandom; transformational fandom fantasy: allegorical potential of, 135; Cold War dualism and, 123; ideology as form of, 125, 138; politics compared to, 129; Star Wars (film series) as, 130 Fantasy Worlds website, 144 fascism: The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien) and connections to, 128,134,141; online trolls and espousal of, 127; Soviet use of term, 161 feminism, Bolshevik approach to, 27-28 feudalism: fantasies of New Russian and, 98-102; nostalgic, The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien) and, 130 Foer, Jonathan Safran, 25 Forster, E. M., 58 The Forsyth Saga (Galsworthy), 128 Foundation (Asimov), 138 Frankfurt, Harry, 91 Freud, Sigmund: on conflicts between ethnicities/nations, 21; on hatred as libidinal attachment, 4; impact on Russian audiences, 135; Russian revisionist reading of The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien) and, 151 Frolkov, Vladimir Georgievich (“Yarovrat”), 139-40 Fukuyama, Francis, 24 Furmanov, Dmitry, 65 Fyodorov, Nikolai, 135 Galsworthy, John, 128 Game of Thrones (TV series): ethical compromises of, 125; racial undertones of, 136 Gardner, John, 137 Gates, Bill, 88 gay propaganda law (2013), 19 Geller, Mikhail, 33 185 gender: of New Man, 27; of New Russian, 83-84; and post-Soviet identity constructs, 17-19. See also masculinity; women Generation P (Pelevin), 127 Genis, Alexander, 41 Georgia, Russia’s 2008 invasion of: and postSoviet, declaration of end of, 12; and Voronezh bombing meme, 1 Gilman, Sander, 3,4,5 Global Orcs, 143 global unity, predictions regarding, 24 Gnevorca (Kalashnikov and Krupnov), 137-38 Goblin Studios, 141 Gogol, Nikolai: Dead Souls, 64,68; influence on Tuchkov, 99 Goscilo, Helena, 107 Gradsky, Alexander, 40-41 Graham, Seth, 103,107, 166n2, 166nn8-9 Griboyedov, Alexander, 77,101 Gudkov, Lev, 6, 38,63 Gulag, vatnik associated with, 72,74 Gumilev, Lev, 167n6; in Billionaire trilogy, 114-18; ethnogenesis theory of, 102, 114,161 Gumilev, Nikolai, 114 Han, Shinhee, 6,7 The Handmaid’s Tale (Atwood), 109 Harry Potter (Rowling): Anglo-Saxon values in, 124,126,135; fundamentalist US Protestants’ objections to, 121; Russian audiences’ response to, 124,126,128 hatred: complicated dynamic between self and other in, 4; role in conspiracy theories, 62; toward New Russians, 111; Vatnik associated with, 74,75. See also self-hatred Hayek, F. A., 98 Haynes, Todd, 156 Heart of a Dog (Bulgakov), 29 Heldt, Barbara, 31 “hereditary proletarian,” category of, 61 heterotopia, political fantasies and, 129 Hitler, Adolf: in Ethnogenesis series, 115; representation in The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien), 134; in revisionist Lord of the Rings fan fiction, 136 The Hobbit (film series): Eye of Sauron art installation in honor of, 121-22,128-29, 147; Russian nationalist review of, 147 homelessness crisis, post-Soviet, 16,64 Homo sacer, 35,37; vs. Homosos, 38 Homosos, 17,34-38,39; origins of term, 34, 40; sovok compared to, 34,37,40 Homo Sovieticus, 33-35; as Homosos, 17, 34-38; ideological function of, 39 186 INDEX Homo Sovieticus (Zinoviev), 17, 34-37, 38, 94 Homo Zapiens (Pelevin), 127 Hooker, Mark T, 134 humanism, New Russians’ reflexive rejection of, 104 humor: American, Russian anekdoty compared to, 48; centered on sovok, 45-48. See also anekdoty; styob “I Am a Vatnik” (Lukin), 75-77 identity: imaginative formation of, 2,19; Soviet collapse and crisis of, 2-3,7, 157-58; Soviet experiment with, 27. See also identity constructs; negative identity identity constructs, post-Soviet, 16,19; axes for evaluation of, 16-17,79; The Barber of Siberia (film) and, 156,157-59; gender and, 17-19; as masks/performances, 8; melancholy and, 7; negative, 6,63; pride and shame and, 3,8, 15,67; self-hatred and, 7,15,159 identity constructs, Soviet: degradation of, 33-39; development of, 27-33 ideology, as form of fantasy, 125,138 Ilf, Ilya, 92-93 imagined community, notion of, 20 immigrant experience: Soviet collapse compared to, 50; sovok compared to, 50; yokel as reflection of, 26-27 Tm Not There (film), 156 intelligentsia: late Soviet, sovok as typical member of, 51-53,57,69,108; in rich Russians’ origin story, 119-20 Intergirl (film), 112 Internet: Bill Gates and, 88; bydlo on, 165nl4; Russian Orc on, 138-39,151; Sovok of the Week on, 45-48 Internet meme(s): Russian Orc Runet, 138, 139; Vatnik, 63,72,73,75; Voronezh bombing, 1-2,160 Internet Research Agency, St. Petersburg, 151 Internet trolls: and fascist tropes, 127; Orcs compared to, 151-52 Irony ofFate (film), 8-9 Jackson, Peter, 124,127,128,147. See also The Hobbit (film series); The Lord of the Rings (film series) Jameson, Frederic, 129 Jemisin, N. K., 131-32 Jenkins, Henry, 20 jew(s): as descendants of Khazars, theory of, 66-67,165n7; designation on Soviet internal identity papers, 86; Lord of the Rings revisionism and, 140-41 Jewish anxiety: Borat character as variation of, 26; self-hatred as variation of, 3-4,5 Jewison, Norman, 124 Jigoulov, Vadim, 45 Jobs, Steve, 99 Joel, Billy, 82 Justification (Bykov), 66 Kalashnikov, Maksim, 137-38, 143,146 Kamenkovich, Mariia, 134 Karlsson-on-the-Roof (Lindgren), 128 Karrik, Valerii, 134 Kartseva, Elena, 126 Kasta (band), 60,61,66,79 Kaufman, Andy, 25 Kazakhstan, Borat films and, 25,26,164nl Khavtan, Evgeny, 60,61 Khazars, 64,66-67,165n7 Khort, Igor, 145 Kibirov, Timur, 12-13 Kobrin, Kirill, 163nl0 Koestler, Arthur, 66,165n7 Kolina, Elena, 84 kolorady, as ethnic slur, 73 Kol’tso t’my (Perumov), 136 Konchalovsky, Andrei, 56 Kondrateva, Elena, 115 Korobov-Latyntsev, Andrei, 149-51 Kostya Gumankov's Paris Love (film), 50 Krasnyi padavan (Dubchek), 145-46 Krasnyi vlastelin (Shkenev), 144 Krivov, Andrei, 151 Krupnov, Yuri, 137-38,143 Krylova, Anna, 28,32 Lacan, Jacques, 125,151 Lapin, Sergei, 61 The Last Ringbearer (Yeskov), 136-37,139 Law of the Lawless (film). See Brigada Levada, Yuri, 38-39 Leviathan (film), 111 LGBTQI community, demonization of, 19 liberals: anti-Russian, projecting Orc traits onto, 149-50; patriotic, 22,23; post-Soviet, negative identity constructs employed by, 16,67,74-75 “liberpunk” science fiction, 137 The Librarian (Elizarov), 140,141 Limita (film), 112 Lindgren, Astrid, 128 Lipovetsky, Mark, 3,92,99,101,166n6 Liu, Hailong, 20 Liubif po-russki (film), 110-11 live-action-role-playing game (LARP), Donbas as, 23 INDEX LiveJournal, and Russian Orc Runet meme, 138,139 Living Souls (Bykov), 16,64-67,165nl2 Lombroso, Cesare, 135 Lomko, Ivan, 151 Looking Backward (Bellamy), 24,25 The Lord of the Rings (film series): first installment of, 124,127; Goblin Studios version of, 141 The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien): Anglo-Saxon values in, 124,126,130; dualistic cosmology of, 125,130; “evil empire” in, 17,122,128, 136; racist undertones in, 128,130-32, 133-34,167n3; resonance in Russian culture, 122,127-29; revisionist fiction based on, 136-38,139-45,168n5; Russian audiences’ response to, 124,126,130,133, 136,147-48; Russian nationalist reading of, 149-51; Russian translations of, Soviet subtext in, 134-35; Russophobie intent of, accusations of, 133-34,136,137-38, 139; and Soviet collapse, prediction of, 133; unofficial circulation in Soviet Union, 129,133; war in Ukraine and references to, 146-47; World War II and, 128,134,141. See also θre(s) “Lord of the Steppe” (Tuchkov), 100-101,102 Love, Russian Style (film), 110-11 Lucas, George, 124 Lukin, Andrei lurevich, 75-77 Lukyanenko, Sergei, 145 Lungin, Pavel, 89-93 MAGA hat, vatnik compared to, 75,79 Maguire, Gregory, 137 Maikov, Pavel, 112 Mamet, David, 156 Mamin, Yuri, 164n7; Window to Paris (film), 50, 55-59 Mamleev, Yuri, 37 Martin, Steve, 25 Marxism: on capitalism, 108; on class, 51, 97; on common people, 68; and labor as cult, 94; and nurture vs. nature, 35; and utopianism, 27,28 masculinity: and affirmational fandom, 22; of New Man, 27; of New Russian, 83; and post-Soviet identity constructs, 17-19; of yokel figure, 25 mass culture: categories of, as interpretive framework, 20; dualistic Western, and Cold War imaginary, 122-23; and post-Soviet identity constructs, 16,18,157; Soviet, 122; Westernized, anxieties about, 3,69 The Master and Margarita (Bulgakov), 52 The Matrix (film), 138-39 187 Matveev, Yevgeny, 110,111 Mavrodi, Sergei, 105 Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 29-30,98 McFarlane, Seth, 72 medievalism: alt-right and, 131; faux, Tolkien and, 131; new, 98-102 Medinsky, Vladimir, 22 Medvedev, Dmitri, 114 Medvedev, Sergei, 67-68 melancholy: and contemporary Russian identity, 7; racial, 6-7 meme(s). See Internet meme(s) Menshikov, Oleg, 154, 156 Meshalkin, Leonid, 145 meshchanstvo, Soviet struggle against, 49 Midville, China, 130,167n3 Mikhalkov, Nikita: The Barber of Siberia (film), 154-59; Burnt by the Sun (film), 56,154; Oscar hopes of, 154-55; in role of Tsar Alexander III, 155, 169nl Milosevic, Slobodan, 129 minorities: identity studies regarding, 3-4; parallels with Russian fans’ experience, 135-36; in Soviet Union, 85 Mironenko, Sergei, 22 MMM pyramid scheme, 94-95; ad campaign for, 53-54; founder of, 105 Mochalov, Pavel, 144-45 money: New Russian and, 79,84,87,95,97, 102-3,117,166n9; after reforms of 1990, 95; rich Russian and, 117; in Soviet society, 95,96 Moorcock, Michael, 128,130 Morimoto, Lori Hitchcock, 20 Moscow-Petushki (Erofeev),94 moskali, as ethnic slur, 73 Muller, Martin, 15,163n7 Narbikova, Valeria, 37 nationalism: fandom compared to, 20,21, 153; Swift’s satire of, 21; transformational/ affirmational binary in, 22-23 nationalism, Russian: and annexation of Crimea, 16,76; and Orc phenomenon, 19-20,147-49,153; Putin-era, Vatnik as representative of, 16,72,73,75,76-77; and revisionist Lord of the Rings interpretations, 144-45,149-51; and Star Wars fan fiction, 145-46 nation building, shame as form of, 5 Navalny, Alexei, 114 Nazarov, Yuri, 75-76 Nazis: Orcs modeled on, 134; in Soviet binary storytelling, 123; victory over, pride in, 42-43; war in Ukraine framed as battle against, 161-62 188 INDEX Nebesa obetovannye (film), 55 negative identity, 6,63; process of alienation and, 16,63,67; reclaiming as point of pride, 17,63,67 Nekrasova, Natalia, 136 NEPman, 29-30 Nevzorov, Aleksandr, 147 New Economic Policy (NEP), 29 New Man: dystopian representations of, 29-32; limitations of term, 32; masculinity associated with, 27; NEPman as rival of, 29-30; New Russian compared to, 28,98; New Soviet Man replacing, 28,32; paradox of, 43; Soviet Man compared to, 35; utopian roots of, 28-29, 35 new medievalism, 98-102 New Russian(s), 16,79,82; American Psycho compared to, 102; business model of, 114; characteristics of, 84, 95,102-3; as concept, 87-88; and consumer culture, 95, 103-6; and criminality, 17, 52,79,83, 106,108-9,112-13,114; and culture, 100,102,106-7; decline of, resurgence of state power and, 109-10; as economic pseudophenomenon, 93-94; as face of Russian capitalism, 88; and feudalist fantasies, 98-102; as figure of urban folklore, 87; in film, 89-93, 108-9, 111; financial collapse of 1998 and, 113-14; gender of, 83-84; hint at masculine inadequacy in, 18-19; jokes (anekdoty) about, 103-8,166n9; literary depictions of, 99-102; New (Soviet) Man compared to, 28, 98; North American robber barons compared to, 97; oligarchs as version of, 89,93,95; origins of term, 84-86; Putin-era successors to, 82, 95; rich Russian distinguished from, 117,118,120; romance novels and features of, 82-84; sovok compared to, 16,17, 49, 52,87,95, 106; and taste, 95,105-7; temporalities suggested by, 97-98; transformation into rich Russian, 110,112-13, 119-20; and wealth, 79, 84,87,95, 97,166n9 The New Russians (Smith), 85,86,98 New Soviet Man: New Man replaced by, 28, 32; New Russian as parodic counterpart to, 98; as political aspiration, 38 Neyolova, Marina, 156 Night Watch series (Lukyanenko), 145 Novak, Joseph, 34 Novodvorskaia, Valeriia, 145, 168nl2 Novae srednevekov’e (Berdiaev), 98 Okno v Parizh (film), 50,55-59 Olesha, Yuri, 30-32 oligareh(s): as New Russians, 89,93,95; Putin and, 109-10,114 Oligarkh (film). See Tycoon (film) Olivier salad, 8,9,163n5 θre(s)/θre identity, 136-38; Internet trolls compared to, 151-52; mass culture and, 18; online, 138-39; as the Other, 132, 168n5; racism in depiction of, 128,131-32, 133-34,167n3; revisionism regarding, 136-38, 139-45,168n5,168n9; Russian appropriation of, 19-20,122,130,148-49. See also Russian θre(s) Orki i russkie—brat’ia navek! (Meshalkin), 145 “Orkskaia”/“Orc Song” (Elizarov), 140-41, 143,144,146,148,149 Ormond, Julia, 154,156 Orwell, George, 109 Osminkin, Roman, 8 Oushakine, Serguei, 13,33,83-84 paleoconservatism, Russian, 129,167n2 parasite, social: New Russian as, 95; Soviet understanding of, 94 participatory culture, 20-21. See also fandom “Party Like a Russian” (song), 80-82 Passage (Cronin), 166n3 Pasternak (Elizarov), 140 Pelevin, Victor: Chapaev and the Void, 66; Generation P, 127; “ork”/“urk” wordplay by, 142,146; popularity of, 53; on post-Soviet intelligentsia, 51-52,54,69; S.N.U.F.F., 141-43,148 “The People and the Intelligentsia” (Blok), 68 Perumov, Nik, 136 Petrov, Evgeny, 92-93 Philosophical Letters (Chaadaev), 158 Platonov, Andrei, 135 Platt, Kevin, 12-13 politics: Cold War, entanglement with Western mass fantasy, 124-25; fantasy and science fiction compared to, 129 Polyanskaya, Anna, 151 popadantsy genre, 143-45 Poslednii kol’tsenosets (Yeskov), 136-37 posthuman, New Russian as, 104 postmodernism, late- and post-Soviet, 37 postsocialism: built-in limitation of term, 9; definition of, 10-11; end of, eagerness to declare, 12-15; messiness associated with, 14; perspectives on, 9-11; post-Soviet compared to, 11; scholars’ discomfort with term, 10-11; as temporal framework, 15; viewed as global condition, 10; virtues of term, 11,14,15 post-Soviet: built-in limitation of term, 9; difficulty defining, 33; discursive void left INDEX by, 13-14; end of, eagerness to declare, 12-15,163nl0; end of, joke regarding, 8-9; end of, Putin’s declaration of, 11-12; meaning of, 8; postsocialism compared to, 11; virtues of term, 11,14; weakness associated with, 15 post-Soviet Man, 33 pride: and identity formation, 2-3,8; reclamation of negative identities as point of, 17,63,67; Soviet victory in World War II and, 3,33,42-43; transformation of shame into, Russian Orc and, 17,19,141, 143; transformation of shame into, vatniki and,75-77 Prilepin, Zakhar, 42,43 privatization (1990s), 88,92-93,94,97 Prokhorov, Mikhail, 114 The Promised Heavens (film), 55 Pushkin, Alexander: The Bronze Horseman, 55; “The Stationmaster,” 87 Putin, Vladimir: centralization of state authority under, 109-10; compared to Sauron, 146,168nl2; economic growth under, 114; on end of post-Soviet period, 11-12; historiography under, as statesponsored affirmational fandom, 160-61; idea of Russophobia under, 62; imaginary world created and sold by, 129; “Nazi” (term) used by, 161-62; and oligarchs, 109-10,114; paleoconservatism (term) applied to program of, 129; and politics of collective identity reclamation, 7; and russkii vs. rossiiskii, use of term, 163nl2; and salvational myth of New Russia, 15; supporters of, identity labels used for, 67, 73; and war in Ukraine, 159,161 racial melancholia, 6-7 racism: Game of Thrones (TV series) and, 136; The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien) and, 128, 130-32,133-34,167n3 Radishchev, Alexander, 104 The Rage of the Orc (Kalashnikov and Krupnov), 137-38,143 Razlogov, Kirill, 126,169n2 Reagan, Ronald: “evil empire” speech of, 17, 124-25, 126,127, 128,137; imaginary world created and sold by, 129 Red Lord (Shkenev), 144 Red Padawan (Dubchek), 145-46 Reitter, Paul, 4,5 Rhys, Jean, 137 rich Russian(s), 82; Billionaire trilogy about, 114-18; New Russian distinguished from, 117,118,120; New Russian’s transformation into, 110,112-13,119-20; origin story of, 189 119-20; romanticization of, 112-13; self image of, contradictions inherent in, 119; song about, 80-82 Rich Russians: From Oligarchs to Bourgeoisie (Schimpfössl), 119-20 right-wing circles: crusades against Social Justice Warriors, 136; preoccupation with Middle Ages, 131; and Russian Orc identity, 138-40 TheRingof Darkness (Perumov), 136 robber barons, New Russians compared to, 97 Rodin, Vasily, 75 romance novel, Russian, 82-84, 166n3 Room with a View (Forster), 58 rossiianin: use of term, 14,86; vatnik as, 72,74 rossiiskii, use of term, 86,163nl2 Russian Ark (film), 55,156 Russian Federation: Borat films and, 25; contrast with Soviet Union, 33; Soviet legacy and, 2 Russian θre(s), 19-20,130; bydlo compared to, 143; and culture, 17; as double projection, 152-53; imagined perceptions of Russians from outside of Russia and, 17,19,153; Internet trolls compared to, 151-52; as interpretive strategy, 18,146; nationalism and, 19-20,147-49,153; online, 138-39,151; pivot from shame to pride in, 17,19,141,143; in revisionist fan fiction, 136-38,139-45,168n5; right-wing online circles and, 138-40; roots of, 133-34, 151; self-hatred and, 17,139,147-48; song about, 140-41,143,144; sovok compared to, 139,146; war in Ukraine and evolution of, 146-47,148-49 Russian Orc Runet meme, 138,139 Russian Orthodox Church: Eye of Sauron art installation in Moscow and, 121-22; on Tolkien fans as “foreign sect,” 133 The Russians (Smith), 85 The Russians Are Coming! The Russians Are Coming! (film), 125 russkii, use of term, 85-86,163nl2 Russophobia, accusations of: conspiracy theories and, 62,129,165n4; Eye of Sauron art installation and, 128-29; history of, 62; image of Vatnik and, 75; in The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien), 133-34,136,137-38,139; in Western entertainment, 127 Ryazanov, Eldar: Irony ofFate (film), 8-9; The Promised Heavens (film), 55 Rykov, Konstantin, 114,116, 118 Sakharnyi Kreml’ (Sorokin), 98 Salt of the earth (band), 148-49 Saturday Night Live (TV show), 25 190 INDEX Saunders, Robert A., 25 Sauron (character): Putin compared to, 146, 168nl2. See also Eye of Sauron Schechter, Brandon, 161 Schimpfössl, Elisabeth, 119-20 Schreiber, Liev, 25 science fiction: Cold War dualism and, 123; politics compared to, 129; Russian, "liberpunk" subgenre of, 137 “The Scythians” (Blok), 138,149 self-hatred: and contemporary Russian identity, 7,15,159; depathologization of, 5; and Jewish anxiety, 3-4,5; libidinal logic of love and hate and, 4; post-Soviet successors to sovok and, 62,63; and racial melancholia, 7; role in conspiracy theories, 62; Russian Orc and, 17,139; Russia’s war on Ukraine as form of, 160,162 Sergeitsev, Timofei, 162 Shabelnikov, Yuri, 77 Shafarevich, Igor, 62 Shakhnazarov, Yuri, 40 Shakhter (Khort), 145 shame: and contested Russian identities, 3, 8,16; individual and collective sense of, 5; Soviet and post-Soviet, Borat character exemplifying, 26; after Soviet collapse, 2-3, 18,26; transformation into pride, Russian Orc and, 17,19,141,143; transformation into pride, vatniki and, 75-77 Sharafutdinova, Gulnaz, 7-8, 38,39 Shkenev, Sergei, 144 Sibirskii tsirul’nik (film). See The Barber of Siberia (film) Sidorov, Aleksei, 112 The Simpsons (TV series), 21-22 Sinyavsky, Andrei, 62,162 Siutkin, Valery, 61 Skvirskaja, Vera, 75,77 Sleptsov, Ivan, 133 The S/ynx (Tolstaya), 99 Smert’prikhoditpo internetu (Tuchkov). See Death by Internet (Tuchkov) Smith, Hendrick: The New Russians, 85, 86,98; The Russians, 85 S.N.U.F.F. (Pelevin), 141-43,148 Soboleva, Maja, 34,164n5 social asthenia, 6 socialist realist hero, fate of, 110 Social Justice Warriors, right-wing crusades against, 136 socioeconomic class: Marx on, 51; New Russians and, 97; in post-Soviet Russia, stigmatized identities used as proxy for, 79; in Soviet Union, 96; in US, 96 Sokurov, Alexander, 55,156 Sol’ zemli (band), 148-49 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 40 Sorokin, Vladimir, 37,98 Souch, Irina, 15 South Ossetia, reconstruction of, 1 Soviet: as nearly empty signifier, 32; sovok as slang for, 42-43 Soviet Man: degradation of, 33-38; idea of, 32-33; ideological function of, 39; movement to sovok from, 33, 39; New Man compared to, 35; sociological research on, 38-39; supranational nature of, 33; Zinoviev on, 34 The Soviet Novel (Clark), 110 Soviet Union: access in, role of, 96; alleged egalitarianism vs. elitism in, 61,63; erosion of confidence in, explanations for, 3; as experiment in utopian identity formation, 27; labor as cult in, 93-94; legacy of, pride and shame associated with, 2-3; money in, role of, 95,96; sovok as slang for, 42-43; value of production in, 88 Soviet Union, collapse of: chaos (bespredel) after, 109; conspiracy theories regarding, 11; crisis of homelessness following, 16,64; crisis of naming following, 14; crisis of taste following, 51; identity crisis following, 2-3, 7, 157-58; immigrant experience compared to, 50; The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien) as prediction of, 133; loss experienced in, 13; melancholia after, 7; privatization after, 88,92-93, 94,97; process leading to, 13; shame after, 2-3,18,26; sovok after, 50-51; Western fantasy’s capture of Russian popular imagination coinciding with, 124-25 “Sovki” (song), 43-44 sovok: ambivalence associated with, 49, 50; Borat character compared to, 26; built-in limit on life span of, 59; bydlo compared to, 67-69; catchiness of term, 40; characteristics of, 17; and consumer culture, 17,45,49,50, 51; and culture, 17, 69; as diagnosis, 42; double bind of, 44; in film, 50, 55-59; Homo Sovieticus/Homosos compared to, 34, 37,40; humor centered on, 45-48; love-hate dynamic associated with, 63; masculine inadequacy of, hint at, 18-19; meaning of, 42-43,44; as member of late Soviet intelligentsia, 51-53,57,69, 108; memetic success of, 42; in MMM ad campaign, 53-54; movement from Soviet Man to, 33, 39; New Russian compared to, 16,17,49,52,87,95,106; oral folklore and, 40,43; Orc compared to, 139,146; origins of term, 40-42,50, 72-73; polyvalence of, INDEX 42,43,62; post-Soviet successors to, 62-63; as slang for Soviet, 42-43; song about, 43-44; Soviet insecurities projected on, 16; after Soviet Union’s collapse, 50-51; and taste, 47,48,51,106; traveling, tropes of, 50, 55-59; Vatnik as successor to, 74,76; Vatnik compared to, 72-73,78-79 Sovok of the Week test, 45-48 Spengler, Oswald, 135 Spielberg, Stephen, 25 SpongeBob (cartoon character), Vatnik compared to, 72 Stakhanov, Alexei, 94 Stalin, Joseph: and category of “hereditary proletarian,” 61; imaginary world created and sold by, 129; and New Soviet Man, idea of, 28; representation in The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien), 134; in Russian revisionist fan fiction, 144,145; and “Soviet” (term), 32 Star Trek (TV series): political and ideological messages attributed to, 125,135 Star Wars (film series): Anglo-Saxon values in, 124,126,135; Cold War politics and, 124,126-27; dualistic cosmology of, 130; Russian audiences’ response to, 124,126, 127-28; Russian revisionist fan fiction based on, 145-46 state power, Russian: centralization under Putin, 109-10; merger with wealth, 111 “The Stationmaster” (Pushkin), 87 “Stepnoi barin” (Tuchkov), 100-101,102 stiliagi, Soviet campaign against, 49 “Stiliagi iz Moskvy” (album), 60-61 “Strashnaia mesf ” (Tuchkov), 99-100 Strategic Defense Initiative, 124 styob (ironic overidentification): Chadsky and, 77-78; negative portrayal of Russia in Western media and, 127; Vatnik as, 75 Surkov, Vladislav, 114 Svechenie (art group), 121 Swift, Jonathan, 21 Tal'kov, Igor, 43-44 The Tank Driver ofMordor (Mochalov), 144-45 taste: as cultural capital, 51; New Russian and, 95,105-7; Soviet collapse and crisis of, 51; sovok and, 47, 48,51,106 Taxi (film), 25 television, identity constructs associated with, 16,69-72 Terminal (film), 25 “A Terrible Vengeance” (Tuchkov), 99-100 That ’70s Show (TV series), 25 The Three Sisters (Chekhov), 108 191 Tolkien, J. R. R.: disdain for political interpretations, 141. See also The Lord of the Rings Tolstaya, Tatyana, 99 transformational fandom, 22; liberal nationalism as, 23; The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien) and, 131; and Russian Orc, 153 transition to democracy (transitology): notion of, 10; vs. postsocialism, 14 trickster(s): New Russian as, 92,101; in Russian literature, 92-93 trolls. See Internet trolls Trump, Donald: imaginary world created and sold by, 129; New Russian compared to, 87,106 Tuchkov, Vladimir, 99-102,118 The Twelve Chairs (Ilf and Petrov), 92-93 Tycoon (film), 89-93,102,112, 114 Ukraine: Chadsky’s public art action in, 77-78; imperial attitude of condescension toward, 160,161,162; linkage of“orc” to, in revisionist fiction, 142,146; Russian dismissal of existence of, 78; separatist movement in, 19. See also Crimea; Donbas Ukraine, war in, 12,159-60; anti-Nazi rhetoric and, 161-62; antisemitism and, 162; ethnic slurs gaining prevalence during, 16,73; as extreme affirmational fandom, 23; meaning for Russia, 160-62; and Orc identity, evolution of, 146-47,148-49; Putin and, 159,161; Russian cultural figures supporting, 76; as self-hatred, 160,162; Western media on, 121 Ukrainian(s): designation on Soviet internal identity papers, 86; inherent Russianness of, insistence on, 162 ukropy (dills), as ethnic slur, 73,142, 146 United States: exceptionalism of, and self proclaimed Russian Orcs, 17,137; hostility toward, “negative identity” stemming from, 6; identity formation in, 27,164n3; majority identity in, 3; “middle class” designation in, 96; racial melancholia in, 6-7; Russian interference in elections in, 62,151-52; slavery in, shame associated with, 5. See also Western other urapatriotizm (hurrah patriotism), Vatnik as mouthpiece of, 72 utopianism: and idea of New Man, 28-29,35; Marxism and, 27,28; politics and, 129 Vail’, Pyotr, 41 “Varkraft” (song), 148-49 Vasilieva, Natalia, 136 192 INDEX Vasyas (Vaskas/Vaski), 16; average person indicated by, 61,165n2; in Bykov’s Living Souls, 63,64-67; connection to self-hatred, 62,63; hint at masculine inadequacy in, 19; origins of term, 60-61; as proxy for socioeconomic class, 79; as successor to sovok, 62-63 vatniki, 16,72-79; American version of, 75,79; connection to self-hatred, 62; in contemporary Russian fashion, 75; hint at masculine inadequacy in, 19; as proxy for socioeconomic class, 79; reappropriation as positive image, 75-77; sovok compared to, 72-74, 76,78-79; as Ukrainian ethnopolitical slur, 16, 73; visual image of, 72, 75 Vatnik Internet meme, 63,72,73, 75,77 Verdery, Katherine, 10-11 veshchizm, Soviet rejection of, 49 Vesti (TV newscast), 80 Voinovich, Vladimir, 40 Volkov, Shulamit, 4 Volkov,Vadim, 109 Voronezh bombing, meme of, 1-2,160 Vysotsky, Vladimir, 111 “Warcraft” (song), 148-49 wealth: accumulation of, narratives to sell, 87-88; imaginary post-Soviet identities and, 16-17,79; merger with state power, 111; New Russians and, 79,84,87,95,97, 102-3,117,166n9 Weininger, Otto, 135 Western (American) other: hatred of, vatnik associated with, 74,75; imagined alienating gaze of, Russian Orc based on, 19,153; negative identity based on hostility toward, 6; Russian nationalist reinterpretation of The Lord of the Rings and, 147-48 Western popular culture: anxieties about, 3,69; Cold War in, 122-23 Williams, Robbie, 80-82 Window to Paris (film), 50,55-59 Winters, Joseph R., 6 Woe from Wit (Griboyedov), 77,101 women (woman): concept of New (Soviet) Man and, 27; in first post-Soviet decade, 18; New Russian, 83-84; nineteenth-century Russian heroines, “terrible perfection” of, 31; Russia represented as, 18; as targets of Internet trolls, 151; and transformational fandom, 22 World War 1,24 World War II: and The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien), 128,134,141; popularity of superhero comics in run-up to, 123; pride associated with, 3, 33,42-43; and Soviet storytelling, 122-23; story of Panfilov’s guardsmen in, 22 Yang, Gene, 26-27 “Yarovrat” (Vladimir Georgievich Frolkov), 139-40 Yeltsin, Boris, 14,109 Yeskov, Kirill, 136-37, 139 yokel: Borat character as, 24-26; as common global phenomenon, 26-27; as figure in popular culture, 26; New Russian as, 16; Second World, representations of, 25; Soviet/post-Soviet, 25,26; sovok as, 16 YouTube, and bydlo, 69 Zamlelova, Svetlana, 128-29 Zelensky, Volodymyr, 161 ZhD (Bykov), 64,165n7. See also Living Souls (Bykov) Zhirinovsky, Vladimir Vol'fovich, 145 Zhmurki (film). See Dead Man’s Bluff (film) Zhogov, Dmitrii, 77 Zinoviev, Alexander: and Homosos, origins of term, 17,34,40; Homo Sovieticus, 17, 34-37,38 Ziiek, Slavoj, 125,151 Znak kachestva (TV program), 69-72 Zubok, Vladislav, 6 Zviagintsev, Andrei, 111 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
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author	Borenstein, Eliot 1966-
author_GND	(DE-588)124807747
author_facet	Borenstein, Eliot 1966-
author_role	aut
author_sort	Borenstein, Eliot 1966-
author_variant	e b eb
building	Verbundindex
bvnumber	BV049002616
classification_rvk	MG 85070 NQ 8307
contents	Introduction. Postsocialism and the Legacy of Shame -- Zombie Sovieticus: The Descent of Soviet Man -- The Rise and Fall of Sovok -- Just a Guy Named Vasya -- Whatever Happened to the New Russians? -- Rich Man's Burden -- Russian Orc: The Evil Empire Strikes Back -- Conclusion. Russian Self-Hatred
ctrlnum	(OCoLC)1401178092 (DE-599)BVBBV049002616
discipline	Politologie Geschichte
discipline_str_mv	Politologie Geschichte
era	Geschichte 1991-2022 gnd
era_facet	Geschichte 1991-2022
format	Book
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geographic	Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd
geographic_facet	Russland
id	DE-604.BV049002616
illustrated	Not Illustrated
index_date	2024-07-03T22:09:53Z
indexdate	2024-07-10T09:52:31Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9781501769887 9781501769870
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034265768
oclc_num	1401178092
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-29 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-20 DE-739
owner_facet	DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-29 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-20 DE-739
physical	x, 192 Seiten 23 x 15,3 cm
psigel	BSB_NED_20230905
publishDate	2023
publishDateSearch	2023
publishDateSort	2023
publisher	Cornell University Press
record_format	marc
spelling	Borenstein, Eliot 1966- Verfasser (DE-588)124807747 aut Soviet self-hatred the secret identities of postsocialism in contemporary Russia Eliot Borenstein Ithaca ; London Cornell University Press 2023 x, 192 Seiten 23 x 15,3 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Introduction. Postsocialism and the Legacy of Shame -- Zombie Sovieticus: The Descent of Soviet Man -- The Rise and Fall of Sovok -- Just a Guy Named Vasya -- Whatever Happened to the New Russians? -- Rich Man's Burden -- Russian Orc: The Evil Empire Strikes Back -- Conclusion. Russian Self-Hatred "As Borenstein shows in his readings of a range of popular culture texts, the imaginary identities Russians have been trying on since the Soviet collapse reflect an aggressive, often outward-facing self-hatred that allows some Russians to come to terms with their country's standing in the world, the social and economic misery, and the dominance of oligarchism and Putinsim"- Geschichte 1991-2022 gnd rswk-swf Fremdbild (DE-588)4127240-7 gnd rswk-swf Soziale Identität (DE-588)4077567-7 gnd rswk-swf Postkommunismus (DE-588)4998161-4 gnd rswk-swf Nationalbewusstsein (DE-588)4041282-9 gnd rswk-swf Selbstbild (DE-588)4077349-8 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf National characteristics, Russian Russians / Attitudes Post-communism / Russia (Federation) Russia (Federation) / Social conditions / 1991- Post-communism Social conditions Russia (Federation) Since 1991 Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Postkommunismus (DE-588)4998161-4 s Soziale Identität (DE-588)4077567-7 s Nationalbewusstsein (DE-588)4041282-9 s Fremdbild (DE-588)4127240-7 s Selbstbild (DE-588)4077349-8 s Geschichte 1991-2022 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 9781501769900 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 9781501769887 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034265768&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034265768&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034265768&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register
spellingShingle	Borenstein, Eliot 1966- Soviet self-hatred the secret identities of postsocialism in contemporary Russia Introduction. Postsocialism and the Legacy of Shame -- Zombie Sovieticus: The Descent of Soviet Man -- The Rise and Fall of Sovok -- Just a Guy Named Vasya -- Whatever Happened to the New Russians? -- Rich Man's Burden -- Russian Orc: The Evil Empire Strikes Back -- Conclusion. Russian Self-Hatred Fremdbild (DE-588)4127240-7 gnd Soziale Identität (DE-588)4077567-7 gnd Postkommunismus (DE-588)4998161-4 gnd Nationalbewusstsein (DE-588)4041282-9 gnd Selbstbild (DE-588)4077349-8 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4127240-7 (DE-588)4077567-7 (DE-588)4998161-4 (DE-588)4041282-9 (DE-588)4077349-8 (DE-588)4076899-5
title	Soviet self-hatred the secret identities of postsocialism in contemporary Russia
title_auth	Soviet self-hatred the secret identities of postsocialism in contemporary Russia
title_exact_search	Soviet self-hatred the secret identities of postsocialism in contemporary Russia
title_exact_search_txtP	Soviet self-hatred the secret identities of postsocialism in contemporary Russia
title_full	Soviet self-hatred the secret identities of postsocialism in contemporary Russia Eliot Borenstein
title_fullStr	Soviet self-hatred the secret identities of postsocialism in contemporary Russia Eliot Borenstein
title_full_unstemmed	Soviet self-hatred the secret identities of postsocialism in contemporary Russia Eliot Borenstein
title_short	Soviet self-hatred
title_sort	soviet self hatred the secret identities of postsocialism in contemporary russia
title_sub	the secret identities of postsocialism in contemporary Russia
topic	Fremdbild (DE-588)4127240-7 gnd Soziale Identität (DE-588)4077567-7 gnd Postkommunismus (DE-588)4998161-4 gnd Nationalbewusstsein (DE-588)4041282-9 gnd Selbstbild (DE-588)4077349-8 gnd
topic_facet	Fremdbild Soziale Identität Postkommunismus Nationalbewusstsein Selbstbild Russland
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034265768&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034265768&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034265768&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT borensteineliot sovietselfhatredthesecretidentitiesofpostsocialismincontemporaryrussia

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