The ruble: a political history
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Oxford, United Kingdom
Oxford University Press
[2023]
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| Beschreibung: | xi, 543 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
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Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction: The Rubles Stories i PART I The Age ofAssignats I. Assignats: From Paper Substitutes to Paper Money 21 г. Autocracy or Representation? The Political Philosophy of Money in the Age of Napoleon and After 3. The End of Assignats 42 68 PART II Autocratic Capitalism 4. Paper Money in the Era of the “Great Reforms” 5. Rubles Wars 97 134 PART III The Gold Reform 6. Witte’s Rollercoaster 165 7. The Autocratic Standard 186 8. Practicing the Gold Standard 213
viii Contents PART IV Ruble, Wars, and Revolutions 9. The Gold Syndrome 2-43 10. War and the End of the Gold Ruble 265 il. A Revolution That Did Not Happen 308 Epilogue: The Ruble That Cannot Be Spent 352 Appendix 363 Notes 575 Bibliography 489 Index 523
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Index For the benefit ofdigital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 32-33) may, on occasion, appear on only one ofthosepages. Tables, figures, and boxes are indicated by an italic t, f, and b following the page/paragraph number. Abaza, Alexander, 144,148-49,171-74, 4191.30, 4191.31 accounting notes, 318-29 administrative orders legality, 4521.72 Adventures ofa Ruble, The (Mikhalkov), 1 anti-Semitic circular 1916, 293-95 Antonovich, Afinogen, 175,176-77,180, 19 6,19 8, 4221.64 Arctic (ship), 97 Argentina, 165-66 armed uprising 1905,255 Afghan crisis (1880s), 145-46 Art ofBribe-taking, The, 75-76 Aksakov, Ivan, 198-99 Arzamas, society, 58 Alafuzov, Ivan, 157-58 Alaska, 41 assignats Alexander 1,13-14, 41-43, 45-54, 61, 67, 70-71, 81,110-и, 384П.14, 385П.39 Alexander II, 94, 101-2, 104-5, 109-10, 116, 117, 111-22,132,137-38,141, 144-45, 2-OO-I Alexander III, 141,144-48, 161, 172,177, 180,181-82 Alexei Mikhailovich, tsar, 23-24,98-99 American Banknote Company, 98-99 Andrei Vladimirovich, Grand Duke, 446—471.7 Anichkov palace, 377-780.13 anti-Napoleonic Coalition Wars, 43-44, 46 Assignat Banks, 3-4,13, 26-29, 26/ 31-33, 40-41, 378П.19, 380П.35 authenticity of money, 23-37, 70-74, 376-77ПП.4-5, 391-920.19 autocracy maintenance by, 3-11, 2-3-37 376—7710.4—5 377П.10,378П.19, 378П.21,3791.24, 380П.35 banks of issue, 4, 80-93,39612.73 borrowing by government, 26-34, 52, 60-61, 70-71, 73-74,378П.19, 3791.24, 3801.35, 3 91-9 2П.19 bullion reserve as collateral, 4, 26-27, 31-32, 34-35. 55. 56-57. 80-81, 377-78П.13
Index 5*4 assignats (cent.} as certificate/share of national metallic money and, 3841.25 as metaphor for perversion of values, wealth, 30-32 concepts/credibility of, 3-11, 29-30, 75-7 5,77 military pay via, 61-62,388П.69 33-36, 40, 44, 51-53, 56-57, 63- 6 6, 70-74, 3861.51, з88—89п.74, monetary autonomy via, 8-10, 5758, 62-63 з91—92п.9 monetary reforms generally, 8—9, convertibility of, 46, 54-55,56-57, 64, 79, 81-82 14-15, 23-25, 32-36,40, 67, 376П.4, з79пп.3-32, 380П.35, 389П.83 copper money deficit, 37,38154 paper as standard policy, 54-67, copper money mintage, 3951.63 counterfeiting of, 61-6 2, 8 9,3971.89 38615 platinum coins, 68-74,390П.10, 390П.12 as credit money/State debt to citizens, politics/social interactions of, 9-11,30, 26-34, 5*. 60-61, 70-71,378П.19, 3791.24, 3 8 0П.3 5, з91—92п9 design symbolism, 21-41,64-65,3761.2 destruction of, 65, 402—31.68 devaluation of, 192 double counting, 77, 3941.47 double values/insurance fees, 46, 3821.8 epistemological foundation of, 8,58- 59, 3761.9 fall of, 37-41 federative money project, 61-62, 388П.66 fiat currency system/copper notes, 377П.10 financial status repair, 63, 3890,76 foreign vs. Russian coins popularity, 47, 53, 77-79 protectionism and, 3 8-5 9, 3851.34 as proxy ofpower/source of obligation, 3—ii, 13-14, 40-41, 5467, 38615 rates of exchange, 37-40, 46, 74-80, збзй 381П.54, 3821.8, 393П.29 religious concepts in, 24-25, 63 resistance to, 10-11 serfdom and, 35-36 as socioeconomic institution/rights mandate, 3-11,13-14, 44, 45-54, 381-82П.3,3821.8, 382-83n.11, 383П.12,383П.13,383П.18, 383—
84ПП.23-24,384П.25,385П.34 Speransky s reformism {see Financial Plan (Speransky)) 3931.27 fungibility, 2, 7-8, 3751.3 State all-people’s treasury, 30, 34, 59- honor code guarantee of, 7-8, 33-34, 3890.76,389П.83 state/bank relationships, 383П.12, 36, 52-53, 61-62, 81 inflation, 9-10 67, 388П.66,388П.69, 388-89П.74, 383П.13 introduction/consequences of, 13 state/monarch separation, 29-30 issuance of, 33-34, 37-38, 46, 49, 57- state-noble financial relations, 35—39 5 8, 7 3-74, 3 6 3/, 3821.8 kinship/patriotism in design of, 21-41, 3761. status of, 22-23 language importance to, 58-59, 65-67 materiality of money, 11-12 state properties sales, 51-52 stock-exchange rate, 76-77, 78-79 tax-exchange rate, 76-77, 78-79 terminology, 3-4
Index 515 treasury debt repayment, 33-34,35-36, Bezobrazov, Vladimir, 104-5, 113-14, 51-51. 380П.35 treasury’s insolvency, 5, 79, 90-91, biens nationaux, 86 117-18, 400П.23 bilingual coins, 228-29 394П-5О trust in money, 7-8, 33-34, 36,52-53, 61-62, 70-74,81-82, 391-92П.19 bimetallism, 156,160-61,183-85,190-91, value of, origins in public authority, 6-8,3 4-3 6, 3801.38 4231.81, 4311.3 black market/Bolsheviks, 340 value of, origins in social consensus, 56-58 Bloch, Ivan (Jan), 159-61 wartime, 61-63 Bogolepov, Dmitrii, 319-20, 324, 4641.23, 4661.42, 4681.55, Austria, 278-79 Austria-Hungary, 161-62,165-66,16768, 288-89 2 0 2-3, 204, 416123, 4221.73, Boer War, 220-21 4681.56 Bogoslovskii, Mikhail, 286-87 Averchenko, Arkadii, 342 Boizard, Jean, 380П.38 Bolivar, Simon, 69 Bank Charter Act of 1844, 88-89,197 Bank of Amsterdam, 3791.32 Bolsheviks bank reforms under, 317-32, Bank of Austria, 134-36 Bank of Belgium, 4391.4 4 6 6ПП.4 2-4 3, 4671.49, 4671.50, 468153, 4681.54, 4 6 8ПП.5 5-5 6, Bank of England, 28-29,4°, 48-49, 8889,139, 269-70,3791.32 469П.59, 469П.60, 469П.62, Bank of Finland, 121-22, 257-58, 4711.82, 4721.86, 472.89, 279-80 Bank of France, 48-49, 56,106-7, no, 134,177-78, 288-89, 3861.43 Bank of Poland, 82-83, 91-93,154 Banza, Konrad, 157-58 Barclay de Tolly, M. A., 61-62, 3871.58 Bark, Petr, 268-96 Barnett, Vincent, 4471.22 Bekhterev, Vladimir, 290 4701.68, 47 0П.7 3, 4711.74, 4721.90, 4731.93, 4731.94, 473П-95. 4740.100, 474П.103, 475П.107, 475П.108 blame for financial crisis by, 3045,340-41 bullion reserve as collateral, 481.74 class wars under, 309-10, 335-42,
35556, 4761.23, 4761.26, 477П.131, 477-78П.135, 478П.136, 4781.138, barter, 56, 223, 335,338 “bear squeeze,” 167,172,187-88 479П.147, 4791.150 commodities as currency under, Belgium, 165-66 Bell, The, 118-19 4791.155 debauchment of currency, 341, Berlin Congress, 6-7,141-42 Berlin Stock Exchange, 167-70, 4171.4 4791.147, 481—821177 domestic debts repudiation, 4691.59 Berliner Börsen Zeitung, 188 economic policies, 4731.94, 475П.108, Berliner Börsen-Courier, 168-69 Bernatskii, Mikhail, 277-78,288-89, 2-93 Bezborodko, Alexander, 37,40 477-78П.135 expropriation of monetary capital by, 477П.131, 480П.163
526 Index Bolsheviks (cent.) financial policies (see People’s Bank) financial reconstruction model, 319, 4831.85 food requisitioning by, 478П.158 industrial nationalization, 327,339, 4721.90 money supply crisis/demand for money, 314-15, 316 moneyless economy system, 327-31, 3 3 9-41, 4721.86, 4721.89, 4721.90 nationalization impacts, 326-27 New Economic Policy (NEP), 3 41-51. 479—68пп.54—5, 480П.159,480-69ПП.163-64, 481-71ПП.171-74, 481-71ПП.17778, 4831.85, 484П.189, 484П.191, Bulgarian crisis, 145-46 bullion reserve as collateral, see also gold depository assignats, 4, 26-27, 31—32, 34—35. 55. 56-57, 80-81,377-78П.13 under Bolsheviks, 48174 gold standard, 236-37 relocation of, 88 state credit rubles, 85-86, 88-89, 94, 111-13,118-19 Bunge, Nikolai, 15,105,144-50,153-55, 157,160-61,166-67,177-78, 179-80,188-89, 400П.23, 410П.38, 4121.64, 4141.89, 4191.31 bureaucratic reformism, 143-62, 4101.45, 4111.53, 411П.58, 412П.64 Busch, Johann Georg, 385П.39 484-74ПП.194-99 Peoples Bank reorganization, 325-32, 473П.94. 475П.Ю8 pulling out money/compulsory extraction policy, 315-16 separation of powers, 319-20, 463П.15 socialist property, 4791.150 state employee expenses under, 315 transition to, 308-10 wage nationalization, 339-40 wealth extraction under, 336-37 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 56, 59, 61 Book on Poverty and Wealth, The (Pososhkov), 24-25 bourgeois monetary theory, 333-34 Boxer Rebellion, 233-34 Brazil, 165-66 bread ruble, 19 6, 3 4 3, 4791155 Briukhanov, N., 354-55 Brok, Petr, 94,107, 4191.25 Cancrin, Georg, see Kankrin, Egor (Georg) capitalism in monetary policy, 101-4, 122-26,
400П.14, 404-5П.109 Catherine II (the Great), 3-4, 7-8,13, 21-22, 25-27, 28-30, 31-32, 36, 40, 51-53.98-99.150-51 Central Discount/Loan Committee of State Bank, 316-17 Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets ( VTsIK), 31213,317-18, 477-78П.135 Central State Treasury, 327-28 Chaianov, Alexander, 333-35 change shortage, 289-91,293-94 Charter to the Nobility (1785), 36 Chernomyrdin, Victor, 360 Chernyshev, Alexander, 81 Chernyshev, Ivan, 29 chervonetz, 1,8-9, 3 4 5-51, 347f, 3 5 4-5 5, Bryan, William Jennings, 183 Bukhara, 8-9, 225-39,435П.69, 435Збп.72, 436П.73, 4361.79 Chicherin, Georgii, 345 child mortality index, 159-60 Bukharin, Nikolai, 324 Chile, 165-66 359, 481П.172, 485П.199
Index Chinese Eastern Railroad, t^z, 237 Chizhov, Fedor, 116 chokh, see qian Chrezuchet, 334-35 Chubar, Vlas, 329-30, 354-55 Chukovsky, Korriei, 357-58 Chuprov, Alexander, 153-54 Church Slavonic language, 58-59 Citizen, The (Grazhdanin), 145-47, 151-52-- 4131.79 Civil War of 1918-21, 10-II class wars under Bolsheviks, 309-10, 335-42, 355-56, 4761123 4761.26, 47711131, 477-78П.135, 478036, 478П.138, 479П.147, 4791.150 in monetary policy, 296-307, 4581.173, 4601.205, 4 61П.211, 4611.215, 4611.217 Closed Commercial State, The (Fichte), 57-58 Cobden, Richard, 125-26 Code of Laws/Russian Empire, 89,110ii, 321 coinage, see issuance of money Colombia, 165-66 Commercial Bank, 79-80 Commercial Newspaper (Kommercheskaia Gazeta), 76,77, 88-89 Commissariat of Finance, 309, 324 Commissariat of Food Supply, see Narkomprod Commission for the Codification of Russian Laws, 89 compulsory loans, 299-300 Congress of the Representatives of Stock Exchange Trade/ Agriculture, 273-74 conservatism in monetary policy, 5-6, 78,13-14.15-16, 44. 53-67. 70-74. 143-62, 262,38615 Constituent Assembly, 311-12 52-7 consumption cooperatives, 315-16 “Conversation between a Boy in Pants and a Boy without Pants,” 143 convertibility of assignats, 46, 54-55,56-57, 64, 79, 81-82 chervonetz, 348-49 ending of, 94, 399П.113 of gold rubles, 246,255-56 of gold to sliver, 235-36 principle of, 3-5, 7-8,11-12,15, 39-40 of Soviet rubles, 317-18, 352-54, 35657.358-59 of state credit rubles, 86,110-17,13940, 276-77, 4021.58 suspension of, 246-47,256-57, 25859, 268-69, 279-80,361, 446П.13, 4481.35 copper kopecks, 23-27,
377П.10 Copper Riot of 1662,10-II, 23-24 Council of Peoples Commissars, 311-12 Council of State Credit Institutions, 88,116-17 counterfeiting of assignats, 61-62, 89, 3971.89 by Old Believers, 10-11,127-28,130 of silver ruble, 130-31 of stamps, 292-93 of state credit rubles, 97-98,101-2, 126-33, 4о61.32, 406П.134, 406П.139 Crash ofthe Dromaderov Family, The (Averchenko), 342 Credit Chancellery, 327-28, 4701.73 credit ruble, see state credit rubles Crimean War, 92-94, 256, 399П.113 Crisp, Olga, 223-24 Custine, Astolphe de, 76, 79 customs duties certificates, 139, 408-9П.18 Cyon, Ilya (Tsion), 194 Czechoslovak Legion, 324-25
528 Index Daily Chronicle, 4791.147 Daily Express, 4411.28 Danilevskii, Nikolai, 125-26 Dardanelles, 266-67 De Smeth, 27-28 Dead Souls (Gogol), 75-76 Decembrists/Decembrist Rebellion, 62, 67. 79. 89 Decree ofJanuary 21,1918, 4701.73 Dementiev, Gavriil, 501-2 Denmark, 165-66 Department of Budget, 327-28 deposit certificates, 79-82 despotism, 31-32 devaluation of assignats, 192 of Soviet ruble, 357-58 of state credit rubles, 188-91,192,195, 207, 208-9 deval’vatsiia, 188 Dialogue in Hell between Machiavelli and Montesquieu, The (Joly), 224-25 dignity, 7-8, 71, 74,146,191,194 Dobrowolska, Josephina, 4061.139 Dodd, Nigel, 2 Dolgorukov, Petr, 4441.79 donations, accumulation of gold via, 284-96, 4561.35, 456П.142, 456П.144 Donskoy, Dmitrii, prince, 98-99 dostoinstvo, 7-8 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 75-76 Double, The (Dostoyevsky), 75-76 Drucki-Lubecki, Franziszek, 80-93, 395П.63 Dubenskii, V,, 106 Durova, Nadezhda, 3881.67 Economic Consequences ofthe Peace (Keynes), 345 Economic Index (Ekonomicheskii Ukazatel), 105 economic nationalism, 167-68,175 Economist (Ekonomist), 105 Ekaterina Pavlovna, Grande Duchesse, 55-56 Eliasson, Lev, 347-48, 482-83П.180 emanicpation of peasants, see peasant emancipation emission economy (emissionnoe khoziaistvo), ^б-у/ emission law of 1897,210-II emission of money, see issuance of money Encyclopedia Britannica, 140 Engelhard, Alexander, 139-40 England, see Great Britain Eugene Onegin (Pushkin), 62 Executive Committee/Soviet of Workers’ Deputies, 297 Expedition for the Production of State Papers (EZGB), 64-65, 87-88,93, 98, 99,127-28,131-32,134-36,139, 254,
272, 290-93,296-99, 303, 311, 312,314-15, 324-25 Expedition of State Credit Rubles, 8788,94 Fal'kner, Semyon, 325-26, 336-37 famine of 1891,162 February Revolution of 1917,10-11,1617, 303, 305-6 Ferguson, Niall, 302 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 57-59,123-24 Finances ofRussia in the Nineteenth Century (Bloch), 159 financial crisis of 1905, 93-94, 17172,195, 251-64, 253/ 399П.113, 4 4 2П.4 4,443156 Financial Manifesto 1905, 252-54, 442-43П.51 financial nationalism, 294-95 Financial Newspaper (Finansovaia Gazeta), 288 Financial Plan (Guryev), 391П.15
Index Financial Plan (Speransky), 45-54, 60, no-11,260, 5 81-8 3n.11, 3841.29, з9тл5, 395n-57 financial restoration reforms 529 Free Russian Bank, 49-50,383П.18 Fridman, Mikhail, 173, trj-j, 341-41 Fundamental Laws/Russian Empire, 89, assignats, 8-9,14-15,13-2.5, 32—36, 40, 67,376П.4, 379ПП.31-31,380П.35, 276-77,279, 45211.72 Future ofRussia andJapan, The (Martin), 150 389п.83 civic virtues in, 107-8,114 Gagemeister, Yulii, 105-6,115, 117, overview, 15 resistance to Witte’s reforms, 103-7 state credit rubles, 106-16,196-108, 400П.23 Gaidar, Egor, 359 Gan, Serguei, 149-50,154 4021.58, 402—31.68, 4 0 3П.7 5, Geiden, Petr, 207 4031.76 Genoa conference/1922, 344-45 Genzel, Pavel, 265-66 Wittes reforms, 178-79,181,186- 88, 196-212, 4271.46, 4271.47, 4281.70, 419П.8 3, 419-3 0П.10 3, 430П.104, 439П.4 “Financial System of the Bolsheviks,” 345 Finland, 8-9, 121-22, 115,157-58,274- 75,179-80, 450П.53, 461n.n1 First All-Russia Congress/Councils of Workers’/Soldiers’ Deputies, 304 Fischer, Konstantin, 77 Fisk, Harvey, 452—531.86 Flandreau, Marc, 416П.113 flour ruble, 3 4 3, 4791.155 food requisitioning/Bolsheviks, 338-39 George, David Lloyd, 169-70 Germany, 183,197,151,166, 267-68, 27879,184-85,188-89, 349-50, з7, 4271.46,4471.25 glavki, 471П.90 Glorious Revolution, 29-30 Gogol, Nikolai, 14, 75-76 gold depository, see also bullion reserve as collateral; Russian State Bank Bolshevik uses of, 344-45 centralization of authority over, 258-83, 45211.72, 453197 45811.173, 4611.213 food supply crisis, 337-38 evacuation of, 311,324-25 foreign debt owed by Russia, 90-91,141, 167,175- 76,113-
14,146- 48, as financial credibility, 17, 151,156- 57,159- 60,175,180- 81,345, 461n.n1 foreign investment, 161 Forged Coupon, The (Tolstoy), 1 Foucault, Michel, 3761.9 France, 19-30,183-84,187-88,197, 118-19,135,146-47,156-57,158, 16 8-9 6,3 4 4-4 5, 3712, 3861.43, 243-51, 244^ 344-45, 4391.4, 440П.19, 440-41П.27, 4411.35, 441П.36, 442П.41, 444-45П.86, 4531.97 gold-raising campaigns, 274,184-96, 349, 356-57, 456П.135, 456П.141, 456144, 4 8 0П.16 4 holdings statistics, 165-68,188-89, 3 4 4-4 5, 367, 369t, 4 4 6n.ro, 4271.46 Free Economic Society, 193,198-99,101, holdings statistics by country, 371 103-4,107 free mining regime, 384П.15 as military funding, 17 2-7 8,4471.20, 4481.35, 4481.36, 448—491.38, 4551.127, 4 6 9П.6 0
530 Index gold depository (coni.) 4 4 911.3 9, 4 4 911.4г, 450153, 4501.55, 4511.63 monastic gold, 288 state credit rubles, 3671 temporary gold fund, 285-86 untouchability of, 282-83, 359 value w. money in circulation, 456П.135 virtual gold reserve abroad, 281-82, 452—531.86 gold expatriation/expropriation bans on, 286-87 as collateral for foreign currency, 2689 6, 4 4 6П.13,446—471.17, 4471.20, 447П.25,4471.27 during Crimean War, 93-94, з99п.3 gold panic 1905, 251-64,253/, 4421.44 4431.56 personification of money argument, 195 gold standard abandonment of, 298-99,306-7, 4341.46, 4 6 6П.4 3 adoption of, 101,125,147-49,155-62, 165-67,182-85,113-14» 4141.96, 416П.123, 4221.73, 4231.74, 4231.75, 4231.81 agrarian crisis 1898-1901, 221-24 anti-gold campaign, 4231.81 autocracy maintenance by, 199-201, 211 bank centralization, 198-200 bills of exchange/credit issues, 171-74, 19 7, 4191.26, 4191.34, 4261.35, 4271.46 bimetallism, 156,160-61,183-85,19091, 202-3, 204, 416П.123, 4221.73, 4231.81, 4311.3 Bolshevik re-adoption of, 342-51, 356, 479-68ПП.154-55, 480П.159, savings, wiping out of, 315-16,360 480-69ПП.163-64, 48171ПП.171-74, 481-71ПП.177-78, taxation of, 171-72 4831.85, 484.89, 4 8 4П.191, Wittes accusations of, 262-64 gold production annually 1822-1922,373/' gold ruble (rubl’ zolotom) adoption of, 213-25, 21^ 431П.3, 4313 2П.13, 4321.6, 4 3 3П.3 0, 4341.46 concepts/credibility of, 255-56 convertibility of, 246, 255-56 delivery fees, 41.8 design symbolism of, 11-12,208-9, ^f gold production, 89-90 impacts on worker wages, 215-17 issuance of, 4321.16 legalization in commercial
transactions, 155-56,180, 188-212, 4251.21, 4251.24, 4261.35 484-74ПП.194-99 bullion reserve as collateral, 236-37 cash money deficit/stock market crash, 431-32П.13 combined funds in gold 1892,162 concepts/credibility of, 166-67, 174-77 constitutionalism and, 200-1, 204-5 criticisms of, 203-7,113-15 as cultural communication, 193-94 English model, 213-14 global patterns of, 165-67 history of generally, 2-3, 6, 8-9,114 impacts of generally, 16-17 implementation strategy, 221-22,238-39 industrialists support of, 272-76, paper ruble purchases by, 417—18п.6 rates of exchange, 227-28, 229 state monopoly regulation of, 272-75 as state property, 85-91, 3971.92 information disclosure and, 204-5 transportation/distribution of, 215-21 parliamentarism and, 202-3 4 4 8-4 9ПП.3 8-3 9,4491.42 inflationism and, 15-16
Index 531 Harrison, Mark, 295-96 popular well-being argument, 103-4 portrayals of, 195-96, 220-21, 224-25 Herald ofEurope (Vestnik Evropy), 139-40 rates of exchange, 155-56,192-94, zoo, 213, 4171.4, 4171.4, 4191.34, Herald ofFinances, Industry and Trade, 205, 210-11 4261.35, 4281.70 reform impacts, 221-25 resentment politics post-1878,141-43 Herald ofIndustry (Vestnik Promyshlennosti), 102-3,122-24,IZ6 Hewett, Ed A., 359 resistance to Witte’s reforms, 203-7 Hilferding, Rudolf, 310-11 subsystems of, 237-38 supply logistics, 218-21 History ofthe Russian State, The Witte conversion to, 179-85, 263-64, Holy Squad, 166-67,170-71 Holzman, Franklyn, 357 4221.64 Golovachev, Alexei, 114 Golovin, Konstantin, 235-36 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 358-59 Gorbunov, Nikolai, 324-25 Goremykin, Ivan, 206-7,1-62, 279-80 Goznak, 340-41 grain procurement/Bolsheviks, 33$~39 Gray, Richard, 38615 Great Britain, 29-30, 48-49, 53,88-89, 114,145-46,182-83,197, 213, 235, (Karamzin), 55-56 honor code guarantee of assignats, 7-8, 33-34, 36,52-53, 61-62, 81 of state credit rubles, 86-87, ш-12, 114-16, 139-40,193-95 Horn, J. E., 179-80 housing/utilities payments, 339 hryvna, 349-50 Humbert, Thérèse, 248 Humboldt, Alexander von, 68-69 246-47, 268-96, 344-45 Great Reforms, 14-15 Imperial ruble/expansion, 175-80, Great Terror of 1937-38,354-55 Great War. see World War I 4211.51, 421153 Imperial State Bank, see Russian Greig, Samuel, 140 State Bank Grinko, G., 354-55 in kind transactions/wages, 331-32 grivna, 55-56,72, 481П.171 India, 182-83 inflationism in monetary policy, 15-16, Gross, Stephen, 4471.25 Guchkov,
Alexander, 298-99 Gukovskii, Isidor, 317-25, 4661.42, 4671.50 70,149-50,166-67,181-82,196, 199, 272-73,290, 303, 315, 343, 460П.205 Gurko, Vladimir, 207 insolvency, see treasury’s insolvency Guryev, Alexander, 107,192-95,199- Institute of Economic Research, 325- 200, 201, 4261.35 Guryev, Dmitrii, 53-54, 59-62, 64-65, 74-75,388П.69, 39m.15, 401П.34 Guslitsy, 127-28,130 Haensel, Pavel, 4831.185 Harbin Herald, 2.^6-^ 26, 346-47 internationalization of capital, 265-68, 446n.ro Isaev, Andrei, 203 isolationism in monetary policy, 11,42- 44. 57-59.123-24,142-43, 160-61
Index issuance of money assignats, 33-34, 37-38, 46, 49, 57-58, 73-74, 363А 382П.8 Bolsheviks monopolization/control over, 315-16 centralization of authority over, 278- Japan, 165-66,235, 245-47, 4391.4, see also Russo-Japanese War Jaucourt, Louis de, 3801.38 Jenks, Jeremiah W, 234-35 Jewish gold, 293-95 Jilin (Girin) dollars, 232-34 83,296-307, 4521.76, 452—531.86, joint-stock companies, 108-9, I5O-5I 4581.173, 461.213 3 0 4-5.444—451.86 Joly, Maurice, 224-25 communist credit rubles, 4731.93, 4731.95 gold ruble (rub! zolotom), 4321.6 Juridical Review, 153-54 legalization in commercial Kachenovskii, Mikhail, 72 transactions, 155-56,180,188-212, 4 2 5П.21, 4251.24, 4261.35 paper ruble purchases by, 417—18п.6 inconvertible treasury notes, 4501.55 managed currency, 304-7, 461.13, 46m.217, 4611.218 paper by month 1917-1923, 370/ paper rubles not gold-backed, 4521.76 parallel money model, 471.74 Kafafov, Konstantin, 294 kaime, 138,142 Kamenskii, Gavriil, 102 Kankrin, Egor (Georg), 14, 68-91, П2, I92, 222-23, 39ОП.1О, 391П.15, 391П.18, 3931.27 Kankrin system, 73-74, 80-93, 395n-57 3 9 5П.6 3,3961.73 by People s Bank, 328 Karamzin, Nicolai, 55-59, 64, 71-72,124, 125,142-43, 385П.39, 385-86ПП.40- rates of exchange and, 4761123 Russian State Bank rights, 369г karbovanets, 322, 323/ as sovereign authority symbol, 228-29 Kardakov,N.L, 292-93 Soviet ruble, 320-21,335-36, 347-48, 481.171 Katkov, Mikhail, 102-3,112-13,117,120- stamp money, 290-95,292^ 4561.42, 456П.144 state credit rubles, 97-99,105-6,14243. 145-46,148-49. i75 178,192, 198-200, 210-11, 3671 Italy, 165-66,3711 lukht, A,
I., 376—771.5 lurovskii, Leonid, 3 3 5-3 6, 4721.86 Ivanovskii, Alexei, 4371.88 Ivernois, Francis d’, 63,389176 41.387n.58 Kasperov, Vasilii, 201, 203-4 21,122,123-24,141-42,145-47, 149-50,157-58,166-68,188-89, 4ПП.53 Katsenelenbaum, Zakharii, 333-34 Kaufman, Illarion, 114,142-43,1495 0,2 5 5-5 6,3931.9 4431.56, 444-45П.86 Kazan Cathedral, 286 kerenki, 298-99,309-10,335-36, 343-44, 4761.126 Key to the Calculation ofRate, The Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 265 Jacob, Ludwig Heinrich von, 50-51, 60- 61, 383-84ПП,23-24 Jacobinism, 60-61 (Novikov), 37-38 Keynes, John Maynard, 2-3, 213, 269-72, 281-82, 345, 346-47,4471.22, 4791.147
Index 533 Khiva, 116,227 lazh, 7 6-7 9,3941.46 Khodskii, Leonid, 203-4 leather money, 42-54, 43^ 55-56, 71-72, 124, 385П.39,385-86ПП.40-41,391- Khristoforov, Igor, 400П.23 Khrushchev, Nikita, 357-58 Kievlianin, 205, 297 9 2П.19, 39220 Kingdom of Piedmont, 57 Lebedev, Vasilii, 188-89 Leman, Oscar, 4411.35 Klebeck, P. V., 290 Lenin, Vladimir, 249,252-54, 304-5, Klingstaet, Timofei, 37-38 308-9,310-25, 327-28, 338, 341, Kniazhevich, Alexander, 104,109-10 3 4 4-4 5, 4 6 4П.М, 4671.49 4681.53, 479П.147, 480П.163 Kochubei, Victor, 46, 63-64 kokan, 12.6 Kokorev, Vasilii, 79 Leontief, Wassily, 359 Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole, 138-39 Kokovtsov, Vladimir, 235-36,246,24849,255, 256-57,258, 262, 266-67, L’Esprit des Lois (Montesquieu), 31 441145 Kondakov, Nikodim, 184-85 Konstantin Nikolaevich, Grand Levy, Jonathan, 400П.14 Lévy, Raphaël-Georges, 245 liberalism in monetary policy, 49-51, 52-55, 61-63, 66-67,84,104-6,121, i55 159-60,196, 261-62, 283, 324 Duke, 106-7, n5 Kotkin, Stephen, 4631.6 Liberty Loan, 299 Kovalevskii, Vladimir, 4191.32 Life ofEconomy (Ekonomicheskaia kran, see qiran 230-31 Zhizn), 329 Krestinskii, Nikolai, 321, 327,345- Littmann, Charles, 440—41.27 46,354-55 Krestovnikov, G. A., 4491.39 Krivoshein, Alexander, 2 6 9,4471.20 Locke, John, 380П.38 Loginov, Ivan, 128 Logofet, Dmitrii, 43 61.79 Kulomzin, Anatoly, 178-80 Lombardverbot, 168-69 kuny, tl. see also assignats Kuder, Nikolai, 480П.157 Lorini, Eteocle, 230-31 Loris-Melikov, Mikhail/ Kutuzov, Mikhail, 62 La Harpe, Frédéric-César de, 45 constitution, 144-45 labor currency, 3 3 2-4 2, 475—761.17 Maistre, Joseph de,
57-58 Maltsov, Serguei/Maltsov’s labor-encouraging bank concept, 45-46 labor notes, з8г~82п.з Manchester Guardian, 345 Lamanskii, Evgenii, 105,106,107-10, Manchuria, 8-9, 225-26, 231-39, 178-79, 400П.23, 4171.4 land credit societies, 151 land ruble, 149-55, 413П.79, 413—141.85, 4140.89 Larin, Yurii, 324, 337-38 Law, John, 24, 29-30,166-67,179-80, 377п.7, 378П.21 money, 130-33 4371.88, 438пл3 Manifesto ofApril 21,1885, 153 Manifesto ofApril 29,1881,144-45 Manifesto of December 29,1768, 2517,34 39 Manifesto ofJuly 1,1839, 79 Manifesto ofjune 20,1810, 51-52
Index 534 Manifesto of October 17,1905, 252.-54, monetary unification project 442—43151 Mannheim, Karl, 8 monetary unification project (Witte), Markevich, Andrei, 295-96 marki. see leather money markka (Finnish), 121-22, 274-75 Martin, Rudolf, 2 5 0, 2 5 6, 4411.35 Marx, Karl, 3921. Masayoshi, Matsukata, 4391.4 (Bolshevik), 349-50 2-2-5-3 9, 4351.69 435—36172, 4361.73, 4361.79, 4371.88, 438П.103 moneyless economy system, 327-32, 339-41, 472П.86, 4721.89, 4721.90 material budgets system, 531-32,340-41 Mongols, 55-56 Matildore, 186 Montesquieu, 31-32,34-35 McKenna, Reginald, 283 Mordvinov, Nikolai, 45-46, 49-51, Meiendorf, Peter von, 69 Méline, Jules, 183-84 Memoir on Ancient and Modern Russia (Karamzin), 55, 56 Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Ernst von, 441П.35 52,59,159-60,310-11, 381-82П.3, 3 8 3П.18, 383—841.23 Moscow Bulletin (Moskovskie Vedomosti), 102-3,117-19,141-42,145-47, 170-71,188-89, 4141.96 Moscow Stock Exchange Committee, 157 Mensheviks in monetary policy, 303-5 Mueller, Adam, 5 8-5 9, 3871.58 Menshikov, Alexander, 396П.73 Muslims, 94 Menzhinskii, Viacheslav, 311-12, 317-18 mercantilism. 33,104,105 merchants. 9,38-39, 76-77,155-60 Meshcherskii, Vladimir, 145-47,149-50, 151-53,166-67,180-82, 410П.45, 4131.79, 430П.104 metal bonds/currencies, 151-52,155-62, 584П.25, 416П.123 Mexican dollars, 232-33 Mçzyriski, Wacfaw, 311-12 Migulin, Pavel, 109-10, 218-21,260-61, 2-76-77, 4501.55, 4 81П.17 3 Mikhail Nikolaevich, 208-9 Mikhalkov, Serguei, 1,356-57 Miliukov, Paul, 294 Naidenov, Nikolai, 157,158-59 Naidenov, Nikolai, 157,158-59 Napoleons invasion and the “Patriotic War”,
61-62 Narkomprod, 338-39 nationalism in monetary policy, 70-74, 102-3,12.2-26,141-43,144-45, i54 167-68,175-79,195-96,198-99, 2-74-75,391—92пл9 Netherlands, 165-66 Nevsky Avenue, 4 3 3П.3 0, 4641.24 New Economic Policy (NEP), 17, 342-51, 479-68ПП.154-55, 480П.159, 48069ПП.163-64, 481-71ПП.171-74, 481-71ПП.177-78, 482-83П.180, Miliutin, Nikolai, 4001.23, 4711.82 Ministry of Industry and Trade, 32-6-27 monetarism in monetary policy, 67, New Time (Novoe Vremia), 187,188-89, 192-95, 201, 206, 221-22, 291- 180-81, 263-64 monetary nationalism, 4471.25 92-, 2.97 New York Times, 4791.147 4831.185, 484П.189, 484П.191, 484-74ПП.194-99
Index News and Stock Exchange Gazette (Novosti i Birzhevaia Gazeta), 205 Nicholas 1,7-8,14-15, 68, 69, 71, 78-79, 81, 85-91,104-5, III-12, 115, 116-17 Nicholas II, 172-75,180,183, 208-10, 535 paper currency, see assignats; state credit rubles Paper Money in the Epoch ofProletarian Dictatorship (Preobrazhenskii), 337 Paper Ruble, The (Sharapov), 201-2 Parvus, Alexander, 310-n 220-21, 225, 233-34, 245, 256, 285- Pashkov, V. L., 134-36 86,293,308 Paskevich, Ivan, 91 Pasynkov, Lev, 284-85 Niepokojczycki, Benedict, 92-93 Nikitenko, Alexander, 79 Nikolai Nikolaevich, Grand Duke, 442—4315 nobility, 33-36,150-154 Norman, Henry, 248 patrimony, 86-87,120-21 Paul I, 39-40, 45 Pavlov-Sil’vanskii, Nikolai, 24-25 peasant emancipation, 14-15, 35-36, 102-3,108,110-11,113,123-24,140, 150-53,190, 203-5,206,322-23 Northern Post (Severnaia Pochta), 120-21 peasant hoarding, 3 3 7-3 8,3 4 3, 4781.136 Northern War, 23-24 penzenki, 3 0 9-10, 4731.93 Norway, 165-66 Peoples Army of Komuch, 324-25 Novikov, Ivan, 37-38 Novozhilov, Victor, 349 People's Bank, see also private banks; Russian State Bank Obolensky, Dmitrii, 139-40, 354-55 abolition of, 331-32 centralization of authority over, Official Nationality ideology, 14 Ogarev, Nikolai, 118-19 468153 checking accounts compulsory Okhotnikov, Vladimir, 151-52 opening, 316, 4671.49 credit policy principles, 319-20 Okhranka, 254 Old Believers, counterfeiting by, 10-11, 127-28,130 financial credibility, 318-21, “On Financial Policy,” 330-31 On the Means ofConstructing the Great financial resources distribution, 327, 329-30, 4721.90, 4741.00, Siberian
Railroad (Witte), 177 Onward, 249 Orlov, Mikhail, 378П.21 469П.62 4751.107 issuance of money by, 328 reorganization of, 325-32,4711.82, Orthodox Church, 288, 344-45 4721.86, 472П.89, 472П.90, Osinskii, Nikolai, 313 Ottoman Public Debt 4731.93, 4731.94, 4731.95 474П.100, 474П.103, 4751.107, Administration, 142 Pahlen, Konstantin, 131-32 4750.108 republics wealth calculation/as collateral, 328-29 Pakhman, Semyon, 108-9 Palyi, Melchior, 461.217 Soviet government as debtor, 320-22, 331-32 Panjdeh incident (1885), 145-46 staffing, 3 0 9, 468156
Index 53^ state-credit monopoly basis, 316, 4821.178, 481-830.180 populism in monetary policy, 203-4 Portugal, 165-66 transition, 317 Pososhkov, Ivan, 24-25 Ukrainian debt cancellation, 322-24, postal correspondence, 339 470П.73 People’s Commissariat of Finance, see Narkomfin peoples ruble, 30, 34, 59-67,157-58, 388п.б6, 3 8 8П.6 9, 388—891.74, 3891.76, 3 8 9П.8 3 Pravda, 304-5,312-13, 316 Preobrazhenskii, Evgenii, 337, 342, 343— 44,478П.138 printing-worker strikes, 254 private banks, see also People s Bank; Russian State Bank Perestroika, 358-59 centralization of, 198-200 Persia campaigns, 43-44 gold coin for paper ruble Peshekhonov, Alexei, 304 Pestkovskii, Stanislav, 463П.16 Peter and Paul Fortress, 93-94 Peter I (the Great), 23-25,29, 98-99, 201, 286, 378П.21 Petrarzitsky, Leon, 276-77 Petrograd Committee/Soldiers’/ exchanges, 214 Gukovskii's reforms, 317-25, 466ПП.42-43, 467П.49, 4671.50, 4681.53, 4681.54, 468ПП.55-56, 469П.59, 469П.60, 469П.62, 470П.68, 470П.73, 4711.74 in Kankrin system, 73 Workers’ Deputies (Petrograd media reporting on, 4641.25 Soviet), 297-98, 299-300, 304 nationalization of, 170-72,176-77, Petrograd Mint, 456135 310-25, 463П.15, 4641.21, 4641.23, Petrunkevich, Ivan, 444П.79 4641.24, 4641.25, 4651.27, piastres, 232-33 Piatakov, Georgii, 316-17, 329, 354-55, 4681.56, 4721.90 4651.28 Wittes reforms, 178-79,182 private currencies, 130-33 piatakovki. see Soviet ruble prodrazverstka, 343 Pikhno, Dmitrii, 198-99, 200-1 productive ruble, 17 5-8 0, 4211.51, 4211.53 Pinch, Leiba, 284-85 Prokofiev, Sergei, 265 platinum coins, 68-74, здопло, 390П.12 Plevna
rate, 140 Pobedonostsev, Konstantin, 167-68, 169-70, 414.89 Prokopovich, Serguei, 27 7,3 0 2, 461.215 property law, 86 property rights, 204 Propper, Stanislav, 429П.83 Protocols ofthe Elders ofZion, 224-25 Pogodin, Mikhail, 124-26 Proudhon, Jean-Joseph, 125-26 Poland, Kingdom of, 8-9,14, 228-29 Provisional Government monetary Polish financial autonomy, 91-93, 98- policies, 296-307,314-15, 4580.173, 99 2^5 Polish monetary system, 82-85, 83/" 460П.205, 461П.211, 4611.215, Polish Revolutionary Government, 126-27 Polovtsov, Alexander, 208-9 461П.217 Prussia, 61-62 Pushkin, Alexander, 14, 62, 75-76 Putilin, Ivan, 128, 406П.132
Index 537 Putnam Weale, B, L„ 134-35 state credit rubles, raising via qian, currency unit in Chinn 232 treds, 3 3 2-3 4, 475—761.117 qiran, Persian currency 230-31 turkbon/sovznak, 3 5 0, 484194 Quarenghi, Giacomo, 134 uniform ratio, 235 union treaties, 4841.195 transfer, 103-4 Raffalovich, Alexander, 172-74, 4231.74, 4231.75 Raffalovich, Arthur, 183-84 Rathauz, Max, 157-58 Razumovskii, Andrei, 62-63 real bill doctrine, 113,124-25 Raffalovich, Lev, 190-91, 429-30П.103 Rech’, 275, 277-78, 296-97 railroad money, 124-26,177, 421151 Reichsbank, 167-69, 251, 284-85 railroad workers wages, 301-3, 460П.202 resettlement movement, 175-76 rates of exchange Reutern, Mikhail, 110-12,115,116, assignats, 37-40, 46, 74-80, 363Д 126-27,131-32,137-38,139-40, 38in.$4, 3821.8, 393П.29 budgetary rights regulation, 4841.195 142,147-48,157,178-79, 4001.23, 403П.75, 403П.76, cashless ruble; 335-36 406П.132 chervonetz/zakdenznak, 3 5 0, 485199 Revue de Deux Mondes, 118-19 coin ruble, 76-77, 394П.46 domestic debts repudiation, 4691.59 Riabushinskii, Pavel, 301 Riazanov, David, 313-14, 4641.23 dual rates, 4841.89 Ribot, Alexandre, 283 foreign currency market control, Riksbank, 28-30 riot of female shoppers 289-90 44911.42gold for foreign currency, 287-88 gold ruble (rubl’ zolotom), 227-28,229 gold standard, 155-56,192-94,200, 4171.4, 417П.14, 4191.34, 4261.35, 4281.70 imports, 4491.39 inflation effects on, 272-75, 448—491.38 pre- / post-war currencies ratios, 343-44 reforms 1947, 355-56 silver standard, 59-60,182-83 Soviet ruble, 335-36, 350, 484- 85П.196 Soviet ruble/Georgian currency, 350,
484-85П.196 special financial zone, 235-36 state credit rubles, 101-4,112-13,140, 148-50,156-58,167-69,170,17375,192,230-31, 400П.18, 4261.35 Robert Peel Act of 1844, see Bank Charter Act of 1844 Romania, 167-68 romanovki, 309-10,335-36,343-44 Rothschild, Alfred, 4221.73 Rothschild, Alphonse, 4221.73 Rothstein, Adolph, 174-75,190-91, 4191.34 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 45, 66-67 Rouvier, Maurice, 258 rule-of-law currency, 48, 59-67,143-62, 3 8 8П.6 6, 3 8 8П.6 9, 388—891.74, 89176, з89п.83, 411.38, 410П.4 5, 4111.53, 4111.58, 4121.64 Rumiantsev, Nikolai, 51-52 Rus’, 198-99, 249-50, 251, 259-60 Russia andEurope (Danilevskii), 125-26 Russian American Company, 42-54, 43/ 62-63
Index 538 Russian Bulletin (Russkie vedomosti), 301 paper ruble purchases by, 417-18П.16 Russian Cause (RusskoeDelo), 175-76 paper-to-gold ratio, 220-21, 252, Russian Central Autonomous State Bank, 260-61 Russian Herald (Russkii Vestnik), 105,118-19 258,372/ public loan campaign, 277-78, 4511.63, 452—531.86 rates of exchange, 435П.69 Russian Panslavism, 124 reform memorandum, 4391.4 Russian Railroad Company, 124-25 reforms, 141-43,410П.45 Russian State Bank, see also gold reserves/issuance of money, depository 413—141.85 bills of exchange, 197-98 right of issue, 369г Bolshevik re-establishment of, 345-46 supplying gold to customs offices, 148, Bolshevik takeover of, 310-25, 463П.15, 4641.21, 4641.23, 4641.24, 4641.25 4651.27, 4651.28 41.8 treasury debt repayment, 144-49, 367Л 411.39, 4121.64, 4171.4 statements, 247-48, 281-82,4471.27 untouchable reserve fund, 260 centralization of authority over, 198- Wittes reforms, 178-79,182,186- 200, 296-307, 410П.38, 444П.79, 444-45П.86,4451.87 468153 Council reorganization, 466П.40 88,196-212, 4271.46, 4271.47, 4281.70, 4291.83, 429-30П.103, 4 3 0П.10 4, 4391.4 creation of, 109-17,122, 3910.15 Russie en 1839, La (Custine), 76 credit/loan reforms, 196 Russkie vedomosti, 265 credit policies, 197-98 Russo-Chinese Bank, 232, 236-37 employee strike, 314-15 Russo-Japanese War, 16-17, 221, 235-36, encouragement of gold donations by, 286-87 financial crisis of 1905,93-94, 171- 237-38, 244, 245-47 Russo-Persian War, 1804-13, 43-44 Russo-Turkish wars 1768-74,27 72,195, 251-64, 253/ 399П.113, 1806-12, 43-44 4 4 2П.4 4,4431.56 1877-78,
6-8,15,137-43,147-48, 151, foreign currency sales, 252 furnace construction, 134-36 gold coin delivery fees, 411.58 gold coin for paper ruble 245, 408П.15, 408-9П.18 Russo-Ukrainian monetary union, 322, 4701.68 Rykov, Alexei, 3 3 0, 4711.82, 477—781135 exchanges, 214 gold ingots/coins relocation, 421.53 Saburov, Petr, 212, 260,4431.6 gold reserves in, 139, 408-9П.18 Said Abd al-Ahad Khan, emir of Bukhara, illegal loans, 210-12, 430П.104, 4 3 0П.10 5, 4301.112 4354-59, 4351.69 435—36172, 436П.73 interest-bearing accounts in, 4351.59 Saint-Simon, Henri de, 310-11 kiting by, 452—531.86, 4531.97 salt duties, 3851.34 money, public burning of, 134-37,13$A Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikhail, 143 402—31.68, 4071.4 savings, wiping out of, 315-16, 360
Index 539 holdings statistics, 366t separation of powers, 4-5, 28-19, 47 48, 199-200, 319-20, 4631.15 loans in gold under, 101,399n.ro Serbia, 167-68 serf emancipation, see peasant monetary system following, 366 rates of exchange, 59-60,182-83 emancipation Sharapov, Serguei, 175-76,177,181-82, Simpson, Bertram Lenox, 234-35 Sino-Japanese War, 245 195-96,198-99, 201-2,222-23, Sismondi, J. C. L., 45 4211.51, 440П.19 skin rubles, see leather money Shcherbatov, Ivan, 24 Sheinman, Aaron, 347-48 Skobelev, Matvei, 298-99, 304 Skoropadskyi, Pavlo, 322 Shingarev, Andrey, 280-81, 282-83,28586, 294,299-300,301 Slavophile capitalists, 122-26, Shipov, Alexander, 123-24 Sluchevskaia, Liuba, 290-91, 292-93 Smirnov, N. P., 414.89 Shipov, Ivan, 179-80, 212,256, 262, 31113,4471.27, 4 6 3П.16 404-5П.109 Smith, Adam, 45 Shishkov, Alexander, 58 Snellman, Johan Vilhelm, 121-22 Shostak, P. A., 4281.70 social embeddedness of money, 305-6 Social Life ofMoney, The (Dodd), 2 Shubinskii, Nikolai, 169-70 Shukhanov, Nikolai, 303 Shul’gin, Vasilill, 297,302-3 Shultz, Evgenii, 157-58 socialism, 180. see also Bolsheviks socialist money/accounting, 332-42,357, Shuvalov, Andrei, 27, 30-31,32-36, 40, 475-76n.ii7 Society/Advancement of Russian 377-78П.13,378П.19, 379131 Siberian credit rubles, 167,175,177 Society of Mutual Land Credit, 151-54 Silver Bank project, 47-51, 382-83nn.1112,383ПЛ3, 384П.29 silver ruble (rubl’ serebrom) assignats and, 47-48, 63 coinage standards, 23-24, 376—771.5 Industry/Trade, 158-59 Sokolnikov, Grigorii, 313, 315, 332, 344- 45,348-49 354-55. 466ПП.42-43, 477П.131, 480П.159,
4831.185 soldiers’ families allowances, 302-3 Soviet ruble counterfeiting of, 130-31 concepts/credibility of, 350-51 design symbology, n-12 impacts on worker wages, 215-17 convertibility, 317-18, 348-49, 352-54, issuance of, 213-14, 435—361.72, 4361.73 4370.98 lazh relationship to, 77 as main unit of value, 25-26 transportation/distribution of, 215-21 silver standard, see also Bukhara; Manchuria adoption of, 6, 8-9, 47-48 Chinese system, 231-39 demonetarization impacts, 187-88 deposit certificate exchanges, 79-80 356-57.358-59 design symbolism, 328-29 devaluation of, 357-58 fall of, 485П.197 functions of, 354-61 issuance of, 320-21, 335-36,347-48 rates of exchange, 335-36, 350, 484-85П.196 symbology of, 358-61 Soviet Union, see Bolsheviks sovnarkhozy system, 326,329
Index 540 Sovnarkom’s decree, 312-15, 334-35 sovznaki, 345-46, 348, 4811172 Spain, 165-66 speculation in rubles, 167-79, 4171.14, 417-18П.16, 4191.25, 4191.26, 411.30, 4191.31, 4191.32, 4191.34 Speransky, Mikhail, 13-14, 46-48, 50-54, 59-61, 89, no-11,260, 382- Book of State Debts registration, 8687, 90-91 bullion reserve as collateral, 85-86, 88-89, 94,1II-13, 118-19, 404- 5П.109, 4211.53 catastrophe of 18 6 3,10 6-16, 4021.58, 402—31.68, 4 0 3П.7 5, 4031.76 censorship ofpress, 116-22 in circulation, 408П.15 8 3n.11,3841.29, 3861.43, 395157 Spunde, Alexander, 319-20, 4681.54, civic virtues/financial reforms, 107- 4681.56 St. George crosses, 286-87 8,114 concepts/credibilityof, 87-88,115-16, St. Petersburg Bulletin (SanktPeterburgskie vedomosti), 119-21, 205 120-21,124-25,149-50,154,167- St. Petersburg Discount/Credit 68,173-74. 4031.75 convertibility of, 86,110-17,139-40, Bank, 158-59 St. Petersburg International Commercial 276-77, 4021558 counterfeiting of, 97-98, 101-2, 126- Bank, 174,190-91 St. Petersburg Mint, 68, 69, 231-32 St. Petersburg Newspaper, 218- 20,243-44 St. Petersburg Stock Exchange, 169-70, 417П.14, 4211.53 Stalin, Joseph, 356-57 stamp money, 290-95,292/Ç456П.142, 4561144 33, 406П.132, 406П.134, 406П.139 credit as measure of civilization, 105-6 design symbolism of, 87^ 97-99, roof, 139, 217Д 402П.58 devaluation of, 188-91,192,195, 207, 208-9 economic development and, 106-7 engraving plates, 97-98 State Assignat Bank, 35-36, 40, 87-88 expatriation of, 171-72 State Bank, see Russian State Bank export ban, 101-2 State Bank if RSFSR (1921-23), 345-48 State
Book of Debt, 90-91 expulsion of, 213-25, 219/ 431П.3, 4313 2П.13, 4 3 2П.16, 4331.30, 4341.46 state capitalism policy, 317,319,324 financial policy, people involved in, 400П.23 State Commercial Bank, 84,106-8 State Council, 78-79,101-2, no-11,132, 190-91, 206, 208-10 state credit rubles autocracy maintenance by, 88-89, 114-16, 146-47.149-55. 4131.79 413—141.85, 4141.89 bank reforms, 106-16,196-208, 4021.58, 402—31.68, 4 0 3П.7 5, 403176 bills of exchange, 4261.35, 4271.46 financial reputation/publicity, 116-22 honor code guarantee of, 86-87,111- 12,114-16, 139-40,193-95 interest rates, 107-8, 404—5пло9 introduction of, 78, 85-91, 87Д 94, III-12, 3971.89, 3971.92, 397-9811.96 issuance of, 97-99,105-6,142-43, 145-46,148-49,175,178,192,19820 0, 210-11, 3671, 4211.53
Index liberalism in financial policy, 104-6, 4001.23 541 Stieglitz, Alexander von, 88,115,167-68 stock exchange, state control of, 170-72 obligation to exchange for metal currency, 4261.35 Stock Exchange Bulletin (Birzhevye paper as standard policy, 147-48 203-4,205, 276, 290, 4291.83 Vedomosti), 105,119-21,156-57,193, paper-to-gold ratio, 89-91, 372/ Stockholder (Aktsioner), 122-23 passports/ruble for gold exchanges, Storch, Heinrich, 392.20 4001.22 press coverage of, 116-26 Strachan, Hew, 278-79 Strumilin, Stanislav, 332-35 public burning of, 134-37,13^ 148- Struve, Petr, 198-99, 202-3 49, 402—31.68, 4071.4 rates, raising via transfer, 103-4, 1718, 400ПД8 rates of exchange, 101-4,112-13,140, 148-50,156-58,167-69,170,173- 75,192, 230-31, 400П.18, 4261.35 reprocessing of, 134-36, 4071.4 resentment politics post-1878,141-43 subject-and-function card, 334-35 Sudeikin, Vlasii, 169 Sukhomlinov, Vladimir, 268-69 Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh), 316-17, 325-26, 329-31, 4711.74, 4711.82, 474П.100, 474П.103, 475П.108, 477-78П.135 Russian securities as loan collateral, 167-68 Suvorin, Alexei, 187,188-91,192, 202-3, small denomination Sweden, 28-30,165-66 Switzerland, 165-66 withdrawal, 215-18 speculation in, 167-79,417П.14, 417- 205-7,221—22, 4251.24 18П.16, 4191.25, 4191.26, 49.30, Tagantsev, Nikolai, 252 4191.31, 4191.32, 4191.34 taxation custom duties, 171-72, 222-23 state/society relationships, 106,107-8, I2O-2I, 124 treasury’s insolvency, 90-91,107-8, custom duties currencies accepted, 139, 148, 408-9П.18 116-22,124,139,151, 367/, 401П.34 trust in, 103,137-43,
403П75 of gold expatriation, 171-72 State Duma, 16-17,47-4$ 50-51, 261-62, 276-77, 278-96,298-99, 4521.72, 4521.76 State Financial Control, 116-17 State Land Bank for Nobility, 151-54, 413—141.85 State Loan Bank, 32-33, 35-36 State Treasury, 22, 27-28,32 private deposits borrowing, 90-91 Statute/St. Petersburg Stock Exchange, 158 Stein, Heinrich E K. von, 61-62 of gold mining, 284-85, 4531.99 of income, 53 income from, 4651.28 issuance of money and, 4791.154 mining duty, 89-90 Provisional Government reforms, 299-300 replacement of by free banks, 50 restoration of under Bolsheviks, 343 salt duties, 5 2-5 3,3851.34 silver/gold coin prohibition, 74-75, 393П.29 Tçgoborski, Ludwik, 106-7, HC 4001.23
Index 542telegraph transfer, 218-20 turkbon, 350 tenga, 2 2 5-3 9, 4351.69 435—36172, Turkestan, 225-39, 435П.69, 435~36n-7ti 4361.73, 436179 Tereshchenko, Mikhail, 296-98 436173, 4 3 6n.7 9 Terner, Fedor, 104-5,117-18, 4001.23 “The Fall of the Credit Ruble,” 125-26 ukaz ofJuly 1,1839, 78 “The Foundations of the Russian 376П.4,470П.73, 481П.171, 484пл9 United Kingdom, 288-89, 371? Monetary System,” 177 Theory ofthe Paper Monetary System, The (Antonovich), 176-77 Théry, Edmond, 210, 429-30П.103 theses on banking policy (Gukovskii), 318-19 Thornton, Henry, 45 Ukraine, 36, 322-24, 349-50,361, United States, 204, 234-36, 245, 268-96, 3 7iL 4371.98, 446—471.7 unity of currency concept, 50, 51 unity of legislative process, 51 Universal Postal Convention, 171-72 Ushakov, Mikhail, 254 Timashev, Serguei, 218-20,249-50, 252, 254 Uvarov, Serguei, 71, 72, 391П.18 Times (London), 247, 248-49,252-54, 440—41.27 Valuev, Petr, no-11,117-18,142-43, Tokhtamysh, khan of the Golden Horde, 228-29 Vasil’chikov, Illarion, 84-85 Tolstoy, Leo, I Trade Almanac (TorgovyiAlmanakh), 122-24,125-26 144,148-49 Vasiliev, Alexei, 54-55, 64 Vasiliev, Vasilii, 175-76 veksel, 22 Verdery, Katherine, 479150 Trans-Caspian Railroad, 226-27 Verkhovskii, Vladimir, 209-10 Trans-Siberian Railroad, 177, 232, 237-38 Verkhov, Ivan, 128-29 Viazemskii, Alexander, 30-31,34-36 Transcaucasia, 3 5 0, 4851.98 treasury banks in Kankrin system, 73-74 reform of, 106-16,4021.58, 402—31.68 treasury bonds, 90-91 treasury notes, 4501.55, 48173 treds, 3 3 2-3 4, 475—761.7. see also labor money Viazemskii, Petr, 58, 65-67 Virst, Fedor,
3821.5 Voice (Golos), 139-40 von Laue, Theodore, 223-24 VSNKh. see Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh) VTsIK. see Central Executive Committee Trinity Railroad, 126 Troshchinskii, Dmitrii, 62 Vykovskii, Nikolai, 257 Trotsky, Leon, 252-54 Vyshnegradskii, Ivan, 146-47,155-62, Tsimsen, Alexei, 417-18П.16 Tugan-Baran ovskii, Mikhail, 276-77, 3 0 6-7,448—491.38, 461.18, of the Congress of Soviets (VTsIK) 166-67,170-71,172-73,181-82, 221-22, 414П.96, 417-18П.16, 411.53 484П.191 Turgenev, Nikolai, 62-63, 65, 388—891.74, 3891.83 wage growth pre-socialist revolution, 301-4
Index 543 Wagner, Adolph, 4311.3 public opinion obsession, 207-8 WallstreetJournal, 266-67 reform strategy, 208-12 war communism, 17,305,309-10, 332-33, relationships with press/journalists, 335- 339-40, 342—51, 355-56 war munitions purchases, 268-96, 446- on rubles divorce from gold, 275 205-7, 220-22 47117 447П.15.4471.27 Warsaw Stock Exchange Committee, 159 State Council speech, 191-212, Washington Post, 288 on Ushakov, 254 426135 Wilhelm II, 258 Witte-kinder, 186 Witte, Serguei Wogau Co., 157-58 anti-speculative measures, 166-67, 170-75, 4191.28, 4191.31, 4191.32 Wolf, Lucien, 247-50, 252-54, bank reforms, 178-79,182,186-88, 196-212, 4271.46, 4271.47 Wolowski, Louis, 118-19 4281.70, 4291.83, 429-30П.103, 4 3 0П.10 4, 4391.4 cashless transactions, 4721.89 440П.19 World War I, 221,261, 265-66,268-69, 2-95-9б 337-38-344-45 Worowski, Waclaw, 4641.2 Würst, Ferdinand, see Virst, Fedor characterization, 186-88 concepts of gold, 267-68 conversion to gold standard, 179-85, Yankevich, Yakov, 175-76 Yarotskii, Vasilii, 198, 203 263-64, 4221.64 devaluation of currency, 481-82^177 yuanbao, 232 as first prime minister, 256 gold expropriation accusations by, 262-64 Yasnopolskii, Leonid, 261-62 Yurovskii, Leonid, 3 5 4-5 5, 4831.85, 4841.89 gold legalization strategy, 155-56,180, 18 8-212, 4251.21, 4251.24, 4261.35 gold standard implementation strategy, 221-22, 238-39 Martin on, 250 monetary unification project, 225-39, 4351.69, 435—361.7%, 436173, 436П.79, 4371.88, 438П.103 motivations, 213-15, 344-45 Zak, Avraam, 114, 158-59,160-61, 167-68 zakdenznak, 4851.99 Zalshupin, Alexander,
198 Zauberman, Alfred, 354-55 Zelizer, Viviana, 3751.3 zemstvo (self-government), 104-5, 108,181 overview, 15-16 Zheleznov, Vladimir, 283, 341-42 productive money initiative, 175-79, 4211.51, 4211.53 zloty, 82-85, 83/j 91-93 Zotov, Semyon, 128 Bayerische aatsbiblioth |
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| author | Pravilova, Ekaterina 1974- |
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| author_facet | Pravilova, Ekaterina 1974- |
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| author_sort | Pravilova, Ekaterina 1974- |
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| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
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| era | Geschichte 1700-1924 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1700-1924 |
| format | Book |
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| spelling | Pravilova, Ekaterina 1974- Verfasser (DE-588)108965443X aut The ruble a political history Ekaterina Pravilova Oxford, United Kingdom Oxford University Press [2023] © 2023 xi, 543 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1700-1924 gnd rswk-swf Geldpolitik (DE-588)4019902-2 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd rswk-swf Währung (DE-588)4064147-8 gnd rswk-swf Rubel (DE-588)4178574-5 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Rubel (DE-588)4178574-5 s Geschichte 1700-1924 z DE-604 Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Währung (DE-588)4064147-8 s Geldpolitik (DE-588)4019902-2 s Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 s Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034255867&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034255867&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034255867&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Pravilova, Ekaterina 1974- The ruble a political history Geldpolitik (DE-588)4019902-2 gnd Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd Währung (DE-588)4064147-8 gnd Rubel (DE-588)4178574-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4019902-2 (DE-588)4066438-7 (DE-588)4064147-8 (DE-588)4178574-5 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | The ruble a political history |
| title_auth | The ruble a political history |
| title_exact_search | The ruble a political history |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The ruble a political history |
| title_full | The ruble a political history Ekaterina Pravilova |
| title_fullStr | The ruble a political history Ekaterina Pravilova |
| title_full_unstemmed | The ruble a political history Ekaterina Pravilova |
| title_short | The ruble |
| title_sort | the ruble a political history |
| title_sub | a political history |
| topic | Geldpolitik (DE-588)4019902-2 gnd Wirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4066438-7 gnd Währung (DE-588)4064147-8 gnd Rubel (DE-588)4178574-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geldpolitik Wirtschaftsentwicklung Währung Rubel Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034255867&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034255867&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034255867&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT pravilovaekaterina therubleapoliticalhistory |