An introduction to brain and behavior:
Gespeichert in:
Hauptverfasser: | , , |
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
New York, New York
Worth Publishers
2023
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Ausgabe: | Seventh edition, international edition |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | xxv, 599, A-7, G-9, R-18, NI-3, SI-22 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 28 cm |
ISBN: | 9781319498566 1319498566 |
Internformat
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245 | 1 | 0 | |a An introduction to brain and behavior |c Bryan Kolb (University of Lethbridge), Ian Q. Whishaw (University of Lethbridge), G. Campbell Teskey (University of Calgary) |
250 | |a Seventh edition, international edition | ||
264 | 1 | |a New York, New York |b Worth Publishers |c 2023 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | PREFACE. .......................................... xvii The Significance of Human Culture..................... .30 MEDIA AND SUPPLEMENTS ... ....................... xxiv SUMMARY.............. ............... KEY TERMS........ ....................... What Are the Origins of Brain and Behavior?.......... What Is the Nervous System s Funcționai Anatomy?.. . зз CLINICAL FOCUS 1-1. Living with Traumatic Brain Injury..... .2 H ’ I ......31 .32 ՛՝ t«՝ ύ mnty-First Century.......2 RESEARCH FOCUS 2-1 Agenesis of the Cerebellum .........34 շ-ı Overview о inction Why Study Brain and Behavior?............................................ .3 and Structure What Is the Brain?............. ......................... -4 Plastic Patterns of Neural Organization ................................... 35 What Is Behavior?........... . . ....... ............................... ....... ...... .7 Functional Organization of the Nervous System .......... .36 ı-շ Theories of Br The Brain s Surface Features .............................. d Behavior............... 8 35 .37 .9 THE BASICS: Finding Your Way Around the Brain...........38 Descartes and Dualism .................................9 CLINICAL FOCUS 2-2 Meningitis and Encephalitis..........41 Aristotle and Mentalism........ . ................... COMPARATIVE FOCUS 1-2 The Speaking Brain.......................... 10 11 Darwin and Materialism .................................... EXPERIMENT 1-1 Question: How do parents transmit heritable factors to offspring? . ............................... .15 Origin of Brain Cells and Brains...........
..................15 THE BASICS: Classification of Life............................... 16 Evolution of Nervous Systems in Animals................................. 16 .18 Chordate Brain........ ... ........................... ! volution of ť · ’man Brain and Behavior...................... 42 CLINICAL FOCUS 2-3 Stroke. ...........................44 շ-շ The Conserved Pattern of Nervous ■ ■ ■ .12 Toward Contemporary Perspectives on Consciousness......... .13 volution of Brains and of Behavior....... . The Brain s Internal Features................................. velopment. .48 Comparative Brain Evolution........ ............. .48 Syst The Nervous System and InteUigent Behavior.............49 2-і Question: Does intelligent behavior require a vertebrate nervous system organization? ...... .50 experiment շ-з Central Nervous System: Mediati lavior....... . ............. . . ....... . . so Spinal Cord............... . ........................... .......... — .51 Brainstem................... .51 Humans: Members of the Primate Order........ .......................... 19 Forebrain .................. .54 Australopithecus՛. Our Distant Ancestor............................... .20 CerebraL Cortex .......................... ,.55 The First Humans.............. . ............... .21 Basal Ganglia. ............................................................................. 58 Relating Brain Complexity and Behavior .................22 2-4 Somatic Nervous System: і і : smitting Information.......................бо * -a .............19 COMPARATIVE FOCUS 1-3 The Elephant s Brain............ .
.24 Why the Hominin Brain Became More Complex ....................... 25 Cranial Nerves 1-5 Modem Human Brain Size, Inteligence, and Culture........ .28 Spinal Nerves.......... . ......................... The Significance of Human Brain Size Comparisons ........29 Integrating Spinal Functions...................62 .29 CLINICAL FOCUS 2-4 Bell Palsy ........................ .63 The Significance of Human InteUigence......................... ......................... .60 .61 Somatic Nervous System Connections................... .61 vii
viii CONTENTS The Nucleus and Protein Synthesis ......................93 2-5 Autonomic and Enteric ? Nervous Systems: Visceral Relations............ .. .64 Proteins and RNA: The Cell s Products ..................................... 95 64 ANS: Regulating Internal· Functions ................ ENS: Controlling the Gut .............. .64 շ-б Ten Principles of Nervous System Function . ............. .67 Golgi Bodies and Microtubules: Protein Packaging and Shipment .................... .96 Crossing the Ceti Membrane: Channels, Gates, and Pumps....................................... .97 з-з Genes, Cel Principle 1: Neuronal Circuits Are the Functional· Units of the Nervous System ...........................67 . Behavior..................98 Mendelian Genetics and the Genetic Code ................98 Applying Mendel s Principles.......... . ................... ......... . ... .100 Principle 2: Sensory and Motor Divisions Pervade the Nervous System ............................ CLINICAL FOCUS 3-3 Huntington Disease.......----- ..... 102 .67 Principle 3: The CNS Functions on Multiple Levels and Is Organized Hierarchically and in Parallel·........... .68 Principle 4: Many Brain Circuits Are Crossed ................ .69 Principle 5: Brain Functions Are Localized and Distributed................................................. 69 Principle 6: The Brain Is Symmetrical and Asymmetrical. ......... 70 Principle 7: The Nervous System Works by Juxtaposing Excitation and Inhibition .......... .70 Principle 8: The Brain Divides Sensory Input for Object Recognition and Movement..........
....................... SUMMARY ................................................ KEY TERMS ............................................................................. .103 The Epigenetic Code .............. .106 SUMMARY........ ................... ........... KEY TERMS ........ ľ J 1 .71 .109 .......... ...........110 How Do Neurons Use Electrical ՜ ? SignaLs to Transmit . Information?.. in .71 Principle 9: The Nervous System Produces Movement in a Perceptual World the Brain Constructs............................. Principle 10: Neuroplasticity Is the Hallmark of Nervous System Functioning Genetic Engineering ...................... CLINICAL FOCUS 4-1 Epilepsy ................ . 112 Jearchi1 Electrical Activity in the Nervous System......................... из ч-í .72 73 .74 EarLy Clues That Linked Electricity and Neuronal Activity .113 THE BASICS: Electricity and Electrical Stimulation..........114 What Are the Nervous System s Functional UnitS? ....................75 з-ı. Cells of the Nervous System.......... 76 RESEARCH FOCUS 3-1 A Genetic Diagnosis................76 Neurons: The Basis of Information Processing.............78 Tools for Measuring a Neuron s Electrical Activity.........116 How Ion Movement Produces Electrical Charges ..........118 4-2 Electrical Activity at the Dendritic and Cell Body Membrane. Resting Potential·..................................................... Maintaining the Resting Potential ................................ Graded Potentials .................. .120 120 .121 123 .82 How Neurons Integrate
Information...................................... .124 EXPERIMENT 3-1 Question: Can the principles of neural excitation and inhibition control the activity of a simple robot that behaves like a cricket? .. ...................................... 83 Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials.........125 CLINICAL FOCUS 3-2 Brain Tumors .. ................. Summation of Inputs........ ............. Classes of Glial Cells .................................... 3-2 Internat Structure o .84 IL. ..........88 EXPERIMENT 4-1 Question: How does stimulating a neuron influence its excitability? ................................ 125 .126 .88 4-3 Generation and Propagation of the Acti Lial.... .90 Triggering an Action Potential·.--------------------------- -------- - .128 Cell Membrane: Barrier and Gatekeeper ..................92 Role of Voltage-Activated Ion Channels................. 129 The Ceti as a Factory..................... THE BASICS: Chemistry Review................................. ..............ns
CONTENTS ’ ix The Versatile Neuron....................,............130 Enteric Nervous System (ENS) Autonomy................164 Action Potentials and Refractory Periods------------ - ------------ 131 Four Activating Systems in the Central· Nervous System... .165 RESEARCH FOCUS 4-2 Optogenetics and Light-Sensitive Ion Channels ..... CLINICAL FOCUS 5-5 The Case of the Frozen Addict.......168 . .131 Nerve Impulse ......................................................................... Refractory Periods and Nerve Action,........................... .133 133 5-4 Hormones . ..................... .169 Hierarchical· Control of Hormones ..................... .170 Classes and Functions of Hormones ....................170 Saltatory Conduction and the Myelin Sheath........................... 134 Homeostatic Hormones....................................... ........ ............... 171 CLINICAL FOCUS 4-3 Multiple Sclerosis.......... ...................... .136 4-4 Into the Nervous System and Back Out.................................. .137 How Sensory Stimuli Produce Action Potentials........ .. .137 Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids...................................... .. 172 Glucocorticoids and Stress............................172 SUMMARY..................... KEY TERMS.............................................. .............175 .176 How Nerve Impulses Produce Movement............................... .138 CLINICAL FOCUS 4-4 ALS: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis .. .138 SUMMARY.............................................................. KEY TERMS.........................
..................................... .. 140 .141 CH XPTFR 5 ^ I it CHAPTER 6 i 1 iw” mw umyj Influence Brain m 1 and Behavior?........w CLINICAL FOCUS 6-1 Cognitive Enhancement? .......... .178 іЖШЖЇй^КІЙйИЙИ 1ДИ|іМ ciples of Psychopharmacology...179 Drug Routes into the Nervous System................. .-.179 RESEARCH FOCUS 5-1 The Basis of Neural Communication in a Heartbeat ...................... 143 lemical Message........................из EXPERIMENT 5-1 Question: How does a neuron pass on a message?........................... Structure of Synapses....................................... 144 145 Neurotransmission in Five Steps....................... 146 CLINICAL FOCUS 5-2 Parkinson Disease .................147 Varieties of Synapses ............................................................... ..150 Excitatory and Inhibitory Messages ..................... .151 Evolution of Complex Neurotransmission Systems.........152 RESEARCH FOCUS 5-3 Dendritic Spines: Small but Mighty.. .153 5-2 Varieties of Neurotransmitters and Receptors..................................154 Four Criteria for Identifying Neurotransmitters........ ...154 Qasses of Neurotransmitters ........................... Drug Action at Synapses: Agonists and Antagonists...... .182 An Acetylcholine Synapse: Examples of Drug Action...... .182 Tolerance..................... .184 EXPERIMENT 6-1 Question: Will the constant consumption of alcohol produce tolerance? .................... Sensitization ................ CLINICAL FOCUS 5-4 Awakening with i-Dopa ......................... 157 .185 EXPERIMENT 6-2 Question:
Does the injection of a drug always produce the same behavior? ............ 185 б-շ Psychoactive Drugs........................ is? Adenosinergic............................................ .187 Cholinergic.................... .188 GABAergic....................... .189 Glutamatergic................................... .190 CLINICAL FOCUS 6-2 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder ................191 Dopaminergic..................................... .155 .184 RESEARCH FOCUS 6-3 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder......................... .191 193 160 Serotonergic ....................................... 194 5-3 Neurotransmitter Systems and Behavior.................................. лез Opioidergic..................................................................................... 196 Neurotransmission in the Somatic Nervous System (SNS) . .163 CLINICAL FOCUS 6-5 The Opioid Overdose ■ ■ ՛ Death Epidemic ...................................198 Varieties of Receptors ........................... Dual Activating Systems of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) ..,........,.., .164 CLINICAL FOCUS 6-4 Major Depression Cannabinergic ................... .196 .198
іВ CONTENTS б-з Fact Responses mcing Individual igs Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ............ . . . .232 . .199 Optical Tomography ............ .234 200 Positron Emission Tomography ........................234 .201 Risk Factors for Severe Substance Use Disorder...........202 7-5 Chemical and Genetic Measures of Brain and Behavior......................... .236 Individual and Sex Differences in Substance Use Disorder. .203 Measuring Brain Chemistry................................... 236 6-4 Explaining Substance Use and Misuse................................ .203 Measuring Genes in Brain and Behavior........................ .237 Wanting-and-Liking Theory 7-е Comparing Neuroscience Research Methods Behavior on Alcohol............................................ Substance Use Disorder, Withdrawal, and Addiction .204 Why Doesn t Everyone Develop a Substance Use Disorder? .. 205 Issues Related to Treating Substance Use Disorder........206 Can Drugs Cause Brain Damage? CLINICAL FOCUS 6-6 Drug-Induced Psychosis.............. .207 How Do We Study the Brain s Structures and Functions?...... .211 ■RESEARCH FOCUS 7-1 Tuning in to Language. ............212 7-1 Measuring and Manipulating Brain and Behavior.............................213 Early Origins of Behavioral Neuroscience.......... . .................. 213 RESEARCH FOCUS 7-2 Brainbow: Rainbow Neurons............ 214 EXPERIMENT 7-і Question: Do hippocampal neurons contribute to memory formation?.......... ................... .. .215 Methods of Behavioral Neuroscience............................... .216 Manipulating Brain-
Behavior Interactions...............220 .225 .239 putational Neuroscience and Deep Learning ....241 .208 SUMMARY.. .................... .. . . .......... .. .. . .209 KEY TERMS ....... ...................................................... .210 CLINICAL FOCUS 7-3 Brain Organoids and Personalized ■ Medicine........................................... Epigenetics: Measuring Gene Expression ................238 cal Considerations. .................. .242 Neuroethics.............. .242 Using Nonhuman Species in Brain-Behavior Research......... 243 SUMMARY . .............. KEY TERMS .‘.՝........................... . .245 ........247 CHAPTER 8 I J How Does the Nervous System Develop and tpt?. .248 RESEARCH FOCUS 8-1 Linking Socioeconomic Status to Cortical Development......................249 ’erspectives on Brain Development...... . .250 Correlating Emerging Brain Structures with Emerging Behaviors ,250 Correlating Emerging Behaviors with Neural Maturation. .................................................. 250 Identifying Influences on Brain and Behavior...................... 251 7-2 Measuring the Brain s Electrical Activity .....................226 8-2 Neurobiology of Development...... . .251 ■Recording Action Potentials from Single Cells................... .226 Origins of Neurons and Glia .................................... EEG: Recording Graded Potentials from Thousands of Cells.................... .......226 Neuronal Growth and Development.....................255 Mapping Brain Function with Event-Related Potentials ... .228
Magnetoencephalography................................... 229 il. Imaging Techniques: .............................. ......................229 Brain Imaging.232 Gross Development of the Human Nervous System ........252 CLINICAL FOCUS 8-2 Autism Spectrum Disorder........ .. Glial Development................................. .253 .258 ,261 Unique Aspects of Frontal Lobe Development............262 б-з Using Emerging Behaviors to Infer Neural Maturation..264 Motor Behaviors ...................................... ,264
CONTENTS Language Development. .............................265 .266 Development of Problem-Solving Ability .............. THE BASICS: Visible Light and the Structure of the Eye .... .294 .296 Photoreceptors .................. CLINICAL FOCUS 9-2 Visual Illuminance.................298 experiment 8-і Question: In what sequence do the forebrain structures required for learning and memory mature?.. ................................... .298 Types of Retinal Neurons .................. ,268 A Caution about Linking Correlation to Causation.............. 269 8-4 Brain Development and the Environment............... . ................................. CLINICAL FOCUS 9-3 Glaucoma. ...................... .300 Visual Pathways.....................................300 Dorsal· and Ventral· Visual Streams......................302 .270 e-з Location in the Visual· World.. .. . ....... .307 Coding Location in the Retina.............................. .307 .272 Environmental· Influences on the Pace of Brain Development Location in the Lateral· Genicubte Nucleus and Region VI .308 .272 Visual Corpus CaUosum...............................309 Experience and Neural Connectivity ...................... .274 9-4 Neuronal· Activity.......................... .зю Experience and Cortical Organization ........ 270 RESEARCH FOCUS 8-3 Keeping Brains Young by Making Music .310 Critical Periods for Experience and Brain Deveİopment.... .275 Seeing Shape. ............... Gut Bacteria and Brain Development ...................277 Seeing Color....................................... .315 RESEARCH FOCUS 9-4 Color-
Deficient Vision.... . .316 8-5 Abnormal· Experience ai DeveLopment .278Neuronal· Activity in the Dorsal· Stream............ . . ... .318 Aversive Experience and Brain Development......................... 279 CLINICAL FOCUS 8-4 Romanian Orphans.......... . .280 9-5The Visual Bn Action................... ......319 Injury to the Visual· Pathway Leading to Հ .319 Injury and Brain Development................................................281 the Cortex........ ......................................... Other Sources of Abnormal Brain Development.................... .282 Injury to the What Pathway...........................320 Injury to the How Pathway ...........................321 CLINICAL FOCUS 8-5 Schizophrenia.............283 Developmental· Disability............... .284 9-6 Plasticity in the Visual· Pathways..........322 How Do Any of Us Develop a Normal Brain?......... . .284 SUMMARY.............................................................. .........323 KEY TERMS . ................... .324 SUMMARY........ ................... KEY TERMS ..................................................... 285 .286 CHAPTER 10 CHAPTER 9 il Perceive, and See the Worki?............ ...287 CLINICAL FOCUS 9-1 Migraines and a Case of Blindsight............................... .288 Speak, and Make RESEARCH FOCUS 10-1 Evolution of Music and Language ........................,,.. . .......326 9-і Nature of Sensation and Perception.......289 ю-ı Sound Waves: StimuLus for Audition .................. Sensory Receptors...................................................... 289 Physical Properties of
Sound Waves ....................327 Neural Relays............. .291 CLINICAL FOCUS 10-2 Tinnitus ....................... .330 Sensory Coding and Representation ...................... .291 Perception of Sound........ ...331 Perception ............................................................. .292 Properties of Spoken Language and Music as Sounds ......331 ....292 io-շ Functional Anatomy of the Auditory System............ззз .293 Structure of the Ear ................................ .334 9-2 The Visual· Syster ictional Anatomy........... ...................... Structure of the Retina............................................. ■ ■ ■ .327
xîî CONTENTS Auditory Receptors ..................................336 Pathways to the Auditory Cortex................. 337 RESEARCH FOCUS 10-3 Otoacoustic Emissions ............337 Auditory Cortex................................ .338 RESEARCH FOCUS 10-4 Seeing with Sound...............339 io-з Neural Activity and Hearing . . .......... .З4о Hearing Pitch......................... .340 CLINICAL FOCUS 10-5 Cochlear Implant in a Deaf Child................................... .342 Detecting Loudness............................................................. .343 Detecting Location..................................343 EXPERIMENT 11-1 Question: What are the effects of brainstem stimulation under different conditions? ... .365 Spinal Cord: Executing Movement................................. .366 CLINICAL FOCUS 11-2 Cerebral Palsy .......................... .366 ii-շ Motor System Organization. ................ Motor Cortex ................................................. ,зб8 368 EXPERIMENT 11-2 Question: How does the motor cortex take part in the control of movement? ......... .371 Corticospinal Tracts............... ..................... EXPERIMENT 11-3 Question: What is the effect of rehabilitation on the cortical representation of the forelimb after brain damage?................... .372 .373 Detecting Patterns in Sound............ ...................................... 344 Motor Neurons....................................................... .374 10-4 Anatomy of Language and Music............. Control of Muscles.................. ............. .375 ...........345 Processing
Language...................... .345 al Ganglia, Cerebellum, and Movement.. ........................ з7б Processing Music..................................................... .351 Basal Ganglia and the Force of Movement.......................... .376 RESEARCH FOCUS 10-6 The Brain s Music System..................... 352 CLINICAL FÖCUS 11-3 Tourette Syndrome ...............378 ίο-s Auditory Communication inyNonhuman Species......................... .353 Birdsong.....................................353 Whale Songs ...... — .............. .355 SUMMARY ..................................................... ՛........... KEY-TERMS .. ................... ............................... .356 357 Cerebellum and Movement Skill.... ........... 379 EXPERIMENT 11-4 Question: Does the cerebellum help make adjustments required to keep movements accurate?................................................ natosensory System Receptors and Pathways. .................. . .38 ası Somatosensory Receptors and Perception.......... ...382 Posterior Root Ganglion Neurons........ .................................... 384 How Does the Nervous Somatosensory Pathways to the Brain .................................. .385 Spinal Reflexes........ . .................................... CHAPTER 11 Feeling and Treating Pain....----- - ....................388 RESEARCH FOCUS 11-4 Phantom Limb Pain .. . ...........389 ■l·lBfe id Produce лтепі?.........358 RESEARCH FOCUS 11-1 Neuroprosthetics .................................. .359 chical and Paralel itroL.............................359 Forebrain: Organizing
Movement................... 361 THE BASICS: Relating the Somatosensory and Motor Systems ........................... .362 Brainstem: Species-Typical Movement ................................ .364 Vestibular System and Balance........ . .391 ioring the Somatosensory Cortex.393 Somatosensory Body Map.......... . ..................... RESEARCH FOCUS 11-5 Tickling .................. Secondary Somatosensory Cortex .............................. .394 .395 .395 Effects of Somatosensory Cortex Damage.......... ...396 Somatosensory Cortex and the Hierarchy and Parallel Control of Movement..................... SUMMARY. ............ KEY TERMS ........................................ .397 . .399 .400
CONTENTS CHAPTER 12 Í What Causes Emotional, and Motivated - ; Behavior?.............. ..401 xiii 12-7 Reward....................... Л4о The Reward System..................................440 Mapping Pleasure in the Brain....... ............. .442 Pleasure Electrodes?............ .442 SUMMARY ................................................................... KEY TERMS ................................ .443 .444 RESEARCH FOCUS 12-1 The Pain of Rejection........................ 402 iz-ι Identifying the Causes of Behavior.......доз 404 Behavior for Brain Maintenance .................. Why Do We SLeep and Dream? ..445 І Neural Circuits and Behavior...................................................404 Evolutionary Influences on Behavior . ......................... .404 if CLINICAL FOCUS 13-1 Doing the Right Thing at the Right Time Environmental Influences on Behavior..................406 iz-շ Neuroanatomy of Motivated Behavior........... . ............................... .....лоз Regulatory and Nonregulatory Behavior.................409 Activities of the Hypothalamic Circuit.......... ..... .................. 410 .446 із-ı A CLock for All Seasons................... .446 Biological Rhythms....................................... .446 The Origin of Biorhythms .............................447 із-ı Question: Is plant movement exogenous or endogenous?.......... ............. experiment iz-з The Rote Chemical Senses in Motivated Behavior...... . .ли .448 Free-Running Rhythms .............. . ................. ......... . . .449 Olfaction
..................................................... 415 Gustation........................ 417 CLINICAL FOCUS 13-2 Seasonal Affective Disorder........451 Impairments in the Chemical· Senses and Behavior........419 із-շ The Suprachiasmatic Biological Clock..... .453 12-4 Control· of Regulatory Behavior.......... . . .419 .420 ControUing Eating........ . ................. 12-1 Question: Does the hypothalamus play a role in eating?................................................ .422 CLINICAL FOCUS 12-2 Diets and Rhythms .............. .423 experiment Zeitgebers ...................... Suprachiasmatic Rhythms............... ............. Keeping Time. .450 .453 ............ ............. ................................... 454 Pacemaking Circadian Rhythms ....................... .455 .423 Controlling Drinking ...................................... 12-5 Sexual· Differences and Sexual· Behavior... ....424 Sexual Differentiation of the Brain .. ............. .425 RESEARCH FOCUS 12-3 The Brain Gender Continuum...................... .426 Effects of Sex Hormones on the Brain...................427 CLINICAL FOCUS 12-4 Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome and Androgenital Syndrome .................. Neural· Control of Sexual Behavior........ ... ............. Sexual· Orientation, Sexual Identity, and Brain Organization....................... RESEARCH FOCUS 13-3 Synchronizing Biorhythms at the Molecular Level............................. .456 Pacemaking Circannual Rhythms .................... .457 Chronotypes..................... .458 Rhythms of Cognitive and Emotional·
Behavior...........458 i ep Stages and Dreaming......... ......459 Measuring How Long We Steep............. .459 Measuring Sleep ....................................460 Stages of Waking and Sleeping ........................461 .463 .428 A Typical· Night s Steep.. ........... .429 Contrasting N-Sleep and R-Sleep.......................463 .430 Dreaming............................... .464 What We Dream about ................ .464 Cognitive Influences on Sexual Behavior.............................. 431 13-4 What Does Steep Accomplish?....ле? 12-6 The Neural Control of Emotion...... . .432 Sleep as a Biological Adaptation ......................467 Theories of Emotion ............ .433 Steep as a Restorative Process ........................468 Emotion and the Limbic Circuit ............................... .434 Sleep for Memory Storage.............. ................. ..... ........... .. .469 CLINICAL FOCUS 12-5 Agenesis of the Frontal Lobes ......438 Brain Events During Sleep Memory Storage ..............470
xiv 1 uNTENTS î Neural Bases of Sleep. Reticular Activating System and Sleep........ .472 .473 Neural Basis of R-Sleep ...............................474 i 14-4 Structural Basis of Brain L Plasticity EXPERIMENT 14-2 Question: What happens to the gill response after repeated stimulation? .475 .476 .505 EXPERIMENT 14-3 Question: What happens to the gill response in sensitization?................... Hypersomnia: Inability to Stay Awake ...................476 Breathing Disorders........ ............. ....................... .... ............504 Habituation and Sensitization in Aplysia................ 505 orders of Steep ..........................475 Insomnia: Inability to Sleep ................................... ? .506 Long-Term Potentiation . ........... .507 Parasomnias............... ......................................................... .....477 Measuring Synaptic Change ...........................509 Cataplexy.........................................,.478 Enriched Experience and Plasticity .....................511 Sleep-Related Movement Disorders......................479 Sensory or Motor Training and Plasticity........ ...512 RESEARCH FOCUS 13-4 Orexin ..........................479 EXPERIMENT 14-4 Question: Does the learning of a fine motor skill alter the cortical motor map?........ 512 13-7 What Does Sleep Tell üs about the Brain?........................................480 SUMMARY .................................................................................. .481 KEY TERMS .. ......................................................................... . ..482
RESEARCH FOCUS 14-5 Movement, Learning, and Neuroplasticity. .514 Epigenetics of Memory ................................................ .515 Plasticity, Hormones, Trophic Factors, and Drugs................ 516 CHAPTER 14 How Do We Learn and Remember? EXPERIMENT· 14-5 Question: What effect do repeated doses of amphetamine, a psychomotor stimulant, have on neurons?............................. 483 CLINICAL FOCUS 14-1 Remediating Dyslexia.................... . ...484 u-l Connecting Learning and Memory........ 485 Studying Learning and Memory in the Laboratory..........485 Some Guiding Principles of Brain Plasticity..............518 14-5 Recovery from Brain Injury. .................. .520 Donna s Experience with Traumatic Brain Injury.............. .520 SUMMARY............... ................... KEY TERMS ............ EXPERIMENT 14-1 Question: Does an animal learn the association between emotional experience and environmental stimuli? . ........................ .............................. .486 Two Categories of Memory ............................ .. Explicit and Implicit Memory Different? ....523 .524 CHAPTER 15 .487 .488 tout Personal Memories?.......................... .490 .518 f How Does the Brain Think?........ . . 525 Memory Circuits.................. 492 RESEARCH FOCUS 15-1 Split Brain ..................... .526 492 ; Nature of Thought....................526 ilicit Memory ....................................... Disrupting Implicit Memory........................... 493 CLINICAL FOCUS 14-2 Patient Boswell s Amnesia ......... 494 ւ Systems Underlying licit Memories for
Explicit Memories 14-3 Alzheimer Disease......... .. Characteristics of Human Thought ...................... Neural Units of Thought................... .527 528 COMPARATIVE FOCUS 15-2 Animal Intelligence ...........529 495 495 496 ШЅ14-4 Korsakoff Syndrome .............. 500 EXPERIMENT 15-1 Question: How do individual neurons mediate cognitive activity? .................530 ıs-շ Cognition and the Association Cortex. ..531 Explicit Memories..................... 501 Knowledge about Objects....... . ........... Implicit Memories...... 502 Muttisensory Integration ....... — .................. 533 for Emotional Memories .................. 502 Spatial Cognition ...................................533 »ry Systems ...................... 503 Attention .................................................................................. .535 .532
; CONTENTS Planning and Executive Function ......................537 What Happens ■ ՛ ■ When the Brain ■ ■ Misbehaves?..... ....... 567 Imitation and Understanding ......................... 538 »ånding Frontiers of Cognitive Neuroscience CLINICAL FOCUS 15-3 Neuropsychological Assessment........ ................................. ..539 RESEARCH FOCUS 16-1 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.568 540 Mapping the Brain .................................. 540 Cognition and the Cerebellum ........... 543 Social Neuroscience ................................. 543 Neuroeconomics ....................................545 15-Ч ebralAsymm ՛ xv uuiing........ ...546 Anatomical Asymmetry.................................................... .546 Functional· Asymmetry in Neurological· Patients...........546 Functional Asymmetry in the Healthy Brain..............548 Functional· Asymmetry in the Split Brain ............................ .549 EXPERIMENT 15-2 Question: Will severing the corpus callosum affect the way in which the brain responds? 16-1 Muttidisciplinary Contributions ■ to Brain and Behavior..........................568 Clinica! Neuroscience ................................ 569 Behavioral Disorders.................................570 ie-շ Psychiatric Disorders......................575 Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders... .575 Mood Disorders 577 RESEARCH FOCUS 16-2 Antidepressant Action and Brain Repair ............................579 ie-з Neurological Disorders . ........................... sso Traumatic Brain Injury ...............................580 549 EXPERIMENT
15-3 (A) Question: How can the right hemisphere of a split-brain patient show that it knows information? (B) Question: What happens if both hemispheres are asked to respond to competing information?.......... . ............................................ .550 CLINICAL FOCUS 16-3 Concussion......................582 Stroke.............................................583 Epilepsy .......................... .585 .586 Disorders of Myelin... Explaining Cerebral Asymmetry ........................551 Neurocognitive Disorders.. ............. Left Hemisphere, Language, and Thought ...............552 Treatments for Neurocognitive її լ ՛՛ niations ,,ł 1 gnitive Organization............... .553 .583 CLINICAL FOCUS 16-4 Cerebral Aneurysms .587 Disorders................593 RESEARCH FOCUS 16-5 Treating Behavioral Disorders with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ............... 595 Sex Differences in Cognitive Organization ............................ .553 16-4 Reseai Handedness and Cognitive Organization .................... .556 Organizational Complexity............................596 CLINICAL FOCUS 15-4 Sodium Amobarbital Test.......... 557 Systemic Complexity.................................596 Synesthesia ................................................................... 558 еШдеПСе.............. . ............558 Concept of General· Intelligence ...............___ ... .558 Divergent and Convergent Intelligence..................559 Intelligence, Heredity, Epigenetics, and the Synapse........................................560 How Smart Brains Differ,.............................561
isciousness .............................562 allenges...................... лэв Neuronal· Plasticity ..................................596 Compensatory Plasticity..............................597 Technological Resolution.............................597 Modeling SimpLicity .................................597 Modeling Limitations ................................597 16-5 Posttraumatic Growth and Apathy...597 SUMMARY ................ KEY TERMS ............................ .598 .599 Why Are We Conscious? ..............................562 ANSWERS TO SECTION REVIEW SELF-TESTS . ............A-0 EXPERIMENT 15-4 Question: Can people alter their movements without conscious awareness? ............563 GLOSSARY .................................................................................G-0 What Is the Neural Basis of Consciousness? .............563 SUMMARY....................... .565 KEY TERMS .........................................566 REFERENCES........................R-0 NAME INDEX ...................................... N1-1 SUBJECT INDEX. .................................... .SI-0
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PREFACE. . xvii The Significance of Human Culture. .30 MEDIA AND SUPPLEMENTS . . xxiv SUMMARY. . KEY TERMS. . What Are the Origins of Brain and Behavior?. What Is the Nervous System's Funcționai Anatomy?. . зз CLINICAL FOCUS 1-1. Living with Traumatic Brain Injury. .2 ' H ’ ' I .31 .32 ՛՝ t«՝ ύ mnty-First Century.2 RESEARCH FOCUS 2-1 Agenesis of the Cerebellum .34 շ-ı Overview о inction Why Study Brain and Behavior?. .3 and Structure What Is the Brain?. . -4 Plastic Patterns of Neural Organization . 35 What Is Behavior?. . . . . . . .7 Functional Organization of the Nervous System . .36 ı-շ Theories of Br The Brain's Surface Features . d Behavior. 8 35 .37 .9 THE BASICS: Finding Your Way Around the Brain.38 Descartes and Dualism .9 CLINICAL FOCUS 2-2 Meningitis and Encephalitis.41 Aristotle and Mentalism. . . COMPARATIVE FOCUS 1-2 The Speaking Brain. 10 11 Darwin and Materialism . EXPERIMENT 1-1 Question: How do parents transmit heritable factors to offspring? . . .15 Origin of Brain Cells and Brains.
.15 THE BASICS: Classification of Life. 16 Evolution of Nervous Systems in Animals. 16 .18 Chordate Brain. . . ! volution of ť · ’man Brain and Behavior. 42 CLINICAL FOCUS 2-3 Stroke. .44 շ-շ The Conserved Pattern of Nervous ■ ■ ■ .12 Toward Contemporary Perspectives on Consciousness. .13 volution of Brains and of Behavior. . The Brain's Internal Features. velopment. .48 Comparative Brain Evolution. . .48 Syst The Nervous System and InteUigent Behavior.49 2-і Question: Does intelligent behavior require a vertebrate nervous system organization? . .50 experiment շ-з Central Nervous System: Mediati lavior. . . . . . . . so Spinal Cord. . . . — .51 Brainstem. .51 Humans: Members of the Primate Order. . 19 Forebrain . .54 Australopithecus՛. Our Distant Ancestor. .20 CerebraL Cortex . ,.55 The First Humans. . . .21 Basal Ganglia. . 58 Relating Brain Complexity and Behavior .22 2-4 Somatic Nervous System: і і : smitting Information.бо * -a .19 COMPARATIVE FOCUS 1-3 The Elephant's Brain. .
.24 Why the Hominin Brain Became More Complex . 25 Cranial Nerves 1-5 Modem Human Brain Size, Inteligence, and Culture. .28 Spinal Nerves. . . The Significance of Human Brain Size Comparisons .29 Integrating Spinal Functions.62 .29 CLINICAL FOCUS 2-4 Bell Palsy . .63 The Significance of Human InteUigence. . .60 .61 Somatic Nervous System Connections. .61 vii
viii CONTENTS The Nucleus and Protein Synthesis .93 2-5 Autonomic and Enteric ? Nervous Systems: Visceral Relations. . .64 Proteins and RNA: The Cell's Products . 95 64 ANS: Regulating Internal· Functions . ENS: Controlling the Gut . .64 շ-б Ten Principles of Nervous System Function . . .67 Golgi Bodies and Microtubules: Protein Packaging and Shipment . .96 Crossing the Ceti Membrane: Channels, Gates, and Pumps. .97 з-з Genes, Cel Principle 1: Neuronal Circuits Are the Functional· Units of the Nervous System .67 . Behavior.98 Mendelian Genetics and the Genetic Code .98 Applying Mendel's Principles. . . . . . .100 Principle 2: Sensory and Motor Divisions Pervade the Nervous System . CLINICAL FOCUS 3-3 Huntington Disease.----- . 102 .67 Principle 3: The CNS Functions on Multiple Levels and Is Organized Hierarchically and in Parallel·. .68 Principle 4: Many Brain Circuits Are Crossed . .69 Principle 5: Brain Functions Are Localized and Distributed. 69 Principle 6: The Brain Is Symmetrical and Asymmetrical. . 70 Principle 7: The Nervous System Works by Juxtaposing Excitation and Inhibition . .70 Principle 8: The Brain Divides Sensory Input for Object Recognition and Movement.
. SUMMARY . KEY TERMS . .103 The Epigenetic Code . .106 SUMMARY. . . KEY TERMS . ľ J 1 .71 .109 . .110 How Do Neurons Use Electrical ՜ ? SignaLs to Transmit . Information?. in .71 Principle 9: The Nervous System Produces Movement in a Perceptual World the Brain Constructs. Principle 10: Neuroplasticity Is the Hallmark of Nervous System Functioning Genetic Engineering . CLINICAL FOCUS 4-1 Epilepsy . . 112 Jearchi1 Electrical Activity in the Nervous System. из ч-í .72 73 .74 EarLy Clues That Linked Electricity and Neuronal Activity .113 THE BASICS: Electricity and Electrical Stimulation.114 What Are the Nervous System's Functional UnitS? .75 з-ı. Cells of the Nervous System. 76 RESEARCH FOCUS 3-1 A Genetic Diagnosis.76 Neurons: The Basis of Information Processing.78 Tools for Measuring a Neuron's Electrical Activity.116 How Ion Movement Produces Electrical Charges .118 4-2 Electrical Activity at the Dendritic and Cell Body Membrane. Resting Potential·. Maintaining the Resting Potential . Graded Potentials . .120 120 .121 123 .82 How Neurons Integrate
Information. .124 EXPERIMENT 3-1 Question: Can the principles of neural excitation and inhibition control the activity of a simple robot that behaves like a cricket? . . 83 Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials.125 CLINICAL FOCUS 3-2 Brain Tumors . . Summation of Inputs. . Classes of Glial Cells . 3-2 Internat Structure o .84 IL. .88 EXPERIMENT 4-1 Question: How does stimulating a neuron influence its excitability? . 125 .126 .88 4-3 Generation and Propagation of the Acti Lial. .90 Triggering an Action Potential·.--------------------------- -------- - .128 Cell Membrane: Barrier and Gatekeeper .92 Role of Voltage-Activated Ion Channels. 129 The Ceti as a Factory. THE BASICS: Chemistry Review. .ns
CONTENTS ’ ix The Versatile Neuron.,.130 Enteric Nervous System (ENS) Autonomy.164 Action Potentials and Refractory Periods------------ - ------------ 131 Four Activating Systems in the Central· Nervous System. .165 RESEARCH FOCUS 4-2 Optogenetics and Light-Sensitive Ion Channels . CLINICAL FOCUS 5-5 The Case of the Frozen Addict.168 . .131 Nerve Impulse . Refractory Periods and Nerve Action,. .133 133 5-4 Hormones . . .169 Hierarchical· Control of Hormones . .170 Classes and Functions of Hormones .170 Saltatory Conduction and the Myelin Sheath. 134 Homeostatic Hormones. . . 171 CLINICAL FOCUS 4-3 Multiple Sclerosis. . .136 4-4 Into the Nervous System and Back Out. .137 How Sensory Stimuli Produce Action Potentials. . .137 Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids. . 172 Glucocorticoids and Stress.172 SUMMARY. KEY TERMS. .175 .176 How Nerve Impulses Produce Movement. .138 CLINICAL FOCUS 4-4 ALS: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis . .138 SUMMARY. KEY TERMS.
. . 140 .141 CH XPTFR 5 ^ I it CHAPTER 6 i 1 iw” mw umyj Influence Brain m 1 and Behavior?.w CLINICAL FOCUS 6-1 Cognitive Enhancement? . .178 іЖШЖЇй^КІЙйИЙИ 1ДИ|іМ ciples of Psychopharmacology.179 Drug Routes into the Nervous System. .-.179 RESEARCH FOCUS 5-1 The Basis of Neural Communication in a Heartbeat . 143 lemical Message.из EXPERIMENT 5-1 Question: How does a neuron pass on a message?. Structure of Synapses. 144 145 Neurotransmission in Five Steps. 146 CLINICAL FOCUS 5-2 Parkinson Disease .147 Varieties of Synapses . .150 Excitatory and Inhibitory Messages . .151 Evolution of Complex Neurotransmission Systems.152 RESEARCH FOCUS 5-3 Dendritic Spines: Small but Mighty. .153 5-2 Varieties of Neurotransmitters and Receptors.154 Four Criteria for Identifying Neurotransmitters. .154 Qasses of Neurotransmitters . Drug Action at Synapses: Agonists and Antagonists. .182 An Acetylcholine Synapse: Examples of Drug Action. .182 Tolerance. .184 EXPERIMENT 6-1 Question: Will the constant consumption of alcohol produce tolerance? . Sensitization . CLINICAL FOCUS 5-4 Awakening with i-Dopa . 157 .185 EXPERIMENT 6-2 Question:
Does the injection of a drug always produce the same behavior? . 185 б-շ Psychoactive Drugs. is? Adenosinergic. .187 Cholinergic. .188 GABAergic. .189 Glutamatergic. .190 CLINICAL FOCUS 6-2 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder .191 Dopaminergic. .155 .184 RESEARCH FOCUS 6-3 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. .191 193 160 Serotonergic . 194 5-3 Neurotransmitter Systems and Behavior. лез Opioidergic. 196 Neurotransmission in the Somatic Nervous System (SNS) . .163 CLINICAL FOCUS 6-5 The Opioid Overdose ■ ■ ՛ Death Epidemic .198 Varieties of Receptors . Dual Activating Systems of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) .,.,., .164 CLINICAL FOCUS 6-4 Major Depression Cannabinergic . .196 .198
іВ CONTENTS б-з Fact Responses mcing Individual igs Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging . . . . .232 . .199 Optical Tomography . .234 200 Positron Emission Tomography .234 .201 Risk Factors for Severe Substance Use Disorder.202 7-5 Chemical and Genetic Measures of Brain and Behavior. .236 Individual and Sex Differences in Substance Use Disorder. .203 Measuring Brain Chemistry. 236 6-4 Explaining Substance Use and Misuse. .203 Measuring Genes in Brain and Behavior. .237 Wanting-and-Liking Theory 7-е Comparing Neuroscience Research Methods Behavior on Alcohol. Substance Use Disorder, Withdrawal, and Addiction .204 Why Doesn't Everyone Develop a Substance Use Disorder? . 205 Issues Related to Treating Substance Use Disorder.206 Can Drugs Cause Brain Damage? CLINICAL FOCUS 6-6 Drug-Induced Psychosis. .207 How Do We Study the Brain's Structures and Functions?. .211 ■RESEARCH FOCUS 7-1 Tuning in to Language. .212 7-1 Measuring and Manipulating Brain and Behavior.213 Early Origins of Behavioral Neuroscience. . . 213 RESEARCH FOCUS 7-2 Brainbow: Rainbow Neurons. 214 EXPERIMENT 7-і Question: Do hippocampal neurons contribute to memory formation?. . . .215 Methods of Behavioral Neuroscience. .216 Manipulating Brain-
Behavior Interactions.220 .225 .239 putational Neuroscience and Deep Learning .241 .208 SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . .209 KEY TERMS . . .210 CLINICAL FOCUS 7-3 Brain Organoids and Personalized ■ Medicine. Epigenetics: Measuring Gene Expression .238 cal Considerations. . .242 Neuroethics. .242 Using Nonhuman Species in Brain-Behavior Research. 243 SUMMARY . . KEY TERMS .‘.՝. . .245 .247 CHAPTER 8 I J How Does the Nervous System Develop and tpt?. .248 RESEARCH FOCUS 8-1 Linking Socioeconomic Status to Cortical Development.249 ’erspectives on Brain Development. . .250 Correlating Emerging Brain Structures with Emerging Behaviors ,250 Correlating Emerging Behaviors with Neural Maturation. . 250 Identifying Influences on Brain and Behavior. 251 7-2 Measuring the Brain's Electrical Activity .226 8-2 Neurobiology of Development. . .251 ■Recording Action Potentials from Single Cells. .226 Origins of Neurons and Glia . EEG: Recording Graded Potentials from Thousands of Cells. .226 Neuronal Growth and Development.255 Mapping Brain Function with Event-Related Potentials . .228
Magnetoencephalography. 229 il. Imaging Techniques: . .229 Brain Imaging.232 Gross Development of the Human Nervous System .252 CLINICAL FOCUS 8-2 Autism Spectrum Disorder. . Glial Development. .253 .258 ,261 Unique Aspects of Frontal Lobe Development.262 б-з Using Emerging Behaviors to Infer Neural Maturation.264 Motor Behaviors . ,264
CONTENTS Language Development. .265 .266 Development of Problem-Solving Ability . THE BASICS: Visible Light and the Structure of the Eye . .294 .296 Photoreceptors . CLINICAL FOCUS 9-2 Visual Illuminance.298 experiment 8-і Question: In what sequence do the forebrain structures required for learning and memory mature?. . .298 Types of Retinal Neurons . ,268 A Caution about Linking Correlation to Causation. 269 8-4 Brain Development and the Environment. . . CLINICAL FOCUS 9-3 Glaucoma. . .300 Visual Pathways.300 Dorsal· and Ventral· Visual Streams.302 .270 e-з Location in the Visual· World. . . . .307 Coding Location in the Retina. .307 .272 Environmental· Influences on the Pace of Brain Development Location in the Lateral· Genicubte Nucleus and Region VI .308 .272 Visual Corpus CaUosum.309 Experience and Neural Connectivity . .274 9-4 Neuronal· Activity. .зю Experience and Cortical Organization . 270 RESEARCH FOCUS 8-3 Keeping Brains Young by Making Music .310 Critical Periods for Experience and Brain Deveİopment. .275 Seeing Shape. . Gut Bacteria and Brain Development .277 Seeing Color. .315 RESEARCH FOCUS 9-4 Color-
Deficient Vision. . .316 8-5 Abnormal· Experience ai DeveLopment .278Neuronal· Activity in the Dorsal· Stream. . . . .318 Aversive Experience and Brain Development. 279 CLINICAL FOCUS 8-4 Romanian Orphans. . .280 9-5The Visual Bn Action. .319 Injury to the Visual· Pathway Leading to Հ .319 Injury and Brain Development.281 the Cortex. . Other Sources of Abnormal Brain Development. .282 Injury to the What Pathway.320 Injury to the How Pathway .321 CLINICAL FOCUS 8-5 Schizophrenia.283 Developmental· Disability. .284 9-6 Plasticity in the Visual· Pathways.322 How Do Any of Us Develop a Normal Brain?. . .284 SUMMARY. .323 KEY TERMS . . .324 SUMMARY. . KEY TERMS . 285 .286 CHAPTER 10 CHAPTER 9 il Perceive, and See the Worki?. .287 CLINICAL FOCUS 9-1 Migraines and a Case of Blindsight. .288 Speak, and Make RESEARCH FOCUS 10-1 Evolution of Music and Language .,,. . .326 9-і Nature of Sensation and Perception.289 ю-ı Sound Waves: StimuLus for Audition . Sensory Receptors. 289 Physical Properties of
Sound Waves .327 Neural Relays. .291 CLINICAL FOCUS 10-2 Tinnitus . .330 Sensory Coding and Representation . .291 Perception of Sound. .331 Perception . .292 Properties of Spoken Language and Music as Sounds .331 .292 io-շ Functional Anatomy of the Auditory System.ззз .293 Structure of the Ear . .334 9-2 The Visual· Syster ictional Anatomy. . Structure of the Retina. ■ ■ ■ .327
xîî CONTENTS Auditory Receptors .336 Pathways to the Auditory Cortex. 337 RESEARCH FOCUS 10-3 Otoacoustic Emissions .337 Auditory Cortex. .338 RESEARCH FOCUS 10-4 Seeing with Sound.339 io-з Neural Activity and Hearing . . . .З4о Hearing Pitch. .340 CLINICAL FOCUS 10-5 Cochlear Implant in a Deaf Child. .342 Detecting Loudness. .343 Detecting Location.343 EXPERIMENT 11-1 Question: What are the effects of brainstem stimulation under different conditions? . .365 Spinal Cord: Executing Movement. .366 CLINICAL FOCUS 11-2 Cerebral Palsy . .366 ii-շ Motor System Organization. . Motor Cortex . ,зб8 368 EXPERIMENT 11-2 Question: How does the motor cortex take part in the control of movement? . .371 Corticospinal Tracts. . EXPERIMENT 11-3 Question: What is the effect of rehabilitation on the cortical representation of the forelimb after brain damage?. .372 .373 Detecting Patterns in Sound. . 344 Motor Neurons. .374 10-4 Anatomy of Language and Music. Control of Muscles. . .375 .345 Processing
Language. .345 al Ganglia, Cerebellum, and Movement. . з7б Processing Music. .351 Basal Ganglia and the Force of Movement. .376 RESEARCH FOCUS 10-6 The Brain's Music System. 352 CLINICAL FÖCUS 11-3 Tourette Syndrome .378 ίο-s Auditory Communication inyNonhuman Species. .353 Birdsong.353 Whale Songs . — . .355 SUMMARY . ՛. KEY-TERMS . . . .356 357 Cerebellum and Movement Skill. . 379 EXPERIMENT 11-4 Question: Does the cerebellum help make adjustments required to keep movements accurate?. natosensory System Receptors and Pathways. . . .38 ası Somatosensory Receptors and Perception. .382 Posterior Root Ganglion Neurons. . 384 How Does the Nervous Somatosensory Pathways to the Brain . .385 Spinal Reflexes. . . CHAPTER 11 Feeling and Treating Pain.----- - .388 RESEARCH FOCUS 11-4 Phantom Limb Pain . . .389 ■l·lBfe id Produce лтепі?.358 RESEARCH FOCUS 11-1 Neuroprosthetics . .359 chical and Paralel itroL.359 Forebrain: Organizing
Movement. 361 THE BASICS: Relating the Somatosensory and Motor Systems . .362 Brainstem: Species-Typical Movement . .364 Vestibular System and Balance. . .391 ioring the Somatosensory Cortex.393 Somatosensory Body Map. . . RESEARCH FOCUS 11-5 Tickling . Secondary Somatosensory Cortex . .394 .395 .395 Effects of Somatosensory Cortex Damage. .396 Somatosensory Cortex and the Hierarchy and Parallel Control of Movement. SUMMARY. . KEY TERMS . .397 . .399 .400
CONTENTS CHAPTER 12 Í What Causes Emotional, and Motivated - ; Behavior?. .401 xiii 12-7 Reward. Л4о The Reward System.440 Mapping Pleasure in the Brain. . .442 Pleasure Electrodes?. .442 SUMMARY . KEY TERMS . .443 .444 RESEARCH FOCUS 12-1 The Pain of Rejection. 402 iz-ι Identifying the Causes of Behavior.доз 404 Behavior for Brain Maintenance . Why Do We SLeep and Dream? .445 І Neural Circuits and Behavior.404 Evolutionary Influences on Behavior . . .404 if CLINICAL FOCUS 13-1 Doing the Right Thing at the Right Time Environmental Influences on Behavior.406 iz-շ Neuroanatomy of Motivated Behavior. . . .лоз Regulatory and Nonregulatory Behavior.409 Activities of the Hypothalamic Circuit. . . 410 .446 із-ı A CLock for All Seasons. .446 Biological Rhythms. .446 The Origin of Biorhythms .447 із-ı Question: Is plant movement exogenous or endogenous?. . experiment iz-з The Rote Chemical Senses in Motivated Behavior. . .ли .448 Free-Running Rhythms . . . . . . .449 Olfaction
. 415 Gustation. 417 CLINICAL FOCUS 13-2 Seasonal Affective Disorder.451 Impairments in the Chemical· Senses and Behavior.419 із-շ The Suprachiasmatic Biological Clock. .453 12-4 Control· of Regulatory Behavior. . . .419 .420 ControUing Eating. . . 12-1 Question: Does the hypothalamus play a role in eating?. .422 CLINICAL FOCUS 12-2 Diets and Rhythms . .423 experiment Zeitgebers . Suprachiasmatic Rhythms. . Keeping Time. .450 .453 . . . 454 Pacemaking Circadian Rhythms . .455 .423 Controlling Drinking . 12-5 Sexual· Differences and Sexual· Behavior. .424 Sexual Differentiation of the Brain . . .425 RESEARCH FOCUS 12-3 The Brain Gender Continuum. .426 Effects of Sex Hormones on the Brain.427 CLINICAL FOCUS 12-4 Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome and Androgenital Syndrome . Neural· Control of Sexual Behavior. . . Sexual· Orientation, Sexual Identity, and Brain Organization. RESEARCH FOCUS 13-3 Synchronizing Biorhythms at the Molecular Level. .456 Pacemaking Circannual Rhythms . .457 Chronotypes. .458 Rhythms of Cognitive and Emotional·
Behavior.458 i ep Stages and Dreaming. .459 Measuring How Long We Steep. .459 Measuring Sleep .460 Stages of Waking and Sleeping .461 .463 .428 A Typical· Night's Steep. . .429 Contrasting N-Sleep and R-Sleep.463 .430 Dreaming. .464 What We Dream about . .464 Cognitive Influences on Sexual Behavior. 431 13-4 What Does Steep Accomplish?.ле? 12-6 The Neural Control of Emotion. . .432 Sleep as a Biological Adaptation .467 Theories of Emotion . .433 Steep as a Restorative Process .468 Emotion and the Limbic Circuit . .434 Sleep for Memory Storage. . . . . .469 CLINICAL FOCUS 12-5 Agenesis of the Frontal Lobes .438 Brain Events During Sleep Memory Storage .470
xiv 1 uNTENTS î Neural Bases of Sleep. Reticular Activating System and Sleep. .472 .473 Neural Basis of R-Sleep .474 i 14-4 Structural Basis of Brain L Plasticity EXPERIMENT 14-2 Question: What happens to the gill response after repeated stimulation? .475 .476 .505 EXPERIMENT 14-3 Question: What happens to the gill response in sensitization?. Hypersomnia: Inability to Stay Awake .476 Breathing Disorders. . . . .504 Habituation and Sensitization in Aplysia. 505 orders of Steep .475 Insomnia: Inability to Sleep . ? .506 Long-Term Potentiation . . .507 Parasomnias. . .477 Measuring Synaptic Change .509 Cataplexy.,.478 Enriched Experience and Plasticity .511 Sleep-Related Movement Disorders.479 Sensory or Motor Training and Plasticity. .512 RESEARCH FOCUS 13-4 Orexin .479 EXPERIMENT 14-4 Question: Does the learning of a fine motor skill alter the cortical motor map?. 512 13-7 What Does Sleep Tell üs about the Brain?.480 SUMMARY . .481 KEY TERMS . . . .482
RESEARCH FOCUS 14-5 Movement, Learning, and Neuroplasticity. .514 Epigenetics of Memory . .515 Plasticity, Hormones, Trophic Factors, and Drugs. 516 CHAPTER 14 How Do We Learn and Remember? EXPERIMENT· 14-5 Question: What effect do repeated doses of amphetamine, a psychomotor stimulant, have on neurons?. 483 CLINICAL FOCUS 14-1 Remediating Dyslexia. . .484 u-l Connecting Learning and Memory. 485 Studying Learning and Memory in the Laboratory.485 Some Guiding Principles of Brain Plasticity.518 14-5 Recovery from Brain Injury. . .520 Donna's Experience with Traumatic Brain Injury. .520 SUMMARY. . KEY TERMS . EXPERIMENT 14-1 Question: Does an animal learn the association between emotional experience and environmental stimuli? . . . .486 Two Categories of Memory . . Explicit and Implicit Memory Different? .523 .524 CHAPTER 15 .487 .488 tout Personal Memories?. .490 .518 f How Does the Brain Think?. . . 525 Memory Circuits. 492 RESEARCH FOCUS 15-1 Split Brain . .526 492 ; Nature of Thought.526 ilicit Memory . Disrupting Implicit Memory. 493 CLINICAL FOCUS 14-2 Patient Boswell's Amnesia . 494 ւ Systems Underlying licit Memories for
Explicit Memories 14-3 Alzheimer Disease. . Characteristics of Human Thought . Neural Units of Thought. .527 528 COMPARATIVE FOCUS 15-2 Animal Intelligence .529 495 495 496 ШЅ14-4 Korsakoff Syndrome . 500 EXPERIMENT 15-1 Question: How do individual neurons mediate cognitive activity? .530 ıs-շ Cognition and the Association Cortex. .531 Explicit Memories. 501 Knowledge about Objects. . . Implicit Memories. 502 Muttisensory Integration . — . 533 for Emotional Memories . 502 Spatial Cognition .533 »ry Systems . 503 Attention . .535 .532
; ' CONTENTS Planning and Executive Function .537 What Happens ■ ՛ ■ When the Brain ■ ■ Misbehaves?. . 567 Imitation and Understanding . 538 »ånding Frontiers of Cognitive Neuroscience CLINICAL FOCUS 15-3 Neuropsychological Assessment. . .539 RESEARCH FOCUS 16-1 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.568 540 Mapping the Brain . 540 Cognition and the Cerebellum . 543 Social Neuroscience . 543 Neuroeconomics .545 15-Ч ' ebralAsymm ՛ xv 'uuiing. .546 Anatomical Asymmetry. .546 Functional· Asymmetry in Neurological· Patients.546 Functional Asymmetry in the Healthy Brain.548 Functional· Asymmetry in the Split Brain . .549 EXPERIMENT 15-2 Question: Will severing the corpus callosum affect the way in which the brain responds? 16-1 Muttidisciplinary Contributions ■ to Brain and Behavior.568 Clinica! Neuroscience . 569 Behavioral Disorders.570 ie-շ Psychiatric Disorders.575 Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders. .575 Mood Disorders 577 RESEARCH FOCUS 16-2 Antidepressant Action and Brain Repair .579 ie-з Neurological Disorders . . sso Traumatic Brain Injury .580 549 EXPERIMENT
15-3 (A) Question: How can the right hemisphere of a split-brain patient show that it knows information? (B) Question: What happens if both hemispheres are asked to respond to competing information?. . . .550 CLINICAL FOCUS 16-3 Concussion.582 Stroke.583 Epilepsy . .585 .586 Disorders of Myelin. Explaining Cerebral Asymmetry .551 Neurocognitive Disorders. . Left Hemisphere, Language, and Thought .552 Treatments for Neurocognitive її լ ՛՛' niations ,,ł 1 gnitive Organization. .553 .583 CLINICAL FOCUS 16-4 Cerebral Aneurysms .587 Disorders.593 RESEARCH FOCUS 16-5 Treating Behavioral Disorders with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation . 595 Sex Differences in Cognitive Organization . .553 16-4 Reseai Handedness and Cognitive Organization . .556 Organizational Complexity.596 CLINICAL FOCUS 15-4 Sodium Amobarbital Test. 557 Systemic Complexity.596 Synesthesia . 558 еШдеПСе. . .558 Concept of General· Intelligence ._ . .558 Divergent and Convergent Intelligence.559 Intelligence, Heredity, Epigenetics, and the Synapse.560 How Smart Brains Differ,.561
isciousness .562 allenges. лэв Neuronal· Plasticity .596 Compensatory Plasticity.597 Technological Resolution.597 Modeling SimpLicity .597 Modeling Limitations .597 16-5 Posttraumatic Growth and Apathy.597 SUMMARY . KEY TERMS . .598 .599 Why Are We Conscious? .562 ANSWERS TO SECTION REVIEW SELF-TESTS . .A-0 EXPERIMENT 15-4 Question: Can people alter their movements without conscious awareness? .563 GLOSSARY .G-0 What Is the Neural Basis of Consciousness? .563 SUMMARY. .565 KEY TERMS .566 REFERENCES.R-0 NAME INDEX . N1-1 SUBJECT INDEX. . .SI-0 |
any_adam_object | 1 |
any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
author | Kolb, Bryan 1947- Whishaw, Ian Q. 1939- Teskey, G. Campbell 1960- |
author_GND | (DE-588)172192943 (DE-588)113416253 (DE-588)1136574026 |
author_facet | Kolb, Bryan 1947- Whishaw, Ian Q. 1939- Teskey, G. Campbell 1960- |
author_role | aut aut aut |
author_sort | Kolb, Bryan 1947- |
author_variant | b k bk i q w iq iqw g c t gc gct |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV048991709 |
classification_rvk | WW 4200 CZ 1000 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1389181232 (DE-599)BVBBV048991709 |
discipline | Biologie Psychologie |
discipline_str_mv | Biologie Psychologie |
edition | Seventh edition, international edition |
format | Book |
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genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
id | DE-604.BV048991709 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
index_date | 2024-07-03T22:07:25Z |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:52:13Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9781319498566 1319498566 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034255043 |
oclc_num | 1389181232 |
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owner | DE-29T DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
owner_facet | DE-29T DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
physical | xxv, 599, A-7, G-9, R-18, NI-3, SI-22 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 28 cm |
publishDate | 2023 |
publishDateSearch | 2023 |
publishDateSort | 2023 |
publisher | Worth Publishers |
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spelling | Kolb, Bryan 1947- Verfasser (DE-588)172192943 aut An introduction to brain and behavior Bryan Kolb (University of Lethbridge), Ian Q. Whishaw (University of Lethbridge), G. Campbell Teskey (University of Calgary) Seventh edition, international edition New York, New York Worth Publishers 2023 xxv, 599, A-7, G-9, R-18, NI-3, SI-22 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 28 cm txt rdacontent sti rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Neuropsychologie (DE-588)4135740-1 gnd rswk-swf Verhalten (DE-588)4062860-7 gnd rswk-swf Gehirn (DE-588)4019752-9 gnd rswk-swf Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 gnd rswk-swf Neuroethologie (DE-588)4138857-4 gnd rswk-swf Biological Psychology Behavioral Science and Psychology Neuropsychology Hardcover, Softcover / Psychologie/Grundlagen (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Neuropsychologie (DE-588)4135740-1 s DE-604 Gehirn (DE-588)4019752-9 s Verhalten (DE-588)4062860-7 s Neuroethologie (DE-588)4138857-4 s Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 s 1\p DE-604 2\p DE-604 Whishaw, Ian Q. 1939- (DE-588)113416253 aut Teskey, G. Campbell 1960- (DE-588)1136574026 aut Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034255043&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
spellingShingle | Kolb, Bryan 1947- Whishaw, Ian Q. 1939- Teskey, G. Campbell 1960- An introduction to brain and behavior Neuropsychologie (DE-588)4135740-1 gnd Verhalten (DE-588)4062860-7 gnd Gehirn (DE-588)4019752-9 gnd Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 gnd Neuroethologie (DE-588)4138857-4 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4135740-1 (DE-588)4062860-7 (DE-588)4019752-9 (DE-588)4041897-2 (DE-588)4138857-4 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
title | An introduction to brain and behavior |
title_auth | An introduction to brain and behavior |
title_exact_search | An introduction to brain and behavior |
title_exact_search_txtP | An introduction to brain and behavior |
title_full | An introduction to brain and behavior Bryan Kolb (University of Lethbridge), Ian Q. Whishaw (University of Lethbridge), G. Campbell Teskey (University of Calgary) |
title_fullStr | An introduction to brain and behavior Bryan Kolb (University of Lethbridge), Ian Q. Whishaw (University of Lethbridge), G. Campbell Teskey (University of Calgary) |
title_full_unstemmed | An introduction to brain and behavior Bryan Kolb (University of Lethbridge), Ian Q. Whishaw (University of Lethbridge), G. Campbell Teskey (University of Calgary) |
title_short | An introduction to brain and behavior |
title_sort | an introduction to brain and behavior |
topic | Neuropsychologie (DE-588)4135740-1 gnd Verhalten (DE-588)4062860-7 gnd Gehirn (DE-588)4019752-9 gnd Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 gnd Neuroethologie (DE-588)4138857-4 gnd |
topic_facet | Neuropsychologie Verhalten Gehirn Neurophysiologie Neuroethologie Lehrbuch |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034255043&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT kolbbryan anintroductiontobrainandbehavior AT whishawianq anintroductiontobrainandbehavior AT teskeygcampbell anintroductiontobrainandbehavior |