Sakharov and power: on the other side of the window
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| Beschreibung: | "This book is an abridged English-language version mirroring the Russian edition published for Sakharov's centenary in May, 2021."--Abstract |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents Abstract Foreword to the English Edition Preface: “Future is Undetermined. What Has Already Happened is All That Matters ” Volume 1 Part I xxi From H-bomb to Nobel Peace Prize Beginnings: Family, Childhood, Education, Cartridge Factory Job in the Years of WWII, Pure Science (1921-1947) Chapter 1 v vii 1 3 1921-1937 5 Parents, ancestors Childhood and its epoch, physics experiments at home 5 11 Chapter 2 15 1938-1944 Moscow University, First Year of War in Ashkhabad in Central Asia 15 Cartridge factory, the first inventions, marriage to Klava Vikhireva, the birth of a daughter, summons to FIAN 19 Chapter 3 23 1945-1947 Igor Tamm, postgraduate studies, everyday affairs: “Papa’s laughing”, big science xi 23
xii Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window Part II Bomb and Kremlin. 1948-1967 29 Chapter 4 31 1948-1950 American atomic bombings of Japan, the launch of a special group at FIAN, and the idea of Sloyka, “This is horrible, horrible! What am I doing?!. Kurchatov sometimes said: ‘we are soldiers’ .!’ The first visit to the nuclear Installation (“site”), co-workers, the birth of a second daughter, an apartment as “the first use of thermoelectric energy for peaceful purposes”, meetings in the Kremlin — Sakharov’s first miracle Chapter 5 31 40 1950-1952 45 Permanent move to the Installation, Igor Tamm at the Installation, dissidents of the 1950s, co-workers about Sakharov, prisoners 45 Briefly about the history of the Holy Dormition Sarov Monastery before 1917 and under Soviet rule 54 Magnetic thermonuclear reactor, meeting with Lavrenty Beria 56 Magnetic cumulation and explosive magnetic generators, “tea” with explosives, preparation for the Sloyka test 58 Chapter 6 Stalin’s death, end to the Doctors’ Plot, and Beria’s Red Book The Sloyka (RDS-6s) test, conferred title of “academician”, a memo to the Government, Politburo meeting in the Kremlin and two secret decrees of the Government, awarded his first Hero of Socialist Labor title Chapter 7 65 1953 65 67 1954-1955 The Third Idea, “Israel” and “Egypt”, the test of RDS-37 A clash with Marshal Nedelin, his death in an ICBM test launch accident; threat of global self-immolation; second Hero of Socialist Labor award 73 73 78
Contents xiii 1955-1959 Chapter 8 81 N.S. Khrushchev’s accession to power and the era of his reign The Soviet Union’s military-industrial complex Chapter 9 81 85 1957-1963 89 Biological consequences of nuclear tests: ten thousand people to die over the next five thousand years; global consequences of the “oddities of a genius”; a clash with Khrushchev at the July 10, 1961 meeting in the Kremlin (N.S. Khrushchev, “We helped Kennedy’s election. You can say we elected him last year”); Khrushchev’s anger and Brezhnev’s deference The Tsar Bomb; denunciation of Stalin and Stalinism by the XXII Communist Party Congress; third Hero of Socialist Labor award —- in the Kremlin back again Tragedy of the “double test”, I fell face down on my desk and wept; the August 1963 signing of the Moscow Limited Test Ban Treaty Chapter 10 Humanity Has Just Been Lucky The Cuban Missile Crisis: Americans suspected us to be bandits, in a sense; The guy named Arkhipov saved the world Real chances of a wide-scale thermonuclear war: Humanity has just been lucky Chapter 11 Before the Turn Scientific work in the 1960s: “Sakharov oscillations”, baryon asymmetry of the universe, induced gravity Early public engagementsbefore 1968 Part HI Human Rights Key toSaving Mankind. 1968-1975 Chapter 12 1968 “Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence, and Intellectual Freedom” 89 95 98 103 103 108 115 115 120 127 129 129
xiv Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window Samizdat as a way to reach out to the Politburo; the missile defense thriller, and the policy of “detente” as aftereffects of Sakharov’s Reflections Suppression of the Prague Spring, a demonstration on Red Square and the last conversation with KGB Chairman Yuri Andropov The Gravity Conference in Tbilisi, John Archibald Wheeler Chapter 13 1969-1970 Klava’s illness and death, return to FIAN A Memorandum by Sakharov, Turchin, and R. Medvedev; psychiatric repressions and rescue of Zhores Medvedev, the Human Rights Committee The trial of Revolt Pimenov and Boris Vail, the Leningrad airplane case, first meetings with Elena Bonner Chapter 14 1971-1972 A Memorandum to Leonid Brezhnev, human rights activities, to Israel or to Siberia: a paradox of the era Violation of religious freedoms, the rights of believers Psychiatric repression The problem of the Crimean Tatars The freedom to leave the country and return to it “Lusia is my wife”, songs on the train, arrest of Yuri Shikhanovich, Jean the dog Chapter 15 1973 First public denunciations, interview with Olle Stenholm; a warning in the Prosecutor General’s Office, Sakharov’s first “explosive” press conference and first overwhelming smear campaign against him, still an enigma: why he was not exiled “to Narym”; the Simas Kudirka case The Jackson-Vanik Amendment, the Yom Kippur War, the Black September threatening visit and in-depth motives for Sakharov’s attention to the Middle East; “The Third World War on Christmas”, the Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Navy as
a “state within a state” 133 137 139 143 143 145 149 159 159 163 164 164 166 169 177 177 186
Contents XV The Kuznetsov Prison Diaries, Elena Bonner’s summons to the KGB; the hospital of the Academy of Sciences and Sakharov about Himself, friends’ visits 196 Chapter 16 203 1974 Arrest of The Gulag Archipelago and Solzhenitsyn’s expulsion The unbearable hostage of loved ones began: We don’t know what they want to do with you, but you need to urgently check out, as you can, under whatever pretext! Sakharov’s first hunger strike and the visit of the US President Nixon, Jackson-Vanik amendment and frightening threats to the grandchild, the arrest of Sergei Kovalev 206 Chapter 17 213 1975 Fight for Lusia’s trip, the victory and 2-year-old Matvei’s sudden illness, the KGB hates losing A meeting in Helsinki and the Helsinki Act The book My Country and the World The Nobel Prize, last talk with Galich; President of France and an appeal to the Fifth Assembly of the World Council of Churches in Nairobi Reaction to Sakharov’s Nobel Prize in the USSR and the first public dirt-slander on Elena Bonner; Pope John Paul II and great Russian poetry Historic days in Oslo and Vilnius: Mama, write this down, May God help Sergei Kovalev and his friends!; Elena Bonner’s return to Moscow Several quotes from Sakharov’s Nobel lecture, “Peace, Progress, Human Rights” 203 205 213 217 218 222 225 228 232 Volume 2 Protection of Human Rights vs Realpolitik: The Past That Has Not Pass 237 Preface to Volume 2. In the end, the moral choice turns out to be the most pragmatic, the new global picture of the world. Hopes attached to perestroika and their collapse: lessons for the present and future. 239
xvi Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window Part IV Daily Routines of Human Rights Struggle, Tightening the Screws and Exile, the Afghan War and the Madness of the European Nuclear Race(1976-1984) Chapter 18 1976-January 21,1980 243 245 Deaths natural or unnatural? Trips to Omsk and Yakutia; the creation of the Moscow Helsinki Group (MHG) and related human rights initiatives Significant events: Vladimir Bukovsky’s exchange, a fire in Malva Landa’s room, a terrorist attack in a Moscow subway and Sakharov’s statement suggesting possible KGB involvement, correspondence with the U.S. President and Jimmy Carter’s historic statement Arrest of Helsinki group members, impotence of Western “big politicians” and the trials of Yuri Orlov, Alexander Ginzburg, and Anatoly Sharansky A surreptitious search and theft of Memoirs manuscripts to execute the Politburo decision; the KGB and worm-infested meat A special operation, “Family Cleansing” Day-to-day advocacy for human rights, letters and visitors Sensational releases and new arrests, the invasion of Afghanistan, final days before exile to Gorky 245 Chapter 19 293 Exile-1 (1980-1983) Arrest, deportation to Gorky, the Kremlin’s ambivalence: whether or not to gag him by locking her up in Gorky, or perhaps by murdering her Baryon asymmetry of the universe as a lifebuoy; the theorists’ win prevented Sakharov’s dismissal from FIAN Shaking off the KGB “tail” in order to visit Malva Landa (February, 1980) Everyday life in exile, Sakharov’s 60th birthday in May 1981 Three more thefts and miraculous rescue of the Memoirs 250 257 264
276 277 283 287 293 304 307 308 315
Contents xvii Chapter 20 Exile-2 (1981-1983) 325 Liza’s hunger strike (November 22-December 8, 1981) and our hunger-strike baby (February, 1983) 325 My adventures and the life-saving support of Western colleagues 338 Sakharov’s public statements from exile and more than weird position of high authorities 341 Chapter 21 Exile-3 (1983-1984) 347 Letter to Sidney Drell, “The Danger of Thermonuclear War” — the dialectic of nuclear disarmament according to Sakharov (While making no claim to infallibility in addressing such a complex and critical question, I could not remain silent, it would be even worse) 347 Elena Bonner’s heart attack, bullying in the media as well as in reality 354 Bonner’s arrest at the Gorky airport, making another hunger strike imminent (They want to turn me into a living corpse), a tragic letter to the Academy of Sciences’ President Anatoly Alexandrov 361 Between the hunger strikes: Sakharov stopped his hunger strike, the city ’s populace continuous to starve; a letter stashed under newspapers, buried alive 372 Part V Gorbachev’s Perestroika (1985-1988) Chapter 22 Exile-4 (1985-1986) A dramatic fate of the letter to Alexandrov The last hunger strike: April thru October 1985; “A beast in a skirt”, victory! Elena Bonner in the USA; Sakharov in “solitary confinement” for six months; physics; One of my most important documents: the letter to Gorbachev requesting release of the prisoners of conscience 377 379 379 382 403
xviii Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window Gorky, June-December 1986: Elena Bonner’s return (the mousetrap slammed shut), Anatoly Marchenko’s death, and Gorbachev’s telephone call to end the exile 410 Chapter 23 421 1987-1988 Back to Moscow from the Gorky exile; perestroika’s first miracle — the release of prisoners of conscience; contradictions and difficulties of perestroika VIP visitors, perestroika’s second miracle — rejection of the “package” principle and achievement of the Gorbachev-Reagan Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty) Seminar on Quantum Gravity: John Wheeler and Stephen Hawking, I dreamed of science, the gravitational conference in Leningrad A German amateur pilot lands on Moscow’s Red Square, forcing resignation of the Ministry of Defense’s top brass; The Inevitability of Perestroika՛, horrible pogroms and Gorbachev’s incomprehensible inaction: It’s not time to talk about it yet The first trip abroad: Reagan, Teller-Oppenheimer-Sakharov; Mitterrand: You are guests of the Republic Traveling to Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Nagorno-Karabakh; a trip to the earthquake zone; ecological problems and the Armenian nuclear power plant Part VI Sakharov — A Public Politician: Lessons for the Present and Future. 1989-2022 Chapter 24 1988 - May 1989 Chaos unleashed by conflicted dual local power and collapse of the economy fueled by the incompetence and inconsistencies of Gorbachev’s perestroika; three points centering on the economy of Sakharov’s pre-election program 421 427 431 435 438 446 451 453 453
Contents xix A new supreme governing body in the USSR; elections of People’s Deputies; Sakharov: The people turned out to be alive. God forbid that these hopes are deceived Travel to Italy, Canada, and the USA The April 9, 1989, massacre in Tbilisi: Who gave the order? — an unanswered question Chapter 25 466 The First Congress of People’s Deputies and Miners’ Strikes: May-July 1989 471 Preparatory events before the Congress The First Congress (May 25-June 9, 1989); live broadcast of its sessions with a country-wide coverage; Sakharov in the spotlight Measures with the purpose of excluding capture — 5 minutes facing millions The last day of the Congress; Sakharov’s keynote program statement Results of the Congress: “Tragic optimism”, miners’ strikes, conversation with Anatoly Lukyanov Chapter 26 460 463 Last Seven Months: June-December 1989 471 473 479 483 489 495 Trips to Europe, USA, and the Urals, Russia; completion of the memoirs; Lecture in Lyons՝, a tip on a likely military coup 495 A politician once again 500 A two-hour political strike and the last day at FIAN 503 The last speeches: against extension of preliminary investigation term, The formula of opposition 512 Unexpected death 513 Epilogue Scientific Addendum: “Do you know what I like most of all? Relic radiation”. Sakharov’s scientific legacy in modern perspective Subject and Abbreviation Glossary Bibliography About the Author Index 517 533 563 577 591 593
Bibliography [1] Andrei Sakharov, Memoirs. Translated from Russian by Richard Lourie. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1990. First publishing of the Russian language original: “Vospominaniya”. Chekhov Publ., New York, 1990. [2] Andrei Sakharov, Moscow and Beyond. Translated from Russian by Antonina Bouis. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1991. First publishing of the Russian language original: “Gorky, Moskva, Dalee vezde” (“Gorky, Moscow, then everywhere”). Chekhov Publ., New York, 1990. [3] “Sakharov Remembered. A Tribute by Friends and Colleagues”. Edited by S.D. Drell, S.P. Kapitza. American Institute of Physics, New York, 1991. [4] “Andrei Sakharov. Facets of a Life. Reminiscences of colleagues”. Editorial Board: B. L. Altshuler, B. Μ. Bolotovsky, I. M. Dremin, V. Ya. Fainberg, L. V. Keldysh (chairman). Editions Frontieres — P.N. Lebedev Physics Institute, Gif-sur-Y vette Cedex — France, 1991. [In Russian: “He lived between us. Memories of Sakharov”. Editorial Board: B. L. Altshuler, B. Μ. Bolotovsky, I. Μ. Dremin, L. V. Keldysh (chairman), V. Ya. Fainberg. P.N. Lebedev Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Science, “Praktika” Publ., Moscow, 1996]. [5] “On Sakharov”. To Sakharov’s 60 years. Compiled by Alexander Babenyshev, Raisa Lert, and Evgeniya Pechuro; translated from Russian by Guy Daniels. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1982. [In Russian: “Sakharov Collection” dedicated to the 60th anniversary of A.D. Sakharov. Compiled by A. Babenyshev, R. Lert and E. Pechuro. New York, “Chronicle”, 1981. (Rep. Edition with the appendix “The last ten 577
578 Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] years” and “Afterword to the 1981 edition” by Alexander Babenyshev. Comp. B. Altshuler, E. Pechuro. Moscow, “Book”, 1991)]. Gennady Gorelik with Antonina W. Bonis, “The World of Andrei Sakharov. A Russian Physicist’s Path to Freedom”. Oxford University Press, 2005. Elena Bonner, “Wormwood does not grow without a root. Free notes to the genealogy of Andrei Sakharov”. Ed. “Human Rights”, Moscow, 1996. — In Russian. “Andrei Dmitrievich. Memories of Sakharov ‘7 Compiled by T. I. Ivanova. “Terra”. “Book Review”, Moscow, 1991. (The book includes a full account of the “Sakharov Readings” in Gorky on January 27-28, 1990; the organ izers of the “Readings” are Gorky physicists Boris Nemtsov, Yakov Alber and Yuri Belyaev). — In Russian. “Extreme states of Lev Altshuler”. Ed.-сотр.: V. E. Fortov, B. L Altshuler. FizMatLit Publ., Moscow, 2011. Alexey Podurets, “Sarov: A monument of history, culture, orthodoxy”, 3rd ed„ Add. H Sarov: ZAO INFO — Saransk, 2006. I. N. Golovin, “LV. Kurchatov”. Moscow: 1967, 1972. “Academician A.D. Sakharov. Scientific works”. Editorial board: Boris Altshuler, Leonid Keldysh, David Kirzhnits, Vladimir Ritus. Moscow: OTF FIAN, TsentrKom Publ., 1995. “30 years of ‘Reflections .” by Andrei Sakharov”. Ed. Yuri Shikhanovich. Andrei Sakharov Foundation — ed. “Human Rights”, Moscow, 1998. “The Man Who Saved the World (Stanislav Petrov).” https://rg.ru/ 2017/09/19/rodina-stanislav-petrov.html. Kirill Razmyslovich, “5 minutes to midnight. Cases
when the world nar rowly escaped a nuclear apocalypse.” 2019 (in Russian) https://kiri211. livejournal.com/1333562.html. Dobrynin A. E, “Very confidential. Ambassador to Washington under six US presidents (1962-1986).” Ed. “Author”, Moscow, 1996. https://biography. wikireading.ru/149770. A. D. Sakharov, “Alarm and Hope”. 2nd ed. Comp. Elena Bonner. InterVerso, Moscow, 1991. Lyudmila Alexeyeva, “The history of dissent in the USSR: The latest period”. 3rd ed., Moscow Helsinki group, Moscow, 2012. “Andrei Sakharov, Elena Bonner and friends; ‘Life was typical, tragic and beautiful’”. Compiled by B. L. Altshuler, L. B. Litinsky. AST publishing house, Moscow, 2020.
Bibliography 579 [20] Elena Bonner, “Before the Diaries”, preface to the book [21], 2004. Znamya Magazine, 2005, No. 11. https://magazines.gorky.media/ znamia/2005/11/do-dnevnikov.html. [21] A. Sakharov and E. Bonner, “Diaries. Novel document.” “Vremya”, Moscow, 2006. In three volumes. [22] “Kefir needs to be heated. A love story told by Elena Bonner to Yuri Rost”. “Boslen “, Moscow, 2018. [23] “Andrei Sakharov. Pro et Contra. 1973: Documents, facts, events”. Comp. Galina Dozmarova. ed. РІК, Moscow, 1991. [24] “Leonid Brezhnev. Work and diary entries. 1964-1982.” Historical Literature, Moscow, 2016. https://www.sovsekretno.ru/articles/leonid-brezhnev-amplaquo-poluchil-zarplatu-provel-politbyuro-amp-raquo/. [25] A. D. Sakharov, “Collected Scientific Works”. Ed. D. ter Haar, D. V. Chudnovsky and G. V. Chudnovsky. New York and Basel: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1982. [26] Elena Bonner, “Alone Together”. Translated from Russian by Alexander Cook. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1986. Russian language original: “Postscript” was written by EG Bonner in the spring of 1986 during her stay in the United States, the first chapter, not included in “Alone Together”, is dated “May 1, 1987” — was written in Gorky, where AD and EG spent a month in April-May 1987, five months after returning from exile to Moscow in December 1986. [27] “Andrei Sakharov and Human Rights”. Council of Europe Publ., Commissioner for Human Rights, December 2010. [28] Natalya Rapoport. “Stalin and Medicine. Untold Stories”. World Scientific Publ., 2020. [29] “Academician A. D. Sakharov. Scientific works. To his 100 years”.
Editorial board: Boris Altshuler, Igor Dremin, Vladimir Fortov, Leonid Gurvits, Vladimir Ritus, Anatoly Shabad, Michael Vasiliev. Moscow: OTF FIAN, FizMatLit Publ., May 2021. [30] “Seventies anniversary of Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov”. Phys. Usp., 34(5), 1991, Special issue. [Usp. Fiz. Nauk, 161(5), 1991]. [31] “On the 75th Anniversary of Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov’s birth”. Phys. Usp., 39(5), 1996, Special issue. [Usp. Fiz. Nauk, 166(5), 1996]. [32] Altshuler B. L., “Andrei Sakharov today: Lasting impact on science and society”. Phys. Usp., 55176, 2012 [Usp. Fiz. Nauk, 182, 188, 2012]. [33] Altshuler B. L., “Andrei Sakharov’s research work and modern physics”. Phys. Usp., 64(5), 427-451,2021 [Usp. Fiz. Nauk, 191(5), 449^174,2021].
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Index Abel, Rudolph (1903-1971) - Soviet intelligence officer, 84 Abrahamson, James (1933-) - Lt. General, first director of the U.S. Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 443 Abramkin, Valery Fyodorovich (1946-2013) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR and in the Russian Federation, 493 Academy of Sciences, U.S. National, 157, 273, 296, 306, 404 Academy of Sciences, USSR, 35, 70, 122, 131, 143, 150, 182, 183, 195, 196, 271, 273, 296, 298, 303, 304, 308-310, 313, 325-327, 330-332, 342, 355, 358, 364, 381, 388, 404, 460, 497, 508, 522, 566, 567, 569, 591 Academy of Sciences, French, 273, 330, 342, 497 accelerator, 13, 495 Accident, The (Masters), 42 Adamsky, Viktor Borisovich (1923-2005) - physicist, Sakharov’s co-worker at the Installation, 49, 97, 100, 122 Afanasiev, Viktor Grigorievich, (1922-1994) - Chief Editor of “Pravda” in 1976-1989, 266 Afanasiev, Yuri Nikolaevich (1935-2015) - People’s Deputy of the USSR, Rector and then President of the Russian State Humanitarian University in 1991-2006, 504, 569 Afghanistan, 136, 218, 287-291, 296, 309, 344, 345, 350, 372, 374, 383, 418, 422, 436, 465, 467, 479, 480, 488, 502, 573 Agentov, Andrei Alexandrovich ֊ Brezhnev’s chief aid, 159 Agrest, Mattes Mendelevich (1915-2005) - mathematician, participant of the atomic project of the USSR, Sakharov’s co-worker at the Installation, 48, 49 agriculture, 52, 504 Aitmatov, Chingiz Torekulovich (1928-2008) - writer, 316 593
594 Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window Akins, W. Cary - MD, Massachusetts General Hospital, 403 Alarm and Hope (Sakharov), 279 Alberti-Ilovaiskaya, Irina - see Ilovaiskaya-Alberti, 227, 446 Albinoni, Tomaso Giovanni, (1671-1751) - Italian composer, 169, 170 Alexandrov, Anatoly Petrovich (1903-1994) - President of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1975-1986, xvii, 312, 313, 326, 327, 330-334, 355, 358, 361, 364, 370, 372, 374, 375, 379, 380-382, 388, 450 Alexeyeva, Elizaveta Konstantinovna (Liza) - wife of Elena Bonner’s son Alexei Semenov, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, xvii, 261, 281, 282, 294-297, 307-314, 325-338, 396, 444, 564 Alexeyeva, Lyudmila Mikhailovna (1927-2018) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR and in the Russian Federation, 150, 255, 570 Aliev, Geydar Alievich (1923-2003) Soviet Azerbaijani party and state leader, member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU in 1982-1987, 392, 394 Alikhanov, Gevork Sarkisovich (1897-1938) - Elena Bonner’s stepfather (from 1925), 467 Alikhanov, Igor Georgievich (19271976) - Elena Bonner’s brother, 249 Alone Together (Bonner), 249, 317, 337,381,402, 404 Alpert, Yakov Lvovich (1911-2010) physicist, participant of the Jewish refuseniks movement in the USSR, 330, 423 Altman, Anatoly (Nathan) participant of the “Leningrad airplane case”, 287 Altshuler, Alexander Lvovich (1945-) the middle son of Lev Altshuler and Maria Speranskaya, brother of Boris Altshuler, vii, 52, 140, 421 Altshuler, Boris Lvovich (1939-) elder son of Lev Altshuler and Maria
Speranskaya, theoretical physicist, OTF FIAN, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR and in the Russian Federation, 140, 323, 330, 338, 340, 341, 343, 402, 419, 429, 517 Altshuler, Ilya Borisovich (1968-) son of Boris Altshuler and Larisa Miller, vii, 514 Altshuler, Lev Vladimirovich (19132003) - experimental physicist, participant of the atomic project of the USSR, Sakharov’s co-worker at the Installation, xxiii, 34, 35, 46-^8, 76, 87, 139, 140, 187, 188, 200, 338, 591 Altshuler, Mikhail Lvovich (1955-) the younger son of Lev Altshuler and Maria Speranskaya, brother of Boris Altshuler, vii Altshuler, Pavel Borisovich (1974-) son of Boris Altshuler and Larisa Miller, vii
Index Altunian, Genrikh Ovanesovich (1933-2005) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 569 Amalrik, Andrei Alekseevich (1938-1980) - dissident, author of the book “Will the USSR exist until 1984?”, 130, 178, 184, 254 American Embassy, 186, 261 American Physical Society, 47, 273, 345, 539, 563, 564, 580, 592 Amin, Hafizullah (1929-1979) Afghan statesman, political and party leader, 288 Amnesty International, 221, 284, 325, 341,416 Anderson, Rudolf - U.S. pilot, the only U.S. fatality during the Cuban Missile Crisis, Anderson died when his U-2 reconnaissance aircraft was shot down over Cuba on October 27, 1962, 106 Andrei Sakharov Prize, 564, 592 Andreyev, Vladimir Ivanovich Deputy Procurator General of the USSR (1986), 409 Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich (19141984) - Chairman of the KGB of the USSR in 1967-1982, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU in 1982-1984, 44, 112, 125, 126, 129, 133, 137, 138, 150, 160, 168, 181, 205, 221, 289, 300, 301, 312, 330-332, 341, 344, 346, 355, 358, 361, 382 anthropic principle, 557-560 antiballistic missile (ABM) systems, 86, 134, 135, 137, 563 595 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty - ABM Treaty or ABMT, 134, 135, 563 anti-Semitism, 166, 223, 245 anti-Soviet propaganda, 346 Aral Sea, 477 Argumenty i Fakty, 436 Arkhipov, Vasily - captain of the II rank, “a guy named Arkhipov saved the world', 107, 108 Armenia, 438, 444^147, 449, 450 arms race, 40, 91, 135, 195 Arnold, Vladimir Igorevich (1937-2010) - One of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century, 561 arrow of time, 556 Arsenault, Bob - Elena Bonner’s
American friend, 411 Artemiev, Igor Yuryevich (1961-)Head of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of Russia in 2004—2020, 527 Artsimovich, Lev Andreevich (1909-1973) - physicist, 57, 100, 123 Ashkhabad, 15, 18 astrophysics, 41, 115, 533, 552 atom bomb, 31, 443 Auschwitz, 141, 405 Austen, W. Gerald - MD, Massachusetts General Hospital, 403 Austin, Anthony - journalist, New York Times correspondent in Moscow, 290 Averbukh, Galina Yulievna - Elena Bonner’s friend, 249 awards and prizes, 183 Axelbank, Jay - journalist, 175
596 Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window Azadovsky, Konstantin Markovich (1941-) - literary critic, 249 Azerbaijan, 437, 438, 446, 447 Babaev, Yuri Nikolaevich (19281986) - physicist, Sakharov’s co-worker at the Installation, 97 Babenyshev, Alexander Petrovich (1938-) (pseudonym Sergei Maksudov) - historian, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 308,314 Babenysheva, Sarah Emmanuilovna (1910-2007) - author, literary critic, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, including assistance to political prisoners and their families, 308 Babitsky, Konstantin Iosifovich (1929-1993) - linguist, bard, human rights activist, 138 Bagdasarian, Zaven (? - 1979) Armenian nationalist executed for allegedly Moscow subway bombin, 260 Baikal Lake, 126 Bakhmin, Vyacheslav Ivanovich (born in 1947) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR and in the Russian Federation, 308, 570, 575 Baku, 446, 447 Balashov, EP. - Sakharov’s co-worker at the cartridge factory during the WWII, 20 Balayan, Zori Aikovich (1935-) Armenian writer, journalist, 448 Baltic states, 166, 217, 288 Barabanov, Evgeny Viktorovich (1943-) - historian, art critic, theologian, dissident, 182, 197, 198 Barenblatt, Grigory Isaakovich (1930-2018)-physicist, 121 Barenblatt, Isaak, Grigorievich (190-1970) - endocrinologist, 121 baryon asymmetry, xiii, xvi, 115, 116, 118, 119, 250, 304-306, 314, 434, 435, 534, 535, 544-550, 556, 564,582-584 Bastrykin, Alexander Ivanovich (1953-) - Chairman of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation since 2011, 527 Batkin, Leonid
Mikhailovich (1932-2016) - historian and literary critic, public figure, 447 BBC - British Broadcasting Corporation, 45, 130, 131, 148, 200, 329, 367 Begun, Iosif (1932-) - electronic engineer, Jewish refuseniks movement activist, 166 Belenky, Semyon Zakharovich (1916-1956) - physicist, member of the Special FIAN Group of the atomic project of the USSR, 36 Belgrade, Follow-up Meeting, 264, 265, 267 Belmondo, Jean-Paul (1933-2021) French film star, 317 Bergman, Pyotr - German emigration activist, 166 Beria, Lavrenty Pavlovich (18991953) - one of the senior leaders of the USSR, secret police chief in
Index 597 1938-1953, xii, 33, 44, 45, 47, 56, 65-67,81, 193, 289,442, 537 Berlin Wall, 84, 87, 95 Berners-Lee, Tim (1955-) - an English computer scientist, inventor of the World Wide Web (WWW), 530 Bernshtam, Mikhail Semenovich (1940-) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 570 Bernstein, Bob (Robert L. Bernstein) American publisher and lawyer, 228 Bethe, Hans (1906-2005) - physicist, Nobel Laureate in Physics (1967), 74, 75 Bierbauer, Charles - journalist, 290 Big Bang, 116, 533, 543, 544, 556 Birger, Boris Georgievich (1923-2001) ֊ artist, friend of Andrei Sakharov and Elena Bonner, 372, 374, 375, 380 Birman, Joseph (1927-2018) American physicist, defender of the rights of scientists, winner of the Andrei Sakharov Prize of the American Physical Society of 2010, 564 Bismarck, Otto (1815-1898) Chancellor of the German Empire, 187 black holes, 432, 550, 552, 584, 586 Black Hundred, 55 Black Saturday, 106-108, 113 Black September, xiv, 184, 186, 189, 190, 206 Blanton, Thomas - director, in 2002, of the independent non-governmental National Security Archive at George Washington University, 108 Blok, Alexander Alexandrovich (1880-1921) - Russian poet, 321 Bogatyreva, Sofia Ignatievna literary historian, 153 Bogatyrev, Konstantin Petrovich (1925-1976) - philologist, poet-translator, specialist in German literature, dissident, 198, 199, 247-249, 259 Bogolyubov, Nikolay Nikolaevich (1909-1992) - physicist, 48, 582 Bogoraz, Larisa (Lara) Iosifovna (1929-2004) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, wife of Julius Daniel and then of Anatoly
Marchenko, 125, 138,221,414-416,424, 570 Boitsova, Lusia - Sergei Kovalev’s wife, 229 Boll, Heinrich (1917-1985) - German writer, poet, translator, Nobel Laureate in Literature (1972), 199, 221, 248, 249 Bolonkin, Alexander Alexandrovich (1933-2020) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 275, 313 Bolotovsky, Boris Mikhailovich (born in 1928) - physicist, OTE FIAN, 372-375, 577 Bonner, Elena Georgievna (Lusia) (1923-2011) - Sakharov’s second wife in 1971-1989, vi, 151, 153, 154, 195, 216, 220, 228, 254, 276, 281, 282, 302, 307, 322, 330, 334,
598 Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window 366, 368, 379, 385, 409, 421, 514, 517,518 Bonner, Ruth Grigorievna (19001987) ֊ Elena Bonner’s mother, 169, 189, 190, 193, 222, 224, 281, 282, 290, 292-296, 310, 311, 328, 376, 412 Borisov, Vladimir Evgenievich (1943-2012) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 164, 173, 178, 568 Borshchev, Valery Vasilievich (1943-) participant of the human rights movement in the USSR and in the Russian Federation, 493, 570 Bortnikov, Alexander Vasilievich (1951-) - Director of the FSB of Russia since 2008, 527 Bouis, Antonina W. - American translator and author, vii, xxv, 496, 577, 578 Brailovsky, Irina Yulianovna mathematician, Viktor Brailovsky’s wife, participant of the Jewish refuseniks movement in the USSR, 330 Brailovsky, Viktor Lvovich (1935-) mathematician, participant of the Jewish refuseniks movement in the USSR, 310 Brandt, Willy (1913-1992) - German Social Democratic politician, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (1969-1974), Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, 1971, 214 Brezhnev, Leonid Ilyich (1906-1982) General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee (1964-1982), xxvii, 44, 86-95, 105, 111, 120, 123-126, 129, 133-136, 140, 141, 156-161, 173, 181, 221, 240, 258, 260, 270, 274-277, 280, 283, 287, 289, 299, 300, 309, 313, 325-333, 339, 340, 344, 430, 462, 509, 523, 568, 573, 575 Brown, Harold (1927-2019) nuclear physicist, U.S. Secretary of Defense, 1977-1981, 427 Brunov, Evgeny - visitor, 247, 259 Brzezinski, Zbigniew (1928-2017) counselor to President Lyndon Johnson from 1966 to 1968, and President
Jimmy Carter’s National Security Advisor from 1977 to 1981, 110, 111 Buckley, James (1923֊) - U.S. Senator in 1971-1977, 166 Bukovsky, Vladimir Konstantinovich (1942-2019) - writer, dissident, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, xvi, 125, 155, 162, 172, 173, 184, 207, 221, 256, 257, 258 Bulgakov, Mikhail Afanasievich (1891-1940)-writer, 317 Bulganin, Nikolai Alexandrovich (1895-1975) - one of the senior leaders of the USSR, 82 “Bulletin V”, 282, 564 Burenkov, Sergei Petrovich (19232004) - Minister of Health Care of the USSR in 1980-1986, 326 Burlatsky, Fyodor Mikhailovich (1927-2014) ֊ Soviet political scientist, journalist, 105, 106 Bush, George H.W., (1924-2018) 41st President of the United States in 1989-1993, 439
Index 599 Butman, Hillel Izrailevich (1932-) participant in the “Leningrad airplane case”, 287 Bykov, Rolan (1929-1998) film-director, 376 Camus, Albert (1913-1960) - French philosopher and writer, xxv Canada, (Sakharov visit), xix, 463, 465 capital punishment, 8, 492, 493 Carl XVI, Gustaf (1946-) - King of Sweden in 1973-2018, 274 Carter, Jimmy Jr. (1924-) - 39th President of the United States in 1977-1981, xvi, 110, 111,240, 257, 263, 264 Castro, Fidel (1926-2016) - leader of communist Cuba, 103, 106, 107 CERN (European Center for Nuclear Research), 495, 534, 565 Chaban-Delmas, Jacques (19152000) - French politician, 300 Chabanov, Μ. - Crimean Tatar, 184 Chaika, Yuri Yakovlevich (1951-) Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation in 2006-2020, 527 Chakovsky, Alexander Borisovich (1913-1994) - Editor-in-chief of Literaturnaya Gazeta in 1962-1988, 178 Chalidze, Valery Nikolaevich (1938-2018), participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 146, 148, 151, 154, 156159, 162, 568 Charter-77, 254, 266, 565 Chebrikov Viktor Mikhailovich (1923-1999) - Chairman of the KGB of the USSR in 1982-1988, 181-184, 222, 341, 355, 357, 362-364, 381, 382, 388, 391-393, 397, 398, 409, 469 CheKa, 565, 569 Chelovek i zakon, {Man and Law), 356, 357 Chernavsky, Dmitri Sergeevich (1926-2016) - physicist, OTF FIAN, 379 Chernenko, Konstantin Ustinovich (1911-1985) - General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU in 1984-1985, 193, 270, 300, 361, 362, 382 Chernobyl, 195, 406, 450, 478, 565 Chernyaev, Anatoly Sergeevich (1921-2017) - assistant to Mikhail Gorbachev in the era of
perestroika, 388 Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Gavrilovich (1828-1889) - literary critic, writer, 25 Chervonopisky, Sergei Vasilievich (1957-) - Chairman of the Ukrainian Union of Afghanistan Veterans, People’s Deputy of the USSR, 479, 483 Chibisov, Gennady Evlampievich (1946-2008) - physicist, 543 China, 31, 58, 113, 284, 344, 455457, 483, 484, 486, 488, 489, 495, 496, 499, 538, 564 Chirac, Jacques (1932-2019) - Prime Minister of France in 1974—1976, President of France in 1995-2007, 411 Chronicle of Current Events, 159, 164, 229, 254, 282, 302, 330, 354
600 Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window Chudnovsky, David Volfovich (1947-) mathematicians, participant of the Jewish refuseniks movement in the USSR, co-editor of Collection of Sakharov’s scientific works [25], 266, 314, 579 Chudnovsky, Eugene Michael (1948-) physicist, former Soviet Jewish refusenik, member The Committee of Concerned Scientists, vii, 585 Chudnovsky, Grigory Volfovich (1952-) - mathematicians, participant of the Jewish refuseniks movement in the USSR, co-editor of Collection of Sakharov’s scientific works [25], 266, 314, 579 Chukovskaya Lydia Korneevna (1907-1996) - writer, poet, publicist, dissident, 207, 208 Chukovsky, Komei Ivanovich (1882-1969) - children’s writer, poet, literary critic, translator, 123 Churchill, Winston (1874-1965) Prime Minister of United Kingdom in 1940-1945, 1951-1955, 136 Cino del Duca Foundation Prize, 208, 209, 565 Clausewitz, Karl von (1789-1831) Prussian military leader, 132 Cliburn, Van (1934-2013) American pianist, 82 Committee of Concerned Scientists, vii, 141, 273, 340, 565 Committee on Human Rights, - see Human Rights Committee, 273, 566, 591 Committee, SOS - see SOS Committee, 273, 564, 574 Congress, of People’s Deputies of the USSR, xxx, 458, 460, 503, 504, 511, 523, 566 Congress, U.S., Jackson-Vanik Amendment, xiv, xv, 182, 186-188, 206, 210, 219, 240 Constantine, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich (1779-1831) -, brother of Russian Emperor Nicholas I, 416 Constitution Day demonstration, 163, 184 Controlled thermonuclear reaction, 56, 59, 534-539, 580 Convergence, notion of, 148, 199, 218, 353, 497 Cook,
Alexander (Antonina Bouis) translator, 579 Coppi, Bruno (1935-) - American and Italian physicist, vii, 539 Corriera della sera, 208 Corvalan, Luis (Luis Alberto Corvalán Lépez) (1916-2010) General Secretary of the Communist Party of Chile in 1958-1989, 256-258 Cosmology, 115, 117, 139, 306, 406, 432, 434, 497, 541, 542, 550, 557 Crimean Tatars, xiv, 162, 164, 189, 207, 209, 251, 267, 274, 283 Cuban missile crisis, xiii, 84, 87, 103, 107, 110, 113 Czechoslovakia, 130, 137, 138, 195, 254, 284, 289, 565 Dalitz, Richard (1925-2006) British physicist, 535, 536
Index 601 “Danger of thermonuclear war’ (Sakharov), 131, 301, 345, 347, 350, 353-355, 358, 359 Daniel, Julius Markovich (1925-1988) - writer, dissident, 125, 126 Dankoff, Sidney - American physicist, 26 Davidovich, Efim Aronovich (1924-1976) - participant of the Jewish refuseniks movement in the USSR, defendant in the “Minsk case”, 1972-1973, 209, 245, 246 Davis, Angela Yvonne (1944-) American human rights activist, communist, associated with the Black Panthers, 157 Day of the Political Prisoner of the USSR, 210, 275, 566 death penalty, see also capital punishment, 156, 158, 173, 174, 260, 267, 271, 272, 365, 492, 493, 564 DEFCON-2, 105, 566 Delone, Vadim Nikolaevich (1947-1983) - poet, teacher, dissident, 125, 138 Demichev, Petr Nilovich (1917-2010) - Soviet senior Party and State official, 161, 270, 392, 394 Deser, Stanley (born 1931) American physicist, 431 detente, xiv, xxvii, 133-136, 180, 192, 199, 207, 218, 234, 236 Deutsche Welle, 148, 329 DeWitt, Bryce Seligman (1923 2004) - American physicist, 434 Die Veit, 289 Dirk ter Haar, (1919-2002) - English and Dutch physicist, 314 dissident movement, 179 dissidents, xii, xxvii, 45, 124, 129, 136, 148, 166, 168, 194, 198, 249, 259, 260, 268, 270, 271, 284, 286, 328, 329, 334, 368, 395, 565 trials of, xvi, 259, 264, 273, 286, 565 “Disturbing the Universe” (Dyson), 442 Djilas, Milovan (1911-1995) Yugoslav communist politician and dissident, author of The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System (1957), 571 Dmitriev, Nikolai Alexandrovich (1924-2000) - physicist, Sakharov’s co-worker at the Installation, 42 Dobrovolsky,
Alexei Alexandrovich dissident, 125, 574 Dobrynin, Anatoly Fedorovich (1919-2010) - the USSR Ambassador to the U.S. in 1962-1986, 104, 135, 136, 325, 430 “Doctors’ Plot” (1953), xii, 65, 66, 518 Dolgikh, Vladimir Ivanovich (1924-2020) - Soviet senior Party and State official, 270, 392, 394 Dolgy, Vladimir Mikulovich (1929-2016)-philosopher, 502 Domukhovskaya, (Sakharova) M.P. grandmother of Andrei Sakharov, see Sakharova (Domukhovskaya) Maria, 8, 9
602 Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window Dorodnitsyn, Anatoly Alekseevich (1910-1994) - mathematician, co-author of a letter from four academicians condemning Andrei Sakharov (1983), 355 Dostoevsky, Fyodor Mikhailovich (1821-1881) - writer, 228 Drell, Sidney David (1926-2016) American physicist, xvii, 136, 196, 207, 296, 301, 345, 347, 350, 354, 360, 383, 429 Dremin, Igor Mikhailovich (1935-) physicist, OTF FIAN, vii, 372, 577, 579, 580 Dremlyuga, Vladimir Alexandrovich (1940-2015) - Soviet dissident, political prisoner, 138 Dreyfus, Alfred (1859-1935) French army officer, defendant of the “Dreyfus Affair”, 271 dual-decision, 349, 351, 353, 383 Dymshits, Mark Yulievich (19272015) - dissident, refusenik, participant in the “Leningrad airplane case” (1970), 154, 155 Dyson, Freeman (1923-2020) physicist, 442 Dzhemilev, Mustafa Abduldzhemil (1943-) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, one of the leaders of the struggle for the return of the Crimean Tatars to their historical homeland in Crimea, 208, 221, 226, 250-252, 255, 267, 283, 407, 569 earthquake, Armenia, xviii, 444-447 Ecclesiastes, (appr. 450-200 BCE) author of the Hebrew Bible and one of the “Wisdom” books of the Christian Old Testament, 425 Egor (adopted cousin), 12 Ehrenfest, Paul (1880-1933) Austrian-Dutch physicist, 559, 560 Einstein, Albert (1879-1955) physicist, Nobel Laureate in Physics (1921), 118, 119, 433, 498, 534, 551 Eisenhower, Dwight David (18901969) - 34th U.S. President in 1953-1961, 83, 100 Emelyanov, Alexei Mikhailovich (1935-2009) - agricultural economist, People’s
Deputy of the USSR, 471 Ephraim, (Korotkov Evdokim Andreevich) (1694-1778)), abbot of the Sarov monastery, 54, 55 Esenin, Sergei Alexandrovich (1895-1925)-poet, 124 Esenin-Volpin, Alexander Sergeevich (1924-2016) - mathematician, dissident, 124, 148, 568 “Evolution of Sakharov’s views.” (Altshuler B.), 87 expanding Universe, 117, 434, 498, 541,542 Fainberg, Viktor Isaakovich (born in 1931) - philologist, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 164, 173, 423 Fainberg, Vladimir Yakovlevich (1926-2010) - physicist, OTF FIAN, 408 Faithful Ruslan (Vladimov), 53 Farewell to Stalin, film, 82 Fat Man, xxiii, 34, 35, 566, 572
Index Faulkner, William (1897-1962) American writer, 316 Federation of American Scientists (FAS), 214, 273, 431, 567 Fedorchuk, Vitaly Vasilievich (1918-2008) - Chairman of the KGB of the USSR in 1982, Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR in 1982-1986, 300, 301, 342-344 Fefelov, Valery Andreevich (1949-2008) ֊ participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, fighter for the rights of disabled people, author of the book “There are no disabled people in the USSR” (1986), 568 Feigin, Tamara (Tomar) Samoilovna Efrem Yankelevich’s mother, 278, 279 Feinberg, Evgeny Lvovich (1912-2005) - physicist, OTF FIAN, 23, 143, 200, 305, 333, 380, 432 Feoktistova, Ekaterina Alexeevna (1915-1987) - physicist, Sakharov’s co-worker at the Installation, 540 Feshbach, Herman (1917-2000) American physicist, 184, 428 Feynman, Richard (1918-1988) American physicist, 551, 554 FIAN (Lebedev Physics Institute), P.N. Lebedev Physics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of USSR (of the Russian Academy of Sciences after 1991), xi, xii, xiv, xvi, xix, xxii, 11, 19, 22, 23-25, 31,36-39,43, 87, 143, 144, 180, 603 183, 190, 200, 246, 268, 293, 304-310, 333, 340, 362, 372, 379-382, 419, 421, 423, 432, 439, 461, 482, 503-508, 518, 520, 522, 536, 567, 571, 591 Finkelstein, David (1929-2016) physicist, Editor of the International Journal of Theoretical Physics in 1977-2005, 340 First idea, 36, 38 First Main Directorate (PGU) of Atomic Industry, 33, 567 Fock, Vladimir Alexandrovich (1898-1974) - Russian physicist, 552 Fokin, Vitaly Alexeevich (1906-1964) - admiral, DeputyCommander-in-Chief of Soviet Navy
in 1962-1964, 108 Ford, Gerald (1913-2006) - 38th President of the United States in 1974-1977, 256 Foreign Ajfairs, 263, 289, 353, 355, 362, 396, 431,465, 468 Fortov, Vladimir Evgenievich (1946-2020) - physicist, President of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2013-2016, 578, 579 Forum “For a nuclear-free world, for the survival of mankind” (Moscow, February 14-16, 1987), 345, 419, 423, 428,430, 431,463, 500 Fradkin, Efim Samoilovich (1924-1999) - physicist, OTF FIAN, 36, 372-375, 518 France-Presse Agence, 313 France Soir, 266
604 Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window Franco, Francisco (1892-1975) Caudillo of Spain in 1939-1975, 157, 457 Frank, Barney (1940-) - American Congressman in 1981-2013, 411 Frank-Kamenetsky, David Albertovich (1910-1970) theoretical physicist, astrophysicist, participant of the atomic project of the USSR, 40,41,48, 384 Frank-Kamenetsky, Maxim Davidovich (1941-) - biophysicist, 384 Freiman, Grigory Abelevich (1926-) mathematician, participant of the Jewish refuseniks movement in the USSR, 330 Frezotti, Renato - Italian eye surgeon, 216, 228, 277 Friedmann, Alexander Alexandrovich (1888-1925) - physicist, mathematician, founder of modern physical cosmology, 434 Front-line Stalingrad (Nekrasov V.), 172 Fuchs, Klaus (1911-1988) - nuclear physicist, 34 FYKOBIN, radiation accident at the Installation, 42 Fyodorov, Yuri Pavlovich (1943-) participant of the “Leningrad airplane case” (1970), 283, 313 Gabai, Ilya Yankelevich (1935-1973) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 125 Gagarin, Yuri Alekseevich (1934-1968) - the first man in space in 1961, 70, 83 Galanskov, Yuri Timofeevich (1939-1972) - poet, dissident, died in camp, 124, 574 Galich, (Ginzburg) Alexander Arkadievich (1918-1977), poet, screenwriter, playwright, prose writer, songwriter, 182, 200, 204, 207, 222, 223, 228, 320 Gamkrelidze, Tamaz Valerianovich (1929-2021) - Georgian linguist, orientalist, People’s Deputy of the USSR, 466, 468 Gamsakhurdia, Zviad Konstantinovich (1939-1993) President of Georgia in 1991-1992, 266 Garanin Sergei Grigorievich (1958-) physicist, 540 Garbus, Martin
- an American lawyer, 262 Gavrilov, Viktor Yulianovich (19181973) - physicist, Sakharov’s co-worker at the Installation, 40, 42, 43 Gayauskas, Balis (1926-2017) participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 274 Geiko, Olga Dmitrivna (1953-) Mykola Matusevich’s wife, philologist, Ukrainian human rights activist, 264 Georgadze, Mikhail Porfirevich (1912-1982) - Soviet senior Party and State official, 209, 299 Georgia, 327, 448, 466-469
Index Gerstenmaier, Cornelia (1943-) German publicist, author, 446 Gesse, Natalya Viktorovna (Natasha) (1914-1998) - Leningrad friend of Elena Bonner, and then of Andrei Sakharov, 171, 297, 330, 335, 336 Ginzburg, Alexander Ilyich (1936-2002) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, manager of the Solzhenitsyn Foundation, xvi, 36, 47, 124, 255, 264, 265, 271, 273, 274, 287, 562, 570, 573, 574 Ginzburg, Arina Sergeevna - see Zholkovskaya A.S., 573 Ginzburg, Ilya Faivilievich (1934-) physicist, 562 Ginzburg, Vitaly Lazarevich (19162009) - physicist, OTF FIAN, Nobel Laureate in Physics, 2003, 34, 36, 38, 47, 143, 200, 304, 375, 380, 482 Giscard d’Estaing, Valery (1926-2020) - President of France in 1974-1981, 224, 283 Gjotterud, Kristoffer (1931-2001) Norwegian nuclear physicist, human rights defender, 220 Gluzman, Semyon Fishelevich (1946-) - psychiatrist, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 173, 175, 184, 274, 284 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang (17491832) - German writer, poet, 131, 400 Gogol, Nikolai Vasilievich (18091852) - Russian writer, 401 605 Goldstein, Grigory Abramovich (1931-2019) - participant of the Jewish refuseniks movement in the USSR, 148, 246, 247, 268, 273, 305, 314, 568 Golfand, Yuri Abramovich (1922-1994) - physicist, participant of the human rights and of the Jewish refuseniks movements in the USSR, 266, 314, 330, 534 Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich (1931-) - General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU in 1985-1991, President of the USSR in 1989-1991, author of perestroika, vi, xvii, xviii, xxix, xxx, 44, 81, 106, 109,
121, 160, 176, 193, 194, 205, 217, 241, 278, 289, 301, 354, 361, 377, 382-394, 397, 402, 406^110,414-418, 423^131, 435-438, 444-447, 451459, 469-477, 480-492, 505, 507, 511, 522, 528, 538, 566, 567, 571 Gorbanevskaya, Natalya Evgenievna (1936-2013) - poet, dissident, 138, 568 Gorelik, Gennady Efimovich (1948-) historian of science, xxv, 135 Gorky, Maxim (1868-1936) Russian writer, 187, 384 Grassley, Charles (Chuck) (1933-) U.S. Senator since 1981, 341 Grechko, Andrei Antonovich (1903-1976) - Minister of Defense of the USSR in 1967-1976, 192 Grigorenko, Pyotr Grigorievich (1907-1987), major general, a
606 Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window participant of human rights movement in the USSR, 146, 164, 247, 255, 267, 286, 570, 575 Grigoryants, Sergei Ivanovich (1941-) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR and in the Russian Federation, 281, 564 Grischuk, Leonid Petrovich (1941-2012) - physicist, 543 Grishin, Viktor Vasilyevich (1914-1992) - Soviet senior Party and State official, First Secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU in 1967-1985, 205, 270 Grivnina, Irina Vladimirovna (1945) participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 575 Gromyko, Andrei Andreevich (19091989) - Soviet senior Party and State official, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the, USSR in 19571985, 105, 168, 169, 205, 210, 263, 264, 270, 289, 362, 388 GULAG, 82, 249, 405, 567 Gulag Arkhipelago (Solzhenitsyn), xv, 52, 203-205, 207, 573 Gurvits, Leonid ֊ astrophysicist, vii Guseva, Evgeniya - OVIR in Gorky, 398, 399 Gusev, Sergei Ivanovich (1923-) Deputy Prosecutor General of the USSR in 1972-1977, 263, 293 Haig, Alexander (1924-2010) - US Secretary of State under President R. Reagan, 329 Handler, Philip (1917-1981) ֊ American nutritionist, and biochemist, President of the U.S. National Academy of Science in 1969-1981, active Sakharov’s defender, 296 Harkevich, Nina Adrianovna (1907-1999), “Russian Florentine”, doctor, poet, artist, Italian friend of Elena Bonner, 228 Hartle, James - American physicist, 433 Hawking, Stephen (1942-2018) English physicist, xviii, 431—433, 550, 559 Haylo, Vladimir Petrovich - Baptist, Soviet dissident, 273 H-bomb, v, xi, xxiii,
1, 36, 37, 43, 74, 77, 80, 440, 443, 563, 572 Heisenber, Werner (1901-1976), physicist, Nobel Laureate in Physics, 1932, 117 Helsinki Agreements, 257, 265, 568, 570 Helsinki Final Act, 186, 217, 240, 254, 265, 267 Helsinki Groups, 136, 218, 240, 254, 263-265, 284, 570 Hero of Socialist Labor award, xii, xiii, 49,71,78, 80, 98, 183 Herzen, Alexander Ivanovich (1812-1870) - Russian publicist, 125 Het Parool (Dutch newspaper), 131 Hillary, Sir Edmund (1919-2008) the conqueror of Everest, on May 29,1953 (together with Tenzing), 45 Hiroshima, xxii, 31-34, 91, 97,405 Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945) - German dictator, 17, 18, 34, 136, 164, 289
Index Holocaust, 223, 234, 245, 405 Hopkins, Mark - author, 354 House of Political Enlightenment, 471—473 Hugo, Victor Marie (1802-1885) French writer, 445 Humanite, 180 Human Rights Committee, 145, 148, 149, 160-164, 173, 184, 207, 246, 254, 285 hunger strikes - Sakharov’s, xvii, 206-208, 214, 217, 250, 282, 325-338, 361-371, 381-400 Hutter, Adolph - American cardiologist, MD, Massachusetts General Hospital, 403, 519 hydrogen bomb, xxv, 11, 35, 36, 38, 62, 68, 73-75, 96, 99, 131, 137, 175,219, 441,563, 570, 572 Hyland, William G. -, Deputy National Security Advisor to President of the United States Gerald Ford and editor of Foreign Affairs magazine, 427 “I Cannot Keep Silent” (Tolstoy L.), 8 Ilovaiskaya-Alberti Irina Alekseevna (1924-2000), editor-in-chief of the newspaper ‘‘Russian Thought” in 1979-2000, friend of Elena Bonner, 227, 446 Imshennik, Vladimir - physicist, 150 Inertia of Fear (Turchin), 145, 339 Inevitability of Perestroika, The (Sakharov), xviii, 435, 436 Initiative Group for Defense of Human Rights in the USSR, 568 607 Elections (Voters’ Club of the Academy of Science), 461 Protection of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 568 Installation, xii, xxix, 45-52, 56, 57, 59-61, 65, 73-76, 85, 89, 99, 100, 115, 122, 125, 130, 131, 139, 140, 144, 146, 191, 395, 438, 539, 562, 564, 572, 574 Institute of Atomic Energy, 138, 157, 537, 569 intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), 111, 134, 345, 348, 430, 568, 573 intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs), 348, 428 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty), 81, 354, 427, 428, 568 Interregional
Group of People’s Deputies, 483, 569 Iraq, 445 Isaac (Ivan Fedorovich Stepanov) (1670-1737) - Hieromonk, founder of the Sarov monastery, 121 Israel, xii, xiv, xxix, 73, 76, 159, 166-169, 184, 187, 188, 191, 194, 223, 245, 246, 279, 280, 287, 340, 414, 415, 564 Italy, xix, 198, 206, 214, 217, 219, 220, 222, 227, 267, 275, 277- 279, 356, 366, 391, 392, 399, 403, 422, 463, 464, 495 Izraileva, Revekka - Sakharov’s co-worker at the Installation, 40, 42 Izvestia, 226, 298, 303, 326, 355, 358, 359, 474, 479, 501
608 Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window Jackson, Henry (1912-1983) - US Congressman in 1941-1953, and Senator in 1953-1983, 167, 187 Jackson-Vanik Amendment, xiv, xv, 182, 186-188, 206, 208, 210, 219, 240 John Paul II (Karol Jozef Wojtyla) (1920-2005) - Pope in 1978-2005, xv, 225, 227, 463, 464 Johnson, Lyndon (1908-1973) 36th US President in 1963-1969, 135 Jones, David Charles (1921-2013) U.S. Air Force general, ninth chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 427 Juliana, Louise Emma Marie Wilhelmina (1909-2004) - Queen of the Netherlands in 1948-1980, 214 Kadomtsev, Boris Borisovich (19281998) - physicist, 314 Kaganovich, Lazar Moiseevich (1893-1991) - one of the leaders of the USSR, 70, 82 Kaipbergenov, Tulepbergen Kaipbergenovich (1929-2010) writer, People’s Deputy of the USSR, 477, 478 Kalistratova, Sofia Vasilievna (19071989) - lawyer, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 240, 260, 286, 381, 570 Kampelman, Max (1920-2013) American diplomat, 313 Kandyba, Ivan (1930-2002) participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 264 Kapchinsky, Ilya Mikhailovich (1919-1993) - physicist, classmate of Andrei Sakharov in the Moscow University, 18 Kapitonov, Ivan Vasilievich (1915-2002) - Soviet senior Party and State official, 392, 394 Kapitsa, Peter Leonidovich (1894-1984) - physicist, 123, 314, 346 Kaplun, Irina Moiseevna (1950-1980) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 295, 575 Kaplun, Olya - 6-year-old Irina Kaplun’s niece, who died with her in 1980 in car accident, 295 Karel van het Reve, (1921-1999) see van het Reve,
Karel, 130 Karmai, Babrak (1929-1996) Afghan leader, 288 Katukova - judge, 155 Katushev, Konstantin Fedorovich (1927-2010) - Soviet senior Party and State official, 205 Katyn, 405 Kazakova, Tursun Dzhomoboevna teacher, People’s Deputy of the USSR, 480 Keldysh, Leonid Veniaminovich (1831-2016) - physicist, OTF FIAN, 506 Keldysh, Mstislav Vsevolodovich (1911-1978) - mathematician, one of the principle creators of the Soviet space program, President of
Index the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1961-1975, 143, 150, 182, 184 Kennan Institute of the Advanced Russian Studies, 444 Kennedy, Edward (Ted) (1932-2009) U.S. Senator in 1962-2009, 341 Kennedy, John (1917-1963) - 35th President of the United States in 1961-1963, 89, 94, 104, 105, 107 Kennedy, Robert (1925-1968) American statesman and politician, U.S. Senator in 1965-1968, 104 Kevin, Klose - American journalist, 344 Khariton, Yuli Borisovich (1904-1996) - physicist, scientific director of the nuclear center “Arzamas-16” (Installation) in 1945-1996, 33, 36, 37, 40, 47, 48, 56, 67, 70, 73, 76-78, 85, 91, 95, 98, 131, 134, 313, 438 Khaustov, Viktor Aleksandrovich (1938-) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 125, 184, 197, 198,208 Khnokh, Arie-Leib Gershovich (1944-) - participant of the Leningrad airplane case, 287 Khodorovich, Sergei Dmitrievich (1940-) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, manager of the Solzhenitsyn Foundation, 330, 355, 357, 407, 573 Khodorovich, Tatyana Sergeevna (1921-2015), participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, including assistance to 609 political prisoners and their families, 184, 190, 568 Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich (1894-1971) - leader of the USSR in 1958-1964, xiii, 44, 58, 66, 67, 70, 81-89, 92-100, 103-107, 121-123, 135, 168, 193, 217, 218, 280, 428, 575 Khusainov, Feyzulla (1941-) participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, fighter for the rights of disabled people, 568 Kirilenko, Andrei Pavlovich (1906-1990) - Soviet senior Party and State official, 205 Kirillov, Vladimir
Akexeevich People’s Deputy of the USSR, 472 Kirkpatrick, Jeane (1926-2006) Legend of American and World Politics, 427, 428 Kirovabad, 438 Kirzhnits, David Abramovich (1926-1998) - physicist, OTF FIAN, 549 Kiselev, Yuri Ivanovich (1932-1995) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR and in the Russian Federation, defender of the rights of persons with disabilities, 568 Kissinger, Henry (1923-) - American politician, U.S. Secretary of State under the presidential administrations of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, 86, 135, 186-188, 210, 256, 427, 428 Kistyakovsky, Andrei Andreevich (1936-1987) - translator, human
610 Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window rights activist, manager of the Solzhenitsyn Foundation, 573 Kitrosskaya-Meiman, Inna Ilyinichna (1932-1987) - activist of the refuseniks movement, a member of a group of refuseniks - cancer patients, wife of Naum Meiman, 381 Kline, Carole - daughter of Ed and Jill Kline, 428 Kline, Edward (Ed) (1932-2017) and his wife Kline Jill (1930-) American friends of Andrei Sakharov and Elena Bonner, 228, 428,429, 445,514 Kochetov, Konstantin Alekseevich (1932-) - General of the Army, First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR in 1989, head of the operation to disperse the rally in Tbilisi on April 9, 1989, 469 Kokabee, Omid (1982-) - Iranian physicist, prisoner of conscience for refuse to work on military projects, was released in August 2016, winner of the Andrei Sakharov Prize of the American Physical Society of 2014, 564 Kołakowski, Leszek (1927-2009) Polish philosopher, xxvi, xxvii Kolesnikov, G.P. - the senior assistant to the prosecutor of the Gorky region, 363, 365 Kolokoltsev, Vladimir Aleksandrovich (1961-) - Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation since 2012, 527 Kontinent, 346, 446 Kopeleva-Grabar, Elena Lvovna friend of Elena Bonner, 402 Kopelev, Lev Zinovievich (19121997) - writer, dissident, xxv, 200, 222, 247, 248, 305, 308 Korchak, Alexander Alexeevich (1922-2013) - physicist, sociologist, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 570 Korean War, 35 Koryagin, Anatoly Ivanovich (1938-) psychiatrist, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 575 Kostava, Merab Ivanovich
(19391989) - dissident, was repressed, later the national hero of Georgia, 266, 327, 346, 407 Kosterin, Alexei - see SmirnovKosterin, 358, 407 Kosygin, Alexey Nikolaevich (19041984) - Soviet senior Party and State official, Prime Minister of the USSR in 1964-1980, 134, 149, 160, 161, 173, 183, 221 Kotelnikov, Vladimir Alexandrovich (1908-2005) - Vice-President of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 462 Koval, Bela Khasanovna (1939-) friend of Elena Bonner and Andrei Sakharov, Director of the Sakharov Archive in Moscow since its foundation in 1994, vii, 155, 156 Kovalev, Ivan Sergeevich (1954֊) participant of the human rights
Index movement in the USSR, son of Sergei Kovalev, husband of Tatyana Osipova, 407, 570 Kovalev, Sergei Adamovich (1930-2021) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR and in the Russian Federation, 150, 151, 186, 206, 211, 221, 226, 228-230, 255, 256, 262, 274, 313, 346, 424, 568 Kozlov, Boris - Sakharov’s co-worker at the Installation, 99 Kozlov, Frol Roanovich (1908-1965) - Soviet senior Party and State official, 105 Krasin, Viktor Alexandrovich (1929-2017) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 568 Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star)m, 192, 195, 465 Krasnov-Levitin, Anatoly Emmanuilovich (1915-1991) writer-memoirist, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 162, 163, 568 Kreisky, Bruno (1911-1990) Austrian Chancellor in 1970-1983, 256 Krimski, George - Associated Press correspondent, 263 Kristi, Irina Grigorievna (1937-) mathematician, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, friend of the Sakharovs, 365, 366 Krupnikov, Konstantin Konstantinovich (1922-2008) physicist, participant of Atomic 611 Project of the USSR, xxiii, 35 Kudirka, Simas (1930-) - a seaman of the USSR merchant fleet who made an unsuccessful attempt to stay in the USA in 1970, xiv, 177, 182, 185, 186 Kukobaka, Mikhail Ignatievich (born 1936) - Soviet dissident, writer, 284 Kulakov, Fedor Davydovich (1918-1978) - Soviet senior Party and State official, 270 Kun, Bela (1886-1938), founder of the Hungarian Communist Party, leader of the Comintern, 440 Kunin, Pyotr Efimovich (1921-1976) physicist, Sakharov’s classmate at the Moscow University and postgraduate
mate at FIAN, 23, 246 Kurchatov, Igor Vasilievich (1903-1960) - physicist, head of the Soviet atomic project in 1942-1960, 33, 47, 70, 90, 157, 537,569 Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy (former LIPAN), see Institute of Atomic Energy, 57, 58, 537, 569 Kurds, 445, 500 Kushchev, Evgeny Igorevich (19471995) - writer and dissident, 125 Kuznetsov, Eduard Samuilovich (1939-) - dissident, refusenik, participant in the “Leningrad airplane case”, 154, 155, 158, 176, 185, 196, 267, 287, 385 Kuznetsov, Vasily Vasilievich (19011990) - Soviet senior Party and State official, 270, 292
612 Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window Lamb shift, 26 Lamb, Willis (1913-2008) physicist, Nobel Laureate in Physics, 1955, 26 Landa, Malva Noevna (1918-2019) participant of the human rights move ment in the USSR, xvi, 229,257, 258,266,288, 307, 308, 346, 570 Landau, Lev Davidovich (1908-1968) - physicist, 331 Lashchiver, Asya Abramovna (1940-) participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 574 Lashkova, Vera Iosifovna (1944-) participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 125, 163, 357, 574 Lavrentiev, Oleg Alexandrovich (1926-2011) - physicist, sailor in the Pacific Fleet, 56, 57 Lavut, Alexander Pavlovich (19292013) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 251, 313, 568 Lebedev Physics Institute, see FIAN, 143, 508, 567, 591 Lebedev, Pyotr Nikolaevich (1866-1912) - Russian physicist, 11,23,43, 535 Lebowitz, Joel (1930-) - American physicist and mathematician, former prisoner of Auschwitz, Co-Chair of the Committee of Concerned Scientists, vii, 141, 340, 341 Lefortovo - KGB pre-trial investigation jail in Moscow, 240, 385, 574 Lemaitre, Georges Henri Joseph Édouard (1894-1966) - astrophysicist, 434 Leningrad airplane case, 149, 154, 185 Lenin, (Ulyanov) Vladimir Ilyich (1870-1924) - revolutionary, leader of the communist revolution in Russia in 1917, xxvii, 55, 135, 168, 183, 217, 298, 440, 565 Leontovich, Mikhail Alexandrovich (1903-1981) - physicist, 57, 123, 125 Lermontov, Mikhail (1814-1941) Russian poet, 463 Lerner, Alexander Yakovlevich (1913-2004) - cyberneticist, participant of the Jewish refuseniks movement in the
USSR, 166, 330 Lert, Raisa Borisovna (1906-1985) journalist, human rights activist, 314 Levich, Evgeny Beniaminovich (1948-) - active participant of the Jewish refuseniks movement, son of scientists-refusenik Benjamin Levich, 178 Levin, Mikhail Lvovich (Misha) (1921-1992) - physicist, classmate and friend of Andrei Sakharov, 413 Levin, Natalya (Natasha) - Mikhail Levin’s wife, 413 Levitin, Lev Borisovich - physicist, classmate of Boris Altshuler in the Moscow University, 340 Levshina, Olga - first wife of Alexei Semyonov and mother of their daughter Katya, 280
Index Liberman (Sakharova), М.М. granddaughter of Andrei Sakharov, see Sakharova (Liberman) Marina, vii, 369 Lifshits, Evgeny Mikhailovich (1915-1985)-physicist, 331, 541 Likhachev, Dmitri Sergeevich (1906-1999) - philologist, culturologist, art critic, People’s Deputy of the USSR, 460 Linde, Andrei Dmitrievich (1948-) physicist, FIAN, 379, 547 Lionaes, Aase (1907-1999) President of the Norwegian Nobel Committee in 1968-1978, 220, 229 Lipkin, Harry (1921-2015) - Israeli physicist, an active participant in the movement in defense of repressed Soviet scientists, 333 Lisovskaya, Nina Petrovna (1917-2007) - biologist, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, including assistance to political prisoners and their families, 574 Literaturnaya Gazeta, 178, 179, 259 Litinsky, Leonid Borisovich (1948-) physicist, friend of Andrei Sakharov and Elena Bonner, 396, 562 Litvinov, Pavel Mikhailovich (1940-) - physicist, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 125, 138 Liu Yan (1970-) - Chinese dissident, participant of the 1989 protest in Tiananmen Square, 483 613 Livchak, Vera Fedorovna (1904— 1995) - child physician, friend of Andrei Sakharov and Elena Bonner, 215 Liza’s hunger strike, xvii, 325, 330, 338 Louis, Victor Evgenievich (1928-1992) - English and Soviet journalist, closely associated with the KGB, 258, 260 Lourie, Richard (1940-) - American journalist, translator and author, vii, 330 Loznitsa, Sergey Vladimirovich (1964-) ֊ film director, 82 Lubarsky, Cronid Arkadievich (1934-1996) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 175, 210, 566,
570 Ludaev, Robert - Sakharov’s co-worker at the Installation, 60 Lukyanenko, Levko Grigorevich (1928-2018) - Ukrainian dissident and human rights activist, 264 Lukyanov, Anatoly Ivanovich (1930-2019), Soviet and Russian statesman, Gorbachev associate in perestroika, member of the GKChP (August, 1991), xix, 471, 472, 480, 485,489, 491,505 Lumelsky, Vladimir Yakovlevich cyberneticist, friend of Elena Bonner and Andrei Sakharov, 175 Lungren, Daniel - US Congressman 1979-1989,411 Lunin, Mikhail Sergeevich (17871845) - Russian officer, Decembrist, 415, 416
614 Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window Lupynos, Anatoly Ivanovich (1937-) Ukrainian poet, dissident, 162, 172 Lusia, see Bonner Elena (Lusia), xiv, xv, 150-158, 169, 170, 172, 175, 176, 294-297, 302, 303, 311, 312, 316-320, 328, 329, 344, 345, 359, 360, 376, 388, 389, 391, 397, 400, 403, 404, 407, 410-417, 419, 421423, 427, 428, 431, 432, 435, 445449, 461, 463, 466-468, 482-484, 496, 497 Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich (18981976) - agronomist, biologist, 47, 87, 122, 123, 147 MAD (mutual assured distruction), 40, 443, 569 magnetic cumulation (MK), xii, 58, 59, 539, 540, 571 magnetic thermonuclear reactor (MTR), xii, 56-58, 536, 537, 571 Makarov, Dmitri Alexeevich (1982֊) participant of the human rights movement in the Russian Federation, 570 Makeeva, Valeria Zoroastrovna (1929-2007) - Soviet dissident, participant in religious samizdat, 283 Makhnev. Vasili Alexeevich (1904-1965) - one of the chiefs of the Soviet Atomic Project, 57 Malenkov, Georgy Maximilianovich (1901-1988) - leader of the USSR in 1953-1955, 44, 67, 68, 70, 82 Malinovsky, Rodion Yakovlevich (1898-1967) - Soviet military leader, 98, 105 Maltsev, Yuri Vladimirovich (1932-) writer, translator, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 568 Malyarov, Mikhail Petrovich (1909-1984) - First Deputy Prosecutor General of the USSR in 1964-1976, 179, 293 Malyshev, Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich (1902-1957) Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1947-1956), Head of the USSR atomic project in 1953-1955, 67, 68, 70 Mamut, Musa (1931-1978) Crimean Tatar activist, committed self-
immolation when the police came to demolish his house in Crimea, 165, 274 Mandelbaum, Michael (1946-) - expert in American foreign policy, 427 Mandelshtam, Leonid Isaakovich (1879-1944) - physicist, 432 Manhattan Project, 34, 74, 75, 441, 567, 569 Mao Zedong, (1893-1976) - leader of communist China, xxvii Marchenko, Anatoly Tikhonovich, (1938-1986) - writer, dissident, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, died in Chistopol prison, xviii, 166-168, 221, 313, 317, 325, 346, 407, 410, 414, 416, 423, 570 Marchenko, Pavel (Pavlik) - son of Anatoly Marchenko and Larisa Bogoraz, 416
Index Marchuk, Guri Ivanovich (1925-2013) - mathematician, physicist, President of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1986-1991, 418, 462 Marinicheva, Larisa Leonidovna doctor of the Semashko regional hospital in Gorky, head of the female Sakharov force-feeding team, 367 Marinovich, Miroslav (1949-) Ukrainian human rights activist, 264 Masters, Dexter - American writer, author of The Accident, 42 Mathias, Charles (1922-2010) American politician and attorney, 427 Matlock, Jr. Jack E (1939-) - U.S. Ambassador to the USSR in 1987-1991, 467 Matusevich, Mykola Ivanovich (1946-) - Ukrainian human rights activist, 264 Matusevich, Olga - see Geiko Olga, 264 Maximov, Vladimir Emelyanovich (1930-1995) - writer, dissident, 199, 200, 222, 228 Maxwell James Clerk (1831-1879) ֊ English physicist, 11,12 McCloy, John (1895-1989) American statesman, special assistant of the U.S. President (1961), 95 McNamara, Robert (1916-2009) US Secretary of Defense in 19611968, 106 615 Meany, George (1894-1980) American labor union leader, president of AFL-CIO in 19551979, 268 Medvedev, Roy Alexandrovich (1925-) - publicist, historian, dissident, xiv, 145, 147, 159 Medvedev, Vadim Andreevich (1929-) - Soviet senior Party and State official, 388 Medvedev, Zhores Alexandrovich (1925-2018) - biologist, dissident, xiv, 145, 147, 164 Meiman, Inna Ilyinichna - see Kitrosskaya-Meiman LI., 381 Meiman, Naum Natanovich (1911-2001) - physicist, Jewish refusenik, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 266, 267, 330, 341, 381, 570 Memoirs (Sakharov), xvi, 276, 315-322, 496 Memorial, Society, 322, 336, 497
Mendelevich, Iosif Mozusovich (1947-) - Jewish refusenik, participant in the “Leningrad airplane case”, 283 Meshko, Oksana Yakovlevna (1905-1991) - Ukrainian human rights activist, 264 Mezhirov, Alexander Petrovich (1923-2009)-poet, 199 Michel, Louis (1923-1999) - French physicist and mathematician, 330 Migdal, Arkady Beinusovich (1911-1991) - physicist, 332, 536 Mikhoels, Solomon Mikhailovich (1890-1948) - actor and theater
616 Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window director, killed on the Stalin’s order, 181 Mikoyan, Anastas Ivanovich (1985-1978) - Soviet senior Party and State official, member of the Politburo during 31 years, in 1935-1966, 103, 105 Miletitch, Nicolas - French correspondent in Moscow in 19781981,281,564 military-industrial complex, xiii, xxvii, 81, 85, 87, 136, 193, 218 Miller, Larisa Emelyanovna (1940-) poet, wife of Boris Altshuler, vii, 295, 338 MIRVs - multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles, 219, 347, 348, 571 Misner, Charles W. (1932-) American physicist, 551 missile defense systems, 132, 134, 135,219 A-35 missile defense system of the USSR, 134 SDI space missile defense of the U.S.A., 573 Mitterrand, Daniel - wife of F. Mitterrand, 445 Mitterrand, François (1916-1996) President of France in 1981-1995, 445 MK-1 system, 58-60, 539, 540 MK-2 system, 58, 59, 539-541 Mnyukh, Yuri Vladimirovich (1926-) physicist, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 570 Mohammadi, Narges (1972-) Iranian physicist and engineer, journalist, human rights defender, in spite of plural arrests and imprisonments she continues the struggle for human rights in Iran, winner of the Andrei Sakharov Prize of the American Physical Society, 564 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 17 Molotov, (Skriabin) Vyacheslav Mikhailovich (1890-1986) - one of the senior leaders of the USSR, 15-17, 55, 70, 82 Morozova, Varvara Alekseevna (1848-1917) - Russian entrepreneur, philanthropist and patron of the arts, 9 Morozov, Georgi Vasilievich (19202012) - psychiatrist, Director of the
Serbsky Institute of Forensic Psychiatry in 1957-1990, one of the leading Soviet figures in using psychiatry for political purposes, 162 Moroz, Valentin Yakovlevich (1936-) Ukrainian dissident, political prisoner, 208, 287 Moscow and Beyond (Sakharov), 301, 421, 425-427, 431, 434, 435, 438, 440, 443, 446, 447, 450, 496 Moscow Helsinki Group, xxii, 146, 250, 254, 264, 266, 267, 270, 273, 274, 446, 525, 564, 570, 591 Moscow Limited Test Ban Treaty, 87, 91,98 Moscow News, 436, 512 Moscow panic, 16
Index Moscow subway, terrorist attack, xvi, 257, 259, 260, 493 Moscow Tribune, 447, 571 Moscow University, xi, 11, 15, 16, 93 Moshnin, Prokhor - see Saint Seraphim of Sarov, 55 Moskovskie Novosti (Moscow News), 436, 512 MTR (magnetic thermonuclear reactor), 57, 537, 571 Mukhamedyarov, Roald Gashimovich (1934-1999), 301, 302 Mukhanov, Viatcheslav Fedorovich (1956-) - physicist, 543 Mulenkova, Evdokia Ivanovna (Dunya) (1924-2006) - nanny in Altshulers family in 1947-1951, 52 Murashov, Arkady Nikolaevich (1957-) - People’s Deputy of the USSR, Russian politician, 504 Murzhenko, Alexei Grigorievich (1942-1999) - dissident, refusenik, participant in the “Leningrad airplane case” (1970), 210, 283, 313, 566 “My Country and the World” (Sakharov), 87, 137, 160, 218-222 My Testimony (Marchenko), 346, 415 Nadson, Semyon Yakovlevich (1862-1887) - Russian poet, 228 Nagorno-Karabakh, xviii, 445-^147 NATO, 192, 194, 195, 348-351, 353, 383, 428, 571 Nedelin, Mitrofan Ivanovich (1902-1960) - Soviet military leader, xii, 77-79, 219, 350, 431 617 Negin, Evgeny Arkadievich (1921-1998) - Sakharov’s co-worker at the Installation, 41 Nekipelov, Viktor Alexandrovich (1928-1989) - poet, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 208, 288, 302, 308, 407, 570 Nekrasov, Nikolay Alekseevich (1821-1877) - Russian poet, 228 Nekrasov, Viktor Platonovich (1911-1987) - writer, dissident, author of Front-line Stalingrad, 172, 200, 207, 228 Neruda, Pablo (1904-1973) - Chilean poet, communist, 182 Newsweek, 266, 358 New York Times, 42, 130, 131, 289, 290, 344, 345 Nicholas II, Alexandrovich
(1868-1918) - All-Russian Emperor in 1894-1917, 55 Niklus, Mart (1934-) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 407 Nikolsky, Boris Vasilievich (1937-2007) - Second Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia in 1984-1989, 467 Nikolsky, Sergei Ivanovich physicist, acting Director of FIAN in the days of Sakharov’s deportation from Moscow, in January-March 1980, 304 Nikonov, Viktor Petrovich (1929-1993) - Soviet senior Party and State official, 392
618 Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window Nixon, Richard (1913-1994) - 37th President of the United States in 1969-1974, 83, 135, 136, 185, 187, 191, 207 Nobel Peace Prize, v, xi, xxv, 1, 211, 219, 220, 222, 225-227, 232, 250, 279, 367 nomenklatura, 66, 241, 301, 571 Novyi Mir, 517 nuclear power plant, xviii, 195, 446, 450, 565 Nudel, Ida Yakovlevna (1931-2021) Jewish refuseniks movement activist, refused in exit to Israel from 1971 to 1987, 166 Nuzhdin, Nikolay Ivanovich (1904-1972) - biologist, Trofim Lysenko’s ally, 122 Obukhova, Ariadne - cardiologist at the hospital Semashko, O.A. Obukhov’s wife, 412 Obukhov, Oleg Alexandrovich (1923-2016) - chief physician of the Semashko regional hospital in Gorky, 371, 389, 397,412 Ogonyok, 498 OGPU, 56, 569, 571 Okudzhava, Bulat Shalvovich (1924-1997) - poet, writer, composer, songwriter, 446 Olsufieva-Michaelles, Maria Vasilievna (1907-1988) - “Russian Florentine”, translator of Russian literature into Italian, friend of Elena Bonner, 219, 228 Oppenheimer, Robert (1904-1967) American nuclear physicist, 32, 91, 438, 441^143 Orlova-Kopeleva, Raisa Davydovna (1918-1989) - writer, philologist, wife of Lev Kopelev, xxv Orlov, Yuri Fedorovich (1924-2020) participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, founder of the Moscow Helsinki Group (1976), xvi, 254, 255, 258, 264-274, 283, 309, 341, 346, 407, 446, 564, 570, 574 Osipova, Tatyana Semyonovna (1949-) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, wife of Ivan Koyalev, 132, 313, 346, 354, 407, 570 Osipov, Vladimir Nikolaevich (1938-2020) - Soviet dissident,
221 OVIR, 268, 277, 336, 362, 396, 398-401, 411, 571 package principle (in arms negotiations), 418, 422, 427, 430, 431 Pagels, Heinz R. (1939-1988) American physicist, author of the popular science books, member of the International League for Human Rights, trustee of the Helsinki Watch, 591 Pariyskaya, Lidia Viktorovna (1904-1987) - engineer-calculator in Igor Tamm’s Special Group at FIAN, worked with Sakharov, 39 Pasternak, Boris Leonidovich (1890-1960) - poet, xxv, 248 Patiashvili, Dzhumber Ilyich (1939-) - First Secretary of the Central Committee of the
Index 619 Communist Party of Georgia from 1985 to April, 1989, 467-470 Pauling, Linus (1901-1994) American chemist, laureate of two Nobel Prizes: in chemistry (1954) and the Peace Prize (1962), as well as the International Lenin Prize “For Strengthening the Peace Between Nations” (1970), 313, 325, 388 Paustovsky, Konstantin Georgievich (1992-1968) - writer, 123 Pavlovsky, Alexander Ivanovich (1927-1993) - physicist, Sakharov’s co-worker at the Installation, 50, 59, 62, 539, 540 Pavlov, Valentin Sergeevich (1937-2003) - Soviet statesman, Minister of Finance of the USSR in the era of perestroika, 456 “Peace, Progress, and Human Rights” (Sakharov, Nobel Lecture), 405 Pechuro, Evgeniya Emmanuilovna (1913-2002) - veteran of the WWII, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, including assistance to political prisoners and their families, 314, 574 Pecker, Jean-Claude (1923-2020) French astronomer, 330 Peebles, James (1935-) - physicist, Nobel Laureate in Physics (2019), 543 Pelshe, Arvid Yanovich (1899-1983) - Soviet senior Party and State official, 133, 270 Penson, Boris - participant of the “Leningrad airplane case”, 287 Penzias, Arno (1933-) - American physicist, radio astronomer, Nobel Laureate in Physics (1978), 533 People’s Deputies, xix, xxx, 54, 503-505, 511, 523, 524, 528, 566, 569 Perelygin, A.Z. - prosecutor in Gorky, 364 perestroika, vi, xv, xvii, xviii, xxix, 109, 160, 176, 181, 193, 239, 241, 301, 566, 567 Pervukhin, Mikhail Georgievich (1904-1978) - Soviet senior Party and State official, 82 Peterson, Peter G. (1926-2018) American billionaire and expert
in foreign policy, chairman of the nonprofit Council on Foreign Relations from 1985 to 2007, 427 Petkus, Viktoras (1929-2012) participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 229 Petrakov, Nikolay Yakovlevich (1937-2014) - economist, People’s Deputy of the USSR, 471 Petrenko-Podyapolskaya, Maria Gavrilovna (1922-2011) - friend of Andrei Sakharov and Elena Bonner, wife of Grigory Podyapolsky, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 305, 308, 367, 379-381, 402 Petrovsky, Boris Vasilievich (1908-2004) - surgeon, Minister of the Health Care of the USSR in 1965-1980, 161
620 Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window Petrov, Stanislav Evgrafovich (1939-2017) - Soviet officer who prevented nuclear war on September 26, 1983, 111-113 Pimenov, Revolt Ivanovich (1931-1990) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, xiv, 149-154 Pimenov, Vilya - wife of Revolt Pimenov, 150 Pinochet, Augusto (1915-2006) Chilean statesman and military leader, came to power in a military coup in 1973, President of Chile until 1990, 258 Pirogov, Sergei - Soviet dissident, 208 Pirozhkov, Vladimir Petrovich (1924-2009) - Deputy Chairman of the KGB of the USSR in 1971-1991, 163 Plisetskaya, Maya Mikhailovna (1925-2015)-ballerina, 123 Plushchev, Yuri - Sakharov’s co-worker at the Installation, 60 Plutarch, (AD 46-after AD 119) - a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi, 6 Plyushch, Leonid Ivanovich (1938-2015) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 178, 207, 569 Podgorny, Nikolai Viktorovich (1903-1983) - Soviet senior Party and State official, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1965-1977, 133, 157, 160, 161, 173, 205, 209 Podrabinek, Alexander Pinkhosovich (953-) - MD, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, founder of the Working Commission on the Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes, 267, 274, 575 Podyapolskaya-Dymkina, Anastasia Grigorievna (Nastya) - daughter of Grigory Podyapolsky and Maria Petrenko-Podyapolskaya, 295 Podyapolskaya, Maria - see PetrenkoPodyapolskaya Maria, 305, 308, 367,
379-381,402 Podyapolsky, Grigory Sergeevich (1926-1976) - poet, geophysicist, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 148, 246, 247, 568 Paiski, 283, 572 Political Prisoners Day, 210, 566 Pomeranchuk, Isaak Yakovlevich (1913-1966) - physicist, 536 Pomerants, Grigory Solomonovich (1918-2013) - writer, philosopher, dissident, 305 Ponomarev, Boris Nikolaevich (1905-1995) - Soviet senior Party and State official, 105, 270 Ponomarev, Lev Alexandrovich (1941-) - Russian political and public figure, human rights activist, one of the founders of Memorial, 520 Popov, Gavriil Kharitonovich (1936-) - People’s Deputy of
Index the USSR, Mayor of Moscow in 1991-1992, 460, 471, 473, 569 Powers, Francis Gary (1929-1977) American Pilot shot down over the USSR on May 1, 1960, 84 Prague Spring, xiv, 130, 137, 138 Pravda, 181, 192, 226, 266, 289, 355, 500 Primakov, Evgeny Maximovich (1929-2015) - Soviet and Russian statesman, 520 Princeton University, 140, 141, 340 Pripstein, Morris (Moshe) (1935-) American physicist, longtime employee of the Berkeley Lawrence Laboratory, cofounder of the SOS Committee, winner of the Andrei Sakharov Prize of the American Physical Society of 2010, 564 Prison Dairies (Kuznetsov E.), 155 Prisoners Aid Fund, 357, 573 prisoners of conscious, 222, 235, 262, 273, 427 Prokhorov, Alexander Mikhailovich (1916-2002) - experimental physi cist, Nobel Laureate in Physics (1964), co-author of a letter from four academicians condemning Andrei Sakharov (1983), 355 Propp, Vladimir Yakovlevich (1895-1970) - scientist, philologist-folklorist, 76 Protopopov, A.N. - Sakharov’s co-worker at the cartridge factory during the WWII, 20 psychiatric repressions, xiv, 145 621 Pugwash Conference, 221, 342-345, 496, 530 Pushkin, Alexander Sergeevich (1799-1837) - poet, xxv, 124, 170, 316, 321,496 Pushkin square (Pushkin monument) demonstration, 124, 125, 163, 175, 226, 256, 257, 395 Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich (1952-) - President of the Russian Federation in 2000-2008. and from 2012 to the present time (2022), viii, ix, 459, 492, 493, 503, 525-527 quantum, xviii, xxi, xxii, 26, 535, 542֊ 544, 548, 550, 551, 553, 555, 557, 560 field theory, xxii, 26, 119, 551 fluctuations, 119, 542, 543, 550
Gravity, xviii, 431, 434 mechanical effects, xxi, 535 mechanics, 432, 433, 543 vacuum, 26, 119, 120, 543, 548, 550, 551 Rabinovich, Matvei Samsonovich (1919-1982) - physicist, Sakharov’s postgraduate mate at FIAN, 23, 43, 560 Radzinsky, Eduard Stanislavovich (1936-) - writer, 415 Raikovskaya, Nadezhda Nikolaevna (1865-1950) - younger sister of Sakharov’s grandfather Ivan Sakharov, 7
622 Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window Rapoport, Natalya Yakovlevna chemist, specialist in bioengineering, writer, 518 Rapoport, Yakov Lvovich (18981996) - medical scientist, pathologist, memoirist, victim of “Doctors’ Plot”, 518, 520 Reagan, Ronald (1911-2004) - 40th President of the United States in 1981-1989, 335, 353, 383, 384, 408, 428^130, 439, 538, 573 Reddaway, Peter (1939-) - BritishAmerican political scientist and historian, founder and director of the Alexander Herzen Foundation, 444 Red Square, xiv, xviii, 137, 138, 354, 435, 436, 529 demonstration (1968), 137 German amateur pilot, landing (1987), xviii, 435 Roñal Reagan, on (1988), 354 “Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence, and Intellectual Freedom” (Sakharov), xiii, 87, 129 refuseniks, xxix, 166, 198, 266, 334 Regelson, Lev Lvovich (1939-) religious dissident and publicist, 224, 225 Regel, Vadim Robertovich (19172004) - physicis, 332 Rekunkov, Alexander Mikhailovich (1920-1996) - General Prosecutor of the USSR in 1981-1988, 275, 293, 294, 326, 342, 362 Remarque, Erich Maria (1898-1970) German novelist, 389 Reznik, Genry Markovich - attorney, human rights activist in Russian Federation, 525 Rigerman, Leonid (1940-) dissident, 157 Rilke, Rainer-Maria (1875-1926) poet, 249 Ritus, Vladimir Ivanovich (1927-) physicist, OTF FIAN, 578, 579 Robertson, Howard P. (1903-1961) physicist, cosmologist, 434 Rocard, Michel (1930-2016) - Prime Minister of France in 1988-1991, 445 Rockefeller, David (1915-2017) American billionaire, 83 Rodionov, Igor Nikolaevich (1936-2014) - Lieutenant General,
Commander of the Transcaucasian Military District - Military Commandant of Tbilisi in 1988-1989, supervised a special operation to disperse a demonstration in Tbilsi on April 9, 1989, 468, 469 Roginsky, Arseny Borisovich (1946-2017) - Soviet and Russian historian and human rights activist, one of the founders of the “Memorial” society, 322, 323 Roginsky, Dmitri Isaakovich (Dan) physicist, classmate of Boris Altshuler in the Moscow University, 340 Romanov, P. - Head of the Main Department for the Protection of State Secrets in the Press under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, 144
Index Romanov, Yuri Alexandrovich (19262010) - physicist, Sakharov’ co-worker in Special Group at FIAN and at the Installation, 36, 45 Roosevelt, Franklin D. (1982-1945) 32nd President of the U.S. in 1933-1945, 136 Rosenzweig, Anatoly - translator, friend of Boris Altshuler and Larisa Miller, vii Rostropovich, Mstislav Vsevolodovich (1927-2007) cellist, conductor, public figure, 175 Rost, Yuri Mikhailovich photographer, journalist, writer, actor, 170, 220, 421, 423, 449 Rozenshtein (Alma Ata factory operator sentenced to death), 492 Rozhnov, Vladimir Evgenievich (1918-1998) - psychiatrist, leading specialist in the use of hypnosis for therapeutic purposes, Honored Scientist of the RSFSR, 367 Rubakov, Valery Anatolievich (1955-) - physicist, vii, 544 Ruban, Pyotr Vasilovich (1940-2011) Ukrainian artist, dissident, 196 Rubin, Vitaly Aronovich (1923-1981) poet, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, Jewish refusenik, 570 Rubtsov, Vladimir - friend of Efrem Yankelevich, 279 Rudenko, Mykola Danilovich (1920-2004) - Ukrainian poet, writer, advocate, participant of the 623 human rights movement in the USSR, 264, 266 Rudenko, Raisa (1940-2020) Ukrainian human rights activist, Mykola Rudenko’s wife, 264 Rudenko, Roman Andreevich (1907-1981) - Prosecutor General of the USSR in 1953-1981, 173, 182-184, 205, 209, 263 Ruppel, Friedrich - participant in the struggle of Soviet Germans for the right to repatriation to Germany, 166, 178 Rusakov, Konstantin Viktorovich (1909-1993) - Soviet senior Party and State official, 270 Russian Thought (Russkaya Mysľ ), 227 Rust, Mathias
- German amateur pilot who landed on Red Square in Moscow on May 28, 1989, 435 Ryabev, Lev Dmitrievich (1933-) one of the leaders of the atomic industry of the USSR and the Russian Federation, 47 Ryabinin - officer of the KGB, 334 Ryabov, Yakov Petrovich (1928-2018) - Soviet senior Party and State official, 270 Ryzhkov, Nikolai Ivanovich (1929-) Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) of the USSR in 1985-1991, 392, 394, 456 Saburov, Maxim Zakharovich (1900-1977) - Soviet senior Party and State official, 82
624 Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window Sagdeyev, Roald Zinnurovich (1932-) physicist, People’s Deputy of the USSR, 74, 460, 461 Sakharova (Domukhovskaya), Maria Petrovna (1861-1941) Sakharov’s paternal grandmother (“Babanya”), 8, 9 Sakharova (Liberman), Marina Mikhailovna (1968-) - grand daughter of Andrei Sakharov, daugh ter of Mikhail Liberman and Tatyana Sakharova-Liberman, vii, 369 Sakharova (Liberman), Tatyana Andreevna (1949-) - daughter of Andrei Sakharov and Klavdia Vikhireva, 21, 22, 25, 61, 369 Sakharova, Maria Ivanovna (1938-) cousin of Andrei Sakharov, 368 Sakharov, Andrei, and first marriage (1942), 20-22; moral responsibility for creating A- and H-bombs, 31-35, 39—40 conflict with Marshal Nedelin (1955), 78-80 first participation in demonstration on Pushkin Square (1966), 124 second marriage (1972), 169-172 hunger strikes, see hunger strikes, xvii, 206-208, 214, 217, 250, 282, 325-338, 361-371, 381^100 “My most important document” (Letter to Gorbachev, 1986), 406-410 Forum, “package principle” (1987), 428-431 Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict, xviii, 437, 438, 446, 447 in earthquake area, 444-450 Congress of People’s Deputies, xix, xxx (photo), 458-463 (electoral rally in Academy of Sciences), 468-493 (I Congress), 503-513 (II Congress and two-hour political strike), 566, 569 in Canada, 464-465 in France, 444^146, 497-499 in Italy, 463-464 in U.S., 438-444, 466 in Tbilisi, xiv, xix, 139, 140, 431, 466-468,550 perestroika, views of, 436, 508-511 Soviet Army in Afghanistan, remarks on, 479, 480 Sakharova (Sofiano), Ekaterina Alekseevna (1893-1963)
- mother of Andrei Sakharov, 5, 9-11 Sakharova (Vernaya), Lyubov (Lyuba) Andreevna (1949-) daughter of Andrei Sakharov and Klavdia Vikhireva, 21, 43, 61, 143, 268 Sakharova (Yakushkina) Tatyana Ivanovna (“my aunt Tusya”) (1883-1977) - sister of Dmitri Sakharov, 9, 12-13 Sakharov, Dmitri Andreevich (1957-2021) - son of Andrei Sakharov and Klavdia Vikhireva, 143, 170, 175
Index Sakharov, Dmitri Ivanovich (18891961) - father of Andrei Sakharov, physicist, author of textbooks on physics, 6-12 Sakharov, Georgy (Yuri) Dmitrievich (1925-2002) - younger brother of Andrei Sakharov, xxv, xxvi Sakharov, Ivan Nikolaevich (18601918) - Sakharov’s paternal grandfather, Russian lawyer, political and public figure, 8-9 Sakharov, Nikolai Ivanovich (1837-1916)-Sakharov’s paternal great-grandfather, priest, 6, 7 Sakharov (Vernyi), Grigory (Grisha) Sakharov’s grandson, see Vernyi Grigory Alexandrovich, 268 SALT treaties, 86, 218, 219, 287, 288, 573 Sannikova, Elena Nikitichna (1959-) participant of the human rights movement in the USSR and in the Russian Federation, 568 Sarov monastery, 54-56 Saturday Review, 529 Savitsky, Valentin - submarine commander, Captain 2nd Rank, 108 Schiller, Friedrich - German poet, philosopher, playwriter, xxv Schmidt, Helmut (1918-2015) - Fifth Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1974-1982, 328, 348 Schpeter, Henrich, Natan (1921-) - a Bulgarian economist sentenced to death in 1974 and pardoned thanks to the worldwide protests, 209 625 Schwinger, Julian (1918-1994) American physicist, Nobel Laureate in Physics (1965), 552 Science and Freedom (Sakharov), 497, 498 Second Idea, 36, 38 Seiemir, Viktor Dmitrievich (1948) physicist, 540 Selyunin, Vasily Illarionovich (19271994) - Soviet and Russian publicist, economist, 517 Semyonova, Alexandra Alekseevna (Sasha - “our hunger-strike-baby ”) (1983-) - granddaughter of Elena Bonner, daughter of Alexei Semyonov and Elizaveta Alekseyeva, 338, 444 Semyonova, Ekaterina
Alekseevna (Katya) (1975-) - granddaughter of Elena Bonner, daughter of Alexei Semyonov and Olga Levshina, 280 Semyonov, Alexei Ivanovich (1956-) son of Elena Bonner and Ivan Semyonov, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, vii, 169, 172, 189, 190, 211, 267, 277, 278, 280, 281, 296, 297, 325-329, 336, 387, 390, 391, 395, 396, 403, 428, 444 Semyonov, Ivan Vasilievich (1925-1993), physician, first Elena Bonner’s husband, father of Tatiana Yankelevich-Semyonova and Alexei Semyonov, 169 Seraphim of Sarov, (Prokhor Moshnin) (1754-1833) - one of the most revered Russian saints, 55 Serbin, Ivan Dmitrievich (19101981) - Soviet statesman, Head of
626 Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window Department of Military Industry of the Central Committee of CPSU in 1958-1981, 77 Serebrov, Felix Arkadyevich (19302015) - poet, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 570, 575 Serov Vladimir Nikolaevich (1931-) physician, academician, 519 Sessler, Andrew (1928-2014) American physicist, cofounder of the SOS Committee, 564 Shabad, Anatoly Efimovich (1939-) physicist, OTF FIAN, co-chairman of the Voters’ Club of the Academy of Sciences, Russian politician, 461, 506, 520 Shafarevich, Igor Rostislavovich (1923-2017) - mathematician, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 148, 568 Shapiro, Sofia Matveevna - physicist, classmate of Andrei Sakharov in the Moscow University, 16 Shapovalenko, Vladislav Aleksandrovich - People’s Deputy of the USSR, Russian statesman, 485 Sharansky, Anatoly (Natan) participant of the human rights and of Jewish refuseniks movements in the USSR, 166, 264, 265, 271-274, 283, 326, 334, 342, 346, 407, 570, 574 Shchelokov, Nikolai Anisimovich (1910-1984) - Minister on Internal Affairs of the USSR in 1966-1982, 161, 162, 173 Shelepin, Alexander Nikolaevich (1964-1975) - Soviet senior Party and State official, 182, 184, 205 Shelkov, Vladimir Andreevich (18901980) - preacher, founder and longtime leader of the Adventist reformers movement in the USSR, repressed, died in camp, 274, 275 Shen Tong (1968-) - Chinese dissident, was exiled as one of the student leaders during the 1989 protest in Tiananmen Square, 483 Shepilov, Dmitry Trofimovich (1905-1995) - Soviet senior Party
and State official, 82, 191 Shevardnadze, Eduard Amvrosievich (1928-2014) - Soviet senior Party and State official, Foreign Minister of the USSR in era of perestroika, 327, 391-394, 431, 468 Shikhanovich Ekaterina, daughter of Yuri Shikhanovich, staff member the Sakharov Archive in Moscow, vii Shikhanovich Yuri Alexandrovich (1933-2011) - mathematician, friend of Elena Bonner and Andrei Sakharov, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, xiv, 169, 176, 178, 184, 282, 308, 311, 322, 330, 331, 339, 355, 360, 407 Shinberg, Emil - Elena Bonner’s friend, 402 Shklovsky, Iosif Samuilovich (1916-1985) - astronomer, astrophysicist, 200 Shmelyov, Nikolai Petrovich (1936-2014) - economist, People’s Deputy of the USSR, 461, 471, 472
Index 627 Shtern, Boris Evgenievich (1950-) physicist, vii, 544 Shultz, George - U.S. Secretary of State under President Ronald Reagan, 439 Sinyavsky, Andrei Donatovich (Abram Tertz) (1925-1997) writer, dissident, 125, 126 Sinyavsky-Daniel trial, 125 Six Day War, 130 Skriabin, Georgy Konstantinovich (1917-1989) - Chief Scientific Secretary of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1971-1988), co-author of a letter condemning Andrei Sakharov (1983), 271, 322, 330, 355, 388 Slavsky, Efim Pavlovich (1898-1991) head of the Soviet atomic industry in 1957-1986, 99, 100, 125, 339, 393, 431 Ślepak, Vladimir Semenovich (1927-2015) - participant of the human rights and of Jewish refuseniks movements in the USSR, 166, 570 Smagin, Boris Ivanovich (1921-) physicist, Sakharov’s classmate in the Moscow University and co-worker at the Installation, 50 Smena, (monthly periodical), 356, 357 Smirnov-Kosterin, Alexei Olegovich (Alyosha) (1951-) - computer engineer, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR and in the Russian Federation, 281, 355, 358, 407, 564 Smirnov, Leonid Vasilievich (1916-2001) - one of the leaders of the Soviet military-industrial complex, 86 Smirnov, L. (Lev Nikolaevich) (1911-1986) - Chairman of the Supreme Court of the USSR in 1972-1984, 184, 209, 221 Smirnov, Yuri Nikolaevich (19372011) - physicist, Sakharov’s co-worker at the Installation, xxix, 49, 97, 109 Snezhnitsky, - “captain of KGB in the uniform of the Ministry of Internal Affairs'’, head of the unit supervising Andrei Sakharov in Gorky, 311 Sobol, Richard - Elena Bonner’s American friend,
411 Sobyanin, Alexander Alexandrovich (1943-1997) - physicist, OTF FIAN, co-chairman of the Voters’ Club of the Academy of Sciences, 461 Sofiano, Alexei Semenovich (1854-1929) ֊ grandfather of Andrei Sakharov on the maternal side, Lieutenant General, 5, 6 Sofiano, (Sakharova) Ekaterina Alekseevna (1893-1963) - mother of Andrei Sakharov, 5, 9-11 Soifer, Valery Nikolaevich (1936-) biophysicist, biologist, geneticist, science historian, human rights activist, 330 Sokolov, Sergei I. - officer of the KGB, 385, 386, 396, 397 Sokolov, Sergei Leonidovich (19112012) - Marshal, Minister of
628 Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window Defense of the USSR in 19841987, 392, 394, 436 Solomentsev, Mikhail Sergeevich (1913-2008) - Soviet senior Party and State official, 270 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander Isaevich (1918-2008) - writer, public figure, Nobel Prize Laureate in Literature (1970), xv, 52, 138, 182-184, 203-208, 253, 357, 493, 573 Solzhenitsyna, Natalya Dmitrievna A.I. Solzhenitsyn’s wife, see Svetlova N.D., 204 SOS, Committee, 273, 564, 574 Sovetskaya Rossiya, 470 Spitak, 448, 449 Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich (18781953) - Soviet dictator for a quarter of a century, in 1928-1953, xii, xiii, 17, 33, 35, 43, 47, 51, 52, 65-67, 71. 81-83, 87, 95, 96, 122, 123, 131, 135, 136, 164, 168, 181, 193, 217, 248, 251, 253, 259, 280, 289, 346, 415, 442, 483, 508, 518, 575 Stampa, 285, 564 Starovoitova, Galina Vasilievna (1946-1998) - Russian political, and public figure, 446, 447, 484, 486 Stenholm, Olle - Swedish journalist, xiv, 177-179 Stepanian, Akop (? - 1979) Armenian nationalist executed for allegedly Moscow subway bombing, 260 Stone, Jeremy ֊ American physicist, 296, 431 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 354, 383, 419, 422, 427-432, 439, 440, 443, 573, 593, 616 Struve, Nikita Alekseevich (19312016) - French specialist in Russia, publicist, 224 Stus, Vasyl Semenovich (1938-1985) Ukrainian poet, dissident, repressed, died in the camp, 264, 308, 310, 346 Suckewer, Szimon - physicist, classmate of Boris Altshuler in the Moscow University, 340 Suharto, Haji Muhammad (19212008) - President of Indonesia in 1967-1998, 208 Suleimenov, Olzhas Omarovich (1936-) -
Kazakh poet, writer, public and political figure, 517 Sumgait, 437, 469 Sunday Times, 208 Sunyaev, Rashid Alievich (1943-) physicist, 543 Superfin, Gabriel Gavrilovich (born in 1943) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 197, 198, 208 Suslov, Mikhail Andreevich (19021982) - Soviet senior Party and State official, 105, 121-123, 134, 161, 162, 182, 184, 266, 276, 300 Svetlova (Solzhenitsyna), Natalya Dmitrievna (Alya) (1939-) - wife and assistant to Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Russian public figure, President of the Solzhenitsyn Foundation, 204
Index Svetlov, Dmitri - son of Natalya Svetlova, stepson of Alexander Solzhenitsyn, 204 Syshchikov, ֊ KGB investigator, 197, 200 Szilard, Leo (1898-1964) - American physicist, 345, 443 Takibaev, Zhabaga Suleimenovich physicist, Sakharov’s postgraduate mate at FIAN, 23 Tamm, Evgeny Igorevich (1926-2008) - physicist, climber, 45 Tamm Igor Evgenievich (1895-1971) - physicist, Nobel Laureate in Physics (1958), participant of the atomic project of the USSR, xii, 11, 22-24, 26, 36, 37, 39, 45, 46, 48, 56-59, 66, 68, 71, 100, 122-123, 143, 432, 535-538 Tarnoff, Peter (1937-2018) - U.S. top expert on foreign policy, 427 Tbilisi, 466^70 Teller, Edward (1908-2003) ֊ physicist, “father” of the American H-bomb, xviii, xxiv, 74, 419, 429, 438,440-443 Telnikov, Vladimir Ivanovich (1937-1998) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 155, 158 Tenzing, Norgay (1914-1986) - the conqueror of Everest, on May 29,1953 (together with Hillary), 45 629 Terel, Iosif, (1943-2009) - Ukrainian dissident, was repressed - 16 years in camps and prisons, 267 Terleskas, Antanas (1928-) Lithuanian dissident, 231 Ternovsky, Leonard Borisovich (1933-2006) - MD, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 132,313,570, 575 Tertium Datum (Marchenko), 346 test ban, xiii, 87, 91, 98 Moscow Limited Test Ban Traty, xiii, 87 note to Khrushchev and, 93 proposal concerning underground explosions, 38 Test Ban Khrushchev rescinds, 87, 98 Thatcher, Margaret (1925-2013) Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 1979-1990, 410, 439, 469 thermonuclear tests in 1953 (First and Second Ideas), 65-67, 70,
71 in 1955 (Third Idea), xii, 71, 76, 89 in 1961 (“Big Bomb”), 96 in 1962 (duplicate, biological consequences), 98, 103, 107 in the U.S.A. (“Mike”), 74, 570 Third Idea, xii, 63, 73, 74, 76, 80, 89, 96 Thorne, Kip S. (1940-) - American Physicist, 551 Three Friends: Altshuler, Ginsburg, Tsukerman (B. Altshuler), 47 Tiananmen Square, 483, 499
630 Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window Tikhonov, Andrei Nikolaevich (1906-1993) - mathematician, co-author of a letter from four academicians condemning Andrei Sakharov (1983), 355 Tikhonov, Vladimir Alexandrovich (1927-1994) - economist, People’s Deputy of the USSR, 471, 504 Time’s arrow, reversal, 555, 556 Timofeeva, Natalya Leonidovna personal assistant to President of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Anatoly Alexandrov in time of the “Liza’s hunger-strike”, 331 TOE - Theory of Everything, 406 tokamaks, 58, 535, 537, 538 To Live Like Everyone (Marchenko), 423 Tolpezhnikov, Vilen Fedorovich (1928-2008) - Latvian radiologist, People’s Deputy of the USSR, 474 Tolstoy, Lev Nikolaevich (18281910) ֊ writer, 8, 132, 228, 493 Toits, Vladimir Solomonovich (1944-) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 281, 564 Trapeznikov, Sergey Pavlovich (1912-1984) - historian, Head of the Department of Science and Educational Institutions of the Central Committee of the CPSU in 1965-1983, 145 Trials of dissidents, see dissidents, trials of, xvi, 259, 264, 273, 286, 565 Trud (newspaper), 226, 227 Truman, Harry (1884-1972) - 33rd President of the United States in 1945-1953,31,32,91 Trutnev, Yuri Alekseevich (1927-) physicist, Sakharov’s co-worker at the Ibstallation, 97 Tseytlin, Arkady - physicist, vii Tsinev, Georgy Karpovich (1907-1996) - First Deputy Chairman of the KGB of the USSR in 1982-1985, 174, 364 Tsukerman, Boris Isaakovich (19272002) ֊ participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 148, 568 Tsukerman, Irina (1937-2018) daughter of
Veniamin Tsukerman, first child in the USSR saved in 1946 with American streptomycin from the lethal at that time tubercu lous meningitis, 47 Tsukerman, Veniamin Aronovich (1913-1993) - physicist, engineer inventor, participant of the atomic project of the USSR, 47, 76 Tsvigun, Semyon Kuzmich (1917-1982), First Deputy Chairman of the KGB of the USSR in 1967-1982, 184, 296 Turchin, Valentin Fedorovich (19312010) - physicist, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, xiv, 145, 159, 208, 221, 227, 228, 230, 255 Tuvim, Yuri Richardovich - engineer, friend of the Sakharov-Bonner family, 222
Index Tverdokhlebov, Andrei Nikolaevich (1940-2011) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 148, 190, 221, 228, 250253, 255, 568 Tykhy, Alexei (Oleksa) Ivanovich (1927-1984) - Ukrainian human rights activist, one of the founders of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group, repressed, died in prison, 264, 266 Tyutchev, Fedor Ivanovich (18031873) - Russian poet, 306 Ubozhko, Lev Grigorievich (19332003) - Soviet dissident, 178 United States, Sakharov’s visits to, 438-444, 466 universe, 115-119, 236, 250, 533535, 541-550, 554-560, 569 UN Universal Declaration on Human Rights, xxix U.S. National Academy of Science, 157, 273, 296, 306, 404, 539 Ustinov, Dmitry Fyodorovich (1908-1984) - Soviet military, Party and State official, Minister of the Military Industry in 1941-1957, Minister of Defense of the USSR in 1976-1984, 85, 86, 112, 205, 270, 289 Vaculik, Ludvik (1926-2015) Chech novelist, author of the “2,000 Words” manifesto of the 1968 Prague Spring, 130 Vail, Boris Borisovich (1939-2010) participant of the human rights 631 movement in the USSR, xiv, 55, 149-151, 154 Vail, Lyudmila - Boris Vail’s wife, 150 Vaksberg, Arkady Iosifovich (1927-2011) - Russian journalist, 425 Vance, Cyrus Roberts Sr. (1917-2002) - American statesman, 264, 427 van het Reve, Karel (1921-1999) Dutch writer, translator, film director, taught and wrote about Russian literature, transferred abroad from the USSR a copy of Sakharov’s “Reflections.” (1968), 130 Vanik, Charles (1913-2007) - U.S. Congressman in 1955-1981, 187 Vannikov, Boris Lvovich (18971962) - Head of the First Main Directorate (PGU)
of Atomic Industry in 1945-1953, 33, 35, 47, 56, 68 Vasiliev, Leonid - participant in assistance to political prisoners and their families, 574 Vasiliev, - Major General of Justice in 1989, 470 Velikanova, Tatyana Mikhailovna (1932-2002) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, xxvi, 229, 285, 288, 309, 407, 568 Velikhov, Evgeny Pavlovich (1935-) Vice-President of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 19781991, 309, 314, 431
632 Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window Vikhireva, Klavdia Alekseevna (Klava) (1919-1969) - Sakhrov’s first wife, in 1942-1969, xi, xiv, 19-22, 25, 43, 45, 61, 143, 560 Vikhirev, Alexei Ivanovich (1890-1975) - father of Klavdia Vikhireva, 21 Villon, Francois (1431-1463) French poet, 156 Vins, Georgy Petrovich (1928-1998) Baptist preacher, poet, one of the leaders of the religious protest movement in the USSR, 287 Vins, Pyotr Georgievich (1956-) participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, founder of The Sakharov Prize for Journalism as an Act of Conscience, son of G. Vins, 209, 273 Vishnevskaya, Galina Pavlovna (1926-2012) - opera singer, wife of Mstislav Rostropovich, 175 Vishnevsky, Boris - Sakharov’s co-worker at the cartridge factory during WWII, 20 Vladimova, (Kuznetsova) Natalya Evgenievna (Natasha) - critic and essayist, wife of Georgy Vladimov, 271, 290 Vladimov, Georgy Nikolaevich (1931-2003) - writer, dissident, 53, 271, 289-291, 305, 330, 342 Voenno-Istoricheskiy Zhurnal (Military-Historical Journal), 194 Voice of America, 130, 131, 144, 148, 290, 305, 329, 369 Volkstimme, 180 Voloshansky, Alexander psychiatrist, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 575 Voronyanskaya, Elizaveta Denisovna (1906-1973) - Alexander Solzhenitsyn’s assistant and typist, 203 Voroshilov, Kliment Efremovich (1881-1969) - one of the senior leaders of the USSR, 70, 71, 82 Vorotnikov, Vitaly Ivanovich (1926-2012) - Soviet senior Party and State official, 392 Voters’ Club of the Academy of Sciences - see Initiative Group for Elections, 461 Wagner,
Johann - participant in the struggle of Soviet Germans for the right to repatriation to Germany, 166, 274 Waksman, Selman Abraham (18881973) - American microbiologist, inventor of streptomycin, 47 Waldheim, Kurt (1918-2007) - UN Secretary General in 1972-1981, 207, 209, 274 Walesa, Lech (1943-) - the charismatic leader of millions of Polish workers, the president of Poland (1990-95), Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (1983), 445 Walker, Arthur G, (1909-2001) mathematician, cosmologist, 434 Wallenberg, Raoul (1912-1947) ֊ Swedish diplomat, 317 Warsaw Pact, 104, 137, 194, 568, 575 Washington Post, 283, 344 Wasilewsky, Pavel Leonidovich (1938-) - classmate of Boris
Index Altshuler in the Moscow University, co-author of Samizdat articles "Time is running out. Leningrad Program” (1968) and “Distribution of the National Income of the USSR” (1971), 86, 139, 140, 340 Wei Jingsheng, (1950-) - Chinese dissident who was imprisoned for 18 years and released in 1997, 284 Weinberg, Steven (1933-2021) physicist, Nobel Laureate in Physics (1979), 305 Weisskopf, Victor (1908-2002) American physicist, 207 Wheeler, John Archibald (19112008) - American physicist, xiv, xviii, xxv, 139-141, 340, 431, 432, 550, 551 White House Years (Kissinger), 86, 186 Whitman, Walt (1819-1892) American poet, 228 Wiesenthal, Simon (1908-2005) founder of the center for the search and prosecution of Nazi criminals, 380 Wiesner, Jerome (1915-1994) American electronic engineer, struggler for nuclear disarmament, xxvi Wilson, Richard (1926-2018) American physicist, winner of the Andrei Sakharov Prize of the American Physical Society of 2012, 564 Wilson, Robert (1936-) - American astronomer, Nobel Laureate in Physics (1978), 533 633 Winick, Herman (1932-) - American physicist, defender of the rights of scientists, winner of the Andrei Sakharov Prize of the American Physical Society of 2010, 564 Working Commission on Investigation of the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes, 164, 254, 570, 575 World after Fifty Years, The (Sakharov), 208, 529 World Council of Churches, xv, 209, 222, 224, 225, 275 XX Communist Party Congress, 82, 96, 575 XXII Communist Party Congress, xiii, 22, 87, 95, 96, 575 XXIII Communist Party Congress, 123, 575 XXIV Communist Party Congress, 161 XXV
Communist Party Congress, 246 Yakir, Pyotr Ionovich (1923-1982) historian, a participant of human rights movement in the USSR, 568 Yakobson, Anatoly Alexandrovich (1935-1978) - a participant of human rights movement in the USSR, 568 Yakovlev, Alexander Nikolaevich (1923-2005) - Soviet senior Party and State official, one of the main Gorbachev’s allies and ideologists of perestroika, 109, 446, 447, 450, 467, 491
634 Sakharov and Power: On the Other Side of the Window Yakovlev, Nikolai Nikolaevich (1927-1996) - Soviet historian, publicist, author of libelous books and articles against Andrei Sakharov, Elena Bonner, Alexander Solzhenitsyn and other dissidents, 302, 303, 355-357, 376 Yakunin, Gleb Pavlovich (19342014) - priest, a participant of human rights movement in the USSR and in the Russian Federation, 224, 225, 288, 309 Yankelevich, Anna Efremovna (Anya) (1975-) - granddaughter of Elena Bonner, daughter of Efrem Yankelevich and Tatiana Yankelevich-Semyonova, 224, 279, 280 Yankelevich, Efrem (Rem) Vladimirovich (1950-2009), son-in-law of Elena Bonner, the first husband of her daughter Tatiana, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, representative of Andrei Sakharov abroad in 1980-1989, 169, 176, 190, 210, 215, 229, 231, 255, 277280, 318, 329, 336, 384, 390, 396, 403, 408, 443, 444, 483, 514, 517 Yankelevich, Matvei Efremovich (Motya) (1973-) - grandson of Elena Bonner, son of Efrem Yankelevich and Tatiana Yankelevich-Semyonova, poet, philologist, translator, publisher, xv, 189, 190, 210, 213, 215, 216, 278-280,310, 336, 498 Yankelevich (Semyonova), Tatiana Ivanovna (Tanya) (1950-) - daughter of Elena Bonner and Ivan Semyonov, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, vii, 6, 169, 170, 172, 176, 189, 190, 207, 215, 220, 230, 259, 277-280, 318, 329, 346, 345, 367, 384, 387, 389, 396, 403, 411, 424, 443, 444, 483 Yarym-Agaev, Yuri Nikolaevich (1949-) - participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, 283, 570 Yazov, Dmitri Timofeevich (19242020) -
Minister of Defense of USSR in 1987-1991, member of the GKChP (August, 1991), 436 Yeltsin, Boris Nikolaevich (19312007) - President of the Russian Federation in 1991-1999, 392, 473 Yepishev, Alexei Alekseevich (19081985) - Soviet party and military leader, Head of GlavPUR SA and Navy in 1962-1985, 192, 193, 289, 483 Yevtushenko, (Sokol-Lukonina) Galina Semyonovna (1928-2013) friend of Elena Bonner, 402, 513 Yom Kippur war, xiv, 141, 186, 188, 191 Zababakhin, Evgeny Ivanovich (1917-1984) - Soviet nuclear scientist, Sakharov’s classmate at the Moscow University and co worker at the Installation, xxiii, 16, 35,41,47, 93, 99, 134 Zağladın, Vadim Valentinovich (1927-2006) ֊ Soviet politician, political scientist, publicist, 300
Index Zaikov, Lev Nikolaevich (19232002) - Soviet senior Party and State official, 392, 472, 473 Zalmanson, Silva - participant of the “Leningrad airplane case”, wife of E. Kuznetsov, sister of W. Zalmanson, 185 Zalmanson, Wolf - participant of the “Leningrad airplane case”, 287 Zamyatin, Leonid Mitrofanovich (1922-2019)-Head of the Department of Foreign Policy Propaganda of the Central Committee of the CPSU in 19781986, 284, 285, 363 Zaslavsky, Ilya Iosifovich (I960-) Soviet and Russian politician, People’s Deputy of the USSR, 477 Zatikian, Stepan (? - 1979) Armenian nationalist executed for allegedly Moscow subway bombing, 260 Zavenyagin, Avraami Pavlovich (1901-1956) - one of the leading organizers of the atomic project of the USSR, senior NKVD official, 47, 77 Zeldovich, Yakov Borisovich (19141987) - theoretical physicist, physicist-chemist, participant of the atomic project of the USSR, Sakharov’s co-worker at the Installation, xxiii, 34-37, 40, 41, 43,49, 50, 63, 67, 73,76, 115, 120, 180, 313, 434, 543, 544, 546, 547, 550, 560 635 Zelnikov, Andrei - physicist, OTF FIAN, 433, 434 Zharinov, Evgeny - Sakharov’s co-worker at the Installation, 60 Zharkov, Geliy Frolovich (19262004) - physicist, OTF FIAN, 304 Zhivkov, Todor (1911-1998) - leader of socialist Bulgaria in 1954-1989, 209 Zholkovskaya, (Ginzburg) Arina Sergeevna (1937-2021) - wife of Alexander Ginzburg, participant of the human rights movement in the USSR, manager of the Solzhenitsyn Foundation, 573 Zhukov, Georgy Konstantinovich (1896-1974) - Soviet military leader, Marshal of the USSR, 82 Zhukovka, dacha, 71,
175, 225, 252, 311 Zhukov, Yuri Alexandrovich (19081991) - Soviet columnist, 300 Zimyanin, Mikhail Vasilyevich (1914-1995) - Soviet senior Party and State official, 306, 309, 392, 393 Zionism, 166, 226, 278, 393 Zubov, Andrei Borisovich (1952-) Russian scientist-historian, orientalist, 446, 447 Zysina, Irina - wife of Yuri Zysin, 51, 61 Zysin, Yuri Aronovich (1917-1978) physicist, Sakharov’s co-worker at the Installation, 51, 61-63, 94 |
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| genre | (DE-588)4003939-0 Autobiografie gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Autobiografie |
| id | DE-604.BV048991180 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:07:13Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:52:12Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789811259517 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034254523 |
| oclc_num | 1401211484 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xxx, 635 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230918 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Alʹtšuler, Boris Leonidovič 1955- Verfasser (DE-588)172518075 aut Sakharov and power on the other side of the window Boris Altshuler (P N Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia) English language edition Singapore ; Hackensack, NJ World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. [2023] © 2023 xxx, 635 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "This book is an abridged English-language version mirroring the Russian edition published for Sakharov's centenary in May, 2021."--Abstract Sacharov, Andrej Dmitrievič 1921-1989 (DE-588)118642111 gnd rswk-swf Sakharov, Andreĭ / 1921-1989 / Quotations Dissenters / Soviet Union / Quotations Physicists / Soviet Union / Quotations Political prisoners / Soviet Union / Quotations Human rights workers / Soviet Union / Quotations Soviet Union / Politics and government / 1953-1985 Sakharov, Andreĭ / 1921-1989 Dissenters Human rights workers Physicists Political prisoners Politics and government Soviet Union 1953-1985 Quotations (DE-588)4003939-0 Autobiografie gnd-content Sacharov, Andrej Dmitrievič 1921-1989 (DE-588)118642111 p DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-981-12-5952-4 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034254523&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034254523&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034254523&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Alʹtšuler, Boris Leonidovič 1955- Sakharov and power on the other side of the window Sacharov, Andrej Dmitrievič 1921-1989 (DE-588)118642111 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118642111 (DE-588)4003939-0 |
| title | Sakharov and power on the other side of the window |
| title_auth | Sakharov and power on the other side of the window |
| title_exact_search | Sakharov and power on the other side of the window |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Sakharov and power on the other side of the window |
| title_full | Sakharov and power on the other side of the window Boris Altshuler (P N Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia) |
| title_fullStr | Sakharov and power on the other side of the window Boris Altshuler (P N Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sakharov and power on the other side of the window Boris Altshuler (P N Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia) |
| title_short | Sakharov and power |
| title_sort | sakharov and power on the other side of the window |
| title_sub | on the other side of the window |
| topic | Sacharov, Andrej Dmitrievič 1921-1989 (DE-588)118642111 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sacharov, Andrej Dmitrievič 1921-1989 Autobiografie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034254523&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034254523&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034254523&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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