Balkan cyberia: Cold War computing, Bulgarian modernization, and the information age behind the Iron Curtain
"Original take on the history of socialist Bulgaria, examined through the prism of computers to make broader claims about political, economic, intelligence, social, and cultural life in Bulgaria, and by extension, the Soviet bloc and state socialism in general"
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England
The MIT Press
[2023]
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| Schriftenreihe: | History of computing
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "Original take on the history of socialist Bulgaria, examined through the prism of computers to make broader claims about political, economic, intelligence, social, and cultural life in Bulgaria, and by extension, the Soviet bloc and state socialism in general" |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben. - Index |
| Beschreibung: | xx, 404 Seiten 23 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780262545129 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Balkan cyberia |b Cold War computing, Bulgarian modernization, and the information age behind the Iron Curtain |c Victor Petrov |
| 246 | 1 | 0 | |a Cold War computing, Bulgarian modernization, and the information age behind the Iron Curtain |
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| 490 | 0 | |a History of computing | |
| 500 | |a Literaturangaben. - Index | ||
| 505 | 8 | |a Introduction: The Worlds of the Bulgarian Computer -- The Conjuncture: The Road to the Bulgarian Electronic Industry -- The Captive Market: The Rise and Apogee of an Industry -- Access Denied: Spies, Technologies, and Circulation Across the Iron Curtain -- Roses and Lotuses: Bulgaria's Electronic Entanglement with India -- Automatic for the People: The Scientific-Technical Revolution and Society -- The Socialist Cyborg: Education, Intellectuals, and Culture -- Networked & Plugged-In: Computer Priests and Their Pathways -- Conclusion: The Uneven Future | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "Original take on the history of socialist Bulgaria, examined through the prism of computers to make broader claims about political, economic, intelligence, social, and cultural life in Bulgaria, and by extension, the Soviet bloc and state socialism in general" | |
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| 653 | 0 | |a Computers / Soviet Union / History | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Computer industry / Bulgaria / History / 20th century | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Cold War | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Computer industry | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Computers | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS lx NOTE ON TRANSLITERATIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS PREFACE xi xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv INTRODUCTION: THE WORLDS OF THE BULGARIAN COMPUTER 1 1 THE CONJUNCTURE: THE ROAD TO THE BULGARIAN 2 ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY 27 THE CAPTIVE MARKET: THE RISE AND APOGEE OF 3 AN INDUSTRY 57 ACCESS DENIED: SPIES, TECHNOLOGIES, AND CIRCULATION 4 ACROSS THE IRON CURTAIN 107 ROSES AND LOTUSES: BULGARIA'S ELECTRONIC ENTANGLEMENT 5 WITH INDIA 141 AUTOMATIC FOR THE PEOPLE: THE SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL 6 7 REVOLUTION AND SOCIETY 183 THE SOCIALIST CYBORG: EDUCATION, INTELLECTUALS, AND CULTURE 227 NETWORKED AND PLUGGED IN: COMPUTER PRIESTS AND THEIR PATHWAYS 269 CONCLUSION: THE UNEVEN FUTURE 307 APPENDIX A: SNAPSHOT OF AUTOMATION IN 198 9 APPENDIX B: TYPES OF MACHINES PRODUCED NOTES INDEX 329 379 325 323
INDEX Note: Photos and Tables are indicated by italicized page numbers. Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. See ARPANET Advertisements, 176-181,180, 218 Afghanistan, 145-147 Africa, 144-146,149-151. See also specific countries Agriculture, 30-31, 79, 342n77 Albania, 11, 42 Algeria, 145-147 Algorithmic language, 253-254 Algorithms, 65, 277 American Big Science, 3 American Computer Data Corporation, 210 Anarchy, 230 Angelov, Angel, 50, 52, 87-88, 216, 277-278, 278 Angelov, Stefan, 65, 66, 77, 87 Angola, 146 Antonov, Liubomir, 65-66, 66, 68 Apple, 211-212 Arab world, 117,145-146,178 Armenia, 94-95 ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), 206-208 Asia, 70,144,146,152-153. See also specific countries Asimov, Isaac, 264,266 ASUs. See Automated System of Governance Atanasoff, John Vincent, 1, 2, 3-4, 314-315, 318-319, 329nl Atanasoff-Berry Computer, 3 Atanasov, Atanas, 296 Atomic energy, 50, 112-113, 357n83 The Atomic Man (Dilov), 262-263 Austria, 179 Authority at CICT, 125, 237 of CSTP, 63-65,124-125, 128-129, 133 of DS, 108-109,111-113, 116, 135 of ICCT, 121-122 of KGB, 42 in Marxism, 253 in socialism, 108-109
380 Automated System of Governance (ASUs), 93-94, 188-190, 193-202, 207, 226, 240-241 Automation Automatic Computing Machine M-l, 54 to BCP, 226 Central Automation Laboratory, 235-243, 240 in Cold War, 323, 323-324 computer-numerical controls for, 187-188, 191-193, 196, 216-217, 273, 324 computers and, 225, 323, 323-324 to CSTP, 190, 193-194, 200 of deliveries, 198-199 electronics and, 94, 98, 195 of healthcare, 197-198 ideology of, 231-234, 232-234 information and, 23-24 with ISKRA system, 114-115 of IZOT, 193-194 in Libya, 151 in modernity, 230-231 with robotics, 214-215 in socialism, 185-191 in society, 183-185 STR and, 192-202,196, 219-226, 222, 224 Avakoum Zakhov versus 07 (Gulyashki), 107 Avtomatika-8 program, 99, 132, 195-196 Baker, Kevin, 361n5 Banking, 36-37, 39-40 Bankruptcy, 35-38 Bases for Technical Development (BTD), 52 BCP. See Bulgarian Communist Party Belchev, Denyo, 235 Belgium, 275 Bennahaum, David, 300 INDEX Berry, Clifford, 3 BESM (Large Electronic Calculating Machine), 54-56 Bhabha, Homi, 357n83 Blue Gene supercomputer, 297-298 Bonchev, Veselin, 299-301 Borovski, Boris, 87 Botev, Nedko, 138 Brezhnev, Leonid, 11-12, 42, 61, 75, 92-93, 184-185 BSP. See Bulgarian Socialist Party BTD. See Bases for Technical Development Bulgaria Angelov, S., for, 87 bankruptcy in, 35-38 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 3, 45, 50, 52, 59, 63, 227 Bulgarian Agrarian National Union, 79, 342n77 China and, 335n25 Cold War and, 129-140,131, 269-272, 311-319,320, 321 Comecon and, 116-122, 311-312 computers and, 1, 2, 3-8, 24-25, 59-62, 60,192-202,196 culture of, 227-230, 235-243,
236, 240 cybernetics in, 202-208, 209, 210-211, 230-234, 232-234, 255-262, 256, 258-259, 261 Czechoslovakia and, 120-121 Eastern Bloc and, 5, 90-93 economics in, 82-83, 298-301, 302-303 electronics in, 27-28, 42-48, 47, 145-148, 159-164 ELKA production in, 76-82 ES in, 88-89, 91-92 espionage in, 107-109, 112-116, 122-129 Europe and, 334nl6 EXPO'70 World Fair to, 341n56
INDEX factories in, 80-81 GDR and, 89-90,118-119 geopolitics in, 14-24 history of, 28-32 IBM in, 200-201, 282 India and, 141-145,148-153,164-167, 165, 167-169, 169-172, 171, 173, 174-181, 180 industrialization in, 32, 35, 48, 82, 362n39 innovation in, 70-76, 74, 95-102, 99, 102-104, 104-106 international professionals in, 272-279, 278 Iran and, 114 Japan and, 58, 70-76, 74,108, 277-278, 278, 341n43 KGB and, 331П19 machines produced in, 325, 325-327 military of, 116-117 Ministry of Foreign Trade, 102,146, 148-149, 154-155, 164, 175-176, 178 modernity in, 219-226, 222, 224 networks in, 304-306 Poland and, 121-122 politics in, 8-14, 62-70, 66, 68-69 reform in, 290, 291, 292-298 science in, 131-132, 224, 224-225 socialism in, 33-35, 57-59, 153-156, 262-268, 265, 267, 307-311 socialist business class in, 279-290, 285 society of, 185-191 STR in, 183-185, 211-214, 215, 216-217, 218 technology in, 48-50, 51, 52 tobacco industry in, 29-31 trade with, 156-159, 356n74 US and, 4, 85-86, 313-314 USSR and, 20-21, 40, 61, 83-84, 93-95, 110-112,163-164 Yugoslavia and, 330nl5 381 Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) automation to, 226 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences to, 52, 193, 235-236 Comecon and, 213 culture of, 25 cybernetics to, 206-207 Eastern Bloc to, 89 economics to, 20, 32, 62, 90, 186-187 EEC and, 91 end of, 295 Gorbachev and, 217 ideology of, 30, 56, 184-185, 246, 246-249 information to, 8-9 innovation to, 62-70, 66, 68-69, 189-190 Institute of Communication, 49 ITCR and, 76-77 KGB and, 138-139 Marxism to, 184,191 modernity to, 24, 39-40 networks in, 304 New Economic Mechanism, 186
oppression from, 30-31 policy of, 45-46, 113-114, 220-221, 277 Popov in, 44, 79, 88, 96-97 reform of, 298 scholarship on, 304-305 Seventh Congress of, 33-35 socialism to, 310-311 STI and, 134-135 technology for, 4, 61 urbanization to, 34-35 USSR and, 28,195, 228 VTOs of, 36 Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), 295 Bureaucracy, 83-84 Busoft, 299, 303 CAI. See Centre for Applied Information Canada, 128
382 Capitalism communism and, 24-25,102,102-103, 104 computers in, 213-214 electronics in, 345nl59 information in, 312-313 to ITCR, 272 labor in, 219-220 policy against, 290, 292 socialism and, 143-144, 176-177, 194-195 society with, 250 to USSR, 27-28, 38-42 venture, 58 Carter, Jimmy, 136 Castells, Manuel, 9-10, 304, 330nl3 Castle, Robert, 305 CDC. See Control Data Corporation Central Automation Laboratory, 235-243, 240 Central Institute for Computer Technol ogy (CICT) authority at, 125, 237 development at, 133-134, 138 ITCR and, 214, 227 IZOT and, 152, 235, 274-275 technology, 72 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 136-137 Centre for Applied Information (CAI), 131-136 Chalakov, Ivan, 294, 308-309 Chamarov, Stoicho, 50 Chervenkov, Vulko, 33 Children, 255-262, 256, 258-259, 261, 267, 268, 271, 318-319 Chile, 21 China Bulgaria and, 335n25 Communism in, 37 economics to, 34 India and, 71,101 Japan and, 310 INDEX Pakistan and, 356n64 US and, 283 USSR and, 11, 34, 70 Vietnam and, 172 Christian, Michel, 64, 340nl6 Chuparov, Toma, 72 CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency CICT. See Central Institute for Com puter Technology Class, 32, 185, 279-290, 285, 310 CoCom (Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls) Comecon and, 73,139-140 controls, 274-275 CSTP and, 70 in Eastern Bloc, 16 espionage and, 110-112 policy, 114 restrictions, 124 socialism and, 138, 150-151 STI and, 162 US and, 282-283 Cold War Algeria in, 145-146 In Asia, 70 automation in, 323, 323-324 Bulgaria and, 129-140,131, 269-272, 311-319, 320, 321 computers in, 52-56 conferences in, 340nl6 culture, 56, 107
cybernetics after, 298-301, 302-303 decolonization and, 16-18 diplomacy, 141-142,160 Eastern Bloc in, 8-9, 11-12 Eastern Europe after, 306 electronics in, 67-68 espionage in, 15, 24, 42 Europe in, 143-144 geopolitics of, 38-42, 108-109, 122-129, 210, 352nl58 Global South in, 13, 152-153 History of, 14-15
INDEX ideology, 184-185 India in, 18-19,145-148 KGB in, 116 modernity in, 11-12, 309-310 policy, 341n43 Production, 127-129 socialism in, 9-10 software in, 200-201 trade in, 69-70, 147-148 Treaty of Rome in, 39 US/USSR in, 16,108-109, 331n20, 352П158 Warsaw Pact, 38-39, 117 Collectivization, 335n22 Colonialism, 16-18,154 Comecon aims of, 93-94 allies, 57, 310 banking with, 39-40 BCP and, 213 Bulgaria and, 116-122, 311-312 CoCom and, 73,139-140 collapse of, 269-270 competition with, 72 cooperation within, 28 CSTP and, 90 dependency on, 38 economics of, 35, 43, 48, 93 education to, 147 in EEC, 16-17 ES in, П failures of, 292-293 Global South and, 13 ideology of, 41 innovation after, 24, 42 IZOT and, 179 Izotimpex and, 179-181 microchips for, 79-80 Ministry of Foreign Trade and, 176 needs, 100 Permanent Comecon Commission, 84-85 policy, 10-11,105 383 politics of, 94-95 production from, 89-90 specializations, 122,144,165-166, 217, 278 USSR and, 58, 60-61, 295-296 Committee for Scientific and Technical Progress, Bulgaria (CSTP) authority of, 63-65,124-125,128-129, 133 automation to, 190, 193-194, 200 CoCom and, 70 Comecon and, 90 CSIR and, 153 in diplomacy, 162 innovation from, 212 leadership of, 59,138, 275-276, 278-279 politics of, 76-78, 94-95 Popov for, 92, 122-123, 345nl49 rebranding of, 101 reform of, 288-289 STI and, 273 USSR and, 91-92 Zdrachev with, 71 Committee for Scientific and Techni cal Progress, USSR (GKNT), 82-84, 92-94 Committee for the Unified System of Social Information (KESSI), 149, 206-208, 210-211, 226, 281-282 Commodities, 329n8 Communications, 48-49,
313-314, 365П122 Communism. See also Socialism capitalism and, 24-25,102, 102-103, 104 in China, 37 factories after, 314 in France, 68-69 science in, 14 in USSR, 308-309 in Vietnam, 151
384 Comprehensive Program for Socialist Economic Integration, 90 Computational, Recording and Organizational Technology. See IZOT Computer for You (magazine), 172-173, 255-257, 256, 259, 260-261, 261, 265, 268, 299-300 Computers. See also specific computers automation and, 225, 323, 323-324 Bulgaria and, 1, 2, 3-8, 24-25, 59-62, 60, 192-202, 196 in capitalism, 213-214 in Cold War, 52-56 computer centers, 201-205, 207-208, 209 computer-numerical controls, 187-188, 191-193, 196, 216-217, 273, 324 in culture, 248-249, 255-262, 256, 258-259, 261 cybernetics and, 262-268, 265, 267 in Eastern Bloc, 52-53 economics of, 57-59, 156-159 electronics and, 272-279, 278, 307-311 in globalization, 14-24, 125-126, 181 history of, 42-48, 47, 54-55 humanity and, 253-254 ICCT, 85-87, 105, 121-122 information on, 119 innovation of, 62-70, 66, 68-69, 98-99, 105-106, 164-167, 165, 167-169, 169-172, 171, 173, 174-176, 208, 210, 342n79 in Japan, 70-76, 74 KGB and, 348n33 language and, 163-164, 333n32 mathematical modeling with, 54 metalworks machines and, 216-217 in modernity, 183-185, 311-319, 320, 321 in North Africa, 151 INDEX numerical controls for, 187-188, 191-193, 196, 216-217, 273, 324 Priyadarshini Institute for Computer Aided Knowledge, 170 production of, 325, 325-327 RITz, 202-203 robotics and, 101 scholarship on, 254, 269-272 small states and, 8-14 in socialism, 290, 291, 292-298, 304-306 society after, 15-16, 254-255 TCC, 203-205, 207-208, 209 technology and, 62-63 terminology of, 22-23 trade and, 279-290, 285 from US, 107-108 Contact Analogue Indicator, 240 Control Data Corporation
(CDC), 281-282 Control rooms, for robotics, 196 Coordinating Committee for Multilat eral Export Controls. See CoCom Corruption, 171-172 Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), 153, 156-157 Council of Main Constructors, 87 Counter-intelligence, 114-115 A Crimson Drop ofBlood (Kesarovski), 265-266 Crosspoint system, 205 CSIR. See Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CSTP. See Committee for Scientific and Technical Progress, Bulgaria Cuba, 121 Cullather, Nick, 142-143 Culture of BCP, 25 of Bulgaria, 227-230, 235-243, 236, 240 Cold War, 56, 107
INDEX computers in, 248-249, 255-262, 256, 258-259, 261 cultural capital, 270-271 cultural diplomacy, 353n2 of Eastern Bloc, 31-32 electronics in, 271-272 ELKA in, 65-70, 66, 68-69 intellectuals in, 333n35 of Japan, 284-288 Marxism in, 262 policy for, 254-255 science and, 23, 66-67 in socialism, 21-22 of USSR, 44-45 Cyberia. See specific topics Cybernetics. See also Robotics ASUs and, 93-94, 188-190, 193-202, 207, 226, 240-241 to BCP, 206-207 in Bulgaria, 202-208, 209, 210-211, 230-234, 232-234, 255-262, 256, 258-259, 261 after Cold War, 298-301, 302-303 computers and, 262-268, 265, 267 cybernetic tower, 235-243, 236, 240 cyborg science, 333n35 discourse on, 229 in Eastern Bloc, 369n43 electronics and, 93 in GDR, 361n5 history of, 20, 53 ideology of, 22 IZOT and, 192 in modernity, 23, 25 principles of, 246-248 robotics and, 50,186-187 scholarship on, 53-54 science of, 19-20 in socialism, 52-56, 202, 227-230, 244 theory, 186 in USSR, 46 Wiener for, 338n90 Cybernetics (Wiener), 53 385 Cyborgs. See Robotics Czechoslovakia Afghanistan and, 145-146 Bulgaria and, 120-121 Europe and, 179 GDR and, 17, 40, 42 innovation in, 55 modernity in, 38 Poland and, 84-85, 89 politics in, 110 society in, 121 trade with, 145 Danchev, Racho, 50 Dark Avenger, 300-301, 302 Decolonization, 16-18 Deindustrialization, 270, 306 Deliveries, 177-178, 198-199 Democracy, 13-14, 242-243, 294, 307-308 Deng Xiaoping, 288 Denmark, 194, 274, 316 Development, 52, 62-64, 133-134, 138, 159-160, 340nl6 Dilov, Liuben, 262-266, 265 Dimitrov, Angel, 111 Dimitrov, Bisser, 283-284 Dimitrov, Georgi, 11 Dimitrova,
Milena, 5-6 Diplomacy, 6, 11,141-142,160, 162, 174, 353n2 DKMS (Dimitrov Komsomol Youth Union), 151-152 Document transfers, 86-87 Doïnov, Ognian collaboration with, 139, 269, 287, 289-290, 294-295, 317-318 leadership of, 97-98,125,135,170-171, 237, 284-286,285, 292, 296 Dragostinov, Kolcho, 319 Dresden Technical University, 55 DS. See Diirzhavna Sigurnost DSO. See State Economic Union
386 Dubna Institute of Nuclear Research, 39 Dürzhavna Sigurnost (DS), 108-109, 111-113, 116, 118, 129-130, 135. See also Scientific Technical Intelligence Dzhamilkov, Stoian, 49 Eastern Bloc allies of, 108 assets, 118 to BCP, 89 Bulgaria and, 5, 90-93 class in, 310 CoCom in, 16 in Cold War, 8-9, 11-12 computers in, 52-53 culture of, 31-32 cybernetics in, 369n43 economics of, 22 ETTDC in, 159-160 Europe and, 36-37 factories in, 307-308 history of, 52-56 India and, 356n64 information in, 122,174 politics of, 25, 180-181 privatization in, 269-270 reform in, 10-11 research in, 50 scholarship on, 57-58 Secret Speech for, 27-28 socialism in, 57 STI in, 127-128 technology in, 107-109 US and, 283-284 Zhivkov, T„ on, 290, 292 Eastern Europe. See also specific countries allies in, 33-34 children in, 318-319 after Cold War, 306 democracy in, 13-14, 307-308 electronics in, 58-59 Germany and, 123-124 INDEX Global South and, 315 higher education in, 44-45 intellectuals in, 354nll politics in, 64, 311-312 satellites of, 41-42 scholarship on, 28-32 socialism in, 5-6, 330nl5 trade with, 159, 164-167,165,167 after World War II, 4 Eckert, J. Presper, 3 Economics bankruptcy, 35-38 to BCP, 20, 32, 62, 90, 186-187 in Bulgaria, 82-83, 298-301, 302-303 to China, 34 Code of Economics Mechanisms, 279 of Comecon, 35, 43, 48, 93 Comprehensive Program for Socialist Economic Integration, 90 of computers, 57-59,156-159 DSO, 64-65 of Eastern Bloc, 22 of education, 146-147 EEC, 16-17 of EU, 313-314 of Europe, 30 of factories, 100-101, 296 globalization of, 140 of Global South, 24 IBEC, 39, 41 of IBM, 102,
104 in India, 153-156 ofIZOT, 79, 186 mathematical modeling of, 54 of "Mont Blanc," 296-297 New Economic Mechanism, 186 policy in, 70-71 politics and, 333n32 reform in, 37-38 of resources, 238 scholarship on, 304 science and, 69-70 of Second World, 19
INDEX in socialism, 202-208, 209, 210-211 society and, 21 of STI, 280 technology and, 14-15, 308-309 of trade, 67-68 in USSR, 28-29, 44-45 Vachkov on, 315-316 ofVTOs, 36 to Zhivkov, T., 205 Education. See also Higher education of children, 255-262,256, 258-259, 261 to Comecon, 147 DKMS and, 151-152 economics of, 146-147 in Europe, 48 innovation and, 81, 318-319 intellectuals and, 227-230, 235-243, 236, 240, 262-268, 265, 267 in Nigeria, 151 Popov in, 187 Priyadarshini Institute for Computer Aided Knowledge, 170 programming in, 213 science and, 43-44 in socialism, 82 software and, 298-299 in technology, 273-274 training, 230-234, 232-234 training intellectuals, 230-234, 232-234 in US, 174 EEC. See European Economic Community EGN. See Unified Citizen Number Egypt, 29 Electronics ASUs and, 93-94,188-190,193-202, 207, 226, 240-241 automation and, 94, 98,195 in Bulgaria, 27-28, 42-48, 47,145-148, 159-164 in capitalism, 34Snl59 387 in Cold War, 67-68 computers and, 272-279, 278, 307-311 in culture, 271-272 cybernetics and, 93 in Eastern Europe, 58-59 electronic documentation, 118-119 electronic warfare, 231 espionage and, 116-122 factories, 316-317 from GDR, 67 geopolitics of, 141-145,153-156, 176-181,180 in Global South, 148-153 history of, 48-50, 51, 52 information on, 15,127-128 innovation in, 6-7, 56, 319, 320, 321 to Popov, 111-112 production, 325, 325-327 reform and, 34-35 research in, 91-92 Research Institute for Electrical Indus try, 52 scholarship on, 333n32 SEEPZ, 164-165 STR for, 190 in World War II, 5-6 Electronic Trade and Technology Devel opment Corporation
(ETTDC), 159-160 Elektroimpex, 154-156 Elektronika-8 program, 99,132 ELKA (calculator), 65-70, 66, 68-69, 71-72, 76-82, 104-105,197 Engineering, 238 ENIAC (computer), 3-4 Environmentalism, 334nl6 ES (mainframe computers) in Bulgaria, 88-89, 91-92 in Comecon, 77 ES-1020, 95-96, 98-99, 179, 198-199, 325 ES-1037, 325
388 ES (mainframe computers) (cont.) failures, 163-163 IBM and, 85-86, 88, 95-96, 314 to KGB, 109 production, 323, 327 SM and, 12, 86-87 technology, 99, 99-100, 101 in USSR, 159 ESGRAON. See Unified System for Civil ian Registration and Administrative Services for the Population Espionage in Bulgaria, 107-109, 112-116, 122-129 CoCom and, 110-112 in Cold War, 15, 24, 42 electronics and, 116-122 geopolitics of, 129-140, 131 by KGB, 111 research on, 350n87 in US, 129-131,131 ESSI. See Unified System of Social Information ESTEL (computer), 150,160-161, 205-208 Ethiopia, 149 Ethnography, 7 ETTDC. See Electronic Trade and Tech nology Development Corporation Europe. See also Eastern Europe Bulgaria and, 334nl6 in Cold War, 143-144 cultural capital in, 270-271 Czechoslovakia and, 179 Eastern Bloc and, 36-37 economics of, 30 education in, 48 India and, 145 US and, 110 USSR and, 67 European Economic Community (EEC), 16-17, 91 European Union, 313-314 EXPO'70 World Fair, 73-76, 74, 341n56 INDEX FACOM (computer), 71-72 Factories in Bulgaria, 80-81 after communism, 314 in Eastern Bloc, 307-308 economics of, 100-101, 296 electronics, 316-317 IZOT, 319 in Japan, 363n67 labor in, 305-306 robotics in, 175 SM, 119 in socialism, 104-105 for ZIT-151, 193 "Zlatna Panega" cement factory, 192 feedback loops, 53-54 FERA. See Foreign Exchange Regulation Acts The Fifth Law (Kesarovski), 265-266, 267 Filipov, Grisha, 190 Filosofksa Misul (journal), 243-244 First World, 13 FORAN software, 200 Foreign collaboration, 158-159,162-163 Foreign Exchange Regulation Acts (FERA), 158-159 Foreign innovation,
75-76 Foreign trade firms, 279-280 Foreign trade organizations (VTOs), 36 Foundations of Technical Cybernetics (Naplatonov), 248 France, 68-69, 118, 125-126 From the Third World to the First (Yew), 289 Fujitsu, 71-72, 76 Furnadzhieva, Violeta, 221-222 Galchev, Milcho, 135 Galison, Peter, 228, 243-244, 330n9 Gancheva, Valeria, 274-275 Gandhi, Indira, 141-142, 153-159, 164-167, 169, 169-172, 174-176, 356n64
389 INDEX Gandhi, Rajiv, 170,172,174 Gandhi, Sanjay, 170 Gates, Bill, 288 GDR. See German Democratic Republic General Theory of Social Governance, 245 Geopolitics of Albania, 11 in Bulgaria, 14-24 of Cold War, 38-42, 108-109,122-129, 210, 352nl58 of corruption, 171-172 of electronics, 141-145, 153-156, 176-181,180 of espionage, 129-140,131 globalization of, 315-316 information in, 113-114 of innovation, 67-68 scholarship on, 16-17 German Democratic Republic (GDR) Bulgaria and, 89-90,118-119 cybernetics in, 361n5 Czechoslovakia and, 17, 40, 42 electronics from, 67 history of, 10-11 Hungary and, 134 modernity in, 38 Poland and, 87, 309-310 Romania and, 40-41, 59 Science in, 46 society in, 120 technology in, 55, 186 US and, 111 USSR and, 50, 52, 55-56, 86, 193, 272 Zhivkov, T., in, 45-46 Germany, 29,123-124, 179, 316 Gerovitch, Slava, 20, 54,189, 217, 228, 248 "Getting Closer to the Computer" (article), 259 Gheorgiu-Dej, Gheorghe, 40 Gibson, William, 311 GKNT. See Committee for Scientific and Technical Progress, USSR Globalization. See also specific topics computers in, 14-24, 125-126, 181 deliveries in, 177-178 of economics, 140 ESTEL in, 205-206 EXPO170 World Fair, 73-76, 74 of geopolitics, 315-316 IBM in, 199-200 information in, 115-116 language in, 178 protectionism in, 175-176 socialism in, 17-18, 257 Global South Asia and, 152-153 in Cold War, 13, 152-153 Comecon and, 13 Eastern Europe and, 315 economics of, 24 electronics in, 148-153 innovation in, 18-19 Latin America and, 144 politics of, 17-18 Third World and, 353n3 trade with, 142, 146-147,150-151, 175-176 Glushkov,
Mikhailovich, 83, 93 Glushkov, Victor, 236 Goodman, Seymour, 226 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 138-139, 217, 275 Gordon, Sarah, 300-301 Governance. See Bulgarian Communist Party; Policy; United Soviet Socialist Republic Greece, 114, 176,178 Gross, Jan, 30 Guinea, 147 Gulyashki, Andrei, 107 Hard drives, 310, 321, 327, 345nl60 Healthcare, 197-198 Hicks, Mar, 220
390 Higher education Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and, 63 at Dresden Technical University, 55 in Eastern Europe, 44-45 expansion of, 231 innovation from, 50 JHUin, 159-160 policy in, 257 in US, 1, 3 women in, 220-221 Higher Machine-Electrotechnical Insti tute, 230, 232-234, 232-234, 260 History of Bulgaria, 28-32 of Cold War, 14-15 of commodities, 329n8 of computers, 42-48, 47, 54-55 of cybernetics, 20, 53 of Eastern Bloc, 52-56 of electronics, 48-50, 51, 52 of ENIAC (computer), 3-4 ofGDR, 10-11 of socialism, 23-24, 42-48, 47 of STI, 108-109, 112-116 of STI section, 108-109 of supercomputers, 164-167, 165, 167-169, 169-172, 171, 173,174-176 Honeywell, Inc. v. Sperry Rand, 3 Howe, Geoffrey, 105 The Human Use of Human Beings (Wiener), 53 "The Hundred and First Law of Robotics" (Nikolov), 266 Hungarian Workers Party, 44 Hungary, 134 IBEC. See International Bank for Eco nomic Cooperation IBM in Belgium, 275 Blue Gene supercomputer, 297-298 in Bulgaria, 200-201, 282 competition with, 212 INDEX economics of, 102,104 ES and, 85-86, 88, 95-96, 314 ESTEL and, 160-161, 207-208 in globalization, 199-200 hard drive technology at, 345nl60 in India, 357n83 innovation with, 86-87 technology at, 137 in UK, 202-203 US and, 158-159 in USSR, 199 ICCT. See Intergovernmental Commis sion on Computer Technology Ideology of automation, 231-234,232-234 of BCP, 30, 56,184-185, 246, 246-249 Cold War, 184-185 of Comecon, 41 of cybernetics, 22 of Marxism, 213-214, 243-244, 247-248 in modernity, 143-144 of STR, 185-191, 230, 234, 249-250 of USSR, 33-35 IIASA. See International Institute for Applied
Systems Analysis Iliev, Liubomir, 59, 293-294 Iliev, Nikolai, 237 IMF. See International Monetary Fund IMKO (computer), 212-214, 326 India Bulgaria and, 141-145, 148-153, 164-167, 165, 167-169, 169-172, 171,173, 174-181,180 China and, 71,101 in Cold War, 18-19, 145-148 Eastern Bloc and, 356n64 economics in, 153-156 FERA, 158-159 IBM in, 357n83 Indian Oxygen Ltd. Company, 157 Japan and, 313, 316 JHU in, 159-160
INDEX labor in, 156-159 trade with, 159-164 US and, 354n6 Industrialization in Bulgaria, 32, 35, 48, 82, 362n39 deindustrialization, 270, 306 in socialism, 30 in USSR, 4, 28, 37-38 Industry, 29-31, 52, 287-290, 291, 305 Information, See also Espionage acceleration of, 311 automation and, 23-24 to BCP, 8-9 in capitalism, 312-313 on computers, 119 in document transfers, 86-87 to DS, 118 in Eastern Bloc, 122,174 on electronics, 15,127-128 ESSI, 206-207, 239-242, 244, 24 7, 365П125 in geopolitics, 113-114 in globalization, 115-116 information-age philosophy, 243-255, 246 information and communications technology, 313-314 from IZOT, 318 privatization of, 365nl25 scholarship on, 369n43 in society, 7-8 at STI, 122-129, 347nl5 symbolic, 240 theory, 338n90 Innovation of algorithms, 65 at Apple, 211-212 to BCP, 62-70, 66, 68-69, 189-190 BTD, 52 in Bulgaria, 70-76, 74, 95-102, 99, 102-104,104-106 at Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 59 in bureaucracy, 83-84 391 from Chile, 21 after Comecon, 24, 42 in communications, 48, 365nl22 of computers, 62-70, 66, 68-69, 98-99, 105-106, 164-167, 165, 167-169, 169-172, 171, 173, 174-176, 208, 210, 342n79 from CSTP, 212 in Czechoslovakia, 55 education and, 81, 318-319 in electronics, 6-7, 56, 319, 320, 321 ETTDC, 159-160 foreign, 75-76 geopolitics of, 67-68 in Global South, 18-19 from higher education, 50 with IBM, 86-87 with IZOT, 78-88,174-176 in Japan, 126 in modernity, 60-61 politics and, 43-44 with Pravetz, 215, 234, 250, 257, 261, 298 professionalism and, 317-318 in radio production, 51 research and, 310-311 in robotics, 166-167,168, 169 in
science, 45 in socialism, 89 in supercomputers, 359nl65 in UK, 107-108 in USSR, 9-10 Vachkov on, 294, 298 Institute for Technical Cybernetics and Robotics (ITCR). See also Cybernetics; Robotics archives from, 273 BCP and, 76-77 capitalism to, 272 CICT and, 214, 227 collaboration at, 50 leadership at, 223-224, 230 science at, 244-245
INDEX 392 Institute of Atomic Physics, 55 Intellectuals in culture, 333n35 in Eastern Europe, 354nll education and, 227-230, 235-243, 236, 240, 262-268, 265, 267 in socialism, 255-262, 256, 258-259, 261 training, 230-234, 232-234 Zhivkova on, 286-287 Intelligence. See Espionage; Scientific Technical Intelligence Intergovernmental Commission on Computer Technology (ICCT), 85-87, 105, 121-122 International Bank for Economic Coop eration (IBEC), 39, 41 International Conference on Children in the Computer World, 251 International Institute for Applied Sys tems Analysis (IIASA), 275-276 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 143 International professionals, 272-279, 278 Iran, 114, 147 Iraq, 147 Iron Curtain. See Eastern Bloc ISKRA system, 114-115, 132 Italy, 280-281 ITCR. See Institute for Technical Cyber netics and Robotics IUlzari, Ilko, 50, 61 Ivanov, MariT, 62 IZOT (Computational, Recording and Organizational Technology), 7-8 automation of, 193-194 Central Automation Laboratory and, 235-243, 240 CICT and, 152, 235, 274-275 Comecon and, 179 cybernetics and, 192 economics of, 79,186 factories, 319 failures, 169 files, 148, 151 foreign collaboration with, 162-163 information from, 318 innovation with, 78-88, 174-176 investments in, 190-191 Italy and, 280-281 language and, 160 Libya to, 150 mini computers, 326 peripherals, 199 policy, 281-282 Pravetz and, 250, 315-316 production, 95-102, 99, 102-104, 104-106 reports, 160-161 skills, 314 Soviet Bloc and, 127-128 STI and, 126-127 students at, 231 supercomputers, 172 Izotimpex, 81-82,103, 149, 179-181, 281-282 Japan Bulgaria and,
58, 70-76, 74, 108, 277-278, 278, 341n43 China and, 310 computers in, 70-76, 74 culture of, 284-288 Denmark and, 194 factories in, 363n67 India and, 313, 316 Innovation in, 126 programming in, 220 Third World and, 114 US and, 121, 175-176 USSR and, 138 to Zhivkov, T., 73-75, 284-286 [apart (Papazov), 287-288 Jawaharlal Nehru University (JHU), 159-160 Jobs, Steve, 211-212, 288
INDEX John Paul II (pope), 136 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 50 Kesarovski, Nikola, 265-266, 267 KESSI. See Committee for the Unified System of Social Information KGB authority of, 42 BCP and, 138-139 Bulgaria and, 331П19 CIA and, 136 in Cold War, 116 computers and, 348n33 espionage by, 111 ES to, 109 photon system, 115 STI and, 117-119 training, 126,130 Khristov, Khristo, 37, 136, 280, 296, ЗЗШ19 Khristova, Snezhana, 68, 237 Khrushchev, Nikita Brezhnev and, 11-12, 42, 61 leadership of, 39-41, 54 Secret Speech by, 27-28, 56 Zhivkov, T., and, 92 Kim II Sung, 152 Kiselyova, Emma, 330nl3 Kline, Robert, 19 Kolev, Svetoslav, 162 Konstantinov, Georgi, 230 Korean War, 110 Komai, Janos, 308-309 Korovushkin, Alexander, 36-37 Kosygin, Alexei, 35 Kotkin, Stephen, 362n39 Kozhuharov, Todor, 341n56 Krustanov, Liubomir, 62 Krusteva, Ana, 251 Labor in capitalism, 219-220 divisions of, 154-155 393 in factories, 305-306 Hungarian Workers Party, 44 in India, 156-159 manual, 189 mechanized, 190-191 politics, 25, 308-309 in Romania, 40 in socialism, 39-40, 210-211,219-226, 222, 224 unions, 157-158 Language, 160, 163-164, 178, 253-254, 333n32 Large computers, 325 Latin America, 121,144. See also specific countries Lazarov, Vladimir, 217, 293 Leslie, Chris, 110 Libya, 114, 147-148, 150-151 Lithuania, 94-95 Luchanskiy, Gregory, 297 Luchanskiy, Maxwell, 297 Lukanov, Andrey, 190, 289-290, 294 Maier, Charles, 10, 310 mainframe computers. See ES Manchev, Georgi, 111, 130-131, 131 Mandelbaum, Kurt, 28-29 Manual labor, 189 Marcheva, Iliana, 29, 39 Markov, Georgi, 12, 96,136 Markov, Krasimir,
101,110-111,174, 314 Markov, Stoian, 43,101, 138, 277-279, 288, 297-298, 305 Marshall Plan, 38, 110 Marx, Karl, 14 Marxism authority in, 253 to BCP, 184,191 class in, 185 in culture, 262 ideology of, 213-214, 243-244,247-248 science in, 54 to US, 270
394 Mateev, Evgeny, 276 Mateeva, Krasimira, 221-222 Mathematical modeling, 54 Mauchly, John, 3 Mechanized labor, 190-191 Menon, M. G. K., 156, 357n83 Metalworks machines, 216-217 Mexico, 121, 276 Microchips, 79-80, 119-121, 128, 152, 343n79 Microprocessors, 211-214, 215, 216-217, 218 Middle East, 117, 145-146, 149, 178. See also specific countries Mihailov, Stoian, 225-226 Miloev, Velko, 268 minicomputers. See SM Mini computers, 326 Ministry of Foreign Trade, 102,146, 148-149, 154-155,164, 175-176, 178 Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), 287-288 MINSK-2 (computer), 61-62 MINSK-32 (computer), 84, 93 The Missed Chance (Dilov), 264-265, 265 MITI. See Ministry of International Trade and Industry Mladenov, Desho, 274 Mladenov, Iordan, 46, 97 Mladenov, Petûr, 163, 294 Mobilization, 8 Modernity automation in, 230-231 to BCP, 24, 39-40 in Bulgaria, 219-226, 222, 224 in Cold War, 11-12, 309-310 computers in, 183-185, 311-319, 320, 321 with Crosspoint system, 205 cybernetics in, 23, 25 in Czechoslovakia, 38 in GDR, 38 INDEX ideology in, 143-144 information-age philosophy, 243-255, 246 innovation in, 60-61 Marxism in, 54 philosophy of, 228-229 production in, 100 robotics in, 262-268, 265, 267 in Second World, 315-316, 331nl7 in socialism, 5-7,143 society in, 368n3 technology in, 49 urbanization, 31-32 to US, 141-143 Mongolia, 146-147 "Mont Blanc," 296-297 Mozambique, 149 Mutafov, Dimitur, 273-274 Naïdenov, Georgi, 294, 354nl4 Nanocomputer for Your Child (Miloev), 268 Naplatanov, Nikolai, 230, 235-236,236, 239-242, 248, 252, 272-273 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty
Organization Nedev, Vasil, 43 Nestorov, Kiril, 36-37 Networks, 202-208, 209, 210-211, 271, 304-306 von Neumann, John, 3 New Economic Mechanism, 186 Nigeria, 114, 151 Nikolov, Liubomir, 266 North Africa, 145-146, 149, 151. See also specific countries North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 116-117, 275 North Korea, 151-152 Norway, 275 Numerical Controls, for computers, 187-188, 191-193, 196, 216-217, 273, 324
INDEX Obreshkov, Nikola, 50 Olivetti, 280-281 "On the Development of Computer Technology" (Popov), 62-63 Operation Exodus, 136-137 Opera TV, 49 Ottoman Empire, 29 Pakistan, 356n64 Palairet, Michael, 29 Palchinsky, Peter, 238 Papazov, Nacho, 276, 284, 287-288, 345П149 Paskalev, Zhivko, 65 Pastorino, Robert, 127 Patents, 43-44 Pavlov, Todor, 243 PDP (computer), 86 People's Republic of China. See China Permanent Comecon Commission, 84-85 Peru, 147 Peters, Benjamin, 20-21 Petrov, Petür, 123-125,132, 223-225, 224, 236, 350n87, 367nl90 Photon system, 115 Pleshakov, Constantine, 184 Poland Bulgaria and, 121-122 Czechoslovakia and, 84-85, 89 GDR and, 87, 309-310 Romania, 147 scholarship on, 108 technology in, 55 Warsaw Pact, 38-39,117 Poletaev, Igor, 53 Policy of BCP, 45-46, 113-114, 220-221, 277 against capitalism, 290, 292 CoCom, 114 Cold War, 341П43 Comecon, 10-11,105 for culture, 254-255 395 in economics, 70-71 FERA,158-159 General Theory of Social Governence, 245 in higher education, 257 IZOT, 281-282 Ministry of Foreign Trade, 102,146, 148-149, 154-155, 164, 175-176, 178 for STI, 296-297 USSR, 82-83, 88-89, 145 Politics in Bulgaria, 8-14, 62-70, 66, 68-69 class, 32 of Comecon, 94-95 of CSTP, 76-78, 94-95 in Czechoslovakia, 110 of Eastern Bloc, 25,180-181 in Eastern Europe, 64, 311-312 economics and, 333n32 of foreign innovation, 75-76 of Global South, 17-18 innovation and, 43-44 labor, 25, 308-309 Popov in, 61 of reform, 317-318 of socialism, 1,11 of technology, 21-22, 139 of Zhivkova, 22, 141-142 Popchev, Ivan, 242 Popov, Ivan Angelov, A., and, 88 Angelov, S., and, 66 in
BCP, 44, 79, 88, 96-97 career of, 43-48, 47 criticism of, 98 for CSTP, 92,122-123, 345nl49 Doïnov and, 139, 269, 317-318 in education, 187 electronics to, 111-112 Japan to, 73 leadership of, 65-70, 77-78, 82, 85, 95, 125, 305-306
396 Popov, Ivan (cont.) Menon and, 357n83 in politics, 61 reputation of, 76, 77, 105-106, 156, 288, 337n63 scholarship from, 62-63 Zhivkov, T„ and, 56, 62, 96-97,123, 310 Portugal, 127 Pravetz (computer) innovation with, 215, 234, 250, 257, 261, 298 legacy of, 315-316, 318 production of, 323, 323-324, 326-327 Privatization, 269-270, 365nl25 Priyadarshini Institute for Computer Aided Knowledge, 170 Production Cold War, 127-129 from Comecon, 89-90 of computers, 325, 325-327 electronics, 325, 325-327 ELKA, 76-82, 104-105 ES, 323, 327 IZOT, 95-102, 99, 102-104, 104-106 of machines, 325, 325-327 of microchips, 119-121 in modernity, 100 of Pravetz, 323, 323-324, 326-327 radio, 51 robotics, 324 SM, 323, 327 Professionalism, 317-318 Programming, 213, 220, 300-301 Propaganda, 176-181, 180, 221-222 Protectionism, 175-176 Radio production, 51 Raïnov, Bogomil, 107 Rational control, 219-226, 222, 224 Reagan, Ronald, 136 Reform of BCP, 298 in Bulgaria, 290, 291, 292-298 INDEX of CSTP, 288-289 in Eastern Bloc, 10-11 in economics, 37-38 electronics and, 34-35 politics of, 317-318 in socialism, 254-255, 279-290, 285 Regional computer center (RITz), 202-203. See also Territorial Center Research algorithms for, 277 in atomic energy, 50, 112-113, 357n83 in Eastern Bloc, 50 In electronics, 91-92 on espionage, 350n87 innovation and, 310-311 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 50 Research Institute for Electrical Indus try, 52 science, 113-114 with SM, 85-86 sociology, 367nl90 in USSR, 48-49 after Warsaw Pact, 117 Resources, 238 Rishi Electronics, 166 RITz. See Regional computer center The
Road ofIcarus (Dilov), 262-264, 265 Robotics advertisements for, 218 to Angelov, A., 216 automation with, 214-215 computers and, 101 control rooms for, 196 cybernetics and, 50, 186-187 in factories, 175 innovation in, 166-167,168, 169 to Konstantinov, 312-313 manual labor and, 189 mechanized labor and, 190-191 microprocessors and, 211-214, 215, 216-217, 218 in modernity, 262-268, 265, 267
INDEX production, 324 in Singapore, 152 social function of, 241 Romania, 11, 40-41, 59,147 Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul, 28-29 Rudnev, Konstantin, 47 Sanborn, Joshua, 348n33 Santacruz Electronics Export Processing Zone (SEEPZ), 164-165 Scholarship on BCP, 304-305 on computers, 254, 269-272 on cybernetics, 53-54 on Eastern Bloc, 57-58 on Eastern Europe, 28-32 on economics, 304 on electronics, 333n32 on geopolitics, 16-17 on Information, 369n43 on Poland, 108 from Popov, 62-63 on socialism, 15 on STI, 111-112, 129, 137-140 on USSR, 110-111 Science. See also specific topics American Big Science, 3 in Bulgaria, 131-132, 224, 224-225 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 3, 45, 50, 52, 59, 63 at CICT, 133-134 in communism, 14 culture and, 23, 66-67 of cybernetics, 19-20 cyborg, 333n35 democracy and, 294 economics and, 69-70 education and, 43-44 ethnography of, 7 in GDR, 46 innovation in, 45 at Institute of Atomic Physics, 55 • at ITCR, 244-245 397 in Marxism, 54 philosophy of, 123-124 research, 113-114 in USSR, 52-53 Zhivkov, T, for, 292-293 Scientific Technical Intelligence (STI) CAI and, 131-136 CoCom and, 162 cooperation with, 116-122 CTSP and, 273 in Eastern Bloc, 127-128 economics of, 280 history of, 108-109, 112-116 information at, 122-129, 347nl5 leadership of, 129-131,131 philosophy of, 110-112 policy for, 296-297 scholarship on, 111-112, 129, 137-140 US and, 136-137, 272 Scientific-Technical Revolution (STR) automation and, 192-202, 196, 219-226, 222, 224 in Bulgaria, 183-185, 211-214, 215, 216-217,218 ideology of, 185-191, 230, 234, 249-250 networks in, 202-208, 209, 210-211 Second
World economics of, 19 modernity in, 315-316, 331nl7 technology in, 105-106 Third World and, 13 Secret Speech, 27-28, 33, 56 SEEPZ. See Santacruz Electronics Export Processing Zone Semiconductors, 64, 79-80, 190-191, 343n81 Sendov, Blagovest expertise of, 59, 213, 250-251 In Japan, 71-72 leadership of, 292, 298 reputation of, 3-4, 50, 318-319
398 Seventh Congress, of BCP, 33-35 Sgurev, Vasil, 223 Shahryar, Adil, 170,171 Shahryar, Amir, 170 Shannon, Claude, 52 Shipbuilder (newspaper), 319, 321 Shkodrova, Albena, 225 Shopov, Atanas, 178 Short Bulgarian Encyclopedia, 53-54 Short Philosophical Dictionary, 52-53 Signal (Poletaev), 53 Sikora, Miroslaw, 108 Singapore, 152 Singh, Gopal, 166, 181 SM (minicomputers) ES and, 12, 86-87 factories, 119 production, 323, 327 research with, 85-86 SM-4,150, 197-198 Socialism agriculture in, 30-31 authority in, 108-109 automation in, 185-191 to BCP, 310-311 BSP, 295 in Bulgaria, 33-35, 5 7-59, 153-156, 262-268, 265, 267, 307-311 capitalism and, 143-144, 176-177, 194-195 CoCom and, 138,150-151 in cold War, 9-10 Comprehensive Program for Socialist Economic Integration, 90 computers in, 290, 291, 292-298, 304-306 culture in, 21-22 cybernetics in, 52-56, 202, 227-230, 244 in Eastern Bloc, 57 in Eastern Europe, 5-6, 330nl5 economics in, 202-208, 209, 210-211 education in, 82 INDEX ESSI, 206-207. 239-242, 244, 247, 365П125 factories in, 104-105 in globalization, 17-18, 257 history of, 23-24, 42-48, 47 industrialization in, 30 innovation in, 89 intellectuals in, 255-262, 256,258-259, 261 labor in, 39-40, 210-211, 219-226, 222, 224 mobilization in, 8 modernity in, 5-7, 143 politics of, 1,11 reform in, 254-255, 279-290, 285 scholarship on, 15 socialist democracies, 242-243 technology in, 95-102, 99,102-104, 104-106 to US, 312 Society automation in, 183-185 of Bulgaria, 185-191 with capitalism, 250 after computers, 15-16, 254-255 in Czechoslovakia, 121 economics and, 21 in GDR, 120
information in, 7-8 in modernity, 368n3 rational control in, 219-226, 222, 224 trade in, 228-229 women in, 222, 222-223 Zhivkov, T., on, 252 Sociology, 367nl90 Software, 200-201, 214, 298-301, 303 Sotskov, Boris, 235 Spain, 126, 178 Stalin, Joseph, 30-31, 38-39 Stalinism. See specific topics Stanchev, Petür, 294 Stanulov, Nikolai, 245-248, 278-279 State Economic Union (DSO), 64-65
INDEX STI section. See Scientific Technical Intelligence Stolanov, Dimitur, 135 Stolnov, Ivan, 293 Stoinov, Vesselin, 181 Stoychev, Vladimir, 251 STR. See Scientific-Technical Revolution Supercomputers Blue Gene, 297-298 history of, 164-167, 165, 167-169, 169-172, 171,173, 174-176 innovation In, 359nl65 Svoboda, Antonin, 55 Sweden, 121 Symbolic information, 240 Syria, 29, 148 Tanzania, 146,149 Tatarchenko, Ksenia, 228 TCC. See Territorial Center Technology. See also specific topics for BCP, 4, 61 BTD, 52 in Bulgaria, 48-50, 51, 52 CICT, 72 computers and, 62-63 in Eastern Bloc, 107-109 economics and, 14-15, 308-309 education in, 273-274 ES, 99, 99-100, 101 espionage for, 24 ETTDC, 159-160 at EXPO'70 World Fair, 73-76, 74 First World, 13 foreign collaboration with, 158-159 from France, 125-126 in GDR, 55, 186 hard drive, 310, 321, 327, 345nl60 at IBM, 137 ICCT, 85-87, 105, 121-122 information and communications, 313-314 in modernity, 49 399 Operation Exodus for, 136-137 patents for, 43-44 in Poland, 55 politics of, 21-22,139 in Second World, 105-106 in socialism, 95-102, 99, 102-104, 104-106 to UN, 108 in USSR, 307-308 for video games, 5 Winchester technology standard, 100 in World War II, 1, 3 Telephone Palace, 1 Tenev, Ivan, 292-293 Territorial Center (TCC), 203-205, 207-208, 209 Texlm, 145, 279-280, 294, 354nl4 Third World, 13,114,181, 353n3 Tice, Donald, 11 Tilly, Charles, 116 Tobacco industry, 29-31 Todoriev, Nikolai, 295 Tokyo International Trade Fair, 71 Trade. See also Economics with Africa, 149-150 with Arab world, 117,145-146,178 with Bulgaria, 156-159, 356n74 in
Cold War, 69-70, 147-148 computers and, 279-290, 285 with Czechoslovakia, 145 with Eastern Europe, 159,164-167, 165,167 economics of, 67-68 ETTDC, 159-160 with Global South, 142,146-147, 150-151, 175-176 with India, 159-164 with Izotimpex, 281-282 Ministry of Foreign Trade, 102,146, 148-149, 154-155, 164, 175-176, 178 in society, 228-229 with Third World, 181
400 Trade (cont.) with UK, 282-283 with US, 202-203 with USSR, 101-102, 102-104, 104-106, 134, 313 VTOs, 36 Training, 230-234, 232-234 Treaty of Rome (1957), 39 Trifonov, Trifon, 243-244 TSanev, Angel, 117 TSvetkov, Alexander, 87-88,110, 137-138 TSvetkov, Evlogi, 341n56 TSvonev, Boyan, 138 Turkey, 114,176, 178 UK. See United Kingdom Ulbricht, Walter, 45 UN. See United Nations Unified Citizen Number (EGN), 206, 208 Unified System for Civilian Registration and Administrative Services for the Population (ESGRAON), 206, 210-211, 365П125 Unified System of Social Information (ESSI), 206-207, 239-242, 244, 247, 365П125 Unions, 157-158 United Kingdom (UK) in colonialism, 154 IBM in, 202-203 innovation in, 107-108 labor in, 220 trade with, 282-283 US and, 135, 2 74-2 75 United Nations (UN), 63-64, 70,108, 273, 340nl6 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 63-64, 340nl6 United Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) banking in, 36-37 BCP and, 28, 195, 228 INDEX Brezhnev for, 184-185 Bulgaria and, 20-21, 40, 61, 83-84, 93-95, 110-112, 163-164 capitalism to, 27-28, 38-42 China and, 11, 34, 70 in Cold War, 16,108-109, 331n20, 352П158 Comecon and, 58, 60-61, 295-296 communism in, 308-309 Council of Main Constructors in, 87 CSTP and, 91-92 culture of, 44-45 cybernetics in, 46 economics in, 28-29, 44-45 ES in, 159 Europe and, 67 GDR and, 50, 52, 55-56, 86, 193, 272 GKNT in, 82-84, 92-94 IBM in, 199 ideology of, 33-35 industrialization in, 4, 28, 37-38 innovation in, 9-10 Japan and, 138 leadership of, 41-42 military, 87-88, 100-101 NATO and, 116-117 policy, 82-83, 88-89, 145 research
in, 48-49 scholarship on, 110-111 Science in, 52-53 Short Philosophical Dictionary in, 52-53 technology in, 307-308 trade with, 101-102,102-104,104-106, 134, 313 UN Industrial Development Organiza tion and, 63-64 US and, 16, 108-109, 331n20, 352П158 weaponry in, 54-55 Zhivkov, T., and, 94 United States (US) American Computer Data Corporation in, 210
401 INDEX Bulgaria and, 4, 85-86, 313-314 Canada and, 128 CDC in, 281-282 China and, 283 CIA, 136-137 CoCom and, 282-283 in Cold War, 16,108-109, 331n20, 352nl58 computers from, 107-108 diplomacy with, 6, 11, 174 Eastern Bloc and, 283-284 education in, 174 espionage in, 129-131, 131 Europe and, 110 France and, 118 GDRand, 111 Germany and, 316 higher education in, 1, 3 IBM and, 158-159 India and, 354n6 Japan and, 121,175-176 Marshall Plan from, 38 Marxism to, 270 modernity to, 141-143 Portugal and, 127 socialism to, 312 STI and, 136-137, 272 trade with, 202-203 UK and, 135, 274-275 Vietnam and, 356n64 Urbanization, 31-32, 34-35 US. See United States USSR. See United Soviet Socialist Republic Vachkov, Plamen on economics, 315-316 on industry, 288-290, 291, 305 on innovation, 294, 298 reputation of, 96, 169 Vada, Tsenusuke, 71 Venkov, Pencho, 274 Venture capitalism, 58 Vichev, Nedelcho, 220 Video games, 5 Vietnam, 101, 116, 151, 172, 356n64 Vitosha computer, 59-60, 60, 62, 65, 73 VTOs. See foreign trade organizations Warsaw Pact, 38-39, 117, 136 Welder robot, 218 Westad, Odd Arne, 18 Wiener, Norbert, 3, 52-53, 245, 338n90 Winchester technology standard, 100 Women, 221-223, 222, 258-259 World War II, 1,3-6, 29 Wozniak, Steve, 211-212 Xerox, 274 Yemen, 149 Yew, Lee Kuan, 289 Yugoslavia, 11, 42, 330nl5 Yurchak, Alexei, 9 Zdrachev, Khristo, 71 Zhekovi, Valentina, 260 Zhekovi, Valeri, 260 Zhenata Dnes (magazine), 258 Zhivkov, Todor Brezhnev and, 75, 92-93 Doïnov and, 287 on Eastern Bloc, 290, 292 economics to, 205 fall of, 304-305, 317, 336n41 family of, 353n2 in foreign affairs,
160 in GDR, 45-46 Gorbachev and, 138-139 Japan to, 73-75, 284-286 Khrushchev and, 92 leadership of, 33, 40, 98, 141-142, 293-295, 301 Popov and, 56, 62, 96-97, 123, 310 reputation of, 11, 339n6 for science, 292-293
402 INDEX Zhivkov, Todor (cont.) on society, 252 USSR and, 94 as venture capitalist, 58 Zhivkov, Zhivko, 187 Zhivkova, Liudmila on intellectuals, 286-287 leadership of, 164,184-185, 229, 249-250, 255, 292 legacy of, 353n2, 371n84 politics of, 22, 141-142 ZIT-151 (computer), 72-73, 78, 80,193, 199, 325 "Zlatna Panega" cement factory, 192 Zubok, Vladivslav, 184 /------------ ----------- ------------ Bayerische Staatsbibliothek _ München |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS lx NOTE ON TRANSLITERATIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS PREFACE xi xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv INTRODUCTION: THE WORLDS OF THE BULGARIAN COMPUTER 1 1 THE CONJUNCTURE: THE ROAD TO THE BULGARIAN 2 ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY 27 THE CAPTIVE MARKET: THE RISE AND APOGEE OF 3 AN INDUSTRY 57 ACCESS DENIED: SPIES, TECHNOLOGIES, AND CIRCULATION 4 ACROSS THE IRON CURTAIN 107 ROSES AND LOTUSES: BULGARIA'S ELECTRONIC ENTANGLEMENT 5 WITH INDIA 141 AUTOMATIC FOR THE PEOPLE: THE SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL 6 7 REVOLUTION AND SOCIETY 183 THE SOCIALIST CYBORG: EDUCATION, INTELLECTUALS, AND CULTURE 227 NETWORKED AND PLUGGED IN: COMPUTER PRIESTS AND THEIR PATHWAYS 269 CONCLUSION: THE UNEVEN FUTURE 307 APPENDIX A: SNAPSHOT OF AUTOMATION IN 198 9 APPENDIX B: TYPES OF MACHINES PRODUCED NOTES INDEX 329 379 325 323
INDEX Note: Photos and Tables are indicated by italicized page numbers. Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. See ARPANET Advertisements, 176-181,180, 218 Afghanistan, 145-147 Africa, 144-146,149-151. See also specific countries Agriculture, 30-31, 79, 342n77 Albania, 11, 42 Algeria, 145-147 Algorithmic language, 253-254 Algorithms, 65, 277 American Big Science, 3 American Computer Data Corporation, 210 Anarchy, 230 Angelov, Angel, 50, 52, 87-88, 216, 277-278, 278 Angelov, Stefan, 65, 66, 77, 87 Angola, 146 Antonov, Liubomir, 65-66, 66, 68 Apple, 211-212 Arab world, 117,145-146,178 Armenia, 94-95 ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), 206-208 Asia, 70,144,146,152-153. See also specific countries Asimov, Isaac, 264,266 ASUs. See Automated System of Governance Atanasoff, John Vincent, 1, 2, 3-4, 314-315, 318-319, 329nl Atanasoff-Berry Computer, 3 Atanasov, Atanas, 296 Atomic energy, 50, 112-113, 357n83 The Atomic Man (Dilov), 262-263 Austria, 179 Authority at CICT, 125, 237 of CSTP, 63-65,124-125, 128-129, 133 of DS, 108-109,111-113, 116, 135 of ICCT, 121-122 of KGB, 42 in Marxism, 253 in socialism, 108-109
380 Automated System of Governance (ASUs), 93-94, 188-190, 193-202, 207, 226, 240-241 Automation Automatic Computing Machine M-l, 54 to BCP, 226 Central Automation Laboratory, 235-243, 240 in Cold War, 323, 323-324 computer-numerical controls for, 187-188, 191-193, 196, 216-217, 273, 324 computers and, 225, 323, 323-324 to CSTP, 190, 193-194, 200 of deliveries, 198-199 electronics and, 94, 98, 195 of healthcare, 197-198 ideology of, 231-234, 232-234 information and, 23-24 with ISKRA system, 114-115 of IZOT, 193-194 in Libya, 151 in modernity, 230-231 with robotics, 214-215 in socialism, 185-191 in society, 183-185 STR and, 192-202,196, 219-226, 222, 224 Avakoum Zakhov versus 07 (Gulyashki), 107 Avtomatika-8 program, 99, 132, 195-196 Baker, Kevin, 361n5 Banking, 36-37, 39-40 Bankruptcy, 35-38 Bases for Technical Development (BTD), 52 BCP. See Bulgarian Communist Party Belchev, Denyo, 235 Belgium, 275 Bennahaum, David, 300 INDEX Berry, Clifford, 3 BESM (Large Electronic Calculating Machine), 54-56 Bhabha, Homi, 357n83 Blue Gene supercomputer, 297-298 Bonchev, Veselin, 299-301 Borovski, Boris, 87 Botev, Nedko, 138 Brezhnev, Leonid, 11-12, 42, 61, 75, 92-93, 184-185 BSP. See Bulgarian Socialist Party BTD. See Bases for Technical Development Bulgaria Angelov, S., for, 87 bankruptcy in, 35-38 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 3, 45, 50, 52, 59, 63, 227 Bulgarian Agrarian National Union, 79, 342n77 China and, 335n25 Cold War and, 129-140,131, 269-272, 311-319,320, 321 Comecon and, 116-122, 311-312 computers and, 1, 2, 3-8, 24-25, 59-62, 60,192-202,196 culture of, 227-230, 235-243,
236, 240 cybernetics in, 202-208, 209, 210-211, 230-234, 232-234, 255-262, 256, 258-259, 261 Czechoslovakia and, 120-121 Eastern Bloc and, 5, 90-93 economics in, 82-83, 298-301, 302-303 electronics in, 27-28, 42-48, 47, 145-148, 159-164 ELKA production in, 76-82 ES in, 88-89, 91-92 espionage in, 107-109, 112-116, 122-129 Europe and, 334nl6 EXPO'70 World Fair to, 341n56
INDEX factories in, 80-81 GDR and, 89-90,118-119 geopolitics in, 14-24 history of, 28-32 IBM in, 200-201, 282 India and, 141-145,148-153,164-167, 165, 167-169, 169-172, 171, 173, 174-181, 180 industrialization in, 32, 35, 48, 82, 362n39 innovation in, 70-76, 74, 95-102, 99, 102-104, 104-106 international professionals in, 272-279, 278 Iran and, 114 Japan and, 58, 70-76, 74,108, 277-278, 278, 341n43 KGB and, 331П19 machines produced in, 325, 325-327 military of, 116-117 Ministry of Foreign Trade, 102,146, 148-149, 154-155, 164, 175-176, 178 modernity in, 219-226, 222, 224 networks in, 304-306 Poland and, 121-122 politics in, 8-14, 62-70, 66, 68-69 reform in, 290, 291, 292-298 science in, 131-132, 224, 224-225 socialism in, 33-35, 57-59, 153-156, 262-268, 265, 267, 307-311 socialist business class in, 279-290, 285 society of, 185-191 STR in, 183-185, 211-214, 215, 216-217, 218 technology in, 48-50, 51, 52 tobacco industry in, 29-31 trade with, 156-159, 356n74 US and, 4, 85-86, 313-314 USSR and, 20-21, 40, 61, 83-84, 93-95, 110-112,163-164 Yugoslavia and, 330nl5 381 Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) automation to, 226 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences to, 52, 193, 235-236 Comecon and, 213 culture of, 25 cybernetics to, 206-207 Eastern Bloc to, 89 economics to, 20, 32, 62, 90, 186-187 EEC and, 91 end of, 295 Gorbachev and, 217 ideology of, 30, 56, 184-185, 246, 246-249 information to, 8-9 innovation to, 62-70, 66, 68-69, 189-190 Institute of Communication, 49 ITCR and, 76-77 KGB and, 138-139 Marxism to, 184,191 modernity to, 24, 39-40 networks in, 304 New Economic Mechanism, 186
oppression from, 30-31 policy of, 45-46, 113-114, 220-221, 277 Popov in, 44, 79, 88, 96-97 reform of, 298 scholarship on, 304-305 Seventh Congress of, 33-35 socialism to, 310-311 STI and, 134-135 technology for, 4, 61 urbanization to, 34-35 USSR and, 28,195, 228 VTOs of, 36 Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), 295 Bureaucracy, 83-84 Busoft, 299, 303 CAI. See Centre for Applied Information Canada, 128
382 Capitalism communism and, 24-25,102,102-103, 104 computers in, 213-214 electronics in, 345nl59 information in, 312-313 to ITCR, 272 labor in, 219-220 policy against, 290, 292 socialism and, 143-144, 176-177, 194-195 society with, 250 to USSR, 27-28, 38-42 venture, 58 Carter, Jimmy, 136 Castells, Manuel, 9-10, 304, 330nl3 Castle, Robert, 305 CDC. See Control Data Corporation Central Automation Laboratory, 235-243, 240 Central Institute for Computer Technol ogy (CICT) authority at, 125, 237 development at, 133-134, 138 ITCR and, 214, 227 IZOT and, 152, 235, 274-275 technology, 72 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 136-137 Centre for Applied Information (CAI), 131-136 Chalakov, Ivan, 294, 308-309 Chamarov, Stoicho, 50 Chervenkov, Vulko, 33 Children, 255-262, 256, 258-259, 261, 267, 268, 271, 318-319 Chile, 21 China Bulgaria and, 335n25 Communism in, 37 economics to, 34 India and, 71,101 Japan and, 310 INDEX Pakistan and, 356n64 US and, 283 USSR and, 11, 34, 70 Vietnam and, 172 Christian, Michel, 64, 340nl6 Chuparov, Toma, 72 CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency CICT. See Central Institute for Com puter Technology Class, 32, 185, 279-290, 285, 310 CoCom (Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls) Comecon and, 73,139-140 controls, 274-275 CSTP and, 70 in Eastern Bloc, 16 espionage and, 110-112 policy, 114 restrictions, 124 socialism and, 138, 150-151 STI and, 162 US and, 282-283 Cold War Algeria in, 145-146 In Asia, 70 automation in, 323, 323-324 Bulgaria and, 129-140,131, 269-272, 311-319, 320, 321 computers in, 52-56 conferences in, 340nl6 culture, 56, 107
cybernetics after, 298-301, 302-303 decolonization and, 16-18 diplomacy, 141-142,160 Eastern Bloc in, 8-9, 11-12 Eastern Europe after, 306 electronics in, 67-68 espionage in, 15, 24, 42 Europe in, 143-144 geopolitics of, 38-42, 108-109, 122-129, 210, 352nl58 Global South in, 13, 152-153 History of, 14-15
INDEX ideology, 184-185 India in, 18-19,145-148 KGB in, 116 modernity in, 11-12, 309-310 policy, 341n43 Production, 127-129 socialism in, 9-10 software in, 200-201 trade in, 69-70, 147-148 Treaty of Rome in, 39 US/USSR in, 16,108-109, 331n20, 352П158 Warsaw Pact, 38-39, 117 Collectivization, 335n22 Colonialism, 16-18,154 Comecon aims of, 93-94 allies, 57, 310 banking with, 39-40 BCP and, 213 Bulgaria and, 116-122, 311-312 CoCom and, 73,139-140 collapse of, 269-270 competition with, 72 cooperation within, 28 CSTP and, 90 dependency on, 38 economics of, 35, 43, 48, 93 education to, 147 in EEC, 16-17 ES in, П failures of, 292-293 Global South and, 13 ideology of, 41 innovation after, 24, 42 IZOT and, 179 Izotimpex and, 179-181 microchips for, 79-80 Ministry of Foreign Trade and, 176 needs, 100 Permanent Comecon Commission, 84-85 policy, 10-11,105 383 politics of, 94-95 production from, 89-90 specializations, 122,144,165-166, 217, 278 USSR and, 58, 60-61, 295-296 Committee for Scientific and Technical Progress, Bulgaria (CSTP) authority of, 63-65,124-125,128-129, 133 automation to, 190, 193-194, 200 CoCom and, 70 Comecon and, 90 CSIR and, 153 in diplomacy, 162 innovation from, 212 leadership of, 59,138, 275-276, 278-279 politics of, 76-78, 94-95 Popov for, 92, 122-123, 345nl49 rebranding of, 101 reform of, 288-289 STI and, 273 USSR and, 91-92 Zdrachev with, 71 Committee for Scientific and Techni cal Progress, USSR (GKNT), 82-84, 92-94 Committee for the Unified System of Social Information (KESSI), 149, 206-208, 210-211, 226, 281-282 Commodities, 329n8 Communications, 48-49,
313-314, 365П122 Communism. See also Socialism capitalism and, 24-25,102, 102-103, 104 in China, 37 factories after, 314 in France, 68-69 science in, 14 in USSR, 308-309 in Vietnam, 151
384 Comprehensive Program for Socialist Economic Integration, 90 Computational, Recording and Organizational Technology. See IZOT Computer for You (magazine), 172-173, 255-257, 256, 259, 260-261, 261, 265, 268, 299-300 Computers. See also specific computers automation and, 225, 323, 323-324 Bulgaria and, 1, 2, 3-8, 24-25, 59-62, 60, 192-202, 196 in capitalism, 213-214 in Cold War, 52-56 computer centers, 201-205, 207-208, 209 computer-numerical controls, 187-188, 191-193, 196, 216-217, 273, 324 in culture, 248-249, 255-262, 256, 258-259, 261 cybernetics and, 262-268, 265, 267 in Eastern Bloc, 52-53 economics of, 57-59, 156-159 electronics and, 272-279, 278, 307-311 in globalization, 14-24, 125-126, 181 history of, 42-48, 47, 54-55 humanity and, 253-254 ICCT, 85-87, 105, 121-122 information on, 119 innovation of, 62-70, 66, 68-69, 98-99, 105-106, 164-167, 165, 167-169, 169-172, 171, 173, 174-176, 208, 210, 342n79 in Japan, 70-76, 74 KGB and, 348n33 language and, 163-164, 333n32 mathematical modeling with, 54 metalworks machines and, 216-217 in modernity, 183-185, 311-319, 320, 321 in North Africa, 151 INDEX numerical controls for, 187-188, 191-193, 196, 216-217, 273, 324 Priyadarshini Institute for Computer Aided Knowledge, 170 production of, 325, 325-327 RITz, 202-203 robotics and, 101 scholarship on, 254, 269-272 small states and, 8-14 in socialism, 290, 291, 292-298, 304-306 society after, 15-16, 254-255 TCC, 203-205, 207-208, 209 technology and, 62-63 terminology of, 22-23 trade and, 279-290, 285 from US, 107-108 Contact Analogue Indicator, 240 Control Data Corporation
(CDC), 281-282 Control rooms, for robotics, 196 Coordinating Committee for Multilat eral Export Controls. See CoCom Corruption, 171-172 Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), 153, 156-157 Council of Main Constructors, 87 Counter-intelligence, 114-115 A Crimson Drop ofBlood (Kesarovski), 265-266 Crosspoint system, 205 CSIR. See Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CSTP. See Committee for Scientific and Technical Progress, Bulgaria Cuba, 121 Cullather, Nick, 142-143 Culture of BCP, 25 of Bulgaria, 227-230, 235-243, 236, 240 Cold War, 56, 107
INDEX computers in, 248-249, 255-262, 256, 258-259, 261 cultural capital, 270-271 cultural diplomacy, 353n2 of Eastern Bloc, 31-32 electronics in, 271-272 ELKA in, 65-70, 66, 68-69 intellectuals in, 333n35 of Japan, 284-288 Marxism in, 262 policy for, 254-255 science and, 23, 66-67 in socialism, 21-22 of USSR, 44-45 Cyberia. See specific topics Cybernetics. See also Robotics ASUs and, 93-94, 188-190, 193-202, 207, 226, 240-241 to BCP, 206-207 in Bulgaria, 202-208, 209, 210-211, 230-234, 232-234, 255-262, 256, 258-259, 261 after Cold War, 298-301, 302-303 computers and, 262-268, 265, 267 cybernetic tower, 235-243, 236, 240 cyborg science, 333n35 discourse on, 229 in Eastern Bloc, 369n43 electronics and, 93 in GDR, 361n5 history of, 20, 53 ideology of, 22 IZOT and, 192 in modernity, 23, 25 principles of, 246-248 robotics and, 50,186-187 scholarship on, 53-54 science of, 19-20 in socialism, 52-56, 202, 227-230, 244 theory, 186 in USSR, 46 Wiener for, 338n90 Cybernetics (Wiener), 53 385 Cyborgs. See Robotics Czechoslovakia Afghanistan and, 145-146 Bulgaria and, 120-121 Europe and, 179 GDR and, 17, 40, 42 innovation in, 55 modernity in, 38 Poland and, 84-85, 89 politics in, 110 society in, 121 trade with, 145 Danchev, Racho, 50 Dark Avenger, 300-301, 302 Decolonization, 16-18 Deindustrialization, 270, 306 Deliveries, 177-178, 198-199 Democracy, 13-14, 242-243, 294, 307-308 Deng Xiaoping, 288 Denmark, 194, 274, 316 Development, 52, 62-64, 133-134, 138, 159-160, 340nl6 Dilov, Liuben, 262-266, 265 Dimitrov, Angel, 111 Dimitrov, Bisser, 283-284 Dimitrov, Georgi, 11 Dimitrova,
Milena, 5-6 Diplomacy, 6, 11,141-142,160, 162, 174, 353n2 DKMS (Dimitrov Komsomol Youth Union), 151-152 Document transfers, 86-87 Doïnov, Ognian collaboration with, 139, 269, 287, 289-290, 294-295, 317-318 leadership of, 97-98,125,135,170-171, 237, 284-286,285, 292, 296 Dragostinov, Kolcho, 319 Dresden Technical University, 55 DS. See Diirzhavna Sigurnost DSO. See State Economic Union
386 Dubna Institute of Nuclear Research, 39 Dürzhavna Sigurnost (DS), 108-109, 111-113, 116, 118, 129-130, 135. See also Scientific Technical Intelligence Dzhamilkov, Stoian, 49 Eastern Bloc allies of, 108 assets, 118 to BCP, 89 Bulgaria and, 5, 90-93 class in, 310 CoCom in, 16 in Cold War, 8-9, 11-12 computers in, 52-53 culture of, 31-32 cybernetics in, 369n43 economics of, 22 ETTDC in, 159-160 Europe and, 36-37 factories in, 307-308 history of, 52-56 India and, 356n64 information in, 122,174 politics of, 25, 180-181 privatization in, 269-270 reform in, 10-11 research in, 50 scholarship on, 57-58 Secret Speech for, 27-28 socialism in, 57 STI in, 127-128 technology in, 107-109 US and, 283-284 Zhivkov, T„ on, 290, 292 Eastern Europe. See also specific countries allies in, 33-34 children in, 318-319 after Cold War, 306 democracy in, 13-14, 307-308 electronics in, 58-59 Germany and, 123-124 INDEX Global South and, 315 higher education in, 44-45 intellectuals in, 354nll politics in, 64, 311-312 satellites of, 41-42 scholarship on, 28-32 socialism in, 5-6, 330nl5 trade with, 159, 164-167,165,167 after World War II, 4 Eckert, J. Presper, 3 Economics bankruptcy, 35-38 to BCP, 20, 32, 62, 90, 186-187 in Bulgaria, 82-83, 298-301, 302-303 to China, 34 Code of Economics Mechanisms, 279 of Comecon, 35, 43, 48, 93 Comprehensive Program for Socialist Economic Integration, 90 of computers, 57-59,156-159 DSO, 64-65 of Eastern Bloc, 22 of education, 146-147 EEC, 16-17 of EU, 313-314 of Europe, 30 of factories, 100-101, 296 globalization of, 140 of Global South, 24 IBEC, 39, 41 of IBM, 102,
104 in India, 153-156 ofIZOT, 79, 186 mathematical modeling of, 54 of "Mont Blanc," 296-297 New Economic Mechanism, 186 policy in, 70-71 politics and, 333n32 reform in, 37-38 of resources, 238 scholarship on, 304 science and, 69-70 of Second World, 19
INDEX in socialism, 202-208, 209, 210-211 society and, 21 of STI, 280 technology and, 14-15, 308-309 of trade, 67-68 in USSR, 28-29, 44-45 Vachkov on, 315-316 ofVTOs, 36 to Zhivkov, T., 205 Education. See also Higher education of children, 255-262,256, 258-259, 261 to Comecon, 147 DKMS and, 151-152 economics of, 146-147 in Europe, 48 innovation and, 81, 318-319 intellectuals and, 227-230, 235-243, 236, 240, 262-268, 265, 267 in Nigeria, 151 Popov in, 187 Priyadarshini Institute for Computer Aided Knowledge, 170 programming in, 213 science and, 43-44 in socialism, 82 software and, 298-299 in technology, 273-274 training, 230-234, 232-234 training intellectuals, 230-234, 232-234 in US, 174 EEC. See European Economic Community EGN. See Unified Citizen Number Egypt, 29 Electronics ASUs and, 93-94,188-190,193-202, 207, 226, 240-241 automation and, 94, 98,195 in Bulgaria, 27-28, 42-48, 47,145-148, 159-164 in capitalism, 34Snl59 387 in Cold War, 67-68 computers and, 272-279, 278, 307-311 in culture, 271-272 cybernetics and, 93 in Eastern Europe, 58-59 electronic documentation, 118-119 electronic warfare, 231 espionage and, 116-122 factories, 316-317 from GDR, 67 geopolitics of, 141-145,153-156, 176-181,180 in Global South, 148-153 history of, 48-50, 51, 52 information on, 15,127-128 innovation in, 6-7, 56, 319, 320, 321 to Popov, 111-112 production, 325, 325-327 reform and, 34-35 research in, 91-92 Research Institute for Electrical Indus try, 52 scholarship on, 333n32 SEEPZ, 164-165 STR for, 190 in World War II, 5-6 Electronic Trade and Technology Devel opment Corporation
(ETTDC), 159-160 Elektroimpex, 154-156 Elektronika-8 program, 99,132 ELKA (calculator), 65-70, 66, 68-69, 71-72, 76-82, 104-105,197 Engineering, 238 ENIAC (computer), 3-4 Environmentalism, 334nl6 ES (mainframe computers) in Bulgaria, 88-89, 91-92 in Comecon, 77 ES-1020, 95-96, 98-99, 179, 198-199, 325 ES-1037, 325
388 ES (mainframe computers) (cont.) failures, 163-163 IBM and, 85-86, 88, 95-96, 314 to KGB, 109 production, 323, 327 SM and, 12, 86-87 technology, 99, 99-100, 101 in USSR, 159 ESGRAON. See Unified System for Civil ian Registration and Administrative Services for the Population Espionage in Bulgaria, 107-109, 112-116, 122-129 CoCom and, 110-112 in Cold War, 15, 24, 42 electronics and, 116-122 geopolitics of, 129-140, 131 by KGB, 111 research on, 350n87 in US, 129-131,131 ESSI. See Unified System of Social Information ESTEL (computer), 150,160-161, 205-208 Ethiopia, 149 Ethnography, 7 ETTDC. See Electronic Trade and Tech nology Development Corporation Europe. See also Eastern Europe Bulgaria and, 334nl6 in Cold War, 143-144 cultural capital in, 270-271 Czechoslovakia and, 179 Eastern Bloc and, 36-37 economics of, 30 education in, 48 India and, 145 US and, 110 USSR and, 67 European Economic Community (EEC), 16-17, 91 European Union, 313-314 EXPO'70 World Fair, 73-76, 74, 341n56 INDEX FACOM (computer), 71-72 Factories in Bulgaria, 80-81 after communism, 314 in Eastern Bloc, 307-308 economics of, 100-101, 296 electronics, 316-317 IZOT, 319 in Japan, 363n67 labor in, 305-306 robotics in, 175 SM, 119 in socialism, 104-105 for ZIT-151, 193 "Zlatna Panega" cement factory, 192 feedback loops, 53-54 FERA. See Foreign Exchange Regulation Acts The Fifth Law (Kesarovski), 265-266, 267 Filipov, Grisha, 190 Filosofksa Misul (journal), 243-244 First World, 13 FORAN software, 200 Foreign collaboration, 158-159,162-163 Foreign Exchange Regulation Acts (FERA), 158-159 Foreign innovation,
75-76 Foreign trade firms, 279-280 Foreign trade organizations (VTOs), 36 Foundations of Technical Cybernetics (Naplatonov), 248 France, 68-69, 118, 125-126 From the Third World to the First (Yew), 289 Fujitsu, 71-72, 76 Furnadzhieva, Violeta, 221-222 Galchev, Milcho, 135 Galison, Peter, 228, 243-244, 330n9 Gancheva, Valeria, 274-275 Gandhi, Indira, 141-142, 153-159, 164-167, 169, 169-172, 174-176, 356n64
389 INDEX Gandhi, Rajiv, 170,172,174 Gandhi, Sanjay, 170 Gates, Bill, 288 GDR. See German Democratic Republic General Theory of Social Governance, 245 Geopolitics of Albania, 11 in Bulgaria, 14-24 of Cold War, 38-42, 108-109,122-129, 210, 352nl58 of corruption, 171-172 of electronics, 141-145, 153-156, 176-181,180 of espionage, 129-140,131 globalization of, 315-316 information in, 113-114 of innovation, 67-68 scholarship on, 16-17 German Democratic Republic (GDR) Bulgaria and, 89-90,118-119 cybernetics in, 361n5 Czechoslovakia and, 17, 40, 42 electronics from, 67 history of, 10-11 Hungary and, 134 modernity in, 38 Poland and, 87, 309-310 Romania and, 40-41, 59 Science in, 46 society in, 120 technology in, 55, 186 US and, 111 USSR and, 50, 52, 55-56, 86, 193, 272 Zhivkov, T., in, 45-46 Germany, 29,123-124, 179, 316 Gerovitch, Slava, 20, 54,189, 217, 228, 248 "Getting Closer to the Computer" (article), 259 Gheorgiu-Dej, Gheorghe, 40 Gibson, William, 311 GKNT. See Committee for Scientific and Technical Progress, USSR Globalization. See also specific topics computers in, 14-24, 125-126, 181 deliveries in, 177-178 of economics, 140 ESTEL in, 205-206 EXPO170 World Fair, 73-76, 74 of geopolitics, 315-316 IBM in, 199-200 information in, 115-116 language in, 178 protectionism in, 175-176 socialism in, 17-18, 257 Global South Asia and, 152-153 in Cold War, 13, 152-153 Comecon and, 13 Eastern Europe and, 315 economics of, 24 electronics in, 148-153 innovation in, 18-19 Latin America and, 144 politics of, 17-18 Third World and, 353n3 trade with, 142, 146-147,150-151, 175-176 Glushkov,
Mikhailovich, 83, 93 Glushkov, Victor, 236 Goodman, Seymour, 226 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 138-139, 217, 275 Gordon, Sarah, 300-301 Governance. See Bulgarian Communist Party; Policy; United Soviet Socialist Republic Greece, 114, 176,178 Gross, Jan, 30 Guinea, 147 Gulyashki, Andrei, 107 Hard drives, 310, 321, 327, 345nl60 Healthcare, 197-198 Hicks, Mar, 220
390 Higher education Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and, 63 at Dresden Technical University, 55 in Eastern Europe, 44-45 expansion of, 231 innovation from, 50 JHUin, 159-160 policy in, 257 in US, 1, 3 women in, 220-221 Higher Machine-Electrotechnical Insti tute, 230, 232-234, 232-234, 260 History of Bulgaria, 28-32 of Cold War, 14-15 of commodities, 329n8 of computers, 42-48, 47, 54-55 of cybernetics, 20, 53 of Eastern Bloc, 52-56 of electronics, 48-50, 51, 52 of ENIAC (computer), 3-4 ofGDR, 10-11 of socialism, 23-24, 42-48, 47 of STI, 108-109, 112-116 of STI section, 108-109 of supercomputers, 164-167, 165, 167-169, 169-172, 171, 173,174-176 Honeywell, Inc. v. Sperry Rand, 3 Howe, Geoffrey, 105 The Human Use of Human Beings (Wiener), 53 "The Hundred and First Law of Robotics" (Nikolov), 266 Hungarian Workers Party, 44 Hungary, 134 IBEC. See International Bank for Eco nomic Cooperation IBM in Belgium, 275 Blue Gene supercomputer, 297-298 in Bulgaria, 200-201, 282 competition with, 212 INDEX economics of, 102,104 ES and, 85-86, 88, 95-96, 314 ESTEL and, 160-161, 207-208 in globalization, 199-200 hard drive technology at, 345nl60 in India, 357n83 innovation with, 86-87 technology at, 137 in UK, 202-203 US and, 158-159 in USSR, 199 ICCT. See Intergovernmental Commis sion on Computer Technology Ideology of automation, 231-234,232-234 of BCP, 30, 56,184-185, 246, 246-249 Cold War, 184-185 of Comecon, 41 of cybernetics, 22 of Marxism, 213-214, 243-244, 247-248 in modernity, 143-144 of STR, 185-191, 230, 234, 249-250 of USSR, 33-35 IIASA. See International Institute for Applied
Systems Analysis Iliev, Liubomir, 59, 293-294 Iliev, Nikolai, 237 IMF. See International Monetary Fund IMKO (computer), 212-214, 326 India Bulgaria and, 141-145, 148-153, 164-167, 165, 167-169, 169-172, 171,173, 174-181,180 China and, 71,101 in Cold War, 18-19, 145-148 Eastern Bloc and, 356n64 economics in, 153-156 FERA, 158-159 IBM in, 357n83 Indian Oxygen Ltd. Company, 157 Japan and, 313, 316 JHU in, 159-160
INDEX labor in, 156-159 trade with, 159-164 US and, 354n6 Industrialization in Bulgaria, 32, 35, 48, 82, 362n39 deindustrialization, 270, 306 in socialism, 30 in USSR, 4, 28, 37-38 Industry, 29-31, 52, 287-290, 291, 305 Information, See also Espionage acceleration of, 311 automation and, 23-24 to BCP, 8-9 in capitalism, 312-313 on computers, 119 in document transfers, 86-87 to DS, 118 in Eastern Bloc, 122,174 on electronics, 15,127-128 ESSI, 206-207, 239-242, 244, 24 7, 365П125 in geopolitics, 113-114 in globalization, 115-116 information-age philosophy, 243-255, 246 information and communications technology, 313-314 from IZOT, 318 privatization of, 365nl25 scholarship on, 369n43 in society, 7-8 at STI, 122-129, 347nl5 symbolic, 240 theory, 338n90 Innovation of algorithms, 65 at Apple, 211-212 to BCP, 62-70, 66, 68-69, 189-190 BTD, 52 in Bulgaria, 70-76, 74, 95-102, 99, 102-104,104-106 at Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 59 in bureaucracy, 83-84 391 from Chile, 21 after Comecon, 24, 42 in communications, 48, 365nl22 of computers, 62-70, 66, 68-69, 98-99, 105-106, 164-167, 165, 167-169, 169-172, 171, 173, 174-176, 208, 210, 342n79 from CSTP, 212 in Czechoslovakia, 55 education and, 81, 318-319 in electronics, 6-7, 56, 319, 320, 321 ETTDC, 159-160 foreign, 75-76 geopolitics of, 67-68 in Global South, 18-19 from higher education, 50 with IBM, 86-87 with IZOT, 78-88,174-176 in Japan, 126 in modernity, 60-61 politics and, 43-44 with Pravetz, 215, 234, 250, 257, 261, 298 professionalism and, 317-318 in radio production, 51 research and, 310-311 in robotics, 166-167,168, 169 in
science, 45 in socialism, 89 in supercomputers, 359nl65 in UK, 107-108 in USSR, 9-10 Vachkov on, 294, 298 Institute for Technical Cybernetics and Robotics (ITCR). See also Cybernetics; Robotics archives from, 273 BCP and, 76-77 capitalism to, 272 CICT and, 214, 227 collaboration at, 50 leadership at, 223-224, 230 science at, 244-245
INDEX 392 Institute of Atomic Physics, 55 Intellectuals in culture, 333n35 in Eastern Europe, 354nll education and, 227-230, 235-243, 236, 240, 262-268, 265, 267 in socialism, 255-262, 256, 258-259, 261 training, 230-234, 232-234 Zhivkova on, 286-287 Intelligence. See Espionage; Scientific Technical Intelligence Intergovernmental Commission on Computer Technology (ICCT), 85-87, 105, 121-122 International Bank for Economic Coop eration (IBEC), 39, 41 International Conference on Children in the Computer World, 251 International Institute for Applied Sys tems Analysis (IIASA), 275-276 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 143 International professionals, 272-279, 278 Iran, 114, 147 Iraq, 147 Iron Curtain. See Eastern Bloc ISKRA system, 114-115, 132 Italy, 280-281 ITCR. See Institute for Technical Cyber netics and Robotics IUlzari, Ilko, 50, 61 Ivanov, MariT, 62 IZOT (Computational, Recording and Organizational Technology), 7-8 automation of, 193-194 Central Automation Laboratory and, 235-243, 240 CICT and, 152, 235, 274-275 Comecon and, 179 cybernetics and, 192 economics of, 79,186 factories, 319 failures, 169 files, 148, 151 foreign collaboration with, 162-163 information from, 318 innovation with, 78-88, 174-176 investments in, 190-191 Italy and, 280-281 language and, 160 Libya to, 150 mini computers, 326 peripherals, 199 policy, 281-282 Pravetz and, 250, 315-316 production, 95-102, 99, 102-104, 104-106 reports, 160-161 skills, 314 Soviet Bloc and, 127-128 STI and, 126-127 students at, 231 supercomputers, 172 Izotimpex, 81-82,103, 149, 179-181, 281-282 Japan Bulgaria and,
58, 70-76, 74, 108, 277-278, 278, 341n43 China and, 310 computers in, 70-76, 74 culture of, 284-288 Denmark and, 194 factories in, 363n67 India and, 313, 316 Innovation in, 126 programming in, 220 Third World and, 114 US and, 121, 175-176 USSR and, 138 to Zhivkov, T., 73-75, 284-286 [apart (Papazov), 287-288 Jawaharlal Nehru University (JHU), 159-160 Jobs, Steve, 211-212, 288
INDEX John Paul II (pope), 136 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 50 Kesarovski, Nikola, 265-266, 267 KESSI. See Committee for the Unified System of Social Information KGB authority of, 42 BCP and, 138-139 Bulgaria and, 331П19 CIA and, 136 in Cold War, 116 computers and, 348n33 espionage by, 111 ES to, 109 photon system, 115 STI and, 117-119 training, 126,130 Khristov, Khristo, 37, 136, 280, 296, ЗЗШ19 Khristova, Snezhana, 68, 237 Khrushchev, Nikita Brezhnev and, 11-12, 42, 61 leadership of, 39-41, 54 Secret Speech by, 27-28, 56 Zhivkov, T., and, 92 Kim II Sung, 152 Kiselyova, Emma, 330nl3 Kline, Robert, 19 Kolev, Svetoslav, 162 Konstantinov, Georgi, 230 Korean War, 110 Komai, Janos, 308-309 Korovushkin, Alexander, 36-37 Kosygin, Alexei, 35 Kotkin, Stephen, 362n39 Kozhuharov, Todor, 341n56 Krustanov, Liubomir, 62 Krusteva, Ana, 251 Labor in capitalism, 219-220 divisions of, 154-155 393 in factories, 305-306 Hungarian Workers Party, 44 in India, 156-159 manual, 189 mechanized, 190-191 politics, 25, 308-309 in Romania, 40 in socialism, 39-40, 210-211,219-226, 222, 224 unions, 157-158 Language, 160, 163-164, 178, 253-254, 333n32 Large computers, 325 Latin America, 121,144. See also specific countries Lazarov, Vladimir, 217, 293 Leslie, Chris, 110 Libya, 114, 147-148, 150-151 Lithuania, 94-95 Luchanskiy, Gregory, 297 Luchanskiy, Maxwell, 297 Lukanov, Andrey, 190, 289-290, 294 Maier, Charles, 10, 310 mainframe computers. See ES Manchev, Georgi, 111, 130-131, 131 Mandelbaum, Kurt, 28-29 Manual labor, 189 Marcheva, Iliana, 29, 39 Markov, Georgi, 12, 96,136 Markov, Krasimir,
101,110-111,174, 314 Markov, Stoian, 43,101, 138, 277-279, 288, 297-298, 305 Marshall Plan, 38, 110 Marx, Karl, 14 Marxism authority in, 253 to BCP, 184,191 class in, 185 in culture, 262 ideology of, 213-214, 243-244,247-248 science in, 54 to US, 270
394 Mateev, Evgeny, 276 Mateeva, Krasimira, 221-222 Mathematical modeling, 54 Mauchly, John, 3 Mechanized labor, 190-191 Menon, M. G. K., 156, 357n83 Metalworks machines, 216-217 Mexico, 121, 276 Microchips, 79-80, 119-121, 128, 152, 343n79 Microprocessors, 211-214, 215, 216-217, 218 Middle East, 117, 145-146, 149, 178. See also specific countries Mihailov, Stoian, 225-226 Miloev, Velko, 268 minicomputers. See SM Mini computers, 326 Ministry of Foreign Trade, 102,146, 148-149, 154-155,164, 175-176, 178 Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), 287-288 MINSK-2 (computer), 61-62 MINSK-32 (computer), 84, 93 The Missed Chance (Dilov), 264-265, 265 MITI. See Ministry of International Trade and Industry Mladenov, Desho, 274 Mladenov, Iordan, 46, 97 Mladenov, Petûr, 163, 294 Mobilization, 8 Modernity automation in, 230-231 to BCP, 24, 39-40 in Bulgaria, 219-226, 222, 224 in Cold War, 11-12, 309-310 computers in, 183-185, 311-319, 320, 321 with Crosspoint system, 205 cybernetics in, 23, 25 in Czechoslovakia, 38 in GDR, 38 INDEX ideology in, 143-144 information-age philosophy, 243-255, 246 innovation in, 60-61 Marxism in, 54 philosophy of, 228-229 production in, 100 robotics in, 262-268, 265, 267 in Second World, 315-316, 331nl7 in socialism, 5-7,143 society in, 368n3 technology in, 49 urbanization, 31-32 to US, 141-143 Mongolia, 146-147 "Mont Blanc," 296-297 Mozambique, 149 Mutafov, Dimitur, 273-274 Naïdenov, Georgi, 294, 354nl4 Nanocomputer for Your Child (Miloev), 268 Naplatanov, Nikolai, 230, 235-236,236, 239-242, 248, 252, 272-273 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty
Organization Nedev, Vasil, 43 Nestorov, Kiril, 36-37 Networks, 202-208, 209, 210-211, 271, 304-306 von Neumann, John, 3 New Economic Mechanism, 186 Nigeria, 114, 151 Nikolov, Liubomir, 266 North Africa, 145-146, 149, 151. See also specific countries North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 116-117, 275 North Korea, 151-152 Norway, 275 Numerical Controls, for computers, 187-188, 191-193, 196, 216-217, 273, 324
INDEX Obreshkov, Nikola, 50 Olivetti, 280-281 "On the Development of Computer Technology" (Popov), 62-63 Operation Exodus, 136-137 Opera TV, 49 Ottoman Empire, 29 Pakistan, 356n64 Palairet, Michael, 29 Palchinsky, Peter, 238 Papazov, Nacho, 276, 284, 287-288, 345П149 Paskalev, Zhivko, 65 Pastorino, Robert, 127 Patents, 43-44 Pavlov, Todor, 243 PDP (computer), 86 People's Republic of China. See China Permanent Comecon Commission, 84-85 Peru, 147 Peters, Benjamin, 20-21 Petrov, Petür, 123-125,132, 223-225, 224, 236, 350n87, 367nl90 Photon system, 115 Pleshakov, Constantine, 184 Poland Bulgaria and, 121-122 Czechoslovakia and, 84-85, 89 GDR and, 87, 309-310 Romania, 147 scholarship on, 108 technology in, 55 Warsaw Pact, 38-39,117 Poletaev, Igor, 53 Policy of BCP, 45-46, 113-114, 220-221, 277 against capitalism, 290, 292 CoCom, 114 Cold War, 341П43 Comecon, 10-11,105 for culture, 254-255 395 in economics, 70-71 FERA,158-159 General Theory of Social Governence, 245 in higher education, 257 IZOT, 281-282 Ministry of Foreign Trade, 102,146, 148-149, 154-155, 164, 175-176, 178 for STI, 296-297 USSR, 82-83, 88-89, 145 Politics in Bulgaria, 8-14, 62-70, 66, 68-69 class, 32 of Comecon, 94-95 of CSTP, 76-78, 94-95 in Czechoslovakia, 110 of Eastern Bloc, 25,180-181 in Eastern Europe, 64, 311-312 economics and, 333n32 of foreign innovation, 75-76 of Global South, 17-18 innovation and, 43-44 labor, 25, 308-309 Popov in, 61 of reform, 317-318 of socialism, 1,11 of technology, 21-22, 139 of Zhivkova, 22, 141-142 Popchev, Ivan, 242 Popov, Ivan Angelov, A., and, 88 Angelov, S., and, 66 in
BCP, 44, 79, 88, 96-97 career of, 43-48, 47 criticism of, 98 for CSTP, 92,122-123, 345nl49 Doïnov and, 139, 269, 317-318 in education, 187 electronics to, 111-112 Japan to, 73 leadership of, 65-70, 77-78, 82, 85, 95, 125, 305-306
396 Popov, Ivan (cont.) Menon and, 357n83 in politics, 61 reputation of, 76, 77, 105-106, 156, 288, 337n63 scholarship from, 62-63 Zhivkov, T„ and, 56, 62, 96-97,123, 310 Portugal, 127 Pravetz (computer) innovation with, 215, 234, 250, 257, 261, 298 legacy of, 315-316, 318 production of, 323, 323-324, 326-327 Privatization, 269-270, 365nl25 Priyadarshini Institute for Computer Aided Knowledge, 170 Production Cold War, 127-129 from Comecon, 89-90 of computers, 325, 325-327 electronics, 325, 325-327 ELKA, 76-82, 104-105 ES, 323, 327 IZOT, 95-102, 99, 102-104, 104-106 of machines, 325, 325-327 of microchips, 119-121 in modernity, 100 of Pravetz, 323, 323-324, 326-327 radio, 51 robotics, 324 SM, 323, 327 Professionalism, 317-318 Programming, 213, 220, 300-301 Propaganda, 176-181, 180, 221-222 Protectionism, 175-176 Radio production, 51 Raïnov, Bogomil, 107 Rational control, 219-226, 222, 224 Reagan, Ronald, 136 Reform of BCP, 298 in Bulgaria, 290, 291, 292-298 INDEX of CSTP, 288-289 in Eastern Bloc, 10-11 in economics, 37-38 electronics and, 34-35 politics of, 317-318 in socialism, 254-255, 279-290, 285 Regional computer center (RITz), 202-203. See also Territorial Center Research algorithms for, 277 in atomic energy, 50, 112-113, 357n83 in Eastern Bloc, 50 In electronics, 91-92 on espionage, 350n87 innovation and, 310-311 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 50 Research Institute for Electrical Indus try, 52 science, 113-114 with SM, 85-86 sociology, 367nl90 in USSR, 48-49 after Warsaw Pact, 117 Resources, 238 Rishi Electronics, 166 RITz. See Regional computer center The
Road ofIcarus (Dilov), 262-264, 265 Robotics advertisements for, 218 to Angelov, A., 216 automation with, 214-215 computers and, 101 control rooms for, 196 cybernetics and, 50, 186-187 in factories, 175 innovation in, 166-167,168, 169 to Konstantinov, 312-313 manual labor and, 189 mechanized labor and, 190-191 microprocessors and, 211-214, 215, 216-217, 218 in modernity, 262-268, 265, 267
INDEX production, 324 in Singapore, 152 social function of, 241 Romania, 11, 40-41, 59,147 Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul, 28-29 Rudnev, Konstantin, 47 Sanborn, Joshua, 348n33 Santacruz Electronics Export Processing Zone (SEEPZ), 164-165 Scholarship on BCP, 304-305 on computers, 254, 269-272 on cybernetics, 53-54 on Eastern Bloc, 57-58 on Eastern Europe, 28-32 on economics, 304 on electronics, 333n32 on geopolitics, 16-17 on Information, 369n43 on Poland, 108 from Popov, 62-63 on socialism, 15 on STI, 111-112, 129, 137-140 on USSR, 110-111 Science. See also specific topics American Big Science, 3 in Bulgaria, 131-132, 224, 224-225 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 3, 45, 50, 52, 59, 63 at CICT, 133-134 in communism, 14 culture and, 23, 66-67 of cybernetics, 19-20 cyborg, 333n35 democracy and, 294 economics and, 69-70 education and, 43-44 ethnography of, 7 in GDR, 46 innovation in, 45 at Institute of Atomic Physics, 55 • at ITCR, 244-245 397 in Marxism, 54 philosophy of, 123-124 research, 113-114 in USSR, 52-53 Zhivkov, T, for, 292-293 Scientific Technical Intelligence (STI) CAI and, 131-136 CoCom and, 162 cooperation with, 116-122 CTSP and, 273 in Eastern Bloc, 127-128 economics of, 280 history of, 108-109, 112-116 information at, 122-129, 347nl5 leadership of, 129-131,131 philosophy of, 110-112 policy for, 296-297 scholarship on, 111-112, 129, 137-140 US and, 136-137, 272 Scientific-Technical Revolution (STR) automation and, 192-202, 196, 219-226, 222, 224 in Bulgaria, 183-185, 211-214, 215, 216-217,218 ideology of, 185-191, 230, 234, 249-250 networks in, 202-208, 209, 210-211 Second
World economics of, 19 modernity in, 315-316, 331nl7 technology in, 105-106 Third World and, 13 Secret Speech, 27-28, 33, 56 SEEPZ. See Santacruz Electronics Export Processing Zone Semiconductors, 64, 79-80, 190-191, 343n81 Sendov, Blagovest expertise of, 59, 213, 250-251 In Japan, 71-72 leadership of, 292, 298 reputation of, 3-4, 50, 318-319
398 Seventh Congress, of BCP, 33-35 Sgurev, Vasil, 223 Shahryar, Adil, 170,171 Shahryar, Amir, 170 Shannon, Claude, 52 Shipbuilder (newspaper), 319, 321 Shkodrova, Albena, 225 Shopov, Atanas, 178 Short Bulgarian Encyclopedia, 53-54 Short Philosophical Dictionary, 52-53 Signal (Poletaev), 53 Sikora, Miroslaw, 108 Singapore, 152 Singh, Gopal, 166, 181 SM (minicomputers) ES and, 12, 86-87 factories, 119 production, 323, 327 research with, 85-86 SM-4,150, 197-198 Socialism agriculture in, 30-31 authority in, 108-109 automation in, 185-191 to BCP, 310-311 BSP, 295 in Bulgaria, 33-35, 5 7-59, 153-156, 262-268, 265, 267, 307-311 capitalism and, 143-144, 176-177, 194-195 CoCom and, 138,150-151 in cold War, 9-10 Comprehensive Program for Socialist Economic Integration, 90 computers in, 290, 291, 292-298, 304-306 culture in, 21-22 cybernetics in, 52-56, 202, 227-230, 244 in Eastern Bloc, 57 in Eastern Europe, 5-6, 330nl5 economics in, 202-208, 209, 210-211 education in, 82 INDEX ESSI, 206-207. 239-242, 244, 247, 365П125 factories in, 104-105 in globalization, 17-18, 257 history of, 23-24, 42-48, 47 industrialization in, 30 innovation in, 89 intellectuals in, 255-262, 256,258-259, 261 labor in, 39-40, 210-211, 219-226, 222, 224 mobilization in, 8 modernity in, 5-7, 143 politics of, 1,11 reform in, 254-255, 279-290, 285 scholarship on, 15 socialist democracies, 242-243 technology in, 95-102, 99,102-104, 104-106 to US, 312 Society automation in, 183-185 of Bulgaria, 185-191 with capitalism, 250 after computers, 15-16, 254-255 in Czechoslovakia, 121 economics and, 21 in GDR, 120
information in, 7-8 in modernity, 368n3 rational control in, 219-226, 222, 224 trade in, 228-229 women in, 222, 222-223 Zhivkov, T., on, 252 Sociology, 367nl90 Software, 200-201, 214, 298-301, 303 Sotskov, Boris, 235 Spain, 126, 178 Stalin, Joseph, 30-31, 38-39 Stalinism. See specific topics Stanchev, Petür, 294 Stanulov, Nikolai, 245-248, 278-279 State Economic Union (DSO), 64-65
INDEX STI section. See Scientific Technical Intelligence Stolanov, Dimitur, 135 Stolnov, Ivan, 293 Stoinov, Vesselin, 181 Stoychev, Vladimir, 251 STR. See Scientific-Technical Revolution Supercomputers Blue Gene, 297-298 history of, 164-167, 165, 167-169, 169-172, 171,173, 174-176 innovation In, 359nl65 Svoboda, Antonin, 55 Sweden, 121 Symbolic information, 240 Syria, 29, 148 Tanzania, 146,149 Tatarchenko, Ksenia, 228 TCC. See Territorial Center Technology. See also specific topics for BCP, 4, 61 BTD, 52 in Bulgaria, 48-50, 51, 52 CICT, 72 computers and, 62-63 in Eastern Bloc, 107-109 economics and, 14-15, 308-309 education in, 273-274 ES, 99, 99-100, 101 espionage for, 24 ETTDC, 159-160 at EXPO'70 World Fair, 73-76, 74 First World, 13 foreign collaboration with, 158-159 from France, 125-126 in GDR, 55, 186 hard drive, 310, 321, 327, 345nl60 at IBM, 137 ICCT, 85-87, 105, 121-122 information and communications, 313-314 in modernity, 49 399 Operation Exodus for, 136-137 patents for, 43-44 in Poland, 55 politics of, 21-22,139 in Second World, 105-106 in socialism, 95-102, 99, 102-104, 104-106 to UN, 108 in USSR, 307-308 for video games, 5 Winchester technology standard, 100 in World War II, 1, 3 Telephone Palace, 1 Tenev, Ivan, 292-293 Territorial Center (TCC), 203-205, 207-208, 209 Texlm, 145, 279-280, 294, 354nl4 Third World, 13,114,181, 353n3 Tice, Donald, 11 Tilly, Charles, 116 Tobacco industry, 29-31 Todoriev, Nikolai, 295 Tokyo International Trade Fair, 71 Trade. See also Economics with Africa, 149-150 with Arab world, 117,145-146,178 with Bulgaria, 156-159, 356n74 in
Cold War, 69-70, 147-148 computers and, 279-290, 285 with Czechoslovakia, 145 with Eastern Europe, 159,164-167, 165,167 economics of, 67-68 ETTDC, 159-160 with Global South, 142,146-147, 150-151, 175-176 with India, 159-164 with Izotimpex, 281-282 Ministry of Foreign Trade, 102,146, 148-149, 154-155, 164, 175-176, 178 in society, 228-229 with Third World, 181
400 Trade (cont.) with UK, 282-283 with US, 202-203 with USSR, 101-102, 102-104, 104-106, 134, 313 VTOs, 36 Training, 230-234, 232-234 Treaty of Rome (1957), 39 Trifonov, Trifon, 243-244 TSanev, Angel, 117 TSvetkov, Alexander, 87-88,110, 137-138 TSvetkov, Evlogi, 341n56 TSvonev, Boyan, 138 Turkey, 114,176, 178 UK. See United Kingdom Ulbricht, Walter, 45 UN. See United Nations Unified Citizen Number (EGN), 206, 208 Unified System for Civilian Registration and Administrative Services for the Population (ESGRAON), 206, 210-211, 365П125 Unified System of Social Information (ESSI), 206-207, 239-242, 244, 247, 365П125 Unions, 157-158 United Kingdom (UK) in colonialism, 154 IBM in, 202-203 innovation in, 107-108 labor in, 220 trade with, 282-283 US and, 135, 2 74-2 75 United Nations (UN), 63-64, 70,108, 273, 340nl6 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 63-64, 340nl6 United Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) banking in, 36-37 BCP and, 28, 195, 228 INDEX Brezhnev for, 184-185 Bulgaria and, 20-21, 40, 61, 83-84, 93-95, 110-112, 163-164 capitalism to, 27-28, 38-42 China and, 11, 34, 70 in Cold War, 16,108-109, 331n20, 352П158 Comecon and, 58, 60-61, 295-296 communism in, 308-309 Council of Main Constructors in, 87 CSTP and, 91-92 culture of, 44-45 cybernetics in, 46 economics in, 28-29, 44-45 ES in, 159 Europe and, 67 GDR and, 50, 52, 55-56, 86, 193, 272 GKNT in, 82-84, 92-94 IBM in, 199 ideology of, 33-35 industrialization in, 4, 28, 37-38 innovation in, 9-10 Japan and, 138 leadership of, 41-42 military, 87-88, 100-101 NATO and, 116-117 policy, 82-83, 88-89, 145 research
in, 48-49 scholarship on, 110-111 Science in, 52-53 Short Philosophical Dictionary in, 52-53 technology in, 307-308 trade with, 101-102,102-104,104-106, 134, 313 UN Industrial Development Organiza tion and, 63-64 US and, 16, 108-109, 331n20, 352П158 weaponry in, 54-55 Zhivkov, T., and, 94 United States (US) American Computer Data Corporation in, 210
401 INDEX Bulgaria and, 4, 85-86, 313-314 Canada and, 128 CDC in, 281-282 China and, 283 CIA, 136-137 CoCom and, 282-283 in Cold War, 16,108-109, 331n20, 352nl58 computers from, 107-108 diplomacy with, 6, 11, 174 Eastern Bloc and, 283-284 education in, 174 espionage in, 129-131, 131 Europe and, 110 France and, 118 GDRand, 111 Germany and, 316 higher education in, 1, 3 IBM and, 158-159 India and, 354n6 Japan and, 121,175-176 Marshall Plan from, 38 Marxism to, 270 modernity to, 141-143 Portugal and, 127 socialism to, 312 STI and, 136-137, 272 trade with, 202-203 UK and, 135, 274-275 Vietnam and, 356n64 Urbanization, 31-32, 34-35 US. See United States USSR. See United Soviet Socialist Republic Vachkov, Plamen on economics, 315-316 on industry, 288-290, 291, 305 on innovation, 294, 298 reputation of, 96, 169 Vada, Tsenusuke, 71 Venkov, Pencho, 274 Venture capitalism, 58 Vichev, Nedelcho, 220 Video games, 5 Vietnam, 101, 116, 151, 172, 356n64 Vitosha computer, 59-60, 60, 62, 65, 73 VTOs. See foreign trade organizations Warsaw Pact, 38-39, 117, 136 Welder robot, 218 Westad, Odd Arne, 18 Wiener, Norbert, 3, 52-53, 245, 338n90 Winchester technology standard, 100 Women, 221-223, 222, 258-259 World War II, 1,3-6, 29 Wozniak, Steve, 211-212 Xerox, 274 Yemen, 149 Yew, Lee Kuan, 289 Yugoslavia, 11, 42, 330nl5 Yurchak, Alexei, 9 Zdrachev, Khristo, 71 Zhekovi, Valentina, 260 Zhekovi, Valeri, 260 Zhenata Dnes (magazine), 258 Zhivkov, Todor Brezhnev and, 75, 92-93 Doïnov and, 287 on Eastern Bloc, 290, 292 economics to, 205 fall of, 304-305, 317, 336n41 family of, 353n2 in foreign affairs,
160 in GDR, 45-46 Gorbachev and, 138-139 Japan to, 73-75, 284-286 Khrushchev and, 92 leadership of, 33, 40, 98, 141-142, 293-295, 301 Popov and, 56, 62, 96-97, 123, 310 reputation of, 11, 339n6 for science, 292-293
402 INDEX Zhivkov, Todor (cont.) on society, 252 USSR and, 94 as venture capitalist, 58 Zhivkov, Zhivko, 187 Zhivkova, Liudmila on intellectuals, 286-287 leadership of, 164,184-185, 229, 249-250, 255, 292 legacy of, 353n2, 371n84 politics of, 22, 141-142 ZIT-151 (computer), 72-73, 78, 80,193, 199, 325 "Zlatna Panega" cement factory, 192 Zubok, Vladivslav, 184 /------------ ----------- ------------ Bayerische Staatsbibliothek _ München |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Petrov, Victor |
| author_GND | (DE-588)131066322X |
| author_facet | Petrov, Victor |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Petrov, Victor |
| author_variant | v p vp |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048989907 |
| contents | Introduction: The Worlds of the Bulgarian Computer -- The Conjuncture: The Road to the Bulgarian Electronic Industry -- The Captive Market: The Rise and Apogee of an Industry -- Access Denied: Spies, Technologies, and Circulation Across the Iron Curtain -- Roses and Lotuses: Bulgaria's Electronic Entanglement with India -- Automatic for the People: The Scientific-Technical Revolution and Society -- The Socialist Cyborg: Education, Intellectuals, and Culture -- Networked & Plugged-In: Computer Priests and Their Pathways -- Conclusion: The Uneven Future |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1390809319 (DE-599)BVBBV048989907 |
| era | Geschichte 1960-1989 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1960-1989 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic_facet | Ostblock Bulgarien |
| id | DE-604.BV048989907 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:06:47Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:14:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780262545129 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034253284 |
| oclc_num | 1390809319 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-210 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-210 DE-12 |
| physical | xx, 404 Seiten 23 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20231127 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | The MIT Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | History of computing |
| spelling | Petrov, Victor Verfasser (DE-588)131066322X aut Balkan cyberia Cold War computing, Bulgarian modernization, and the information age behind the Iron Curtain Victor Petrov Cold War computing, Bulgarian modernization, and the information age behind the Iron Curtain Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England The MIT Press [2023] ©2023 xx, 404 Seiten 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier History of computing Literaturangaben. - Index Introduction: The Worlds of the Bulgarian Computer -- The Conjuncture: The Road to the Bulgarian Electronic Industry -- The Captive Market: The Rise and Apogee of an Industry -- Access Denied: Spies, Technologies, and Circulation Across the Iron Curtain -- Roses and Lotuses: Bulgaria's Electronic Entanglement with India -- Automatic for the People: The Scientific-Technical Revolution and Society -- The Socialist Cyborg: Education, Intellectuals, and Culture -- Networked & Plugged-In: Computer Priests and Their Pathways -- Conclusion: The Uneven Future "Original take on the history of socialist Bulgaria, examined through the prism of computers to make broader claims about political, economic, intelligence, social, and cultural life in Bulgaria, and by extension, the Soviet bloc and state socialism in general" Geschichte 1960-1989 gnd rswk-swf Elektronikindustrie (DE-588)4133005-5 gnd rswk-swf Computerindustrie (DE-588)4148256-6 gnd rswk-swf Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd rswk-swf Staatsideologie (DE-588)4182651-6 gnd rswk-swf Sozialer Wandel (DE-588)4077587-2 gnd rswk-swf Ostblock (DE-588)4075730-4 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd rswk-swf Electronic digital computers / History / 20th century Computers / Bulgaria / History / 20th century Computers / Soviet Union / History Computer industry / Bulgaria / History / 20th century Cold War Computer industry Computers Electronic digital computers Bulgaria Soviet Union 1900-1999 History Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 g Ostblock (DE-588)4075730-4 g Elektronikindustrie (DE-588)4133005-5 s Computerindustrie (DE-588)4148256-6 s Staatsideologie (DE-588)4182651-6 s Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 s Sozialer Wandel (DE-588)4077587-2 s Geschichte 1960-1989 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 9780262373258 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 9780262373265 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034253284&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034253284&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Petrov, Victor Balkan cyberia Cold War computing, Bulgarian modernization, and the information age behind the Iron Curtain Introduction: The Worlds of the Bulgarian Computer -- The Conjuncture: The Road to the Bulgarian Electronic Industry -- The Captive Market: The Rise and Apogee of an Industry -- Access Denied: Spies, Technologies, and Circulation Across the Iron Curtain -- Roses and Lotuses: Bulgaria's Electronic Entanglement with India -- Automatic for the People: The Scientific-Technical Revolution and Society -- The Socialist Cyborg: Education, Intellectuals, and Culture -- Networked & Plugged-In: Computer Priests and Their Pathways -- Conclusion: The Uneven Future Elektronikindustrie (DE-588)4133005-5 gnd Computerindustrie (DE-588)4148256-6 gnd Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd Staatsideologie (DE-588)4182651-6 gnd Sozialer Wandel (DE-588)4077587-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4133005-5 (DE-588)4148256-6 (DE-588)4020588-5 (DE-588)4182651-6 (DE-588)4077587-2 (DE-588)4075730-4 (DE-588)4008866-2 |
| title | Balkan cyberia Cold War computing, Bulgarian modernization, and the information age behind the Iron Curtain |
| title_alt | Cold War computing, Bulgarian modernization, and the information age behind the Iron Curtain |
| title_auth | Balkan cyberia Cold War computing, Bulgarian modernization, and the information age behind the Iron Curtain |
| title_exact_search | Balkan cyberia Cold War computing, Bulgarian modernization, and the information age behind the Iron Curtain |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Balkan cyberia Cold War computing, Bulgarian modernization, and the information age behind the Iron Curtain |
| title_full | Balkan cyberia Cold War computing, Bulgarian modernization, and the information age behind the Iron Curtain Victor Petrov |
| title_fullStr | Balkan cyberia Cold War computing, Bulgarian modernization, and the information age behind the Iron Curtain Victor Petrov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Balkan cyberia Cold War computing, Bulgarian modernization, and the information age behind the Iron Curtain Victor Petrov |
| title_short | Balkan cyberia |
| title_sort | balkan cyberia cold war computing bulgarian modernization and the information age behind the iron curtain |
| title_sub | Cold War computing, Bulgarian modernization, and the information age behind the Iron Curtain |
| topic | Elektronikindustrie (DE-588)4133005-5 gnd Computerindustrie (DE-588)4148256-6 gnd Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd Staatsideologie (DE-588)4182651-6 gnd Sozialer Wandel (DE-588)4077587-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Elektronikindustrie Computerindustrie Gesellschaft Staatsideologie Sozialer Wandel Ostblock Bulgarien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034253284&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034253284&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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