Defectors: how the illicit flight of Soviet citizens built the borders of the Cold War world
"Defectors fleeing the Soviet Union seized the world's attention during the Cold War. Their stories were told in sensational news coverage and dramatized in spy novels and films. In contrast to other refugees, they were pursued by the states they left even as they were sought by the United...
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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New York, NY
Oxford University Press
[2023]
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext Register // Gemischte Register |
| Summary: | "Defectors fleeing the Soviet Union seized the world's attention during the Cold War. Their stories were told in sensational news coverage and dramatized in spy novels and films. In contrast to other refugees, they were pursued by the states they left even as they were sought by the United States and other Western governments eager to claim them. Taking part in a risky game that played out across the globe, defectors sought to transcend the limitations of the Cold War world. The book follows their treacherous journeys and looks at how their unauthorized flight gave shape to a globalized world. It charts a global struggle over defectors that unfolded in a crowded courtroom in Paris, among rival intelligence agencies operating in the shadows of an occupied Europe, in the forbidden border zones of the USSR, in the disputed straits of the South China Sea, on a hijacked plane 10,000 feet in the air, and around the walls of Soviet embassies. In doing so, the book reveals a Cold War world whose borders were far less stable than the notion of an "Iron Curtain" suggests. Surprisingly, the competition for defectors paved the way for collusion between the superpowers, who found common interest in regulating the unruly spaces through which defectors moved. Disputes over defectors mapped out the contours of modern state sovereignty in previously contested places, and defection's ideological framework hardened borders by reinforcing the view that asylum should only be granted to migrants with clear political claims. Although defection all but disappeared after the Cold War, it helped forge an international refugee system whose legacy and limitations remain with us to this day" |
| Physical Description: | xi, 310 Seiten Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780197546871 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a "Defectors fleeing the Soviet Union seized the world's attention during the Cold War. Their stories were told in sensational news coverage and dramatized in spy novels and films. In contrast to other refugees, they were pursued by the states they left even as they were sought by the United States and other Western governments eager to claim them. Taking part in a risky game that played out across the globe, defectors sought to transcend the limitations of the Cold War world. The book follows their treacherous journeys and looks at how their unauthorized flight gave shape to a globalized world. It charts a global struggle over defectors that unfolded in a crowded courtroom in Paris, among rival intelligence agencies operating in the shadows of an occupied Europe, in the forbidden border zones of the USSR, in the disputed straits of the South China Sea, on a hijacked plane 10,000 feet in the air, and around the walls of Soviet embassies. In doing so, the book reveals a Cold War world whose borders were far less stable than the notion of an "Iron Curtain" suggests. Surprisingly, the competition for defectors paved the way for collusion between the superpowers, who found common interest in regulating the unruly spaces through which defectors moved. Disputes over defectors mapped out the contours of modern state sovereignty in previously contested places, and defection's ideological framework hardened borders by reinforcing the view that asylum should only be granted to migrants with clear political claims. Although defection all but disappeared after the Cold War, it helped forge an international refugee system whose legacy and limitations remain with us to this day" | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Introduction: Defectors and the Spaces in Between PART I 1 Building Borders 1. From Displacement to Defection 23 2. Between Intelligence and Counterintelligence 3. Socialist Borders in a Global Age PART II Governing Global Mobility 4. Soviets Abroad 123 5. International Waters 6. Cold War Airspaces 156 192 Conclusion: After Defection Notes 243 Sources and Select Bibliography Index 299 221 289 91 56
Defectors fleeing the Soviet Union seized the world’s attention during the Cold War. Their stories were given sensational news coverage and dramatized in spy novels and films. Upon reaching the West, they were entitled to special benefits, including financial assistance and permanent residency. In contrast to other migrants, defectors were pursued by the states they left even as they were eagerly sought by the United States and its allies. Taking part in a risky game that played out across the globe, defectors sought to transcend the limitations of the Cold War world. Defectors follows their treacherous journeys and looks at how their unauthorized flight via land, sea, and air gave shape to a globalized world. It charts a global struggle over defectors that unfolded among rival intelligence agencies operating in the shadows of an occupied Europe, in the forbidden border zones of the USSR, in the disputed straits of the South China Sea, on a hijacked plane 10,000 feet in the air, and around the walls of Soviet embassies. What it reveals is a Cold War world whose borders were far less stable than the notion of an “Iron Curtain” suggests. Surprisingly, the competition for defectors paved the way for collusion between the superpowers, who found common cause in regulating the spaces through which defectors moved. Disputes over defectors mapped out the contours of modern state sovereignty, and defection’s ideological framework hardened borders by reinforcing the view that asylum should only be granted to migrants with clear political claims. Although defection all but disappeared
after the Cold War, this innovative work shows how it shaped the governance of global borders and helped forge an international refugee system whose legacy and limitations remain with us to this day.
INDEX For the benefit of digital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages. Tables, figures, and boxes are indicated by an italic t, f, and b following the page number. Aeroflot Flight 244 hijacking, 192-93, 194f, 195, 200, 202-7, 209, 216, 218 Afghanistan, 225-26 airspace law. see hijackings/hijackers Albania, 149 alcohol abuse, 72 Alexander 1,147-48 Alexandrova, Olga, 51 aliyah, 229 Allende, Salvador, 152, 208 Allilueva, Svetlana, 5,150-52, 226, 230, 235 Alpha Group, 215-16 American Friends of Russian Freedom, 70, 71-72, 73, 79, 82-83 American Office of Military Government, 25, 31 Andropov, Yuri, 114-15, 229-30, 231 Ankerbrand, John, 68 anti-repatriation propaganda, 35-36 Applicant, The, 209 Arasly, Tevfik, 206-7 Argentina, 130 Armenia, 105,117-18 asylum system consolidation, 83-87 athletes, 131-32,134, 217-18, 224, 234, 284n.l22 Australia, 85,147 Austria, 4-5, 33,45, 58-59, 84, 149,222-23 Austria State Treaty, 77, 83 Azerbaijan, 105,115-16,117-18 Bakaev, Viktor, 178 Baks, Eduard, 141 Balibar, Étienne, 12-13 Balicki, Jan, 174 Bandera, Stepan, 231 Barghoorn, Frederick, 46-47, 64, 65 Barsov, Anatoly, 45 Baryshnikov, Mikhail, 224 Batumi, Georgia, 92-93, 95-96,104, 105-6,107 beglets, 8 Belarus, 105 Belgium, 38 Berlin Wall, 4-7,10-11,18, 56, 84, 87, 119,136, 238 bezhenets, 8 bipolarity framework, 247n.74 black marketing of information, 74 Black September Organization, 215 black sites, 240 Blomberg camp, 35-36 Bluebottle, 229-30 Boldyrev, Konstantin, 36-37, 50 Bolivia, 130 Bolsheviks, 14 Botezat, N. I., 100
Bourdieu, Pierre, 13 Brabourne, Martin L., 67-68 brainwashing, 56-59, 69,179-80
Brazil, 130,171-73,183 Brazinskas, Pranas/Algirdas, 4-5, 192-93,195-96, 200-18, 219-20, 227, 235 Brezhnev, Leonid, 205 British Royal Navy, 159 Bucar, Annabelle, 138-39 Bulganin, Nikolai, 77-78 Bulgaria, 2, 40, 97-98, 231-32 Burma, 134-35,136,138,14142,174-75 Bush, George H. W., 221-22 Cambodia, 139 Camera Looks at the World, The, 233 Camp Beauregard, 23-24 Camp King, 61 Camp McCain, 29 Camp Valka, 71, 73 Canada, 85,147 Casey, William J., 225-26 Ceausescu, Nicolae, 101-2, 231-32 Central Index of Redefectors, 82 Central Intelligence Agency, see CIA Chapaev, Vasily, 179-80 Chekists. see KGB Chernovtsi, 161-62 Chervokas, Bernadas, 41 Chiang Kai-shek, 163-65,166-67 Chicago Convention, 202-3 Chile, 130,152,174-75 China, 13-14, 89,127-28,130,142-43, 155,163-64 Churchill, Winston, 29 CIA anti-communist funding by, 11-12, 25, 50, 51-52, 75 compartmental structure, 61 defector intelligence utilization, 8586, 227 defector interrogation by, 17, 50, 6566, 75,139-40,198, 240 defector psychological utilization, 50-51 defector recruitment by, 47,132-34, 136,138-39,141-42, 232-33 in Germany, 56-57, 60-61, 67, 89 interrogation procedures, 6567, 69, 82 Operation REDCAP, 48 Î300J Index portrayal of defectors by, 69 resettlement center funding, 70, 71-72 safe houses, 61 Soviet counterintelligence investigation by, 79 Soviet POWs defection, 225-26 in Turkey, 1,2 Cold War borders and, 12,13 commercial shipping as vital in, 158 as continuation of WWII, 96 defections and, 3-4, 7-8 migrant politicization during, 26-27 reciprocity standards, 205 storytelling as weapon, 49-53 US agenda, 25 Colombia,
130 Commissariat of Defense, 35 Committee for the Return to the Homeland, 75-83, 88, 259n.83 Committee/Return to the Homeland/ Development of Cultural Ties with Compatriots, 88 Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1962,149-50 Commonwealth of Nations, 128 Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, 40 contraband networks/trading, 101,1067,118 Conventions (UN), see under United Nations Conway, Rose, 245n.25 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon), 40 Crimea, 102-3 criminal activity by defectors, 73 Cuba, 89,147-48,155,198, 232 Czechoslovakia, 10-11, 40, 55, 78, 9394,118,119,146,196-97, 231-32 Daily Express (UK), 136 Dallin, Alexander, 38-39 Dallin, David, 38-39 dancers, 131-32, 224, 231 Davies, Joseph, 29 Dawson’s Field hijacking, 195,196, 200, 201-2, 215-16 Death of a Stewardess, The, 209 Debevoise, John, 67
debriefing questionnaires, 52-53 defection generally border making impacts of, 3-8, 6f, 243n.6, 244n.l3 by border troops, 115-16 defector psychological profile, 63-69 demise of, 222, 224-25 desertion relationship to, 27-31 encouragement of by superpowers, 18-19 foreign ships in, 92,104-5 hearing testimony, 228 mobility regimes, 58-60, 59f, 128-29 perceptions of, 10-11 personal costs of, 235-37 portrayal of, 46, 54, 67, 69,16263,177-87 prevention/prosecution of, 107-14 as psychological phenomenon, 69 as rite of institution, 13 source access, 11-12 Soviet government notification policy, 225 Soviet migrants final wave, 222-23 statistics, 105-6, 223-24 terminology, 8-11, 26-27, 244n.2O, 2450.25 Defector Program (US), 43-49, 53-55, 58, 63, 89, 222, 225-28 Defector Reception Center (Germany), 56, 61, 67 Demirel, Süleyman, 205 Denisov, V. M., 74-75 Denmark, 162 Deriabin, Petr, 61-62 détente, 153,189, 209 deserter politico, 9 desirability of defectors, 166,169-70, 171-73, 227 Dien Bien Phu battle, 168 diplomatic asylum, see extraterritoriality Diplomatic Immunity (Levin), 146-47 displaced persons (DPs) anti-Soviet attitudes among, 35-37 Baltic refugees, 31-32, 33-34, 3536, 229 camps, 23, 26, 27f citizenship for, 219 Cold War contestation of, 34-40 collaboration screening, 39 eligibility criteria, 37 emigre groups assisting, 35-39 family networks in repatriation of, 40-41, 78-79,170-71 forced repatriation, 33-34, 36-37, 38, 40-41, 54, 77-78, 88, 96-98, 237 German, 31-32 individual agency among, 39-40 Jewish, 31-32, 229 Mönchehof camp, 36-37 motivations, 33, 46 nationality as
criterion, 31-32 persecution criterion, 32-34, 41-42 political history documentation requirement, 85-86 productive labor capability criterion, 38 recruitment of for political gain, 3536, 39, 44-47, 74 refoulement, 42 resettlement centers, 70-75 sorting by nationality, 228-29 sorting/classification of, 31-34 storytelling as weapon, 49-53 as strategic source of knowledge, 3839,44-47,139-41 typology of displacement criterion, 32 Ukrainians, 31-32 work as rehabilitation of, 35, 36-37, 38, 71-72 Donovan, William, 79 Donovan Report, 82, 84, 85-86 double agents, 74-75 Draugas (The Friend), 211 druzhina/druzhiny, 95,103 Dubrovsky, Vasyl, 75 Dulles, John Foster, 70-71,166-67,168 economic liberalism, 13-14 Ecuador, 174-75 Eden, Anthony, 144-45 Egypt, 144 Eisenhower, Dwight, 50-51, 83, 85-86, 163-64,166-67,175 embassies/consulates, 126,131-42,15255,177 Emergency, 181-82,183-84 employment for defectors, 73, 8485,166 Eremenko, Venedikt, 183-84,185 Index [301]
Erim, Nihat, 207 escapee centers map, 27f Escapee Program (US), 9,10-11, 50, 70, 71, 74, 77, 82, 83, 87-88,143,17173,196-97, 229 Estonia, 31-32 exit visas, 104-5,149-50,194-95, 202, 221-22, 234 extradition of criminals by Soviet Union, 99-100 of defectors from Finland, 233 of hijackers, 202-7, 208-9, 216 maritime law, 162 extraterritoriality, see also maritime law defector interrogation guidelines, 139-40 diplomatic asylum and, 13031,137-42 embassies/consulates, 126,131-42, 152-55,177 legal persistence of, 127-31 mass asylum seeking, 155 official rules subversion, 135-36 regulation of citizens abroad, 131-36 as sovereign jurisdiction, 126-27 Ezhov, Nikolai, 15-16,132 family networks in repatriation, 40-41, 78-79,170-71 Fang Lizhi, 155 Farben building, 56-57, 60-61, 88-89 Farndon, Stanley, 68 FBI, 25, 29, 38-39, 44, 47,143 Fedorov, Sergei, 224 Feifer, George, 91-92 Finland, 92-93, 233 First Taiwan Strait Crisis, 164,175-76 Fischer, Louis, 37-38 forbidden/restricted border zones, 95, 102-7,109, 111, 141 forced repatriation, 33-34, 36-37, 38, 40-41, 54, 77-78, 88, 96-98, 237 Fort Dix, 33 Foucault, Michel, 7 France, 13-14, 23-24, 38-39, 48, 58, 127-28,144-45,147,149-50,16970,174-75, 231-32 franchise du quartier, 130 freedom of movement policy, 41-42, 49 Freedom Train, 10-11, 55,196-97 [302] Index French Communist Party, 23-24 French Union, 128,149-50 Freudian psychoanalysis, 63 Friendship House, 71-72, 75 Funt, Allen, 199 Gaddis, John Lewis, 247n.74 Gasinskaia, Lillian, 190 Gavrilov, Andrei, 234 Georgia, 12, 31-32, 33, 34-35, 91-92, 97,105-6,109,117-18,160-61 Germany,
4-5,13-14, 25, 31, 35-36, 38-39, 56, 58-59, 84, 99, 215-16, 222-23, 231-32 Getachew, Adorn, 272n.l39 Ghana, 144-45,147 Gilev, Nikolai, 218 Gindulin, Akram, 162-63 Gleinicke Bridge, 89 globalization of advocacy, 211 engagement by Soviet Union, 177,189 hijacking and, 195, 211 maritime law and, 177 role of in defection, 3-8,11,13-14, 239, 243n.6 Soviet boundary closure and, 9495,118-19 Godunov, Aleksandr, 198 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 118, 221-22 Gorkin, Aleksandr, 109-10 Gorlova, Zinaida, 24-25 Gottwald, 163-64,165-66 Gouzenko, Igor, 8-9, 44-45, 76, 235 Great Britain, 13-14, 45, 48,127-28, 144-45,147,149-50,164,174-75 Great Terror, 108,132,135,152 Greece, 58, 84 Grenztruppen, 98 Gromyko, Andrei, 197, 202-3, 229 GSG 9 (Grenzschutzgruppe Neun), 215-16 Gurianov, Aleksandr, 171 Gusak, Aleksandr, 240 Hague Convention, 202-3, 212 Hammarskjöld, Dag, 143 Harvard Project/Soviet Social System, 38-39 Haya de la Torre, Victor Raul, 130-31 Headquarters Building, 60-61
Helsinki Accords, 234 high seas, see maritime law hijackings/hij ackers Aeroflot Flight 244,192-93,194f, 195, 200, 202-7, 209, 216, 218 anti-hijacking measures, 200-9, 21617, 218-20, 284n.l25 concepts, definitions, 198-99 criminalization of, 199 Dawson’s Field, 195,196, 200, 2012, 215-16 extradition of, 202-7, 208-9, 216 global aviation industry, 193-95 history of, 196-200 perceptions of, 199-200 portrayal of by activists, 210-12, 215 portrayal of by Soviet Union, 2069, 217-18 rationale for, 196 refuseniks, 202, 207-8, 219, 221-22, 227, 234, 281П.42 sovereignty/jurisdiction, 197-98, 207-8, 216-17 statistics, 198 as terrorism, 195-96,199, 212, 21516, 220 TWA Flight 840, 201-2 Ho Chi Minh, 168 House Un-American Activities Committee, 25, 51, 54 humanitarianism/human rights, 13940,154-55 Hungarian Uprising of 1956, 87-88, 236 Hungary, 40, 93-94, 97-98,119, 144,231-32 I Chose Freedom (Kravchenko), 7-8,11, 23-24, 25, 31, 206-7 Il’inskii, Viktor, 79-80 Immerwahr, Daniel, 247n.69 Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), 171, 214-15 Incirlik Air Base, 204 India, 162 intelligence networks/Central Europe, 60-63 intelligence value of defectors, 38-39, 44-47,139-41,155,166, 224, 227 Inter-Departmental Working Group on Terrorism, 215-16 Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), 223-24 international asylum system, 222-25 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 200-1, 202-3 International Law Commission, 146,147-48 international law development, 128-29 International Military Tribune, 128-29 International Refugee Organization (IRO), 33-34, 37 International Rescue Committee, 79
international waters, see maritime law Iran, 89,137-38, 216 Iraq, 174-75 Iron Curtain, 13-14, 30-31, 43-49, 89, 98, 200 Iron Curtain (film), 76,124-26,135 Israel, 89, 222-23, 231-32 Italy, 13-14,40, 58, 76-77, 84, 237-38 Ivan’kov-Nikolov, Mikhail, 183-86 izmennik/izmena Rodine, 8, 244n.2O Izvestiia, 76,186 Jackson, C. D., 50-52 Japan, 13-14,130,137-38 Johns Hopkins University, 38 Kalinichenko, ITia, 265n.9O Kalinin, Vitaly, 157,178-80,186 Karlsfeld center, 70-71, 72-74, 88 Karpov, Anatoly, 231 Kasenkina, Oksana, 5, 8-9,123-26, 125f, 127,134-35,142,146,152-53, 197, 230-31 Katyn Massacre, 128-29 Kaznacheev, Aleksandr, 134-36,141-42 Kennan, George, 128-29,150-51 Kennedy, Robert F., 87 Kersten, Charles, 50 KGB border zone surveillance by, 95, 9697,102-7 Brazinskases assassination attempt by, 211-12 central archive access, 11-12 citizen surveillance by, 91-92, 134, 239-40 compartmental structure, 62 Index [303]
KGB (com.) counterintelligence by, 54-55, 75-83, 97,134,136, 208-9 defection by agents of, 51, 52, 231, 240 defector characterization by, 80 defector interrogation by, 2,17, 9697,108-9,110-11,146 in diplomatic posts, 133-34 emigre organizations infiltration by, 81 on extraterritoriality, 126-27 First Directorate, 211-12 in Germany/Austria, 61-62, 89 hijacking suppression by, 215-16 image branding, 114-15,118-19 informant networks, 103-5,11213,161 internal surveillance by, 62-63 Kaznacheev investigation, 136 nationalist movement surveillance by, 117-18 nonreturner tracking by, 14-16, 8081, 89, 96-98, 206 physical targeting of defectors, 231 portrayal of defectors by, 69, 8182,177-87 propaganda use by, 49-53,180-82, 183-84, 230-31, 233 prophylactic policing by, 11214,116-17 prosecution of Tuapse crew members, 182-87 prosecutorial powers, 163 protection of defectors from, 61 refuseniks and, 202, 207-8, 219, 281n.42 sailor surveillance by, 161,170-71,178 smuggling networks enforcement, 104-5 Special Department, 115-16 staged defections, 66-67 testing of border defenses by, 117 Khokhlov, Nikolai, 52, 68-69, 89 Khrushchev, Nikita, 76, 77, 91,145-46 Kissinger, Henry, 2,138, 200, 212, 213 Klaipeda (port), 106 Korchnoi, Igor, 231 Korchnoi, Viktor, 231 Korean War, 163-64 [304] Index Korean War interrogation rooms, 255-56n.9 Korolkoff, S. G., 33 Kosmodemianskaia, Zoya, 179-80 Kourdakov, Sergei, 190 Krasnov, Vladislav, 11-12 Kravchenko, Victor, 5, 7-8,23-25, 28-29, 34-35, 38-39, 43, 44, 51, 53-55,134-35, 234, 235 Kronstadt, 160 Kudirka, Simas, 189, 214-15 Kuomintang,
157,159,160,163-73,174, 178,179-80 Kurchenko, Nadezhda, 192-93, 206-7, 208-9, 211 Kurds, 102-3 Kurilov, Stanislav, 189-90 Kuziakin, Vladimir, 107 Labor Service Units, 84-85 land settlement programs, 85 Latin America, 130,145-46,149,154, 174-75,213-14 Latvia, 31-32 Lautenberg, Frank, 223 Laz people, 102-3 League of Anti-Bolshevik Organizations/ Peoples/Soviet Union, 75 League of Nations, 130,173 Lefortovo Prison, 183 Lend-Lease Act of 1941, 28,160 Lettres Françaises, Les, 23-25, 53 Levin, David, 146-47 LGBTQ migrants, 222 Libya, 137-38 Life for the Tsar, A, 179-80 Lithuania, 31-32,106,160-61 Lithuanian Catholic Press Society, 211 Lithuanian diaspora, 203, 208-9, 210, 213, 218 Lithuanian Radio Forum, 203 Lithuanian Relief Fund of America, 213 Litvinenko, Aleksander, 240 Lodge-Philbin Act of 1950, 85-86 loikkari, 9 Lomakin, Iakov, 124-26 Lomax, John, 144-45 Long Peace, The (Gaddis), 247n.74 Lukashevich, V. B., 139 Lyons, Eugene, 25
Macmillan, Harold, 175 Makarova, Natalia, 231 Malik, Iakov, 143,167-68,174 Marchenko, Olga, 23, 24, 25, 34-35, 51 Mariel Boatlift, 155, 232 maritime law. see also extraterritoriality citizen regulation by state, 176 decolonization context, 168,174 defection to foreign ships in, 92,104-5 defector legal status, 165-66,187-91, 278n.l44 extradition, 162 fishing rights, 176-77 freedom of navigation, 176,188 jurisdiction/global shipping, 156-59, 174, 273n.ll loyalty/treason at sea Soviet narrative, 177-87 piracy, 159,167,168,173-74,176 sovereignty/citizenship, 163-73,17475,177 Soviet power rise, 160-63 state-registered vessels, 174,17576,188 territorial waters limits, 174-76,188 UN Conference/Law of the Sea, 17377,187,188 US continental shelf claims, 157-58, 173-74,176-77 Markovskii, Leonid, 140-41 Marshall Plan, 40,43 McCarran, Pat, 85-86 McCarthy, Joseph, 54 McCormack, Paul, 36 Medvid, Mirsolav, 189-90, 278n.l44 Meir, Golda, 208 Meskhetian Turks, 102-3 Mikhailov, Maksim, 179-80 Mikhailov, Nikolai, 76-77 Mindszenty, Jozsef, 127,142,147-48 Mitrokhin, Vasili, 231,245n.3O Mkheidze, Revaz, 4-5, 91-92, 93-94, 104-5,107-8,109-10 Moldova, 29-30,100,101-2 Morgenthau, Hans, 128-29 Morocco, 147 Moscow Trials/Great Purge, 167. see also Great Terror motivations defectors as interpreters of, 33 discernment of, 2,43, 63-64,65-66 of displaced persons, 33, 46 economic, 88-89 ideological, 7-8, 46, 67, 88-89,108-9 Kravchenko, 7-8, 25, 46 as legal criterion, 108-13 Oreshkov, 2 personal issues as, 67-68,107,10910,162-63, 206-7 portrayal of, 46, 54, 67, 69,162-63, 177-87, 206-7, 208
psychopathologies, 67-69,110-11, 124,139,141,185-86 rebirth/metamorphosis, 68 Sokolov, 73-74 statistics on, 111 Tuapse crew, 165,169-71,178-79 musicians, 131-32, 234 Myanmar, see Burma Nasseri, Mehran Karimi, 284n.l25 National Committee/Free Europe, 51-52 National Alliance of Russian Solidarists (NTS), 36-37,185 NATO, 137-38 Nazi Germany, 14, 23-25, 26-28, 29-30, 33-34, 36-38, 44, 60-61,128-29 nevozvrashchenets, 8 New York Times, 29 New Zealand, 147 Nichols, Michael, 186 Nigeria, 144-45 Nikolaev, Vladimir, 29 Nixon, Richard, 200, 202-4 NKVD, 15-16,132 Nosenko, Yuri, 235 Notting Hill riots, 144-45 NSC 86/1,10, 44, 49, 245n.25 Nunn, Sam, 226-27 Nuremberg trials, 128-29 Nureyev, Rudolf, 197, 231 Odesa, Ukraine, 106,113 Operation Paperclip, 44 Operation REDCAP, 48,132-33,136 Orekhov, Yuri, 4-5,91-94,104-5,1078,109-10 Oreshkov, Viktor, 1-3, 7-8 Index [305]
Organization of American States, 212 Orwell, George, 18 Oslapas, Regina, 220 Ovchinnikov, Ivan, 79-80 Pakistan, 147 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 195, 201-2, 215-16 Paniushkin, Aleksandr, 123-24,126 Paraguay, 130 passports, 14,133, 217 Peabody, Dean, 72-73 People’s Republic of China, see China perebezhchik, 8 permanent residency for defectors, 73 Peru, 130,174-75 Philby, Kim, 9-10 Philippines, 137-38 piracy, 159,167,168,173-74,176 Pirogov, Piotr, 45 Plato, 13-14 Plight of Ukrainian DPs, 38 Podgorny, Nikolai, 205 Pogranichnik, 96,100,105,118 Poland, 31-32, 40, 97-98,100-2,118, 119,143, 231-32 Pontian Greeks, 102-3 Pontifical Lithuanian College of St. Casimir, 213 Populaire, 24 Popular Front/Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), 195, 214-15 Powers, Gary, 197, 233 Pozdeev, Vitaly, 218 Pozhilov, Valentin, 107 Praca, 163-64,165-66 Prague Spring of 1968, 93-94, 96 Pravda, 24-25, 76 Presidium/Supreme Soviet, 77-78 press conferences, 52, 75-76, 230-31 Pronin, Vladimir, 4-5, 56-58, 60-61, 78-79, 88-89 Provaznikova, Marie, 51 psychopathologies, 67-69,110-11,124, 139,141,185-86 Public Law 110, 227 Putin, Vladimir, 240 Radio Free Europe, 18, 51-52, 73 Radio Liberation, 51-52, 79-80 [306] Index Rambo, 118 Randall, Alec, 175,176-77 Reader s Digest, 51-52 Rebet, Lev, 231 Red Danube, 51 Red Dawn, 118 Red Globalization (Sanchez-Sibony), 243n.6, 244n.l3 redefection, 226-27 encouragement of, 56-58, 69, 73, 75-76 fears of, 83-87 statistics, 82 Reed Farm, 124 Refugee Convention of 1951, 42-44, 58, 65, 83, 84,130-31,165, 236 refugee crisis post-Cold War, 237-41 refuseniks, 202, 207-8, 219,
221-22, 227, 234, 281П.42 religious minorities, 223 repatriation of displaced persons by Soviet Union, 29-34 family networks in, 40-41, 7879,170-71 forced, 33-34, 36-37, 38,40-41, 54, 77-78, 88, 96-98, 237 Tuapse crew, 169-70 Republikflucht, 9 resettlement centers, 70-75, 86, 87-88. see also displaced persons (DPs) Revolution Airport, 195 Rogers, William Pierce, 202-3 Romania, 29, 40, 97-98,101-2, 119, 231-32 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 41-42 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 29, 41-42, 44 Rudenko, Leonid, 24 Rudenko, Roman, 229-30 Rudis, Anthony J., 203, 213 Rudis, Mary, 213-14 Russian Freedom House, 71-72, 73 Sanchez-Sibony, Oscar, 243n.6, 244n.l3 Savchenko, Sergei, 116 Schaufuss, Tatiana, 70-71, 74, 86 Schneider, Peter, 5-7 Secret Agent s Blunder, The, 114-16 Seghers, Anna, 235-36 Semichastny, Vladimir, 110
Sergeev, Nikolai, 107 Serov, Ivan, 77-78,146 Seventeen Moments in Spring, 114-15 sexual misconduct, 72-73 Shackley, Ted, 65-66 Shanley, Bernard M,, 65-66 Sharansky, Anatoly, 233-34 Shelepin, Aleksandr, 105-6 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 234 Shevchenko, Arkady, 155, 225-26 Shostakovich, Dmitry, 76 Siberian Seven, 154-55 Simonov, Konstantin, 24-25 Singh, Brajesh, 150 Sinitsyn, Pavel (film character), 114-15 Six-Day War of 1967, 229 Skyjacked, 199 skyjacking, see hijackings/hijackers SMERSH, 97 Smith, Jeffrey, 198 Sokolov, Valentin, 73-74 Solidarity, 119 Solov’ev, Viktor, 183-84,185 Sopko, John F., 226-27 South China Sea, 156-58,159,160,16365,174 Soviet Committee/Cultural Ties with Compatriots Abroad, 88 Soviet Military Liaison Mission, 57, 6162, 78-79, 89 Soviet Union Administration for Repatriation, 2728, 30-31, 32, 38,40-41 air piracy and (see hijackings/ hijackers) amnesty policy, 77-78 asylum seekers, 16 border policing, 93f, 95-102, 239-40 border regime collapse, 118-20 border troop training materials, 95, 96 borders historically, 11-19, 95-102, 245n.3O, 247n.69,247n.74 Central Committee, 105-6,116,178, 208-9, 234 citizenship revocation by, 230 collusion with United States, 7,120, 127,129, 224-25 colonies/regulation of citizens abroad, 131-36 Comintern shipping company, 160 Committee of Soviet Women, 208 consequences of returning to, 112 Council of Ministers, 105-6 defection as treason, 107-14,197, 233, 240 defection prevention/prosecution of, 107-14 defector classification/criteria, 8, 43, 54-55 displaced persons repatriation, 29-34 displaced persons tracking, 40-41
dissolution of, 224, 234 economic emigration, 43 emigration policies, 13-17, 25-26, 30-31, 40-41, 98,131,196, 221-22, 224-25, 228-34, 239 exit quotas, 229 expulsion of dissidents by, 229-30 extradition of criminals, 99-100 forbidden/restricted border zones, 95, 102-7,109, 111, 141 intelligence outposts/Germany, 59f Interklub, 91-92,104 international law development, 128-29 international trade participation by, 7, 244n.l3 Kravchenko trial, 23-25 maritime law generally, 158-59 Ministry/Maritime Fleet, 178 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 42-43 nonreturner policies, 14-16, 80-81 opening of borders by, 228-34 Order No. 270,16 policies towards defectors, 4, 57, 88-89 Political Directorate, 96 political emigration, 43 prisoners-of-war return, 29 Procuracy, 111-12,141,183, 205-7 psychological control techniques, 255—56.9 refugee terminology/policies, 33-34 shipping port access by, 158 Soviet Border Troops, 15,114-18, 2651.90 Soviet Repatriation Administration, 80-81 Soviet Supreme Court, 109-10 Transcaucasian Border District, 106-7 Index [307]
Soviet Union (cont.) traveler screening process, 131-33 UN Security Council, 127-28 wartime collaboration prosecutions, 16-17 Western Border District, 93/, 95-102, 106-7, 111, 112-13,117-18 Spain, 201 Spanish Civil War, 130 SPONGE reports, 46-47, 61, 64 spy trading, 89, 234 Stalin, Joseph, 14-15,16, 23, 29, 51, 76, 143,150, 232-33 Stashinsky, Bogdan, 231 statelessness, 210-18, 235-37 storytelling as weapon, 49-53 Strokach, Timofei, 265n.9O Suez Crisis, 144 Sulakvelidze, Guram, 109 Sun Moon Lake, 165 Sun Yat Sen, 130 Supreme Committee/Liberation of Lithuania, 207 Swiatlo, Jozef, 65-66 Swing, Joseph May, 165-66 Switzerland, 149 Syria, 201-2 Taiwan, 137-38,144,156-57 Taiwan Strait, 163-65,175-76 Talyshev, Vladimir/Grigory, 190-91 Tanker Tuapse: A Documentary Tale, ISO81,182 Tarasov, Vladislav, 161-62 Tarsis, Valery, 229-30 TASS, 75,133-34, 208-9 Tatarnikov, Viktor, 183-84,185 Tatars, 102-3 Teymun, Ahmet Selim, 204-5 “The Basic Rules of Conduct for Soviet Citizens Traveling to Capitalist and Developing Countries,” 133 “The Betrayal of the Cossacks at Lienz,” 33 Thirteen Who Pled (Fischer), 37-38 Tiananmen Square, 155 Tokyo Convention of 1963, 200, 201-2 Tolstoy, Alexandra, 35, 36, 37-38,124 [308] Index Tolstoy Foundation, 1, 35, 36, 37-38, 39, 70-71, 84-85, 88,124, 225-26 tourists, 131-32 transfuge, 9 Transit (Seghers), 235-36 Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, 163-64 treaty reciprocity, 130 Trimble, Delmege, 67-68 Truman, Harry S., 38, 63,124-26,15758,173-74, 245n.25, 273n.ll Tuapse, 5,156-58,159-60,163-73,172/, 174,175-76,177-87, 210, 227 Tulaba, Ladas, 213 Turkey, 1, 4-5,
58, 84, 89, 91, 95-96, 105-6,137-38,144,174-75, 202-5 Turkin, Nikolai, 171 turncoats, 9-10 TWA Flight 840, 201-2 Überläufer, 9 uciekinier, 9 Ukraine, 29-30, 45, 81,105,106,116, 117-18,152,160-61 Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, 38 Union of Postwar Defectors/Soviet Union, 74-75 United Nations Conference/Law of the Sea, 173-77, 187,188 Convention on the High Seas, 17677, 218-19 Convention on the Prevention/ Punishment of Crimes against Diplomatic Agents/Other Internationally Protected Persons, 154 Convention/Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, 175-76 development of, 153-54 General Assembly, 143,145-46,154, 167,169-70,174-75 High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 213 International Law Commission, 173-75
Refugee Fund, 84-85 Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), 33-34 Security Council, 127-28,143,165, 166-67,188 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 83,130 United States anti-communist policies in, 40, 54 Army Counterintelligence Corps, 44 asylum architecture, 58-60, 59f Coast Guard, 214-15 collusion with Soviet Union, 7,120, 127,129, 224-25 defector classification/criteria, 8-9, 17-18, 50-51, 226-27 defector legal standing, 58, 79, 86, 153, 235 defector program, 43-49, 53-55, 58, 63, 89, 222, 225-28 Department of Defense, 84-85, 86 displaced persons repatriation policies, 32-33 DP Act of 1948/visas, 42-43 Escapee Program, 9,10-11, 50, 70, 71, 74, 77, 82, 83, 87-88,143,171-73, 196-97, 229 extraterritorial authority of, 137-42 immigration policies, 25-26, 30, 38, 40-43, 85,145,196, 222, 239 intelligence outposts/Germany, 59/ Interagency Defector Committee, 47 international law development, 128-29 international trade participation by, 7 military bases globally, 13738,145-46 National Security Council, 44, 4749, 212 Operations Coordinating Board, 83-87 policies towards defectors, 4, 5-7 prisoners-of-war return, 29, 33 Psychological Strategy Board, 5051, 54, 83 Refugee Program, 87-88 repatriation requests policies, 26 Soviet refugee resettlement in, 36 surveillance of Soviet shipping by, 160 UN Security Council, 127-28 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 41-42,47-48 Uruguay, 130,171-73 US Department of State, see also embassies/consulates negotiations with Latin American countries, 145,175 negotiations with Soviet Union, 83, 152,170 Peripheral Reporting Unit, 64,
89,115-16 Policy Planning Staff, 45-46 press conferences and public relations, 25, 51, 52, 88,187, 214 role in managing defectors, 189,190, 213-14, 217 US Immigration/Nationality Act of 1952, 222 US Military Liaison Mission, 57, 60-61 US Refugee Relief Act of 1953, 85-86 US Seventh Fleet, 160,163-64 USSR, see Soviet Union “Utilization of Refugees from the Soviet Union in U.S. National Interest,” 45-46 Vaganov, Nikolai, 183 Valiunas, Joseph, 207, 211 Vasilaky, Vladimir, 75-76, 259n.83 Venezuela, 213-14, 215-16 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (VCDR), 129,142-55, 271П.115,272n.l39 Vietnam, 89, 219, 236 Vitiuk, Ivan, 216 Vlahovic, Veljko, 143 Vlasov, Andrei, 233 Vlasova, Liudmila, 198 Voice of America, 51-53 Vyshinsky, Andrei, 167 War on Terror, 240 War Refugee Board, 36 Ward No. 7, 229-30 Warsaw Pact, 77, 91, 93-94, 98,127, 202 Webster, William H., 226-27 Index [309]
White Nights, 224 White Terror campaign, 164-65 Wilhelm, Donald, 138 world making, 272n.l39 World War II, 4,10-11,16, 28, 32, 96, 219 Yalta Agreement, 29, 45 Yardimci, Celal, 207 YMCA, 72 [310] Index Yozgat camp, 210, 211-12 Yugoslavia, 91, 93-94, 231-32 Yurchenko, Vitaly, 226-27 Zarubin, Georgi, 170 Zasimov, Valentin, 216 Zhou Enlai, 138 Zinchenko, Anatoly, 234 Zourek, Jaroslav, 146 Zyklon В, 60-61 [ Bayerische I Staatsbibliothek i Mönchen
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CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Introduction: Defectors and the Spaces in Between PART I 1 Building Borders 1. From Displacement to Defection 23 2. Between Intelligence and Counterintelligence 3. Socialist Borders in a Global Age PART II Governing Global Mobility 4. Soviets Abroad 123 5. International Waters 6. Cold War Airspaces 156 192 Conclusion: After Defection Notes 243 Sources and Select Bibliography Index 299 221 289 91 56
Defectors fleeing the Soviet Union seized the world’s attention during the Cold War. Their stories were given sensational news coverage and dramatized in spy novels and films. Upon reaching the West, they were entitled to special benefits, including financial assistance and permanent residency. In contrast to other migrants, defectors were pursued by the states they left even as they were eagerly sought by the United States and its allies. Taking part in a risky game that played out across the globe, defectors sought to transcend the limitations of the Cold War world. Defectors follows their treacherous journeys and looks at how their unauthorized flight via land, sea, and air gave shape to a globalized world. It charts a global struggle over defectors that unfolded among rival intelligence agencies operating in the shadows of an occupied Europe, in the forbidden border zones of the USSR, in the disputed straits of the South China Sea, on a hijacked plane 10,000 feet in the air, and around the walls of Soviet embassies. What it reveals is a Cold War world whose borders were far less stable than the notion of an “Iron Curtain” suggests. Surprisingly, the competition for defectors paved the way for collusion between the superpowers, who found common cause in regulating the spaces through which defectors moved. Disputes over defectors mapped out the contours of modern state sovereignty, and defection’s ideological framework hardened borders by reinforcing the view that asylum should only be granted to migrants with clear political claims. Although defection all but disappeared
after the Cold War, this innovative work shows how it shaped the governance of global borders and helped forge an international refugee system whose legacy and limitations remain with us to this day.
INDEX For the benefit of digital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages. Tables, figures, and boxes are indicated by an italic t, f, and b following the page number. Aeroflot Flight 244 hijacking, 192-93, 194f, 195, 200, 202-7, 209, 216, 218 Afghanistan, 225-26 airspace law. see hijackings/hijackers Albania, 149 alcohol abuse, 72 Alexander 1,147-48 Alexandrova, Olga, 51 aliyah, 229 Allende, Salvador, 152, 208 Allilueva, Svetlana, 5,150-52, 226, 230, 235 Alpha Group, 215-16 American Friends of Russian Freedom, 70, 71-72, 73, 79, 82-83 American Office of Military Government, 25, 31 Andropov, Yuri, 114-15, 229-30, 231 Ankerbrand, John, 68 anti-repatriation propaganda, 35-36 Applicant, The, 209 Arasly, Tevfik, 206-7 Argentina, 130 Armenia, 105,117-18 asylum system consolidation, 83-87 athletes, 131-32,134, 217-18, 224, 234, 284n.l22 Australia, 85,147 Austria, 4-5, 33,45, 58-59, 84, 149,222-23 Austria State Treaty, 77, 83 Azerbaijan, 105,115-16,117-18 Bakaev, Viktor, 178 Baks, Eduard, 141 Balibar, Étienne, 12-13 Balicki, Jan, 174 Bandera, Stepan, 231 Barghoorn, Frederick, 46-47, 64, 65 Barsov, Anatoly, 45 Baryshnikov, Mikhail, 224 Batumi, Georgia, 92-93, 95-96,104, 105-6,107 beglets, 8 Belarus, 105 Belgium, 38 Berlin Wall, 4-7,10-11,18, 56, 84, 87, 119,136, 238 bezhenets, 8 bipolarity framework, 247n.74 black marketing of information, 74 Black September Organization, 215 black sites, 240 Blomberg camp, 35-36 Bluebottle, 229-30 Boldyrev, Konstantin, 36-37, 50 Bolivia, 130 Bolsheviks, 14 Botezat, N. I., 100
Bourdieu, Pierre, 13 Brabourne, Martin L., 67-68 brainwashing, 56-59, 69,179-80
Brazil, 130,171-73,183 Brazinskas, Pranas/Algirdas, 4-5, 192-93,195-96, 200-18, 219-20, 227, 235 Brezhnev, Leonid, 205 British Royal Navy, 159 Bucar, Annabelle, 138-39 Bulganin, Nikolai, 77-78 Bulgaria, 2, 40, 97-98, 231-32 Burma, 134-35,136,138,14142,174-75 Bush, George H. W., 221-22 Cambodia, 139 Camera Looks at the World, The, 233 Camp Beauregard, 23-24 Camp King, 61 Camp McCain, 29 Camp Valka, 71, 73 Canada, 85,147 Casey, William J., 225-26 Ceausescu, Nicolae, 101-2, 231-32 Central Index of Redefectors, 82 Central Intelligence Agency, see CIA Chapaev, Vasily, 179-80 Chekists. see KGB Chernovtsi, 161-62 Chervokas, Bernadas, 41 Chiang Kai-shek, 163-65,166-67 Chicago Convention, 202-3 Chile, 130,152,174-75 China, 13-14, 89,127-28,130,142-43, 155,163-64 Churchill, Winston, 29 CIA anti-communist funding by, 11-12, 25, 50, 51-52, 75 compartmental structure, 61 defector intelligence utilization, 8586, 227 defector interrogation by, 17, 50, 6566, 75,139-40,198, 240 defector psychological utilization, 50-51 defector recruitment by, 47,132-34, 136,138-39,141-42, 232-33 in Germany, 56-57, 60-61, 67, 89 interrogation procedures, 6567, 69, 82 Operation REDCAP, 48 Î300J Index portrayal of defectors by, 69 resettlement center funding, 70, 71-72 safe houses, 61 Soviet counterintelligence investigation by, 79 Soviet POWs defection, 225-26 in Turkey, 1,2 Cold War borders and, 12,13 commercial shipping as vital in, 158 as continuation of WWII, 96 defections and, 3-4, 7-8 migrant politicization during, 26-27 reciprocity standards, 205 storytelling as weapon, 49-53 US agenda, 25 Colombia,
130 Commissariat of Defense, 35 Committee for the Return to the Homeland, 75-83, 88, 259n.83 Committee/Return to the Homeland/ Development of Cultural Ties with Compatriots, 88 Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1962,149-50 Commonwealth of Nations, 128 Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, 40 contraband networks/trading, 101,1067,118 Conventions (UN), see under United Nations Conway, Rose, 245n.25 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon), 40 Crimea, 102-3 criminal activity by defectors, 73 Cuba, 89,147-48,155,198, 232 Czechoslovakia, 10-11, 40, 55, 78, 9394,118,119,146,196-97, 231-32 Daily Express (UK), 136 Dallin, Alexander, 38-39 Dallin, David, 38-39 dancers, 131-32, 224, 231 Davies, Joseph, 29 Dawson’s Field hijacking, 195,196, 200, 201-2, 215-16 Death of a Stewardess, The, 209 Debevoise, John, 67
debriefing questionnaires, 52-53 defection generally border making impacts of, 3-8, 6f, 243n.6, 244n.l3 by border troops, 115-16 defector psychological profile, 63-69 demise of, 222, 224-25 desertion relationship to, 27-31 encouragement of by superpowers, 18-19 foreign ships in, 92,104-5 hearing testimony, 228 mobility regimes, 58-60, 59f, 128-29 perceptions of, 10-11 personal costs of, 235-37 portrayal of, 46, 54, 67, 69,16263,177-87 prevention/prosecution of, 107-14 as psychological phenomenon, 69 as rite of institution, 13 source access, 11-12 Soviet government notification policy, 225 Soviet migrants final wave, 222-23 statistics, 105-6, 223-24 terminology, 8-11, 26-27, 244n.2O, 2450.25 Defector Program (US), 43-49, 53-55, 58, 63, 89, 222, 225-28 Defector Reception Center (Germany), 56, 61, 67 Demirel, Süleyman, 205 Denisov, V. M., 74-75 Denmark, 162 Deriabin, Petr, 61-62 détente, 153,189, 209 deserter politico, 9 desirability of defectors, 166,169-70, 171-73, 227 Dien Bien Phu battle, 168 diplomatic asylum, see extraterritoriality Diplomatic Immunity (Levin), 146-47 displaced persons (DPs) anti-Soviet attitudes among, 35-37 Baltic refugees, 31-32, 33-34, 3536, 229 camps, 23, 26, 27f citizenship for, 219 Cold War contestation of, 34-40 collaboration screening, 39 eligibility criteria, 37 emigre groups assisting, 35-39 family networks in repatriation of, 40-41, 78-79,170-71 forced repatriation, 33-34, 36-37, 38, 40-41, 54, 77-78, 88, 96-98, 237 German, 31-32 individual agency among, 39-40 Jewish, 31-32, 229 Mönchehof camp, 36-37 motivations, 33, 46 nationality as
criterion, 31-32 persecution criterion, 32-34, 41-42 political history documentation requirement, 85-86 productive labor capability criterion, 38 recruitment of for political gain, 3536, 39, 44-47, 74 refoulement, 42 resettlement centers, 70-75 sorting by nationality, 228-29 sorting/classification of, 31-34 storytelling as weapon, 49-53 as strategic source of knowledge, 3839,44-47,139-41 typology of displacement criterion, 32 Ukrainians, 31-32 work as rehabilitation of, 35, 36-37, 38, 71-72 Donovan, William, 79 Donovan Report, 82, 84, 85-86 double agents, 74-75 Draugas (The Friend), 211 druzhina/druzhiny, 95,103 Dubrovsky, Vasyl, 75 Dulles, John Foster, 70-71,166-67,168 economic liberalism, 13-14 Ecuador, 174-75 Eden, Anthony, 144-45 Egypt, 144 Eisenhower, Dwight, 50-51, 83, 85-86, 163-64,166-67,175 embassies/consulates, 126,131-42,15255,177 Emergency, 181-82,183-84 employment for defectors, 73, 8485,166 Eremenko, Venedikt, 183-84,185 Index [301]
Erim, Nihat, 207 escapee centers map, 27f Escapee Program (US), 9,10-11, 50, 70, 71, 74, 77, 82, 83, 87-88,143,17173,196-97, 229 Estonia, 31-32 exit visas, 104-5,149-50,194-95, 202, 221-22, 234 extradition of criminals by Soviet Union, 99-100 of defectors from Finland, 233 of hijackers, 202-7, 208-9, 216 maritime law, 162 extraterritoriality, see also maritime law defector interrogation guidelines, 139-40 diplomatic asylum and, 13031,137-42 embassies/consulates, 126,131-42, 152-55,177 legal persistence of, 127-31 mass asylum seeking, 155 official rules subversion, 135-36 regulation of citizens abroad, 131-36 as sovereign jurisdiction, 126-27 Ezhov, Nikolai, 15-16,132 family networks in repatriation, 40-41, 78-79,170-71 Fang Lizhi, 155 Farben building, 56-57, 60-61, 88-89 Farndon, Stanley, 68 FBI, 25, 29, 38-39, 44, 47,143 Fedorov, Sergei, 224 Feifer, George, 91-92 Finland, 92-93, 233 First Taiwan Strait Crisis, 164,175-76 Fischer, Louis, 37-38 forbidden/restricted border zones, 95, 102-7,109, 111, 141 forced repatriation, 33-34, 36-37, 38, 40-41, 54, 77-78, 88, 96-98, 237 Fort Dix, 33 Foucault, Michel, 7 France, 13-14, 23-24, 38-39, 48, 58, 127-28,144-45,147,149-50,16970,174-75, 231-32 franchise du quartier, 130 freedom of movement policy, 41-42, 49 Freedom Train, 10-11, 55,196-97 [302] Index French Communist Party, 23-24 French Union, 128,149-50 Freudian psychoanalysis, 63 Friendship House, 71-72, 75 Funt, Allen, 199 Gaddis, John Lewis, 247n.74 Gasinskaia, Lillian, 190 Gavrilov, Andrei, 234 Georgia, 12, 31-32, 33, 34-35, 91-92, 97,105-6,109,117-18,160-61 Germany,
4-5,13-14, 25, 31, 35-36, 38-39, 56, 58-59, 84, 99, 215-16, 222-23, 231-32 Getachew, Adorn, 272n.l39 Ghana, 144-45,147 Gilev, Nikolai, 218 Gindulin, Akram, 162-63 Gleinicke Bridge, 89 globalization of advocacy, 211 engagement by Soviet Union, 177,189 hijacking and, 195, 211 maritime law and, 177 role of in defection, 3-8,11,13-14, 239, 243n.6 Soviet boundary closure and, 9495,118-19 Godunov, Aleksandr, 198 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 118, 221-22 Gorkin, Aleksandr, 109-10 Gorlova, Zinaida, 24-25 Gottwald, 163-64,165-66 Gouzenko, Igor, 8-9, 44-45, 76, 235 Great Britain, 13-14, 45, 48,127-28, 144-45,147,149-50,164,174-75 Great Terror, 108,132,135,152 Greece, 58, 84 Grenztruppen, 98 Gromyko, Andrei, 197, 202-3, 229 GSG 9 (Grenzschutzgruppe Neun), 215-16 Gurianov, Aleksandr, 171 Gusak, Aleksandr, 240 Hague Convention, 202-3, 212 Hammarskjöld, Dag, 143 Harvard Project/Soviet Social System, 38-39 Haya de la Torre, Victor Raul, 130-31 Headquarters Building, 60-61
Helsinki Accords, 234 high seas, see maritime law hijackings/hij ackers Aeroflot Flight 244,192-93,194f, 195, 200, 202-7, 209, 216, 218 anti-hijacking measures, 200-9, 21617, 218-20, 284n.l25 concepts, definitions, 198-99 criminalization of, 199 Dawson’s Field, 195,196, 200, 2012, 215-16 extradition of, 202-7, 208-9, 216 global aviation industry, 193-95 history of, 196-200 perceptions of, 199-200 portrayal of by activists, 210-12, 215 portrayal of by Soviet Union, 2069, 217-18 rationale for, 196 refuseniks, 202, 207-8, 219, 221-22, 227, 234, 281П.42 sovereignty/jurisdiction, 197-98, 207-8, 216-17 statistics, 198 as terrorism, 195-96,199, 212, 21516, 220 TWA Flight 840, 201-2 Ho Chi Minh, 168 House Un-American Activities Committee, 25, 51, 54 humanitarianism/human rights, 13940,154-55 Hungarian Uprising of 1956, 87-88, 236 Hungary, 40, 93-94, 97-98,119, 144,231-32 I Chose Freedom (Kravchenko), 7-8,11, 23-24, 25, 31, 206-7 Il’inskii, Viktor, 79-80 Immerwahr, Daniel, 247n.69 Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), 171, 214-15 Incirlik Air Base, 204 India, 162 intelligence networks/Central Europe, 60-63 intelligence value of defectors, 38-39, 44-47,139-41,155,166, 224, 227 Inter-Departmental Working Group on Terrorism, 215-16 Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), 223-24 international asylum system, 222-25 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 200-1, 202-3 International Law Commission, 146,147-48 international law development, 128-29 International Military Tribune, 128-29 International Refugee Organization (IRO), 33-34, 37 International Rescue Committee, 79
international waters, see maritime law Iran, 89,137-38, 216 Iraq, 174-75 Iron Curtain, 13-14, 30-31, 43-49, 89, 98, 200 Iron Curtain (film), 76,124-26,135 Israel, 89, 222-23, 231-32 Italy, 13-14,40, 58, 76-77, 84, 237-38 Ivan’kov-Nikolov, Mikhail, 183-86 izmennik/izmena Rodine, 8, 244n.2O Izvestiia, 76,186 Jackson, C. D., 50-52 Japan, 13-14,130,137-38 Johns Hopkins University, 38 Kalinichenko, ITia, 265n.9O Kalinin, Vitaly, 157,178-80,186 Karlsfeld center, 70-71, 72-74, 88 Karpov, Anatoly, 231 Kasenkina, Oksana, 5, 8-9,123-26, 125f, 127,134-35,142,146,152-53, 197, 230-31 Katyn Massacre, 128-29 Kaznacheev, Aleksandr, 134-36,141-42 Kennan, George, 128-29,150-51 Kennedy, Robert F., 87 Kersten, Charles, 50 KGB border zone surveillance by, 95, 9697,102-7 Brazinskases assassination attempt by, 211-12 central archive access, 11-12 citizen surveillance by, 91-92, 134, 239-40 compartmental structure, 62 Index [303]
KGB (com.) counterintelligence by, 54-55, 75-83, 97,134,136, 208-9 defection by agents of, 51, 52, 231, 240 defector characterization by, 80 defector interrogation by, 2,17, 9697,108-9,110-11,146 in diplomatic posts, 133-34 emigre organizations infiltration by, 81 on extraterritoriality, 126-27 First Directorate, 211-12 in Germany/Austria, 61-62, 89 hijacking suppression by, 215-16 image branding, 114-15,118-19 informant networks, 103-5,11213,161 internal surveillance by, 62-63 Kaznacheev investigation, 136 nationalist movement surveillance by, 117-18 nonreturner tracking by, 14-16, 8081, 89, 96-98, 206 physical targeting of defectors, 231 portrayal of defectors by, 69, 8182,177-87 propaganda use by, 49-53,180-82, 183-84, 230-31, 233 prophylactic policing by, 11214,116-17 prosecution of Tuapse crew members, 182-87 prosecutorial powers, 163 protection of defectors from, 61 refuseniks and, 202, 207-8, 219, 281n.42 sailor surveillance by, 161,170-71,178 smuggling networks enforcement, 104-5 Special Department, 115-16 staged defections, 66-67 testing of border defenses by, 117 Khokhlov, Nikolai, 52, 68-69, 89 Khrushchev, Nikita, 76, 77, 91,145-46 Kissinger, Henry, 2,138, 200, 212, 213 Klaipeda (port), 106 Korchnoi, Igor, 231 Korchnoi, Viktor, 231 Korean War, 163-64 [304] Index Korean War interrogation rooms, 255-56n.9 Korolkoff, S. G., 33 Kosmodemianskaia, Zoya, 179-80 Kourdakov, Sergei, 190 Krasnov, Vladislav, 11-12 Kravchenko, Victor, 5, 7-8,23-25, 28-29, 34-35, 38-39, 43, 44, 51, 53-55,134-35, 234, 235 Kronstadt, 160 Kudirka, Simas, 189, 214-15 Kuomintang,
157,159,160,163-73,174, 178,179-80 Kurchenko, Nadezhda, 192-93, 206-7, 208-9, 211 Kurds, 102-3 Kurilov, Stanislav, 189-90 Kuziakin, Vladimir, 107 Labor Service Units, 84-85 land settlement programs, 85 Latin America, 130,145-46,149,154, 174-75,213-14 Latvia, 31-32 Lautenberg, Frank, 223 Laz people, 102-3 League of Anti-Bolshevik Organizations/ Peoples/Soviet Union, 75 League of Nations, 130,173 Lefortovo Prison, 183 Lend-Lease Act of 1941, 28,160 Lettres Françaises, Les, 23-25, 53 Levin, David, 146-47 LGBTQ migrants, 222 Libya, 137-38 Life for the Tsar, A, 179-80 Lithuania, 31-32,106,160-61 Lithuanian Catholic Press Society, 211 Lithuanian diaspora, 203, 208-9, 210, 213, 218 Lithuanian Radio Forum, 203 Lithuanian Relief Fund of America, 213 Litvinenko, Aleksander, 240 Lodge-Philbin Act of 1950, 85-86 loikkari, 9 Lomakin, Iakov, 124-26 Lomax, John, 144-45 Long Peace, The (Gaddis), 247n.74 Lukashevich, V. B., 139 Lyons, Eugene, 25
Macmillan, Harold, 175 Makarova, Natalia, 231 Malik, Iakov, 143,167-68,174 Marchenko, Olga, 23, 24, 25, 34-35, 51 Mariel Boatlift, 155, 232 maritime law. see also extraterritoriality citizen regulation by state, 176 decolonization context, 168,174 defection to foreign ships in, 92,104-5 defector legal status, 165-66,187-91, 278n.l44 extradition, 162 fishing rights, 176-77 freedom of navigation, 176,188 jurisdiction/global shipping, 156-59, 174, 273n.ll loyalty/treason at sea Soviet narrative, 177-87 piracy, 159,167,168,173-74,176 sovereignty/citizenship, 163-73,17475,177 Soviet power rise, 160-63 state-registered vessels, 174,17576,188 territorial waters limits, 174-76,188 UN Conference/Law of the Sea, 17377,187,188 US continental shelf claims, 157-58, 173-74,176-77 Markovskii, Leonid, 140-41 Marshall Plan, 40,43 McCarran, Pat, 85-86 McCarthy, Joseph, 54 McCormack, Paul, 36 Medvid, Mirsolav, 189-90, 278n.l44 Meir, Golda, 208 Meskhetian Turks, 102-3 Mikhailov, Maksim, 179-80 Mikhailov, Nikolai, 76-77 Mindszenty, Jozsef, 127,142,147-48 Mitrokhin, Vasili, 231,245n.3O Mkheidze, Revaz, 4-5, 91-92, 93-94, 104-5,107-8,109-10 Moldova, 29-30,100,101-2 Morgenthau, Hans, 128-29 Morocco, 147 Moscow Trials/Great Purge, 167. see also Great Terror motivations defectors as interpreters of, 33 discernment of, 2,43, 63-64,65-66 of displaced persons, 33, 46 economic, 88-89 ideological, 7-8, 46, 67, 88-89,108-9 Kravchenko, 7-8, 25, 46 as legal criterion, 108-13 Oreshkov, 2 personal issues as, 67-68,107,10910,162-63, 206-7 portrayal of, 46, 54, 67, 69,162-63, 177-87, 206-7, 208
psychopathologies, 67-69,110-11, 124,139,141,185-86 rebirth/metamorphosis, 68 Sokolov, 73-74 statistics on, 111 Tuapse crew, 165,169-71,178-79 musicians, 131-32, 234 Myanmar, see Burma Nasseri, Mehran Karimi, 284n.l25 National Committee/Free Europe, 51-52 National Alliance of Russian Solidarists (NTS), 36-37,185 NATO, 137-38 Nazi Germany, 14, 23-25, 26-28, 29-30, 33-34, 36-38, 44, 60-61,128-29 nevozvrashchenets, 8 New York Times, 29 New Zealand, 147 Nichols, Michael, 186 Nigeria, 144-45 Nikolaev, Vladimir, 29 Nixon, Richard, 200, 202-4 NKVD, 15-16,132 Nosenko, Yuri, 235 Notting Hill riots, 144-45 NSC 86/1,10, 44, 49, 245n.25 Nunn, Sam, 226-27 Nuremberg trials, 128-29 Nureyev, Rudolf, 197, 231 Odesa, Ukraine, 106,113 Operation Paperclip, 44 Operation REDCAP, 48,132-33,136 Orekhov, Yuri, 4-5,91-94,104-5,1078,109-10 Oreshkov, Viktor, 1-3, 7-8 Index [305]
Organization of American States, 212 Orwell, George, 18 Oslapas, Regina, 220 Ovchinnikov, Ivan, 79-80 Pakistan, 147 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 195, 201-2, 215-16 Paniushkin, Aleksandr, 123-24,126 Paraguay, 130 passports, 14,133, 217 Peabody, Dean, 72-73 People’s Republic of China, see China perebezhchik, 8 permanent residency for defectors, 73 Peru, 130,174-75 Philby, Kim, 9-10 Philippines, 137-38 piracy, 159,167,168,173-74,176 Pirogov, Piotr, 45 Plato, 13-14 Plight of Ukrainian DPs, 38 Podgorny, Nikolai, 205 Pogranichnik, 96,100,105,118 Poland, 31-32, 40, 97-98,100-2,118, 119,143, 231-32 Pontian Greeks, 102-3 Pontifical Lithuanian College of St. Casimir, 213 Populaire, 24 Popular Front/Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), 195, 214-15 Powers, Gary, 197, 233 Pozdeev, Vitaly, 218 Pozhilov, Valentin, 107 Praca, 163-64,165-66 Prague Spring of 1968, 93-94, 96 Pravda, 24-25, 76 Presidium/Supreme Soviet, 77-78 press conferences, 52, 75-76, 230-31 Pronin, Vladimir, 4-5, 56-58, 60-61, 78-79, 88-89 Provaznikova, Marie, 51 psychopathologies, 67-69,110-11,124, 139,141,185-86 Public Law 110, 227 Putin, Vladimir, 240 Radio Free Europe, 18, 51-52, 73 Radio Liberation, 51-52, 79-80 [306] Index Rambo, 118 Randall, Alec, 175,176-77 Reader's Digest, 51-52 Rebet, Lev, 231 Red Danube, 51 Red Dawn, 118 Red Globalization (Sanchez-Sibony), 243n.6, 244n.l3 redefection, 226-27 encouragement of, 56-58, 69, 73, 75-76 fears of, 83-87 statistics, 82 Reed Farm, 124 Refugee Convention of 1951, 42-44, 58, 65, 83, 84,130-31,165, 236 refugee crisis post-Cold War, 237-41 refuseniks, 202, 207-8, 219,
221-22, 227, 234, 281П.42 religious minorities, 223 repatriation of displaced persons by Soviet Union, 29-34 family networks in, 40-41, 7879,170-71 forced, 33-34, 36-37, 38,40-41, 54, 77-78, 88, 96-98, 237 Tuapse crew, 169-70 Republikflucht, 9 resettlement centers, 70-75, 86, 87-88. see also displaced persons (DPs) Revolution Airport, 195 Rogers, William Pierce, 202-3 Romania, 29, 40, 97-98,101-2, 119, 231-32 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 41-42 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 29, 41-42, 44 Rudenko, Leonid, 24 Rudenko, Roman, 229-30 Rudis, Anthony J., 203, 213 Rudis, Mary, 213-14 Russian Freedom House, 71-72, 73 Sanchez-Sibony, Oscar, 243n.6, 244n.l3 Savchenko, Sergei, 116 Schaufuss, Tatiana, 70-71, 74, 86 Schneider, Peter, 5-7 Secret Agent's Blunder, The, 114-16 Seghers, Anna, 235-36 Semichastny, Vladimir, 110
Sergeev, Nikolai, 107 Serov, Ivan, 77-78,146 Seventeen Moments in Spring, 114-15 sexual misconduct, 72-73 Shackley, Ted, 65-66 Shanley, Bernard M,, 65-66 Sharansky, Anatoly, 233-34 Shelepin, Aleksandr, 105-6 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 234 Shevchenko, Arkady, 155, 225-26 Shostakovich, Dmitry, 76 Siberian Seven, 154-55 Simonov, Konstantin, 24-25 Singh, Brajesh, 150 Sinitsyn, Pavel (film character), 114-15 Six-Day War of 1967, 229 Skyjacked, 199 skyjacking, see hijackings/hijackers SMERSH, 97 Smith, Jeffrey, 198 Sokolov, Valentin, 73-74 Solidarity, 119 Solov’ev, Viktor, 183-84,185 Sopko, John F., 226-27 South China Sea, 156-58,159,160,16365,174 Soviet Committee/Cultural Ties with Compatriots Abroad, 88 Soviet Military Liaison Mission, 57, 6162, 78-79, 89 Soviet Union Administration for Repatriation, 2728, 30-31, 32, 38,40-41 air piracy and (see hijackings/ hijackers) amnesty policy, 77-78 asylum seekers, 16 border policing, 93f, 95-102, 239-40 border regime collapse, 118-20 border troop training materials, 95, 96 borders historically, 11-19, 95-102, 245n.3O, 247n.69,247n.74 Central Committee, 105-6,116,178, 208-9, 234 citizenship revocation by, 230 collusion with United States, 7,120, 127,129, 224-25 colonies/regulation of citizens abroad, 131-36 Comintern shipping company, 160 Committee of Soviet Women, 208 consequences of returning to, 112 Council of Ministers, 105-6 defection as treason, 107-14,197, 233, 240 defection prevention/prosecution of, 107-14 defector classification/criteria, 8, 43, 54-55 displaced persons repatriation, 29-34 displaced persons tracking, 40-41
dissolution of, 224, 234 economic emigration, 43 emigration policies, 13-17, 25-26, 30-31, 40-41, 98,131,196, 221-22, 224-25, 228-34, 239 exit quotas, 229 expulsion of dissidents by, 229-30 extradition of criminals, 99-100 forbidden/restricted border zones, 95, 102-7,109, 111, 141 intelligence outposts/Germany, 59f Interklub, 91-92,104 international law development, 128-29 international trade participation by, 7, 244n.l3 Kravchenko trial, 23-25 maritime law generally, 158-59 Ministry/Maritime Fleet, 178 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 42-43 nonreturner policies, 14-16, 80-81 opening of borders by, 228-34 Order No. 270,16 policies towards defectors, 4, 57, 88-89 Political Directorate, 96 political emigration, 43 prisoners-of-war return, 29 Procuracy, 111-12,141,183, 205-7 psychological control techniques, 255—56.9 refugee terminology/policies, 33-34 shipping port access by, 158 Soviet Border Troops, 15,114-18, 2651.90 Soviet Repatriation Administration, 80-81 Soviet Supreme Court, 109-10 Transcaucasian Border District, 106-7 Index [307]
Soviet Union (cont.) traveler screening process, 131-33 UN Security Council, 127-28 wartime collaboration prosecutions, 16-17 Western Border District, 93/, 95-102, 106-7, 111, 112-13,117-18 Spain, 201 Spanish Civil War, 130 SPONGE reports, 46-47, 61, 64 spy trading, 89, 234 Stalin, Joseph, 14-15,16, 23, 29, 51, 76, 143,150, 232-33 Stashinsky, Bogdan, 231 statelessness, 210-18, 235-37 storytelling as weapon, 49-53 Strokach, Timofei, 265n.9O Suez Crisis, 144 Sulakvelidze, Guram, 109 Sun Moon Lake, 165 Sun Yat Sen, 130 Supreme Committee/Liberation of Lithuania, 207 Swiatlo, Jozef, 65-66 Swing, Joseph May, 165-66 Switzerland, 149 Syria, 201-2 Taiwan, 137-38,144,156-57 Taiwan Strait, 163-65,175-76 Talyshev, Vladimir/Grigory, 190-91 Tanker Tuapse: A Documentary Tale, ISO81,182 Tarasov, Vladislav, 161-62 Tarsis, Valery, 229-30 TASS, 75,133-34, 208-9 Tatarnikov, Viktor, 183-84,185 Tatars, 102-3 Teymun, Ahmet Selim, 204-5 “The Basic Rules of Conduct for Soviet Citizens Traveling to Capitalist and Developing Countries,” 133 “The Betrayal of the Cossacks at Lienz,” 33 Thirteen Who Pled (Fischer), 37-38 Tiananmen Square, 155 Tokyo Convention of 1963, 200, 201-2 Tolstoy, Alexandra, 35, 36, 37-38,124 [308] Index Tolstoy Foundation, 1, 35, 36, 37-38, 39, 70-71, 84-85, 88,124, 225-26 tourists, 131-32 transfuge, 9 Transit (Seghers), 235-36 Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, 163-64 treaty reciprocity, 130 Trimble, Delmege, 67-68 Truman, Harry S., 38, 63,124-26,15758,173-74, 245n.25, 273n.ll Tuapse, 5,156-58,159-60,163-73,172/, 174,175-76,177-87, 210, 227 Tulaba, Ladas, 213 Turkey, 1, 4-5,
58, 84, 89, 91, 95-96, 105-6,137-38,144,174-75, 202-5 Turkin, Nikolai, 171 turncoats, 9-10 TWA Flight 840, 201-2 Überläufer, 9 uciekinier, 9 Ukraine, 29-30, 45, 81,105,106,116, 117-18,152,160-61 Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, 38 Union of Postwar Defectors/Soviet Union, 74-75 United Nations Conference/Law of the Sea, 173-77, 187,188 Convention on the High Seas, 17677, 218-19 Convention on the Prevention/ Punishment of Crimes against Diplomatic Agents/Other Internationally Protected Persons, 154 Convention/Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, 175-76 development of, 153-54 General Assembly, 143,145-46,154, 167,169-70,174-75 High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 213 International Law Commission, 173-75
Refugee Fund, 84-85 Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), 33-34 Security Council, 127-28,143,165, 166-67,188 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 83,130 United States anti-communist policies in, 40, 54 Army Counterintelligence Corps, 44 asylum architecture, 58-60, 59f Coast Guard, 214-15 collusion with Soviet Union, 7,120, 127,129, 224-25 defector classification/criteria, 8-9, 17-18, 50-51, 226-27 defector legal standing, 58, 79, 86, 153, 235 defector program, 43-49, 53-55, 58, 63, 89, 222, 225-28 Department of Defense, 84-85, 86 displaced persons repatriation policies, 32-33 DP Act of 1948/visas, 42-43 Escapee Program, 9,10-11, 50, 70, 71, 74, 77, 82, 83, 87-88,143,171-73, 196-97, 229 extraterritorial authority of, 137-42 immigration policies, 25-26, 30, 38, 40-43, 85,145,196, 222, 239 intelligence outposts/Germany, 59/ Interagency Defector Committee, 47 international law development, 128-29 international trade participation by, 7 military bases globally, 13738,145-46 National Security Council, 44, 4749, 212 Operations Coordinating Board, 83-87 policies towards defectors, 4, 5-7 prisoners-of-war return, 29, 33 Psychological Strategy Board, 5051, 54, 83 Refugee Program, 87-88 repatriation requests policies, 26 Soviet refugee resettlement in, 36 surveillance of Soviet shipping by, 160 UN Security Council, 127-28 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 41-42,47-48 Uruguay, 130,171-73 US Department of State, see also embassies/consulates negotiations with Latin American countries, 145,175 negotiations with Soviet Union, 83, 152,170 Peripheral Reporting Unit, 64,
89,115-16 Policy Planning Staff, 45-46 press conferences and public relations, 25, 51, 52, 88,187, 214 role in managing defectors, 189,190, 213-14, 217 US Immigration/Nationality Act of 1952, 222 US Military Liaison Mission, 57, 60-61 US Refugee Relief Act of 1953, 85-86 US Seventh Fleet, 160,163-64 USSR, see Soviet Union “Utilization of Refugees from the Soviet Union in U.S. National Interest,” 45-46 Vaganov, Nikolai, 183 Valiunas, Joseph, 207, 211 Vasilaky, Vladimir, 75-76, 259n.83 Venezuela, 213-14, 215-16 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (VCDR), 129,142-55, 271П.115,272n.l39 Vietnam, 89, 219, 236 Vitiuk, Ivan, 216 Vlahovic, Veljko, 143 Vlasov, Andrei, 233 Vlasova, Liudmila, 198 Voice of America, 51-53 Vyshinsky, Andrei, 167 War on Terror, 240 War Refugee Board, 36 Ward No. 7, 229-30 Warsaw Pact, 77, 91, 93-94, 98,127, 202 Webster, William H., 226-27 Index [309]
White Nights, 224 White Terror campaign, 164-65 Wilhelm, Donald, 138 world making, 272n.l39 World War II, 4,10-11,16, 28, 32, 96, 219 Yalta Agreement, 29, 45 Yardimci, Celal, 207 YMCA, 72 [310] Index Yozgat camp, 210, 211-12 Yugoslavia, 91, 93-94, 231-32 Yurchenko, Vitaly, 226-27 Zarubin, Georgi, 170 Zasimov, Valentin, 216 Zhou Enlai, 138 Zinchenko, Anatoly, 234 Zourek, Jaroslav, 146 Zyklon В, 60-61 [ Bayerische I Staatsbibliothek i Mönchen |
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| author | Scott, Erik R. 1978- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1098574192 |
| author_facet | Scott, Erik R. 1978- |
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| author_sort | Scott, Erik R. 1978- |
| author_variant | e r s er ers |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048977693 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 8295 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1378915630 (DE-599)BVBBV048977693 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>04680nam a2200661 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV048977693</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20231204 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">230530s2023 |||| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780197546871</subfield><subfield code="c">hbk</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-19-754687-1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1378915630</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV048977693</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-355</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-188</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-19</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NQ 8295</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)128979:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Scott, Erik R.</subfield><subfield code="d">1978-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1098574192</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Defectors</subfield><subfield code="b">how the illicit flight of Soviet citizens built the borders of the Cold War world</subfield><subfield code="c">Erik R. Scott</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">New York, NY</subfield><subfield code="b">Oxford University Press</subfield><subfield code="c">[2023]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2023</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xi, 310 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Karten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"Defectors fleeing the Soviet Union seized the world's attention during the Cold War. Their stories were told in sensational news coverage and dramatized in spy novels and films. In contrast to other refugees, they were pursued by the states they left even as they were sought by the United States and other Western governments eager to claim them. Taking part in a risky game that played out across the globe, defectors sought to transcend the limitations of the Cold War world. The book follows their treacherous journeys and looks at how their unauthorized flight gave shape to a globalized world. It charts a global struggle over defectors that unfolded in a crowded courtroom in Paris, among rival intelligence agencies operating in the shadows of an occupied Europe, in the forbidden border zones of the USSR, in the disputed straits of the South China Sea, on a hijacked plane 10,000 feet in the air, and around the walls of Soviet embassies. In doing so, the book reveals a Cold War world whose borders were far less stable than the notion of an "Iron Curtain" suggests. 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| geographic | Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV048977693 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:04:26Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:51:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780197546871 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034241211 |
| oclc_num | 1378915630 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-188 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-188 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | xi, 310 Seiten Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20231117 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Scott, Erik R. 1978- Verfasser (DE-588)1098574192 aut Defectors how the illicit flight of Soviet citizens built the borders of the Cold War world Erik R. Scott New York, NY Oxford University Press [2023] © 2023 xi, 310 Seiten Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "Defectors fleeing the Soviet Union seized the world's attention during the Cold War. Their stories were told in sensational news coverage and dramatized in spy novels and films. In contrast to other refugees, they were pursued by the states they left even as they were sought by the United States and other Western governments eager to claim them. Taking part in a risky game that played out across the globe, defectors sought to transcend the limitations of the Cold War world. The book follows their treacherous journeys and looks at how their unauthorized flight gave shape to a globalized world. It charts a global struggle over defectors that unfolded in a crowded courtroom in Paris, among rival intelligence agencies operating in the shadows of an occupied Europe, in the forbidden border zones of the USSR, in the disputed straits of the South China Sea, on a hijacked plane 10,000 feet in the air, and around the walls of Soviet embassies. In doing so, the book reveals a Cold War world whose borders were far less stable than the notion of an "Iron Curtain" suggests. Surprisingly, the competition for defectors paved the way for collusion between the superpowers, who found common interest in regulating the unruly spaces through which defectors moved. Disputes over defectors mapped out the contours of modern state sovereignty in previously contested places, and defection's ideological framework hardened borders by reinforcing the view that asylum should only be granted to migrants with clear political claims. Although defection all but disappeared after the Cold War, it helped forge an international refugee system whose legacy and limitations remain with us to this day" Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 gnd rswk-swf Migration (DE-588)4120730-0 gnd rswk-swf Überläufer (DE-588)4509417-2 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Soviet Union / Foreign relations Defectors / Soviet Union Soviet Union / Boundaries Cold War Asylum, Right of / History Asylum, Right of Boundaries Defectors Diplomatic relations Soviet Union History Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Überläufer (DE-588)4509417-2 s Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 s Migration (DE-588)4120730-0 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-754690-1 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-754689-5 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034241211&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034241211&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034241211&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Scott, Erik R. 1978- Defectors how the illicit flight of Soviet citizens built the borders of the Cold War world Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 gnd Migration (DE-588)4120730-0 gnd Überläufer (DE-588)4509417-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4075770-5 (DE-588)4120730-0 (DE-588)4509417-2 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | Defectors how the illicit flight of Soviet citizens built the borders of the Cold War world |
| title_auth | Defectors how the illicit flight of Soviet citizens built the borders of the Cold War world |
| title_exact_search | Defectors how the illicit flight of Soviet citizens built the borders of the Cold War world |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Defectors how the illicit flight of Soviet citizens built the borders of the Cold War world |
| title_full | Defectors how the illicit flight of Soviet citizens built the borders of the Cold War world Erik R. Scott |
| title_fullStr | Defectors how the illicit flight of Soviet citizens built the borders of the Cold War world Erik R. Scott |
| title_full_unstemmed | Defectors how the illicit flight of Soviet citizens built the borders of the Cold War world Erik R. Scott |
| title_short | Defectors |
| title_sort | defectors how the illicit flight of soviet citizens built the borders of the cold war world |
| title_sub | how the illicit flight of Soviet citizens built the borders of the Cold War world |
| topic | Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 gnd Migration (DE-588)4120730-0 gnd Überläufer (DE-588)4509417-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ost-West-Konflikt Migration Überläufer Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034241211&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034241211&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034241211&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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