The Bolsheviks and Britain during the Russian Revolution and Civil War, 1917-24:
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| Sprache: | English |
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| Beschreibung: | xxi, 270 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 24 cm |
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Contents List of Illustrations viii List of Maps ix Preface x Maps xi xiii Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations xiv Select Chronology xvii 1 Introduction 1 The problem of Brest in Soviet-British relations 2 British armed intervention ‘by agreement’ 3 The so-called ‘complot of ambassadors’ 39 4 Oriental trends of the Soviet-British relations, 1918 53 5 ‘Stillborn crusade’ against Bolsheviks and ‘Russian question at the Paris Peace Conference 5 23 71 6 The Baltic problem, Soviet-Polish war and trade negotiations 7 From bad to worse: Soviet-British relations in the Middle and Far East, 1919-22 109 8 Soviet Russia and Great Britain at the international conferences, 1922-3 123 9 The‘Curzon ultimatum’of 1923 139 10 The USSR’s recognition by Britain and its repercussions 151 Epilogue 89 167 Notes 171 Select bibliography 231 Index 258
Select bibliography For reasons of space, this bibliography is restricted to sources and published works cited in the footnotes. All British publishers have London offices and Russian publishers Moscow offices, unless otherwise stated. Primary sources Unpublished Arkhiv vneshnei politiki Rossiskoi Federatsii, Moscow British Library, African and Asian Studies, London British Library, Manuscript Collections, London Cambridge University Library, Department of Manuscripts, Cambridge Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii, Moscow The National Archives, Kew Oxford University Bodleian Library, Special Collections, Oxford Parliamentary Archives, House of Lords Record Office, London Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv ekonomiki, Moscow Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv sotsial’no-politicheskoi istorii, Moscow Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Voenno-Morskogo Flota, St Petersburg Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi voennyi arkhiv, Moscow University of Birmingham, Cadbury Research Library, Special collections, Birmingham Published Official documents and correspondence Adamthwaite, Anthony, (ed.) The Lost Peace: International Relations in Europe, 1918-1939. E. Arnold, 1980. Adibekov, G. Μ. et al. (eds) Politburo TsK RCP(b) - VCP(b) i Evropa. Resheniia ‘osoboi papki. ROSSPEN, 2001. Adibekov, G. Μ. et al. (eds, comps) Politburo TsK RKP(b) - VKP(b) i Komintern. 1919-1943. Dokumenty. ROSSPEN, 2004. Angliia i SSSR. Sborník statei, materialov i dokumentov. Moscow - Leningrad: Moskovskii rabochii, 1927. Anglo-sovetskie otnosheniia so dnia podpisaniia torgovogo
soglasheniia do razryva (1921-1927). Noty i dokumenty. NKID, 1927.
232 Select bibliography Bourne, Kenneth, and Watt, David, (eds) British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print. Washington, DC: University Publications of America, 1990-1. British Labour Delegation to Russia 1920. Report. Office of the Trade Union Congress and Labour Party, 1920. Bukshpan, A. S. (comp.) Poślednie dni Bakínskoi kommuny. Po materialam sudebnykh protsessor. Baku: Gosudarstvennaia tipografiia ‘Krasnyi Vostok’, 1928. Burdett, A. L. P. (ed.) Afghanistan Strategic Intelligence: British Records 1919-1970. Chippenham: Archive Editions, 2002, vol. 1. Dmitrishyn, Basil, and Cox, Frederick, (eds) The Soviet Union and the Middle East: A Documentary Record ofAfghanistan, Iran, and Turkey, 1917-1985. Princeton, NJ: Kingston Press, 1987. Eleulov, T. E., and Inoiatov, K. S. (eds) Inostrannaia voennaia interventsiia i grazhdanskaia voina v Srednei Asii i Kazakhstane. Dokumenty i materiały. Alma-Ata: Izdateľstvo. AN Kazakhskoi SSR - Nauka, 1963-4, 2 vols. Gilbert, Martin, (comp., ed.) Winston S. Churchill: A Companion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975, vol. 4; W. Heinemann, 1976, vol. 5. Gromyko, A. A. (ed.) Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR. Gospolitizdat, 1957-63,7 vols. Hurewitz, J. C. (ed.) Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East. A Documentary Record: 1914-1956. New York: Octagon Books, 1972, vol. 2. Ivanov, A. A. (comp.) ‘Gorskaia kontrrevolutsiia i interventy’. Krasnyi arkhiv 68, no. 1 (1935): 125-53. Jones, David, (comp., ed.) ‘Documents on British Relations with Russia 1917-1918. F. N. A. Cromie’s Letters’. Canadian -
American Slavic Studies 7 (1973): 350-75,498-510; 8 (1974): 544-62. Joukoff Eudin, Xenia, and Fisher, Harold, (comps, eds) Soviet Russia and the West, 1920-1927: A Documentary Survey. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1957. Joukoff Eudin, Xenia, and North, Robert, (comps, eds) Soviet Russia and the East, 1920-1927: A Documentary Survey. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1957. Kim, Μ. (comp.) Tz archiva organizátorov grazhdanskoi voiny i interventsii v Rossii’. Istoricheskii arkhiv, no. 6 (1961): 58-117. Kliuchnikov, Yu. V., and Sabanın, A. V. (comps) Mezhdunarodnaia politika noveishego vremeni v dogovorakh, notakh i deklaratsiiakh. Litizdat NKID, 1926-8, pts II-III. Kvashonkin, A. V. et al. (comps, eds) Bolshevistskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska, 1912-1927. ROSSPEN, 1996. Lashkevich, G. N. (ed.) Gaagskaia konferentsiia 1922 g. Polnyi stenographicheskii otchet (materiały i dokumenty). NKID, 1922. Lifshiz, Μ., and Chagin, P. (eds) Pamiati 26 (materiały к istorii Bakínskoi kommuny 1918 g). Gosudarstvennaia tipografiia, 1922. Lozovsky, Solomon. Anglo-sovetskaiya konferentsiya professional’nykh soyuzov. Moscow ֊ Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoe izdateľstvo, 1925. Macmanus, Arthur, (comp.) History of the Zinoviev Letter. Communist Party of Great Britain, 1925. Meijer, Jan. (ed.) The Trotsky Papers, 1917-1922. The Hague: Mouton, 1964-1971, vols. 1-2. Minz, I. (comp.) ‘Anglichane na Severe (1918-1919)’. Krasnyi arkhiv 19, no. 6 (1926): 39-52. Minz, I. (comp.) laponskaia interventsiia 1918-1922 gg. v. dokumentakh. Zentrarkhiv, 1934.
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Foreign Office. A Collection of Reports on Bolshevism in Russia. Russia, no. 1 (1919). Cmd. 8. HMSO, 1919. Great Britain. Foreign Office. Agreement between His Britannic Majesty’s Government and the Soviet Government of Russia for Exchange ofPrisoners. Russia, no. 1 (1920). Cmd. 587. HMSO, 1920. Great Britain. Foreign Office. Trade Agreement between His Britannic Majesty’s Government and the Government of the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic. Cmd. 1207. HMSO, 1921. Great Britain. Foreign Office. Correspondence with M. Krassin respecting Russia’s Foreign Indebtedness. Accounts and Papers. Russia, no. 3 (1921). Cmd. 1546. HMSO, 1921. Great Britain. Foreign Office. Papers Relating to International Economic Conference. Genoa, April-May 1922. Cmd. 1667. HMSO, 1922. Great Britain. Foreign Office. Correspondence between His Majesty’s Government and the Soviet Government Respecting the Murder of Mr. C.F. Davison in January 1920. Russia, no. 1 (1923). Cmd. 1846. HMSO, 1923. Great Britain. Foreign Office. Correspondence between His Majesty’s Government and the Soviet Government Respecting the Relations between the Two Governments. Russia, no. 2 (1923). Cmd. 1869. HMSO, 1923. Great Britain. Foreign Office. Further Correspondence between His Majesty’s Government and the Soviet Government Respecting the Relations between the Two Governments. Russia, no. 3 (1923). Cmd. 1874. HMSO, 1923.
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Index Aberdeen 18,49 Admiralty 8,15, 33,43, 90-1,135,141 Afghanistan 53-4,56,58,66-8,110,116-18, 126,136,139,142,146,168 Africa 56,109 Agar, Augustus 91 Agdzhagum desert 64 Ahmad, Shah 114 Aland Island 99 Alexander-Sinclair, Edwin 90 Alexeev, Michail 25 Algeria 112 Ali Fuad, Cebesoi 135 Allied: conferences (see Entente conferences); intervention (see Entente intervention); military plans (see Entente military plans); Supreme War Council (ASWC) 32,34,36 Allies (see Entente) All-Russian: Central executive committee 18, 32,41,46, 91; Central congress of trade unions 163; congress of political propagandists (second) 126; congress of Soviets, second 8; fourth 20; sixth 52, 75; eighth 106; (National) Constituent Assembly 8, 10-11,17,46, 52, 79; Cooperative Society (ARCOS) 99-100 Amanullah, Emir 116-17,126 ambassadors plot’ (see ‘Lockhart plot’) America (see United States) American Relief Administration (ARA) 50,124 Amery, Leo 6, 20,141 Amritsar 117 Anatolia 110,112 Andrei Pervozvannyi 91 Anglo-Afghan: treaty of 1921 126; war of 1919 116-17 Anglo-Indian troops (riflemen) 56 Anglo-Persian agreement of 1919 114 Anglo-Russian convention of 1907 5,168 Anglo-Russian Oil Company 134 Anglo-Russian trade chamber 149 Anglo-Soviet trade agreement of 1921 107, 136,144 Ankara (Angora) 112,134,145 anti-Bolshevik resistance 10-11,15,19, 30, 33, 37, 39, 41,43, 47,71, 85, 123 Arab: people 58; territories 54 Argentina 165 Arkhangelsk 11,21, 25-6,28, 34-7,44,76, 82, 84, 93; province 24, 34; railroad 30; Soviet 24, 36 Armed Forces of Southern Russia (AFSR) 80-1 Armenia 65,121 Armenians 58, 60,111
Armour, Henry 45 Armstrong 105 Army of God 69; of Islam 61; of Liberty 78 Asahi 31 Aseev, Nikolai 53 Ashgabat: 38, 62,64,113; government 61-2, 64-5,113 Asia: 5, 21, 31, 53, 61, 68, 72, 106-7, 109-10,114,118,121,144; Central 54, 61, 66, 75, 79, 123, 135, 168, 170 Asquith, Herbert 157 Association of British creditors of Russia 141 Astoria 49 Astrakhan 59,63 Atlantic ocean 135 Australia 31 Austria 92,101,124,150 Austria-Hungary 15 Austrian contingents 13; front 7 Aysors 58 Azerbaijan 55, 65, 111, 115,121 Azerbaijans 111 Azov Sea 81
Index Baghdad 58 Bailey, Frederick 66, 68; intelligence mission to Soviet Turkestan 66-8 Bairam-Ali 66 Baker, Newton 37 Baku 37, 55, 59-63,111-12,115, 121,143 Baku-Batum railroad 71, 111, 116 Baku commissars 62,142; execution of twenty-six 63-5 Baku: Commune (SNK) 55-6,59, 65; oil fields 116; Soviet 59-60 Baldwin, Francis 147; Stanley 40,129,144, 162-3 Balfour, Arthur 6,12,18, 45, 64-5, 72-3, 87, 89-90,92,95,168 Baltic: area 89,110,153; League 90-4; problem 89-93; provinces 43; Sea 18, 27, 33, 79, 84, 90, 92,135; states 84, 89-90; theatre of the First World War 25 Bank of England 113,155 Baratov, Nikolai 58 Barkatullah, Mohammed 67,118 Barter, Charles 12 Batum (Batumi) 55,93, 111 Beatty, David 98,115 Beau Rivage Becos 157 Bedford 12 Bednyi, Demian 139 Belarus (Belorussia) 15,91, 94, 96,140 Belgium 95,147 Belomor-Onega Republic (see Russian Northern Federation) Belomor region 34 Belyi Sea 37 Benares 119 Bengal province 69 Berberova, Nina 19 Bergen 49 Berlin 7,9,18, 25, 35, 56, 67, 69, 101,142 Bermondt-Avalov, Pavel 92-3 Berthelot, Henri 27 Bertie, Francis 12,17,29 Berzin, Edward 44,46; Janis 125-6,141, 144 Bessarabia 13,18,142,156 Bialystok 94, 101 Bicherakhov, Lasar 58-60,63, 110-11 259 Bilduri 93 Birkinhead, Lord 73 Birmingham 104,143 Bismarck, Otto 19, 72 Black Sea 27, 56, 61, 81, 84, 93,111-12, 135; Federation 81; Straits (see also Bosporus and Dardanelles) 135-7, 142, 153,157 Blacker, Latham 66-7 Blagoveshchensk 140 Board of Trade 29-30, 54, 98,130,144 Boil, George 28 Bokhara: Emir of 67; Emirate of 54,62, 66, 110,117 Bokharian Peoples Republic 119 Bolshevik: annulment
of foreign debts 25; concept of international relations 9; dictatorship 1; geopolitical interests 110; government (see Council of People’s Commissars); Higher Military Council 20; local Soviets 34, 39; party 5, 32-3, 55, 77; party Politburo 107, 134,139,145, 154, 157,162-3; propaganda in the UK 104-5; smuggling diamonds and jewelleries to the UK 103-4; Supreme revolutionary tribunal 50 Bolshevism 58, 73-4, 90,105,107,112, 139,167 Bombay 69,118 Bonar Law, Andrew 95,99,106,135,141, 144 Bonch-Bruevich, Vladimir 42 Borden, Robert 75-6 Bosporus 6,135 Botha, Louis 75 Brailsford, Henry 150 Bravin, Nikolai 67,117 Brazil Brest peace treaty 5, 21, 23, 31, 33, 38-9, 53-5,58-9,71,89,131 Brest-Litovsk (Brest) 94; negotiations in 11-12,15-16,18-20 Bright, John 161 Britain (see also British Empire, British Isles, Great Britain, United Kingdom) 1-2, 5,10,12,15,17, 22,24, 29, 32, 35, 37, 43, 50, 54, 72, 79-80, 82,86, 89-90,97, 103,
260 Index 106,109,111,115, 121, 123,125, 127,129, 137,152, 154, 167-70; aid to White armies 80; Anti Famine relief committee 124-5; Cabinet (see British government); chemical weapons 82; Committee to help fight famine in Russia 124; Committees of action 143; Conservative (Unionist) party (see also Tories) 151,164; Empire (see Britain); expenditure on intervention in Russia 84; Federation of industries 157; Friends’ emergency and war victims committee 125; government 5-6, 8, 10,24,28-9,40, 49-50, 55, 62, 69, 81, 95,102,115,121,131,141,149, 162-3,167-70; Government School of Codes and Ciphers (GC CS) 134; House of Commons (see Parliament); House of Lords (see Parliament); Imperial conference of 1921 139; Imperial (General) Staff 56, 61, 75,115; Imperial war relief fund 125; intervention ‘by agreement’ 23-38,66; Independent Labour party (ILP) 97; Labor party (LP) 5,17, 95, 97, 102,141,143, 150-1,153; Liberal party 6,151, 157,161-2,164; Mediterranean Fleet squadron 94,135; military counter-intelligence (MI5) 2, 9, 78, 100,103,105,159,164-5; military intelligence (MI6) 7,9, 39-40, 42,48, 51,67,135, 140,149, 161, 163-5; military mission to Poland in 1920 102; national archives 2; Naval Staff 115; North Adantic Squadron 25; Parliament (see also House of Commons and House of Lords, Westminster) 67, 79-80, 85, 107-8,141,157-9,162-3; Raj (see India); recognition of Soviet Russia (USSR) 18-19,151-66,168; Royal Air Forces 116; Royal Navy 108; Save the children fund 125; Social Democratic Federation of 104; Society for cultural relations with the USSR 150; Society of the friends of the
USSR 150; submarines 18, 33; Trade Chamber 158; trawlers 140-1; troops evacuation from Russia 84, 87,112-13 British Agent 50 Briusov, Valérii 150 Brock, Osmond 135 Bronsky, Mikhail 30 Brussels 125 Buchanan, George 6-8,10-11,14, 25, 52 Buchanan, Meriel 45 Budkievicz, Konstantin 140 Bukharin, Nikolai 134 Bulak-Balakhovich, Stanislav 105 Bulgaria 75, 81 Bullitt, William, diplomatic mission to Soviet Russia 78-9 Butyrka prison 140 C. (see Smith-Cumming, Mansfield) Calcutta 119 Campbell, John (case) 157-8 Canada 28; General Staff 75 Cannes 127, conference 128 Canterbury 125,140 Caporetto 7 Cardiff 161 Carson, Edward 14 Caspian: Military Flotilla (Red) 60, 93, 114; Naval Flotilla (White) 113,115 Caspian Sea 56, 58, 61-2, 81,110-11,113 Caucasus 13, 55, 81, 84,110,116,135; front 53 Cave, George 17 Caxton-Hall 14 Cecil, Robert 10-11,15,17,21,26, 29, 33, 52, 54, 72-3 Cecil-Milner memorandum 13 Central Asian railroad 61-2 Central Caspian dictatorship (government) 60-1,63,110, 113 Central executive committee of Siberian Soviets 30-1 Central powers (empires) 7,10,12,15,18, 21,32, 38-41,43 Central Rada 30 Central Union of Russian consumer societies 86 Ceylon 118
Index Chaikin, Vadim 64-5 Chaikovsky, Nikolai 37, 85 Chalón 101 Chamberlain, Austen 47, 72-4, 95,104, 125, 130, 134, 162-3 Chamberlain, Hilda 47 Chanak crisis 134 Chandpur 119 Chechnya 116 Cheka (VCheka, OGPU) 31, 38-40, 43, 45-51, 64, 67,103,140,154, 165 Chelmsford, Frederick 56,61,65,113,117 Chelyabinsk 34 Chesham House 17 Chicherin, Georgy 16,18,21, 26, 30, 34-5, 38,47, 52, 54, 64-5,75,77, 85-6, 95-7, 100, 103,107,110-11,116, 120, 124-5, 127-33, 135-7, 139, 142-5, 149-50,153, 157, 162-3 China 54,119-20,146-7 Chinese (Eastern) Turkestan 119-20,168 Chinese; military volunteers 47; revolution of 1925-7 120 Chita 69 Churchill, Winston 5-6,10,12,18,27-8,47, 72-4,77-8,80,82,84-8,90-5,98, 103-7,111-12,129,133,137,168 Cieplak, Jan 140 Clarke, William 30 Clemenceau, George 13, 76, 85 Clive, Robert 92 Cohran 26 Cold War 2; mythology 23 Committee for the Salvation of Motherland and Revolution 8 Committee of Imperial Defense (CID) 98 Committee of India independence 67 Compiegne armistice 23,69, 71, 76 complot of ambassadors (see Lockhart plot) Communist International (Comintern) 97-8,110,115-17, 126,135, 139, 142-3, 146,149,154,156,161-2, 164,168-9; Central Asian bureau 118; letter to British Communists (see ‘Zinoviev letter’) Communist International of trade unions (Red Profintern) 97,169 Communist party of Great Britain (CPGB) 102-3,105,119,121,154,163-6 261 Communist university for the toilers of the East 116,119 Constantinople 54,110,126,135,137 Copenhagen 85 Cossacks: of the Don 10, 58; Kuban 10, 58; Orenburg 66-7; Terek 58 Council of Peoples commissars (SNK) (see also
Bolshevik government) 5, 8-Ю, 17-18, 20-21, 25-7, 30, 32, 35, 38,40,42, 53,65, 68,100, 103,107,125-7,131-2,134,141-4, 146-7,161-2,167-70 Cowan, Walter 91 Cox, Percy 114 Crew-Milnes, Robert 147 Crimea (Crimean Peninsula) 13, 33, 93-6, 100,105 Crimean-Cossack Federation (see Black Sea Federation) Cromie, Francis 8, 33, 38,40,42,44-5, 51; murder of 47-50, 72 Crowe, Eire 136,144,159-60,165 Curzon, George 5,14,18, 54, 72, 82-3, 85, 90-2, 95,98-9,104-7, 111-16, 124-9, 133-47,149,168 ‘Curzon line’ 94,96,101,105 Curzon ultimatum: 138,140-6; protests against 143 Czechoslovak: legion 30, 32-3, 38,80; national committee 34 Czechoslovakia 96,124 D’Abernon, Edgar 102 Daily Chronicle 165 Daily Express 72 Daily Herald 17,103-4,127,161,164 Daily Mail 78-9,104,160-1,165 Daily Telegraph 7,12, 80,134 Dandy 143 Dardanelles 75,135 Davidson, George 164 Davison, Charles 140,144-5 Dawes plan 151 Declaration of Fourteen Points 14 Delhi 55, 67-9,119 Denikin, Anton 78, 80-1, 84,86, 93-4, 113,124 Dickens, Charles 16 Dobbs, Henry 126
262 Don region 10,81 Donbass 28 Druzhkin, Sergei 63 Dunsterforce (see also Hush Hush brigade) 58-61 Dunsterville, Lionel 37-8, 56-7, 68,110; mission to Persia 56-62 Dushak 113 Dutch Red Cross 76 Dutov, Aleksander 67 Dyer, Reginald 117 Dzerzhinsky, Felix 31-2, 41-2,44,47-8, 51,142,162,165 ‘Dzerzhinsky ploť (see ‘Lockhart ploť) Dzungar republic 120 East: Far 30-3, 37,69, 75,109,120,14, 147,170; Galicia 142; Middle 13, 53-4, 56, 58, 61, 66,106,109, 111, 113-14,116-18, 137-8, 145, 147, 168; Near 53,109,112,116,127, 134,137-8; Prussia 92 Eastern; Anatolia 53; Committee 54, 58, 113; frontó, 9,11,27,31-2 Egypt 53,124,142 Eichhorn, Hermann von 37 Ekaterinburg 44 Ekaterinodar 76,81 Ekonomicheskaia Zhizn 105 Engelgardt (Bredis) 44 England (see United Kingdom) English club 46 Entente 5,11,15,19,23,29,32,38,56,58, 71,77,81,95,107,123,125,132,137, 167-70; aid to White armies 80,92; conferences 7,31; cooperation with Soviet Russia 20-1,26-7; diplomatic corps evacuation from Russia 20; diplomatic missions in Russia 32-4, 39; governments 13,52,83,87,102, 111; intervention against Russia 1,8, 24,30,34,39,45,50,54,69,77,154, 157,167; (Inter-Allied) commission on the Baltic problem 91,94; military plans 8; strategic position 6; Supreme economic council 86,124-5,127; Supreme (military) council 75,85; troops evacuation from Russia 84 Enver, Pasha 120-1 Index Enzeli 58-60, 93, 111, 114-15 Esher, Reginald 79, 87 Estonia 83, 90, 93 Etherton, Percy 66-7,120 Europe 9,11-12,23, 39, 56, 72, 75-6,78, 83, 88, 93-4,100,104,106-7,121, 124, 148, 152,167 Evening Standard 134,147 fatwa 112 Far East
Democratic Republic 120 Ferghana valley 56 Fersman, Alexander 150 Figaro 41, 51 Finland 20,25-6, 72, 79, 83, 93, 95 Finnish Gulf 33, 91 Finns 92 First Latvian light artillery battalion 44 First Light cruiser squadron 90-1 First World War 1, 5, 9,14,19, 24, 27, 38, 49, 53-4, 66, 90,97,168 Flanders 66 Foch, Ferdinand 78, 95 Foreign Office 6, 9,11,14-15,17,19,24, 35,45,49, 54,63, 66, 77,79,81,89, 95,108, 112-13,115,125-6,129, 136-7,141,144-7,149-52, 154, 159-65 France (see also Third republic): 11-12, 28-9, 35, 37,40,43, 72, 86, 90, 97, 100, 108,111-12, 124-5,129, 137, 147,154; military mission to Russia 20 Francis, David 36,40 Fride, Alexander 43, 50 Frunze, Mikhail 113 Funtikov, Feodor 61-2,113 Gallipoli 66 Gandhi, Mahatma 68,119 Ganges 126 Gaudiz, Semion 63 Gavriil 91 Geneva: 135,153; protocol 151,156 Genoa conference; preparations 127-30; sessions 130-3,167 George V 6,45,95,100,105-6,130,153, 156,162 Georgians 111
Index Germany 6-7, 9-11,15,20, 27, 31, 40, 46-7, 52-3,75-6,78, 83, 91, 96-7, 101,120,124, 130,140, 147, 165; armed intervention in Russia 11, 20, 30,32; General Staff of 26; naval blockade of 6; submarines 6; subsides for the Bolsheviks 17; troops 6,13,24-6,28, 33, 42, 56,89 Gibraltar 113 Gillian (republic) 114 Gladstone, William 161 Glasgow 72 Glory 26 Gorky, Maxim 10,124,168 Gorsk republic 110 Gough, Hugh 91 Grabski, Vladislav 96 Grant, Hamilton 65 Great Britain (see Britain) Great Game 53,117,121,167 Great Turan 13 Great War (see First World War) Greco-Catholic hierarchy 140 Greco-Turkish war 119,134 Greece 112,136 ‘Greens’ 95 Gregorian calendar 2 Gregory, John 141,144-5,147,150,152, 156-7, 159-60 Grenard, Joseph Fernand 37,45, 50 Grodno 94 Guomindang party 119 Gypsies 81 Habibullah, Emir 116 The Hague: 133; conference in 133-4,167 Haller, Stanislav 96 Hamadan 58-9 Hampshire infantry regiment 62 ‘Hands off Russia’ committees 72,102, 104,127,143 Hankey, Maurice 73, 98,102,130 Harbin 31 Harding, Stan 140,144-5 Headlam-Morley, James 12 Helfferich, Karl 37,43 Helsinki (Helsingfors) 8,25, 93 Henderson, Arthur 141,150 Hill, George 9,27-8,42,46 263 Hindustan (see India) Hoare, Samuel 27 Hodgson, Robert 65,108,140-4,168 Hollman, Herbert 82 Hollywood 50 Home Office 16,159 Hong Kong 37,119 Hopkirk, Peter 62,68 Horne, Robert 98,106-7,127,129,133 House of Commons (see Britain, Parliament) House of Lords (see Britain, Parliament) Hughes, William 73,75 Huns 101 Hungary 96,110 Hush-Hush brigade (see Dunsterforce) Ili, protocol of 120 Incitement to mutiny act of 1797 159 India (see
also, British Raj, Hindustan) 5,21, 53-4, 58, 61, 66-9,117-20, 139,142,167; Bolshevik plans for insurrection in 68,109,118; Chelmsford-Montagu reforms in 68-9; Communist party of 119; North-West Frontier Province of 67,115; Provisional government of 67,119 India Office 54, 61, 63, 69,113,119,164 Indian Army Main Staff 56 Indian Ocean 117 Indo-British society 69 Inkpin, Albert 161,164 Intergovernmental commission for famine rescue 124 International famine relief committee 124 Ioffe, Adolf 35,120 Iran (see Persia) Iraq 58,112,115-16,121,135 Ireland 127 Irish: crisis 106; liberation (national) movement 104,141 Irkutsk 31, 37 Ironside, William 30,77 Islamlll, 118,129 Islam and Bolshevism 118 Italy 6,11,37,86,96,101,112,129; army 7 Ivami 31 Izvestiia 29, 39,48, 65,142,153-4,162
264 Index Jacobins 49 Jalalabad 116 Jallianwala Bagh massacre 117 Japan 37, 53-4,68, 78,121; intervention in Russia 20, 31-2, 35-6 Jarvis, T. 63 Jelgava 91 Jews 81 jihad 56 Journal of the Central Asian Society 66 Judas Iscariot 161 Kaakha 62 Kabul 69,109,116-18,139,142,145-6 Kaiser (see William II) Kalamatiano, Xenophon 45,49-50 Kaledin, Alexei 10-11 Kamchatka republic 33 Kamenev, Lev 49, 97,100,129,151,155-7; mission to Britain in 1918 17-18; 1920 100-5 Kanegisser, Leonid 46 Karakhan, Lev, Deputy Peoples commissar 16, 54, 65,115-16,135; plenipotentiary to China 145,147 Karakorum desert 119 Karelia 25, 34 Kashgar 66-7,118; republic 120 Kazan 38 Kazvin 59 Kedrov, Mikhail 35-8 Kem 36,46 Kemal, Mustapha 112,119,134-5 Kemp, Thomas 25-6, 34 Kerensky, Alexander 6-8,10,12, 35,42,75 Kerr, Philip 18, 36, 78 Keyes, Terence 10 Keynes, John 29,131-3 Khabarovsk 140 Kharkov 82,143 Khaybar Pass 119 Khiva Khanate 54, 62, 66,110,117,125 Khorasan province 61 Kiev 19, 24, 30, 32 Kinmochu, Shionji 76 Kipling, Rudyard 56 Kizyl-Arvat 64 Klyshko, Nikolai 125,141 Knox, Alfred 12, 79-80 Kola Peninsula 34 Kolchak, Alexander 75,78-80, 83,124 Kolomiitsev, Ivan 67 Korea 140 Kornev (Black) 165 Kornilov, Lavr 6,25, 80 Kotlas 25 Krasnaia Gazeta 46 Krasnovodsk 60, 62-4,113 Krassin, Leonid 9, 29, 84, 98-107,125-9, 132-4, 142-5,153-4,157 Krassina, Lubov 145 Kremlin (see Council of People’s Commissars) Krestinsky, Nikolai 133 Kronstadt 33, 91 Kropotkin, Petr 97 Krupp, Friedrich Kuban region 81,110-11 Kuchik Khan, Mirza 56,114 Kudashev, Nikolai kuli 27 Kuelmann, Richard 35 Küldj a 120 Kurdistan 54,112 Kurds 58
Kyshtym area 29 Lansbury, George 12,103,157 Lansdowne, Henry 6-7 Lansing, Robert 31 Lasi 10 Latsis, Martin 39,41 Latvia 43, 83, 90, 93, 96,165 Latvian: Club 44; National committee 44; rifle division 45-6; riflemen 27, 33, 36, 43,45; troops 92 Lausanne conference 134-8,142-3 League of Nations 78-9, 93, 95-6,124-5, 135,156; General Assembly 131, 151 Leeds Convention of 1917 5 Leeper, Reginald 17-18 Lemnos 81 Lena area 29 Lena Goldfields Company 125-6,134 Lenin, Vladimir 5, 7-10, 15-17, 20, 24-5, 27, 32-4, 36, 41-3, 46, 51-2, 54, 60, 68, 75, 77-8, 83, 91, 93,
Index 96, 98, 101, 106, 109-10, 115-16, 118, 120-1, 123, 129-30, 148, 151; death of 153,168 Liepaja 90 Lieven, Anatoly 92 Lindley, Francis 14,19,25, 36 Lithuania 6, 83, 90-1, 94, 96 Little Entente 93 Litvinov, Maxim, plenipotentiary to Britain 15-16, 21; deputy People’s commissar 49, 54,77, 85-7,100, 103,126,128,141,155,168 Litvinov-O’Grady agreement 85-6, 99, 140 Liverpool 143 Lloyd George, David 5-7,12-15,18-19, 28, 30-1, 35-6,40, 54, 71-6,78-9, 82-7, 89,94-6, 98-103, 105-7, 111-12,114-15,125-33, 138,141, 151,157,161 Lloyd-Graeme, Philip 130,134,144 Lockhart, Robert Bruce 13-14,19, 22, 31; diplomatic mission to Soviet Russia 14-15, 17-18, 20-1, 27-9, 32, 34-8; ‘plot’ (see also ‘ambassadors plot’, ‘Dzerzhinsky plot’) 38-52 London 1-2, 8,10-11, 14-15, 17-19, 21, 23-4,28-31, 35-6, 38-9,45,47, 50, 53, 55, 60-1, 64, 66-9, 75, 80, 84, 86-8, 90, 93-5, 98,105,117,119, 121, 130-2,13,141-5,149-50,154, 164,168,170; Guildhall 84 Long, Walter 90, 95 Lord Astor 141 Low, Ivy 16 Lozovsky, Solomon 169 Lubyanka prison 49,140 Macartney, George 66 Macdonald, James Ramsay 5,142,150-61, 168-9 Macdonell, Ronald 60 Macdonough, George 73 Mackinder, Halford 81 Macmanus, Arthur 161,164 Macneill, Ronald 140-1,144 Main committee on economic concessions 156 Maisky, Ivan 109 265 Makhachkala (Petrovsk) 110 Maklakov, Vasiliy 17 Malleson, Wilfrid 38, 56-7,61, 65,67-9; intelligence mission to Persia 61-3, 112-13 Mal’kov, Petr 41 Malta 81 Manchester 104 Manchester Guardian 6, 30,114,133,161; Commercial 133 Manchuria 140 Manifest of the peoples of the East 121 Mannerheim, Karl 25 Marchand, Réne 41
Marchlevski, Julian 96 Marconi 105 Marlow, Ihomas 165 Marne, battle on 102 Marr, Nikolai 150 Marx, Karl 161 Mary (see Merv) Mashhad 61-3, 67-8,112 Masterton-Smith, James 125 Maugham, William Somerset 7, 32 Maximalists (see Bolsheviks) Maynard, Charles 37, 77 Mediterranean Sea 135 Memel (Klaipeda) 142 Merv (Mary) 62, 66, 113 Mesopotamia 56 (see Iraq) Mexico 68 Meynell, Francis 103 Middlesex Royal regiment 37 Midland Bank 157 Miliukov, Pavel 89,118 Miller, Evgeny 82 Millerand, Alexander 95 Milner, Alfred 12,14-15, 24, 27, 29, 35, 72 Mirbach-Harff, Wilhelm von 33, 36-7, 43 Mittel Europa 13 Moffat, Jay 101 Molotov-Ribbentrop pact 22 Monsoon islands 6 Montagu, Edwin 73, 75, 95 Morel, Edmund 157 Morning Post 7, 69,147,165 Moscow 2,8-10,22,27,29-32, 35-6,38-40, 43,50,56,62,66,68,71,77-9,82, 84-8,94,97-8,101,103-5,111-12,
266 Index 114-15,117-18,120,127,130-2, 134,140-5,148,150,155-7,164,167, 170; military district 46; municipal conference 33; People’s Bank 16; province executive committees 83; Soviet 46 Mosul 135 Mudanya 134 Mudros armistice 110 Murmansk 11,25,28, 30-1, 34, 36-7,40, 44, 84, 93,140; railroad 27, 30, 36; Soviet 24-6,31,34, 36 Murphy, George 97 Mussolini, Benito 135 Nabokov, Konstantin 7,17, 85 Nagorno-Karabakh 65 Nansen, Fridtjof 124 National Liberation Federation 156 National Minority Movement 97,157 Natsarenus, Sergei 34, 36 Netherlands 47 Neva 46 New Hampshire regiment 37 New York 125 New York Times 12 Newcastle 143 Nicholas II 8, 31,142 Nile 126 Nineteenth Punjab infantry regiment 62 Nizhny Novgorod 97 NKID (see People’s Commissariat for foreign affairs) North Persian Force 61 Northern Dvina-river 37; front 82 Northern province 82 Nottingham 17,143 Noulens, Joseph 7-8,23, 25, 32, 34, 36,40 Novgorod 33 Novocherkassk 10,25 Novorossiisk 71-2,81, 93 Nuorteva, Santori 146 Odessa 33, 39, 84 Ogorodnikov, Feodor 35 OGPU (see Cheka, VCheka) O’Grady, James 85-6,168 Oleg 91 Olonetsk province 24 O’Malley, Edward 141 Omsk 34, 76, 80 Onega 37 Orient (see also East) 11, 56,109,117; First congress of the peoples of 65, 115,121 Orlando, Vittorio 76 Orlov, Alexandr 165 Ottoman empire (see also Turkey) 53-4, 69, 76,110,112,116-17,121,124, 134-5,138,146; troops 6,13,29, 59,63,113 Pacific region 120 Padererewski, Ignatius 85 Pahlavi, Reza Khan Palestine 115 Pamiat’ Azova 91 Pamir 139 pan-Arabism 110 pan-Turkism 110 Paris 7, 10-11, 15, 28, 39, 41, 47, 51, 75, 78-9, 84, 86, 92, 124; Council of
Ten 76, 84; peace conference 71-86,91,93-4, 109, 111, 115, 130,167 Patek, Stanislav 94 Pates, Konstantin 93 Pavlovich, Mikhail 110 Peking 31,146,169 Penza 34 People’s commissariat; for foreign affairs (NKID) 9, 14,29, 31, 33-4, 36,38, 49, 52,68, 75, 77,100, 105,117-18, 125-6,135, 140-4, 146, 156-60; for nationalities 31, 54,118; of trade and industry 30; for war and naval affairs 42 People’s Socialist Revolutionary party 37 Persia (Iran) 53-4, 58-9, 61-2,66-7,99, 110-11, 113-15, 117,121,136,142, 168 Persian Cossack brigade 114 Persian Gulf 119 Persian Red Army 114 Persian Soviet Socialist Republic 56 Peshawar 119 Peters, Yakov 41,44,49-51 Pefiiura, Simon 94
Index Pettit, William 78 Petrograd (St Petersburg) 1, 6-11,13-14, 17-21, 24, 27, 33, 35-6, 38-9, 41,43-7, 51, 53,62, 78-9, 84, 92, 97,140,143; military district 46; Smolensk cemetery 48; Soviet 48 Petrograd Pravda 49 Petropavlovsk 91 Pickwick 16 Pilsudki, Joseph 93, 95-6,101,140 Poincaré, Raymond 135 Pokrovsky, Ivan 165 Poland 6,10, 72,79, 81, 85, 90, 93, 95-6, 101-2,108,110,124,130,165; Greater, plans of 93-4,140 Polish: problem 100,103; Provisional revolutionary committee 96,101; troops 95,102 Pollitt, Harry 158-9 Pollock, Francis 84 Ponsonby, Arthur 150,155-60 Poole, Dewitt Clinton 45 Poole, Frederick 25-6, 34-5, 37 Poti 56 POWs (prisoners-of-war): Austrian 27-8, 56, 61-2, 66-7; Czech 32-3, 66; German 11, 56, 61-2, 66-7; Hungarian 27, 34, 56; Russian 27, 84-5,123-4; Slovak 32-3 Pratap, Maharana 118 Pravda 39, 48 Preston, Thomas 143 Price, Morton 24, 30,71 Prinkipo (Principe Islands) conference 76,85 Prussian militarism 28 Przemysl 94 Pskov 33 Poincaré, Raymond 41 Punjab province 69 Purcell, Albert 157 Pushkin, Alexander 19 Quadruple Alliance: 6, 32, 58, 75; peace talks with 5,11 Queens Hall 161 Radcliffe, Percy 102 Radek, Karl 36, 49,142,162 267 Rakovski, Christian 148-51,153-62,165, 168 Ransome, Arthur 36,142 Rapallo agreement 131 Rasht 56,114 Raskol’nikov, Feodor, Commander of the Caspian Military Flotilla 115; plenipotentiary to Afghanistan 126, 139 Rava-Russkaya 94 Ravnina 113 Red Army 27-8, 44,49, 77-8, 81-2, 92, 94-6, 100-2,105, 111, 117,120-1, 156 Red Caucasian army 59 Red Cross: British 125; Danish 85; Dutch 76; International 85,124 Red guards 8-9,17,19, 25, 27,
30, 33, 35, 41,61-2,66,82 ‘Red letter’ (see ‘Zinoviev letter’) Red Profintern (see Communist International of trade unions) Red terror 41,46, 51-2 Reilly, Sidney 39-40, 42, 44-51, 164 Reuter, Ernst Revel (Tallinn) 35, 85, 89-90,95 Reza Khan Pahlavi 114 Riddell, George 86 Riga 6, 89-90, 92-3, 124,164-5 Romania 31,75, 81, 85,96,130 Romanian troops 18,156 Rome 13,47,153 Romanov, Mikhail 31 Roosevelt, Theodore 28 Rostov-on-the Don 33, 81 Rothstein, Theodore 49,126 Round Table 6 Roy, Manabendra 68,119 Royal Central Asian Society 68 Royal Geographical Society 66 Rumbold, Horatio 102 Ruhr crisis 141 Russell, Bertrand 97 Russia (see also Soviet Union, USSR): 1,5, 8-9,11-13,20,22-3,27-9,31-2, 38,42-3,45,50,54,64,68-9,72-3, 79,82-3,86-7,89-91,96-7,103, 106,111,121,123,135,138,146, 149,154-6,167-70; Baltic Sea Fleet
268 8,11,33,41,91; Bank of payments 115; Black Sea Fleet 11,28; bureau in Petrograd 27; capital removal in 1918 22; Caucasian army 58; Civil War 2, 23,30,132,140,167; Committee 15, 21,26,29; Constitutional Democratic Party 17; diplomatic and economic blockade of 11,86,97; famine of 1920-2 124-5; front (see Eastern front); General Staff 27; gold reserve 106; Karelian Federation 25-6; Main Staff 43; Muslim Communist party 116; Naval General Staff 6,49; NorthWest Army 92; Northern Federation 24; Orthodox Church 46,103,140; problem (question) 10,14,52,77, 79,82-3,85,103,127,132-3,141, 167; Provisional government 5,7-8, 24,30,93,152; revolution of 1917 2; South-Eastern Union of 10; Soviet Socialist Federation (see Russia); ‘spheres of responsibility’ in 12-13; White armies 77 Russian-British relations scholarship of 1-2 Russkii Island 80 Russo-British convention of 1917 38 Russo-Japanese War 40 Russo-Turkish alliance 136-7 Rybinsk 33 Sabir 48 Sablin, Evgeny 80 Said Alim Khan 120 Samara 30 Samarkand 119 Sanders, Robert 96 San-Remo 112 Saracens 101 Saratov 97 Save the children of Central Europe fiind 124 Savinkov, Boris 42,44,48,105 Sazonov, Sergei 83 Scandinavian countries 123 Scotland Yard (Special Branch) 17,98, 104,156,165 Scott, Charles 6, 31, 98 Sea of Marmara 76 Index Second Reich (see Germany) Second World War 117,137 Semenov, Grigory 31 Seton-Watson, Robert 12 Sevastopol 33,72 Shakhovskoi, Dmitry 10 Shanghai 119 Shanghai Life 119 Shaumian, Stepan 55, 59-61,63-9 Shaw, Bernard 150 Shtekeľman (Shtegeľman) 48 Shuckburgh, John 66 Siberia 21,23, 29, 31-2, 37,119,123;
Provisional government of 31 Silbert, William 82 Simla 62, 64,67 Skoropadsky, Petr 24 Slavo-British legion 35 Smith, A. 49 Smith, Arthur 141 Smith-Cumming, Mansfield (C.) 40,42,46 Smolny Institute (Smolny) 9,41 Smuts, Jan 12,14, 31 SNK (see Council of People’s commissars) Snowden, Ethel 97 Snowden, Philip 5,155 Socialist revolutionaries (party) 32, 37,42, 46-7,49, 61, 64 Sokol’nikov, Grigory 20,29, 32 South Africans 60 Soviet-Afghan treaty of 1921 Soviet-British conference of 1924 155-8 Soviet-British trade talks of 1920-21 98-100 Soviet-British treaties of 1924 158 Soviet-Persian treaty of 1921 Soviet-Polish War 89,94-6, 99,100-3,118 Spa: conference 95; declaration 96 Sprogis (Shmidkhen) 44 Srinagar 66 Stalin, Joseph 31, 54, 60, 65, 96,110, 129, 139,147-8,156,162, 165,169 Steamship and Trading Corporation 165 Stefanovich, Georgy 66 Steffens, Louis 78 Stockholm 45, 92 Suffolk 32 Sun Yisian 119,147 Suritz, Jakov 117
Index Svalbard Island 99 Sverdlov, Jakov 32 Sweden 92 Sydenham, Lord 69 Sykes-Picot agreement 54 Tabriz 59 Taganrog 81 Tallents, Stephen 91 Talleyrand, Charles Maurice 19 Tarsier, Mohammed 126 Tashkent 62, 65-8,109,116-18,143; training center 69,119 Teague-Jones, Reginald 62-5 Tehran 58,112,114,126,142,145-6 Tejend-river 68 Ten-Year Rule 147 Terek-river 110 Teretschenko, Mikhail 7 Thames 149,155 The Hague: 133; conference in 133-4,167 The Times 9,16,25,79,104-5, 111, 118, 134,147 The Truth About the Russian Revolution 71 Third republic (see France) Thomas, Albert 28 Thomson, Basil 17, 71-2, 98 Thomson, William 61 Thurn, Donald im 165 Tibet 53-4 Tiflis (Tbilisi) 55, 58,72,154 Tikhon, Patriarch 46,125,140 The Times 9, 16,25,79, 104-5, 111, 118, 134,147 To All Honest Citizens 124 To All the Laboring Class Moslems of Russia and the Orient 53 Tokyo 31 Tolstoi, Alexei 150 Tolstoism 9 Tomsk 31 Tomsky, Mikhail 163 Torretta, Pietro de la 36 Tours 101 Toynbee, Arnold 12,115 Trade Union Congress (TUC) 65, 79,97; national united council 143,151; delegation visits to Soviet Russia in 1920 97; 1924 163 269 Trafalgar Square 143 Transcaspian government (see Ashgabat government) Transcaspian province (Transcaspia) 38, 61,113; executive committee of 61 Transcaucasia 20, 29, 37, 54-5, 59-60, 71, 79,109-14,136,170 Transcaucasian Democratic Federation 55-6 Trans-Siberian railroad 11, 30, 32, 34 Treasury 17,29,45, 82,85, 96, 111, 113 Treaty: of Riga 103,107,124; Sevres 112, 135; Unkiar Skelessi 136 Trevelyan, George 150 Troianovsky, Konstantin 68 Trotsky, Lev, Peoples commissar for foreign
affairs 9-12,15,17,19-21, 25; military and naval affairs 22, 24-9, 32, 34-8, 42, 47,49,52, 54, 77, 91, 95, 97, 100-1,109-10, 115-19, 130,142,145,148,154, 156,168 Tsar (see Nicholas II) Tsaritsyn (Volgograd) 82,113 Tuba-Karakhan Bay, battle in 113 Tukhachevsky, Mikhail 96 Turkestan 54, 61, 71-2,110,113,118, 139; front 120; military districts counter-intelligence department 67; Red army 62,113; Soviet Republic 65,67,112 Turkey (see also Ottoman empire) 99; Great National Assembly of 112 Turkish Communist party 135 Turkish Oil Company 112 Turkman 63 Turks 102 Turner, Benjamin 97 Ufa 49 Ukraine 10,13,15,21,24, 30, 50, 81,91, 94,96,110,123 Ukrainian People’s Republic (see Ukraine) Union for Protection of Motherland and Freedom 42 Unionists (see Britain, Conservative Party) United States of America 37,43,50,53,68, 72,77,88,90,108,112,121,124-5, 129,154; Library of Congress 3;
Index 270 Senate military committee 37; siding with the Entente 6,11-12, 31; troops on the Russian territory 36 Ural-Kuznetsk republic 33 Urals (Ural region) 33, 37,113,118 Uritsky, Moses 41, 46 Urquhart, Leslie 29,125-7,134,156-7 Uruguay 165 USSR (see Russia) Vacetis, Joachim 27 Verkhoturie 49 Versailles: international (world) order (see also Versailles-Washington international system) 1, 82, 89,110, 133,151; treaty 92, 94 Veselago, Georgy 24 Vienna 18,102 Villa: Alberti 130; Raggi 131 Vilna 94 Vimiera 100 Vistula, battle on 101-2,104 Vladivostok 21, 29-32, 36-7, 40,69, 80, 84,140 Volga-river region 20, 51, 63, 82, 97,113, 125 Volodarsky, Vladimir 46 Vologda 20, 24-5, 30, 36, 40 Vostok 110 ‘wait-and-see policy’ 11 Wakhan Mountain Corridor 139 War Office 6, 8,15, 24, 38, 45, 54, 58, 61, 71-2, 82,91,102, 111-13, 159 Wardrope, Robert 45 Warsaw 93-4,100-3,105 Washington 10,13,16,47, 84; naval conference 127 Webb, Beatrice 11,16,18,150; Sidney 150 Wedgwood, Josiah 66,125 Weihaiwei 119 Weimar republic (see Germany) Weinstein, Grigory 141-2,144,146 Wells, Herbert 150,168 Western front 6, 27-8, 32, 39 Westminster (see British Parliament) Whirlwinds Hostile 50 White Finnish troops 26 White guards 49,140 White Russians 23, 93,145,162,164-5 Whitechapel 103 Whitehall (see British government) William II (see also Kaiser) 7, 35 Wilson, Henry 71, 73, 82, 84-5,115 Wilson, Woodrow 6, 14, 31, 36, 74, 76, 79 Wise, Edward 86,127 Workers’ international famine relief committee 125 Workers’ Weekly 157 World 140 Worowski, Wacław 137,142 Worthington-Evans, Laming 130 Wrangel, Petr 93-4, 98-9,105
Xinjiang 120 Younger, Lord 164 York 140 Yorkshire infantry regiment 62 Young, Douglas 25 Yudenich, Nikolai 91-4 Yuon, Konstantin 150 Yuriev, Alexei 26 Z. (air) squadron 81 Zakrevskaiya, Maria (Mura) 44, 50 Zalkind, Ivan,special mission to Britain in 1918 18 Zinoviev, Gregory 9,48-9, 77, 79,118, 121,129, 143, 145, 149,156, 159-65,168 ‘Zinoviev letter’ (see also Comintern letter, Red letter) 159-66,168-9 / Bsyerische ļ Staatsbibliothek i München |
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Contents List of Illustrations viii List of Maps ix Preface x Maps xi xiii Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations xiv Select Chronology xvii 1 Introduction 1 The problem of Brest in Soviet-British relations 2 British armed intervention ‘by agreement’ 3 The so-called ‘complot of ambassadors’ 39 4 Oriental trends of the Soviet-British relations, 1918 53 5 ‘Stillborn crusade’ against Bolsheviks and ‘Russian question at the Paris Peace Conference 5 23 71 6 The Baltic problem, Soviet-Polish war and trade negotiations 7 From bad to worse: Soviet-British relations in the Middle and Far East, 1919-22 109 8 Soviet Russia and Great Britain at the international conferences, 1922-3 123 9 The‘Curzon ultimatum’of 1923 139 10 The USSR’s recognition by Britain and its repercussions 151 Epilogue 89 167 Notes 171 Select bibliography 231 Index 258
Select bibliography For reasons of space, this bibliography is restricted to sources and published works cited in the footnotes. All British publishers have London offices and Russian publishers Moscow offices, unless otherwise stated. Primary sources Unpublished Arkhiv vneshnei politiki Rossiskoi Federatsii, Moscow British Library, African and Asian Studies, London British Library, Manuscript Collections, London Cambridge University Library, Department of Manuscripts, Cambridge Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii, Moscow The National Archives, Kew Oxford University Bodleian Library, Special Collections, Oxford Parliamentary Archives, House of Lords Record Office, London Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv ekonomiki, Moscow Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv sotsial’no-politicheskoi istorii, Moscow Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Voenno-Morskogo Flota, St Petersburg Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi voennyi arkhiv, Moscow University of Birmingham, Cadbury Research Library, Special collections, Birmingham Published Official documents and correspondence Adamthwaite, Anthony, (ed.) The Lost Peace: International Relations in Europe, 1918-1939. E. Arnold, 1980. Adibekov, G. Μ. et al. (eds) Politburo TsK RCP(b) - VCP(b) i Evropa. Resheniia ‘osoboi papki. ROSSPEN, 2001. Adibekov, G. Μ. et al. (eds, comps) Politburo TsK RKP(b) - VKP(b) i Komintern. 1919-1943. Dokumenty. ROSSPEN, 2004. Angliia i SSSR. Sborník statei, materialov i dokumentov. Moscow - Leningrad: Moskovskii rabochii, 1927. Anglo-sovetskie otnosheniia so dnia podpisaniia torgovogo
soglasheniia do razryva (1921-1927). Noty i dokumenty. NKID, 1927.
232 Select bibliography Bourne, Kenneth, and Watt, David, (eds) British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print. Washington, DC: University Publications of America, 1990-1. British Labour Delegation to Russia 1920. Report. Office of the Trade Union Congress and Labour Party, 1920. Bukshpan, A. S. (comp.) Poślednie dni Bakínskoi kommuny. Po materialam sudebnykh protsessor. Baku: Gosudarstvennaia tipografiia ‘Krasnyi Vostok’, 1928. Burdett, A. L. P. (ed.) Afghanistan Strategic Intelligence: British Records 1919-1970. Chippenham: Archive Editions, 2002, vol. 1. Dmitrishyn, Basil, and Cox, Frederick, (eds) The Soviet Union and the Middle East: A Documentary Record ofAfghanistan, Iran, and Turkey, 1917-1985. Princeton, NJ: Kingston Press, 1987. Eleulov, T. E., and Inoiatov, K. S. (eds) Inostrannaia voennaia interventsiia i grazhdanskaia voina v Srednei Asii i Kazakhstane. Dokumenty i materiały. Alma-Ata: Izdateľstvo. AN Kazakhskoi SSR - Nauka, 1963-4, 2 vols. Gilbert, Martin, (comp., ed.) Winston S. Churchill: A Companion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975, vol. 4; W. Heinemann, 1976, vol. 5. Gromyko, A. A. (ed.) Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR. Gospolitizdat, 1957-63,7 vols. Hurewitz, J. C. (ed.) Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East. A Documentary Record: 1914-1956. New York: Octagon Books, 1972, vol. 2. Ivanov, A. A. (comp.) ‘Gorskaia kontrrevolutsiia i interventy’. Krasnyi arkhiv 68, no. 1 (1935): 125-53. Jones, David, (comp., ed.) ‘Documents on British Relations with Russia 1917-1918. F. N. A. Cromie’s Letters’. Canadian -
American Slavic Studies 7 (1973): 350-75,498-510; 8 (1974): 544-62. Joukoff Eudin, Xenia, and Fisher, Harold, (comps, eds) Soviet Russia and the West, 1920-1927: A Documentary Survey. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1957. Joukoff Eudin, Xenia, and North, Robert, (comps, eds) Soviet Russia and the East, 1920-1927: A Documentary Survey. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1957. Kim, Μ. (comp.) Tz archiva organizátorov grazhdanskoi voiny i interventsii v Rossii’. Istoricheskii arkhiv, no. 6 (1961): 58-117. Kliuchnikov, Yu. V., and Sabanın, A. V. (comps) Mezhdunarodnaia politika noveishego vremeni v dogovorakh, notakh i deklaratsiiakh. Litizdat NKID, 1926-8, pts II-III. Kvashonkin, A. V. et al. (comps, eds) Bolshevistskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska, 1912-1927. ROSSPEN, 1996. Lashkevich, G. N. (ed.) Gaagskaia konferentsiia 1922 g. Polnyi stenographicheskii otchet (materiały i dokumenty). NKID, 1922. Lifshiz, Μ., and Chagin, P. (eds) Pamiati 26 (materiały к istorii Bakínskoi kommuny 1918 g). Gosudarstvennaia tipografiia, 1922. Lozovsky, Solomon. Anglo-sovetskaiya konferentsiya professional’nykh soyuzov. Moscow ֊ Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoe izdateľstvo, 1925. Macmanus, Arthur, (comp.) History of the Zinoviev Letter. Communist Party of Great Britain, 1925. Meijer, Jan. (ed.) The Trotsky Papers, 1917-1922. The Hague: Mouton, 1964-1971, vols. 1-2. Minz, I. (comp.) ‘Anglichane na Severe (1918-1919)’. Krasnyi arkhiv 19, no. 6 (1926): 39-52. Minz, I. (comp.) laponskaia interventsiia 1918-1922 gg. v. dokumentakh. Zentrarkhiv, 1934.
Select bibliography 233 Persiz, M. A., and Meier, M, S. (comps) Persidkiifront mirovoi revolutsii. Dokumenty о sovetskom vtorzhenii v Gilian (1919-1921). Kvadriga, 2009. Pervi s’ezd narodov Vostoka. Baku, 1-8 September 1920. Petrograd: Izdateľstvo Kominterna, 1920. Pokrovsky, A. S. (comp.) 'K istorii zagovora R. Lokharta (1918)’. Istoricheskii arkhiv, no. 4 (1962): 234-7. Ponsonby, Arthur, (ed.) The Anglo-Soviet Treaties. Labour Joint Publications Department, 1924. Riddell, John, (ed.) To See the Dawn. Baku, 1920 - First Congress of the Peoples of the East. New York - London, etc.: Pathfinder, 1993. Sandomirsky, G. B. (ed.) Genuezskaia konferentsiia 1922 g. Materiały i dokumenty. NKID, 1922. Tashliev, S. (ed.) Turkmenistan v period inostrannoi interventsii i grazhdanskoi voiny. 1918-1920 gg. Ashgabat: Turkmenskoe gosudarstvennoe izdateľstvo, 1957. Tikhonov, Yu. N. (comp.) ‘Dokumenty Kominterna о podgotovke vooruzhennogo vosstaniia v Britanskoi Indii v 1921 g.’ Vostochnyi arkhiv, no. 10 (2003): 35-42. Tikhonov, Yu. N. (comp.) Sovetskaia Rossiia v bor’be za afganskii koridor’ (1919-1925). Kvadriga, 2017. United States Department of State. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS). The Paris Peace Conference. 1919. Washington, DC: Department of State, 1941-2, vols II-III. Vinogradov, V. K. et al. (comps, eds) Arkhiv VCheka. Kuchkovo pole, 2007. Woodman, E. L. et al. (eds) Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919-1939. HMSO, 1947-1984. First ser., vols I-III, VIII, XI-XII, XVIII-XX, XXIII, XXV. Parliamentary debates and command papers Great Britain.
Foreign Office. A Collection of Reports on Bolshevism in Russia. Russia, no. 1 (1919). Cmd. 8. HMSO, 1919. Great Britain. Foreign Office. Agreement between His Britannic Majesty’s Government and the Soviet Government of Russia for Exchange ofPrisoners. Russia, no. 1 (1920). Cmd. 587. HMSO, 1920. Great Britain. Foreign Office. Trade Agreement between His Britannic Majesty’s Government and the Government of the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic. Cmd. 1207. HMSO, 1921. Great Britain. Foreign Office. Correspondence with M. Krassin respecting Russia’s Foreign Indebtedness. Accounts and Papers. Russia, no. 3 (1921). Cmd. 1546. HMSO, 1921. Great Britain. Foreign Office. Papers Relating to International Economic Conference. Genoa, April-May 1922. Cmd. 1667. HMSO, 1922. Great Britain. Foreign Office. Correspondence between His Majesty’s Government and the Soviet Government Respecting the Murder of Mr. C.F. Davison in January 1920. Russia, no. 1 (1923). Cmd. 1846. HMSO, 1923. Great Britain. Foreign Office. Correspondence between His Majesty’s Government and the Soviet Government Respecting the Relations between the Two Governments. Russia, no. 2 (1923). Cmd. 1869. HMSO, 1923. Great Britain. Foreign Office. Further Correspondence between His Majesty’s Government and the Soviet Government Respecting the Relations between the Two Governments. Russia, no. 3 (1923). Cmd. 1874. HMSO, 1923.
234 Select bibliography Great Britain. Foreign Office. Further correspondence between His Majesty’s Government and the Soviet Government Respecting the Relations between the Two Governments. Russia, no. 4 (1923). Cmd. 1890. HMSO, 1923. Great Britain. Foreign Office. Documents Illustrating the Hostile Activities of the Soviet Government and Third International against Great Britain. Russia, no. 2 (1927). Cmd. 2874. HMSO, 1927. Great Britain. Foreign Office. A Selection of Papers Dealing with the Relations between His Majesty’s Government and the Soviet Government, 1921-1927. Russia, no. 3 (1927). Cmd. 2895. HMSO, 1927. Great Britain. Foreign Office. Report of the Board ofEnquiry Appointed by the PM to Investigate Certain Statements Affecting Civil Servants. Cmd. 3037. HMSO, 1928. Great Britain. War Office. Army: The Evacuation ofNorth Russia, 1919. Cmd. 818. HMSO, 1920. Hansard Parliamentary Debates, 1919-1939. HMSO, 1947, Fifth ser. Memoirs, diaries, private correspondence and contemporary works Abrikosov, D. I. Sud’ba russkogo diplomata. Russkii Puť, 2008. Agar, Augustus. Footprints in the Sea. Evans Brothers, 1959. Agar, Augustus. Baltic Episode: A Classic of Secret Service in Russian Waters. Hodder and Stoughton, 1963. Amery, Leo. My Political Life. Hutchinson, 1953, vol. 2. Antonelli, Etiene. Bolshevik Russia. New York: A. Knopf, 1920. Aralov, S. I. Vospominaniia sovetskogo diplomata. 1922-1923. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia, 1960. Avalov (Bermondt), P. V. V bor’be s bolshevizmom. Glückstadt - Hamburg: Izdatelstvo 1.1. Augustina, 1925. Bailey, Frederick. ‘In Russian
Turkestan under the Bolsheviks’. Journal of the Central Asian Society 8, pt. I (1921): 49-69. Bailey, Frederick. Mission to Tashkent. J. Cape, 1946. Barmine, Alexandr. Memoirs of a Secret Diplomat: Twenty-Five Years in the Service of the USSR. Lovat and Dickson Publishers, 1938. Barnes, John, and Nicholson, David, (eds) The Leo Amery Diaries. Hutchinson, 1980, vol. 1. Beaverbrook, William. The Decline and Fall ofLloyd George: And Great Was the Fall Thereof. W. Collins, 1963. Begak, R. Sud nad anglichanami, sdavshimi Baku turkam v 1918 g. Baku: Azgiz, 1927. Berberova, N. N. Zheleznaia zhentschina. Izdatel’stvo imeni Sabashnikovykh, 2001. Bertie, Francis. Za kulisami Antanty. Dnevnik britanskoga posla v Parizhe, trans, and ed. K. V. Miniar-Beloruchev. Izdatelstvo Gosudarstvennoi publichnoi istoricheskoi biblioteki, 2014. Besedovskii, G. Z. Na puti k termidoru. Iz vospominanii byvshego sovetskogo diplomata. Paris: Mishen, 1930, 2 vols. Beveridge, William. Power and Influence. Hodder and Stoughton, 1953. Blacker, Latham. On Secret Patrol in High Asia. J. Murray, 1922. Blacker, Latham. ‘Wars and Travels in Turkestan, 1918-1920’. Journal of the Central Asian Society 11, pt I (1922): 4-20.
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Russian Parliamentary Committee, 1924. Coates, William. The 'Zinoviev Letter’: The Casefor a Full Investigation. Anglo-Russian Parliamentary Committee, 1928. Curzon, George. The Place of India in the Empire. J. Murray, 1909. D’Abernon, Edgar. Ambassador of Peace: Lord D’Abernon’s Diary. Hodder and Stoughton, 1929-1930,2 vols. Dalton, Hugh. Call Back Yesterday: Memoirs 1887-1931. E Muller, 1953. Denikin, A. I. Ocherki russkoi smuty. Berlin: Slovo, 1925, vol. 4; Berlin: Mednyi vsadnik, 1926, vol. 5. Dennis, Alfred. The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia. New York: J. Μ. Dent and Sons, 1924. Dillon, Emile. The Eclipse of Russia. London - Toronto: J. Μ. Dent and Sons, 1918. Dioneo, Yu. Angliia posle voiny. Prague: Plamia, 1924. Dobson, Christopher, and Miller, John. The Day We Almost Bombed Moscow: The Allied War in Russia, 1918-1920. Hodder and Stoughton, 1986. Donohoe, Μ. With the Persian Expedition. E. Arnold, 1919. Dukes, Paul. The Story of ‘ST 25’: Adventures and Romance in the Secret Intelligence Service in Red Russia. Cassell, 1938. Dunsterville, Lionel. The Adventures of the Dunsterforce. E. Arnold, 1920. Dunsterville, Lionel. ‘Military Mission to North-West Persia, 1918’. Journal of the Central Asian Society 8, pt III (1921): 79-98. Dvadtsať shest’. 1918-1928. Sbornikpoem i stikhov pamiati 26-ti Bakinskikh komissarov. Baku: TsK MOPR ASSR, 1928. Ellis, Charles. The Transcaspian Episode, 1918-1919. Hutchinson, 1963. Emelianov, A. G. Persidkiifront (1915-1918). Berlin: Gamayun, 1923.
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244 Select bibliography Dockrill, Michael, and Goold, J. Peace without Promise: Britain and the Peace Conferences, 1919-23. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1981. Dugdale, Blanche. Arthur James Balfour. Hutchinson, 1936, vol. 2. Dumova, N. G., and Trukhanovsky, V. G. Churchill i Miliukov protiv Sovetsko: Rossit. Nauka, 1989. Dutton, David. Austen Chamberlain: Gentleman in Politics. Bolton: R. Anderson, 1985. Eaden, James, and Renton, David. The Communist Party of Great Britain since 1920. Palgrave, 2002. Feľshtinsky, Yu. G. Krushenie mirovoi revolutsii, Brestskii mir: October 1917 - November 1918. Terra, 1992. Ferguson, Harry. Operation Kronstadt. Hutchinson, 2008. Ferris, John. Men, Money, and Diplomacy: The Evolution of British Strategic Policy, 1919-26. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989. Figes, Orlando. A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891-1924. Pimlico, 1997. Fink, Caroline. The Genoa Conference: European Diplomacy, 1921-1922. Chapel Hill London: University of North Carolina Press, 1993. Fischer, Louis. The Soviets in World Affairs: A History of the Relations between the Soviet Union and the Rest of the World. 1917-1929. Princeton, NJ: PUP, 1951,2 vols. Fischer, Ruth. Stalin and German Communism: A Study in the Origins of the State Party. London - Oxford: G. Cumberlege, OUP, 1948. Fisher, John. Curzon and the British Imperialism in the Middle East, 1916-1923. F. Cass, 1999. Fleming, Denna. The Cold War and Its Origins, 1917-1960. G. Allen and Unwin, 1961, vol. 1. Foglesong, David. America’s Secret War against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian
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248 Select bibliography Milton, George. Russian Roulette: How British Spies Defeated Lenin. Scepter, 2013. Minz, 1.1. Angliiskaia interventsiia i severnaia kontrrevolutsiia. Moscow - Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoe sotsial’no-ekonomicheskoe izdatel’stvo, 1931. Miroshnikov, Լ. I. Angliiskaia expansita virane (1914-1920). Vostochnaialiteratura, 1961. Moffat, Ian. The Allied Intervention in Russia, 1918-1920: The Diplomacy of Chaos. Houndsmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. Monroe, Elizabeth. Britain’s Moment in the Middle East (1914-1971). Baltimore, ML: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981. Morgan, Kennth. Lloyd George. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1974. Morgan, Kenneth. Consensus and Disunity: The Lloyd George Coalition Government, 1918-1922. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979. Morgan, Kenneth. Bolshevism and the British Left. Lawrence and Wishart, 2006, pt I. Mowat, C. L. (ed.) The New Cambridge Modern History. Cambridge: CUP, 1968, vol. XII. Mowat, Robert. A History ofEuropean Diplomacy 1914-1925. E. Arnold, 1927. Naylor, Richard. A Man and an Intrusion: Sir Maurice Hankey, the Cabinet Secretariat and the Custody of Cabinet Secrecy. Cambridge: CUP, 1984. Neilson, Keith. Britain, Soviet Russia and the Collapse of the Versailles Order, 1919-1939. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. Neilson, Keith, and Otte, T. G. The Permanent Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, 1854-1946. London - New York: Routledge, 2012. Newman, Paul. Britain and the Baltic. Methuen, 1930. Nezhinskii, L. N. V interesakh naroda Ui vopreki im? Sovetskaia mezhddunarodnaia politika v 1917-1933. Nauka, 2004.
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Select bibliography 257 John Hidden and Alexander Loit, 117-36. Uppsala: Stockholm University Centre for Baltic Studies, 1989. White, Christine. ‘The Gateway to Russia. The Baltic States as a Conduit for British and American Trade with Soviet Russia, 1918-1924’. In Emancipation and Interdependence: The Baltic States as New Entities in the International Economy. 1918-1940, ed. Anders Johansson et al., 41-62. Uppsala: Stockholm University Centre for Baltic Studies, 1994. White, Stephen. ‘British Labour and the Russian Revolution: The Labour Delegation to Russia, 1920’. In Contact or Isolation? Soviet-Western Relations in the Interwar Period, ed. John Hidden and Alexander Loit, 231-48. Uppsala: Stockholm University Centre for Baltic Studies, 1989. Williams, A. ‘The Genoa Conference of 1922: Lloyd George and the Politics of Recognition’. In Genoa, Rapallo, and European Reconstruction in 1922, ed. Caroline Fink et al., 29-47. Washington, DC - Cambridge: German Historical Institute CUP, 1991. Winegard, Timothy. ‘Dunsterforce: A Case Study of Coalition Warfare in the Middle East, 1918-1919’. Canadian Army Journal 8, no. 3 (2005): 93-109. Zdanovich, A. A. ‘Latyshskoe delo. Nuansy raskrytiia zagovora poslov’. Voennoistoricheskii zhurnal, no. 3 (2004): 23-32. Unpublished dissertations and theses Balbirnie, Steven. ‘British Imperialism in the Arctic: The British Occupation of Archangel and Murmansk, 1918-1919’. PhD diss., University College Dublin, 2016. Jeffrey, Keith. ‘The Military Defence of the British Empire 1918-1922’. PhD diss., University of Cambridge, 1978. Kopisto, Leo. ‘The
British Intervention in South Russia 1918-1920’. PhD diss., Academic Dissertation, University of Helsinki, 2011. Long, John. ‘Civil War and Intervention in North Russia, 1918-1920’. PhD diss., Columbia University, New York, 1972. Madeira, Victor. ‘British Official and Intelligence Responses to Soviet Subversion against the United Kingdom, 1917-1929’. PhD diss., University of Cambridge, 2008. Mikhailov, V. V. ‘Vostochnyi vopros i positsii Velikobritanii i Rossii v Pervoi mirovoi voine’. Avtoref. diss, kandidata istoricheskikh nauk, Sankt-Peterburgskii gosudarstvenni universitet, St Petersburg, 2010. Mironiuk, S. A„ Interventsiia v Rossiu v politicheskikh diskussiakh praviatschikh krugov Velikobritanii (1917-1919 gg.)’. Avtoref. diss, kandidata istoricheskikh nauk, Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi universitet druzhby narodov, 2021. Morse, William. ‘Leonid Borisovich Krasin: Soviet Diplomat, 1918-1926’. PhD diss., University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1971. Shevchenko, D. V. ‘Basmacheskoe dvizhenie. Politicheskie process i vooruzhennaia bor’ba v Srednei Asii. 1917-1931 gg.’ Avtoref. diss, kandidadta istoricheskikh nauk, Irkutskii gosudarstvennyi pedagogicheskii universitet, Irkutsk, 2006. Vasilenkova, O. V. ‘Anglo-sovetskie otnosheniia v 1918-1921 gg.’ Avtoref. diss, kandidata istoricheskikh nauk, Vladimirskii gosudarstvennyi pedagogicheskii universitet, Vladimir, 2007. Yusupov, A. E ‘Anglo-Sovetskie ekonomicheski otnosheniia v 1921-1924 gg.’ Avtoref. diss. kand, istoricheskikh nauk, Leningradskii gosudarstvennyi universitet, Leningrad, 1982.
Index Aberdeen 18,49 Admiralty 8,15, 33,43, 90-1,135,141 Afghanistan 53-4,56,58,66-8,110,116-18, 126,136,139,142,146,168 Africa 56,109 Agar, Augustus 91 Agdzhagum desert 64 Ahmad, Shah 114 Aland Island 99 Alexander-Sinclair, Edwin 90 Alexeev, Michail 25 Algeria 112 Ali Fuad, Cebesoi 135 Allied: conferences (see Entente conferences); intervention (see Entente intervention); military plans (see Entente military plans); Supreme War Council (ASWC) 32,34,36 Allies (see Entente) All-Russian: Central executive committee 18, 32,41,46, 91; Central congress of trade unions 163; congress of political propagandists (second) 126; congress of Soviets, second 8; fourth 20; sixth 52, 75; eighth 106; (National) Constituent Assembly 8, 10-11,17,46, 52, 79; Cooperative Society (ARCOS) 99-100 Amanullah, Emir 116-17,126 ambassadors plot’ (see ‘Lockhart plot’) America (see United States) American Relief Administration (ARA) 50,124 Amery, Leo 6, 20,141 Amritsar 117 Anatolia 110,112 Andrei Pervozvannyi 91 Anglo-Afghan: treaty of 1921 126; war of 1919 116-17 Anglo-Indian troops (riflemen) 56 Anglo-Persian agreement of 1919 114 Anglo-Russian convention of 1907 5,168 Anglo-Russian Oil Company 134 Anglo-Russian trade chamber 149 Anglo-Soviet trade agreement of 1921 107, 136,144 Ankara (Angora) 112,134,145 anti-Bolshevik resistance 10-11,15,19, 30, 33, 37, 39, 41,43, 47,71, 85, 123 Arab: people 58; territories 54 Argentina 165 Arkhangelsk 11,21, 25-6,28, 34-7,44,76, 82, 84, 93; province 24, 34; railroad 30; Soviet 24, 36 Armed Forces of Southern Russia (AFSR) 80-1 Armenia 65,121 Armenians 58, 60,111
Armour, Henry 45 Armstrong 105 Army of God 69; of Islam 61; of Liberty 78 Asahi 31 Aseev, Nikolai 53 Ashgabat: 38, 62,64,113; government 61-2, 64-5,113 Asia: 5, 21, 31, 53, 61, 68, 72, 106-7, 109-10,114,118,121,144; Central 54, 61, 66, 75, 79, 123, 135, 168, 170 Asquith, Herbert 157 Association of British creditors of Russia 141 Astoria 49 Astrakhan 59,63 Atlantic ocean 135 Australia 31 Austria 92,101,124,150 Austria-Hungary 15 Austrian contingents 13; front 7 Aysors 58 Azerbaijan 55, 65, 111, 115,121 Azerbaijans 111 Azov Sea 81
Index Baghdad 58 Bailey, Frederick 66, 68; intelligence mission to Soviet Turkestan 66-8 Bairam-Ali 66 Baker, Newton 37 Baku 37, 55, 59-63,111-12,115, 121,143 Baku-Batum railroad 71, 111, 116 Baku commissars 62,142; execution of twenty-six 63-5 Baku: Commune (SNK) 55-6,59, 65; oil fields 116; Soviet 59-60 Baldwin, Francis 147; Stanley 40,129,144, 162-3 Balfour, Arthur 6,12,18, 45, 64-5, 72-3, 87, 89-90,92,95,168 Baltic: area 89,110,153; League 90-4; problem 89-93; provinces 43; Sea 18, 27, 33, 79, 84, 90, 92,135; states 84, 89-90; theatre of the First World War 25 Bank of England 113,155 Baratov, Nikolai 58 Barkatullah, Mohammed 67,118 Barter, Charles 12 Batum (Batumi) 55,93, 111 Beatty, David 98,115 Beau Rivage Becos 157 Bedford 12 Bednyi, Demian 139 Belarus (Belorussia) 15,91, 94, 96,140 Belgium 95,147 Belomor-Onega Republic (see Russian Northern Federation) Belomor region 34 Belyi Sea 37 Benares 119 Bengal province 69 Berberova, Nina 19 Bergen 49 Berlin 7,9,18, 25, 35, 56, 67, 69, 101,142 Bermondt-Avalov, Pavel 92-3 Berthelot, Henri 27 Bertie, Francis 12,17,29 Berzin, Edward 44,46; Janis 125-6,141, 144 Bessarabia 13,18,142,156 Bialystok 94, 101 Bicherakhov, Lasar 58-60,63, 110-11 259 Bilduri 93 Birkinhead, Lord 73 Birmingham 104,143 Bismarck, Otto 19, 72 Black Sea 27, 56, 61, 81, 84, 93,111-12, 135; Federation 81; Straits (see also Bosporus and Dardanelles) 135-7, 142, 153,157 Blacker, Latham 66-7 Blagoveshchensk 140 Board of Trade 29-30, 54, 98,130,144 Boil, George 28 Bokhara: Emir of 67; Emirate of 54,62, 66, 110,117 Bokharian Peoples Republic 119 Bolshevik: annulment
of foreign debts 25; concept of international relations 9; dictatorship 1; geopolitical interests 110; government (see Council of People’s Commissars); Higher Military Council 20; local Soviets 34, 39; party 5, 32-3, 55, 77; party Politburo 107, 134,139,145, 154, 157,162-3; propaganda in the UK 104-5; smuggling diamonds and jewelleries to the UK 103-4; Supreme revolutionary tribunal 50 Bolshevism 58, 73-4, 90,105,107,112, 139,167 Bombay 69,118 Bonar Law, Andrew 95,99,106,135,141, 144 Bonch-Bruevich, Vladimir 42 Borden, Robert 75-6 Bosporus 6,135 Botha, Louis 75 Brailsford, Henry 150 Bravin, Nikolai 67,117 Brazil Brest peace treaty 5, 21, 23, 31, 33, 38-9, 53-5,58-9,71,89,131 Brest-Litovsk (Brest) 94; negotiations in 11-12,15-16,18-20 Bright, John 161 Britain (see also British Empire, British Isles, Great Britain, United Kingdom) 1-2, 5,10,12,15,17, 22,24, 29, 32, 35, 37, 43, 50, 54, 72, 79-80, 82,86, 89-90,97, 103,
260 Index 106,109,111,115, 121, 123,125, 127,129, 137,152, 154, 167-70; aid to White armies 80; Anti Famine relief committee 124-5; Cabinet (see British government); chemical weapons 82; Committee to help fight famine in Russia 124; Committees of action 143; Conservative (Unionist) party (see also Tories) 151,164; Empire (see Britain); expenditure on intervention in Russia 84; Federation of industries 157; Friends’ emergency and war victims committee 125; government 5-6, 8, 10,24,28-9,40, 49-50, 55, 62, 69, 81, 95,102,115,121,131,141,149, 162-3,167-70; Government School of Codes and Ciphers (GC CS) 134; House of Commons (see Parliament); House of Lords (see Parliament); Imperial conference of 1921 139; Imperial (General) Staff 56, 61, 75,115; Imperial war relief fund 125; intervention ‘by agreement’ 23-38,66; Independent Labour party (ILP) 97; Labor party (LP) 5,17, 95, 97, 102,141,143, 150-1,153; Liberal party 6,151, 157,161-2,164; Mediterranean Fleet squadron 94,135; military counter-intelligence (MI5) 2, 9, 78, 100,103,105,159,164-5; military intelligence (MI6) 7,9, 39-40, 42,48, 51,67,135, 140,149, 161, 163-5; military mission to Poland in 1920 102; national archives 2; Naval Staff 115; North Adantic Squadron 25; Parliament (see also House of Commons and House of Lords, Westminster) 67, 79-80, 85, 107-8,141,157-9,162-3; Raj (see India); recognition of Soviet Russia (USSR) 18-19,151-66,168; Royal Air Forces 116; Royal Navy 108; Save the children fund 125; Social Democratic Federation of 104; Society for cultural relations with the USSR 150; Society of the friends of the
USSR 150; submarines 18, 33; Trade Chamber 158; trawlers 140-1; troops evacuation from Russia 84, 87,112-13 British Agent 50 Briusov, Valérii 150 Brock, Osmond 135 Bronsky, Mikhail 30 Brussels 125 Buchanan, George 6-8,10-11,14, 25, 52 Buchanan, Meriel 45 Budkievicz, Konstantin 140 Bukharin, Nikolai 134 Bulak-Balakhovich, Stanislav 105 Bulgaria 75, 81 Bullitt, William, diplomatic mission to Soviet Russia 78-9 Butyrka prison 140 C. (see Smith-Cumming, Mansfield) Calcutta 119 Campbell, John (case) 157-8 Canada 28; General Staff 75 Cannes 127, conference 128 Canterbury 125,140 Caporetto 7 Cardiff 161 Carson, Edward 14 Caspian: Military Flotilla (Red) 60, 93, 114; Naval Flotilla (White) 113,115 Caspian Sea 56, 58, 61-2, 81,110-11,113 Caucasus 13, 55, 81, 84,110,116,135; front 53 Cave, George 17 Caxton-Hall 14 Cecil, Robert 10-11,15,17,21,26, 29, 33, 52, 54, 72-3 Cecil-Milner memorandum 13 Central Asian railroad 61-2 Central Caspian dictatorship (government) 60-1,63,110, 113 Central executive committee of Siberian Soviets 30-1 Central powers (empires) 7,10,12,15,18, 21,32, 38-41,43 Central Rada 30 Central Union of Russian consumer societies 86 Ceylon 118
Index Chaikin, Vadim 64-5 Chaikovsky, Nikolai 37, 85 Chalón 101 Chamberlain, Austen 47, 72-4, 95,104, 125, 130, 134, 162-3 Chamberlain, Hilda 47 Chanak crisis 134 Chandpur 119 Chechnya 116 Cheka (VCheka, OGPU) 31, 38-40, 43, 45-51, 64, 67,103,140,154, 165 Chelmsford, Frederick 56,61,65,113,117 Chelyabinsk 34 Chesham House 17 Chicherin, Georgy 16,18,21, 26, 30, 34-5, 38,47, 52, 54, 64-5,75,77, 85-6, 95-7, 100, 103,107,110-11,116, 120, 124-5, 127-33, 135-7, 139, 142-5, 149-50,153, 157, 162-3 China 54,119-20,146-7 Chinese (Eastern) Turkestan 119-20,168 Chinese; military volunteers 47; revolution of 1925-7 120 Chita 69 Churchill, Winston 5-6,10,12,18,27-8,47, 72-4,77-8,80,82,84-8,90-5,98, 103-7,111-12,129,133,137,168 Cieplak, Jan 140 Clarke, William 30 Clemenceau, George 13, 76, 85 Clive, Robert 92 Cohran 26 Cold War 2; mythology 23 Committee for the Salvation of Motherland and Revolution 8 Committee of Imperial Defense (CID) 98 Committee of India independence 67 Compiegne armistice 23,69, 71, 76 complot of ambassadors (see Lockhart plot) Communist International (Comintern) 97-8,110,115-17, 126,135, 139, 142-3, 146,149,154,156,161-2, 164,168-9; Central Asian bureau 118; letter to British Communists (see ‘Zinoviev letter’) Communist International of trade unions (Red Profintern) 97,169 Communist party of Great Britain (CPGB) 102-3,105,119,121,154,163-6 261 Communist university for the toilers of the East 116,119 Constantinople 54,110,126,135,137 Copenhagen 85 Cossacks: of the Don 10, 58; Kuban 10, 58; Orenburg 66-7; Terek 58 Council of Peoples commissars (SNK) (see also
Bolshevik government) 5, 8-Ю, 17-18, 20-21, 25-7, 30, 32, 35, 38,40,42, 53,65, 68,100, 103,107,125-7,131-2,134,141-4, 146-7,161-2,167-70 Cowan, Walter 91 Cox, Percy 114 Crew-Milnes, Robert 147 Crimea (Crimean Peninsula) 13, 33, 93-6, 100,105 Crimean-Cossack Federation (see Black Sea Federation) Cromie, Francis 8, 33, 38,40,42,44-5, 51; murder of 47-50, 72 Crowe, Eire 136,144,159-60,165 Curzon, George 5,14,18, 54, 72, 82-3, 85, 90-2, 95,98-9,104-7, 111-16, 124-9, 133-47,149,168 ‘Curzon line’ 94,96,101,105 Curzon ultimatum: 138,140-6; protests against 143 Czechoslovak: legion 30, 32-3, 38,80; national committee 34 Czechoslovakia 96,124 D’Abernon, Edgar 102 Daily Chronicle 165 Daily Express 72 Daily Herald 17,103-4,127,161,164 Daily Mail 78-9,104,160-1,165 Daily Telegraph 7,12, 80,134 Dandy 143 Dardanelles 75,135 Davidson, George 164 Davison, Charles 140,144-5 Dawes plan 151 Declaration of Fourteen Points 14 Delhi 55, 67-9,119 Denikin, Anton 78, 80-1, 84,86, 93-4, 113,124 Dickens, Charles 16 Dobbs, Henry 126
262 Don region 10,81 Donbass 28 Druzhkin, Sergei 63 Dunsterforce (see also Hush Hush brigade) 58-61 Dunsterville, Lionel 37-8, 56-7, 68,110; mission to Persia 56-62 Dushak 113 Dutch Red Cross 76 Dutov, Aleksander 67 Dyer, Reginald 117 Dzerzhinsky, Felix 31-2, 41-2,44,47-8, 51,142,162,165 ‘Dzerzhinsky ploť (see ‘Lockhart ploť) Dzungar republic 120 East: Far 30-3, 37,69, 75,109,120,14, 147,170; Galicia 142; Middle 13, 53-4, 56, 58, 61, 66,106,109, 111, 113-14,116-18, 137-8, 145, 147, 168; Near 53,109,112,116,127, 134,137-8; Prussia 92 Eastern; Anatolia 53; Committee 54, 58, 113; frontó, 9,11,27,31-2 Egypt 53,124,142 Eichhorn, Hermann von 37 Ekaterinburg 44 Ekaterinodar 76,81 Ekonomicheskaia Zhizn 105 Engelgardt (Bredis) 44 England (see United Kingdom) English club 46 Entente 5,11,15,19,23,29,32,38,56,58, 71,77,81,95,107,123,125,132,137, 167-70; aid to White armies 80,92; conferences 7,31; cooperation with Soviet Russia 20-1,26-7; diplomatic corps evacuation from Russia 20; diplomatic missions in Russia 32-4, 39; governments 13,52,83,87,102, 111; intervention against Russia 1,8, 24,30,34,39,45,50,54,69,77,154, 157,167; (Inter-Allied) commission on the Baltic problem 91,94; military plans 8; strategic position 6; Supreme economic council 86,124-5,127; Supreme (military) council 75,85; troops evacuation from Russia 84 Enver, Pasha 120-1 Index Enzeli 58-60, 93, 111, 114-15 Esher, Reginald 79, 87 Estonia 83, 90, 93 Etherton, Percy 66-7,120 Europe 9,11-12,23, 39, 56, 72, 75-6,78, 83, 88, 93-4,100,104,106-7,121, 124, 148, 152,167 Evening Standard 134,147 fatwa 112 Far East
Democratic Republic 120 Ferghana valley 56 Fersman, Alexander 150 Figaro 41, 51 Finland 20,25-6, 72, 79, 83, 93, 95 Finnish Gulf 33, 91 Finns 92 First Latvian light artillery battalion 44 First Light cruiser squadron 90-1 First World War 1, 5, 9,14,19, 24, 27, 38, 49, 53-4, 66, 90,97,168 Flanders 66 Foch, Ferdinand 78, 95 Foreign Office 6, 9,11,14-15,17,19,24, 35,45,49, 54,63, 66, 77,79,81,89, 95,108, 112-13,115,125-6,129, 136-7,141,144-7,149-52, 154, 159-65 France (see also Third republic): 11-12, 28-9, 35, 37,40,43, 72, 86, 90, 97, 100, 108,111-12, 124-5,129, 137, 147,154; military mission to Russia 20 Francis, David 36,40 Fride, Alexander 43, 50 Frunze, Mikhail 113 Funtikov, Feodor 61-2,113 Gallipoli 66 Gandhi, Mahatma 68,119 Ganges 126 Gaudiz, Semion 63 Gavriil 91 Geneva: 135,153; protocol 151,156 Genoa conference; preparations 127-30; sessions 130-3,167 George V 6,45,95,100,105-6,130,153, 156,162 Georgians 111
Index Germany 6-7, 9-11,15,20, 27, 31, 40, 46-7, 52-3,75-6,78, 83, 91, 96-7, 101,120,124, 130,140, 147, 165; armed intervention in Russia 11, 20, 30,32; General Staff of 26; naval blockade of 6; submarines 6; subsides for the Bolsheviks 17; troops 6,13,24-6,28, 33, 42, 56,89 Gibraltar 113 Gillian (republic) 114 Gladstone, William 161 Glasgow 72 Glory 26 Gorky, Maxim 10,124,168 Gorsk republic 110 Gough, Hugh 91 Grabski, Vladislav 96 Grant, Hamilton 65 Great Britain (see Britain) Great Game 53,117,121,167 Great Turan 13 Great War (see First World War) Greco-Catholic hierarchy 140 Greco-Turkish war 119,134 Greece 112,136 ‘Greens’ 95 Gregorian calendar 2 Gregory, John 141,144-5,147,150,152, 156-7, 159-60 Grenard, Joseph Fernand 37,45, 50 Grodno 94 Guomindang party 119 Gypsies 81 Habibullah, Emir 116 The Hague: 133; conference in 133-4,167 Haller, Stanislav 96 Hamadan 58-9 Hampshire infantry regiment 62 ‘Hands off Russia’ committees 72,102, 104,127,143 Hankey, Maurice 73, 98,102,130 Harbin 31 Harding, Stan 140,144-5 Headlam-Morley, James 12 Helfferich, Karl 37,43 Helsinki (Helsingfors) 8,25, 93 Henderson, Arthur 141,150 Hill, George 9,27-8,42,46 263 Hindustan (see India) Hoare, Samuel 27 Hodgson, Robert 65,108,140-4,168 Hollman, Herbert 82 Hollywood 50 Home Office 16,159 Hong Kong 37,119 Hopkirk, Peter 62,68 Horne, Robert 98,106-7,127,129,133 House of Commons (see Britain, Parliament) House of Lords (see Britain, Parliament) Hughes, William 73,75 Huns 101 Hungary 96,110 Hush-Hush brigade (see Dunsterforce) Ili, protocol of 120 Incitement to mutiny act of 1797 159 India (see
also, British Raj, Hindustan) 5,21, 53-4, 58, 61, 66-9,117-20, 139,142,167; Bolshevik plans for insurrection in 68,109,118; Chelmsford-Montagu reforms in 68-9; Communist party of 119; North-West Frontier Province of 67,115; Provisional government of 67,119 India Office 54, 61, 63, 69,113,119,164 Indian Army Main Staff 56 Indian Ocean 117 Indo-British society 69 Inkpin, Albert 161,164 Intergovernmental commission for famine rescue 124 International famine relief committee 124 Ioffe, Adolf 35,120 Iran (see Persia) Iraq 58,112,115-16,121,135 Ireland 127 Irish: crisis 106; liberation (national) movement 104,141 Irkutsk 31, 37 Ironside, William 30,77 Islamlll, 118,129 Islam and Bolshevism 118 Italy 6,11,37,86,96,101,112,129; army 7 Ivami 31 Izvestiia 29, 39,48, 65,142,153-4,162
264 Index Jacobins 49 Jalalabad 116 Jallianwala Bagh massacre 117 Japan 37, 53-4,68, 78,121; intervention in Russia 20, 31-2, 35-6 Jarvis, T. 63 Jelgava 91 Jews 81 jihad 56 Journal of the Central Asian Society 66 Judas Iscariot 161 Kaakha 62 Kabul 69,109,116-18,139,142,145-6 Kaiser (see William II) Kalamatiano, Xenophon 45,49-50 Kaledin, Alexei 10-11 Kamchatka republic 33 Kamenev, Lev 49, 97,100,129,151,155-7; mission to Britain in 1918 17-18; 1920 100-5 Kanegisser, Leonid 46 Karakhan, Lev, Deputy Peoples commissar 16, 54, 65,115-16,135; plenipotentiary to China 145,147 Karakorum desert 119 Karelia 25, 34 Kashgar 66-7,118; republic 120 Kazan 38 Kazvin 59 Kedrov, Mikhail 35-8 Kem 36,46 Kemal, Mustapha 112,119,134-5 Kemp, Thomas 25-6, 34 Kerensky, Alexander 6-8,10,12, 35,42,75 Kerr, Philip 18, 36, 78 Keyes, Terence 10 Keynes, John 29,131-3 Khabarovsk 140 Kharkov 82,143 Khaybar Pass 119 Khiva Khanate 54, 62, 66,110,117,125 Khorasan province 61 Kiev 19, 24, 30, 32 Kinmochu, Shionji 76 Kipling, Rudyard 56 Kizyl-Arvat 64 Klyshko, Nikolai 125,141 Knox, Alfred 12, 79-80 Kola Peninsula 34 Kolchak, Alexander 75,78-80, 83,124 Kolomiitsev, Ivan 67 Korea 140 Kornev (Black) 165 Kornilov, Lavr 6,25, 80 Kotlas 25 Krasnaia Gazeta 46 Krasnovodsk 60, 62-4,113 Krassin, Leonid 9, 29, 84, 98-107,125-9, 132-4, 142-5,153-4,157 Krassina, Lubov 145 Kremlin (see Council of People’s Commissars) Krestinsky, Nikolai 133 Kronstadt 33, 91 Kropotkin, Petr 97 Krupp, Friedrich Kuban region 81,110-11 Kuchik Khan, Mirza 56,114 Kudashev, Nikolai kuli 27 Kuelmann, Richard 35 Küldj a 120 Kurdistan 54,112 Kurds 58
Kyshtym area 29 Lansbury, George 12,103,157 Lansdowne, Henry 6-7 Lansing, Robert 31 Lasi 10 Latsis, Martin 39,41 Latvia 43, 83, 90, 93, 96,165 Latvian: Club 44; National committee 44; rifle division 45-6; riflemen 27, 33, 36, 43,45; troops 92 Lausanne conference 134-8,142-3 League of Nations 78-9, 93, 95-6,124-5, 135,156; General Assembly 131, 151 Leeds Convention of 1917 5 Leeper, Reginald 17-18 Lemnos 81 Lena area 29 Lena Goldfields Company 125-6,134 Lenin, Vladimir 5, 7-10, 15-17, 20, 24-5, 27, 32-4, 36, 41-3, 46, 51-2, 54, 60, 68, 75, 77-8, 83, 91, 93,
Index 96, 98, 101, 106, 109-10, 115-16, 118, 120-1, 123, 129-30, 148, 151; death of 153,168 Liepaja 90 Lieven, Anatoly 92 Lindley, Francis 14,19,25, 36 Lithuania 6, 83, 90-1, 94, 96 Little Entente 93 Litvinov, Maxim, plenipotentiary to Britain 15-16, 21; deputy People’s commissar 49, 54,77, 85-7,100, 103,126,128,141,155,168 Litvinov-O’Grady agreement 85-6, 99, 140 Liverpool 143 Lloyd George, David 5-7,12-15,18-19, 28, 30-1, 35-6,40, 54, 71-6,78-9, 82-7, 89,94-6, 98-103, 105-7, 111-12,114-15,125-33, 138,141, 151,157,161 Lloyd-Graeme, Philip 130,134,144 Lockhart, Robert Bruce 13-14,19, 22, 31; diplomatic mission to Soviet Russia 14-15, 17-18, 20-1, 27-9, 32, 34-8; ‘plot’ (see also ‘ambassadors plot’, ‘Dzerzhinsky plot’) 38-52 London 1-2, 8,10-11, 14-15, 17-19, 21, 23-4,28-31, 35-6, 38-9,45,47, 50, 53, 55, 60-1, 64, 66-9, 75, 80, 84, 86-8, 90, 93-5, 98,105,117,119, 121, 130-2,13,141-5,149-50,154, 164,168,170; Guildhall 84 Long, Walter 90, 95 Lord Astor 141 Low, Ivy 16 Lozovsky, Solomon 169 Lubyanka prison 49,140 Macartney, George 66 Macdonald, James Ramsay 5,142,150-61, 168-9 Macdonell, Ronald 60 Macdonough, George 73 Mackinder, Halford 81 Macmanus, Arthur 161,164 Macneill, Ronald 140-1,144 Main committee on economic concessions 156 Maisky, Ivan 109 265 Makhachkala (Petrovsk) 110 Maklakov, Vasiliy 17 Malleson, Wilfrid 38, 56-7,61, 65,67-9; intelligence mission to Persia 61-3, 112-13 Mal’kov, Petr 41 Malta 81 Manchester 104 Manchester Guardian 6, 30,114,133,161; Commercial 133 Manchuria 140 Manifest of the peoples of the East 121 Mannerheim, Karl 25 Marchand, Réne 41
Marchlevski, Julian 96 Marconi 105 Marlow, Ihomas 165 Marne, battle on 102 Marr, Nikolai 150 Marx, Karl 161 Mary (see Merv) Mashhad 61-3, 67-8,112 Masterton-Smith, James 125 Maugham, William Somerset 7, 32 Maximalists (see Bolsheviks) Maynard, Charles 37, 77 Mediterranean Sea 135 Memel (Klaipeda) 142 Merv (Mary) 62, 66, 113 Mesopotamia 56 (see Iraq) Mexico 68 Meynell, Francis 103 Middlesex Royal regiment 37 Midland Bank 157 Miliukov, Pavel 89,118 Miller, Evgeny 82 Millerand, Alexander 95 Milner, Alfred 12,14-15, 24, 27, 29, 35, 72 Mirbach-Harff, Wilhelm von 33, 36-7, 43 Mittel Europa 13 Moffat, Jay 101 Molotov-Ribbentrop pact 22 Monsoon islands 6 Montagu, Edwin 73, 75, 95 Morel, Edmund 157 Morning Post 7, 69,147,165 Moscow 2,8-10,22,27,29-32, 35-6,38-40, 43,50,56,62,66,68,71,77-9,82, 84-8,94,97-8,101,103-5,111-12,
266 Index 114-15,117-18,120,127,130-2, 134,140-5,148,150,155-7,164,167, 170; military district 46; municipal conference 33; People’s Bank 16; province executive committees 83; Soviet 46 Mosul 135 Mudanya 134 Mudros armistice 110 Murmansk 11,25,28, 30-1, 34, 36-7,40, 44, 84, 93,140; railroad 27, 30, 36; Soviet 24-6,31,34, 36 Murphy, George 97 Mussolini, Benito 135 Nabokov, Konstantin 7,17, 85 Nagorno-Karabakh 65 Nansen, Fridtjof 124 National Liberation Federation 156 National Minority Movement 97,157 Natsarenus, Sergei 34, 36 Netherlands 47 Neva 46 New Hampshire regiment 37 New York 125 New York Times 12 Newcastle 143 Nicholas II 8, 31,142 Nile 126 Nineteenth Punjab infantry regiment 62 Nizhny Novgorod 97 NKID (see People’s Commissariat for foreign affairs) North Persian Force 61 Northern Dvina-river 37; front 82 Northern province 82 Nottingham 17,143 Noulens, Joseph 7-8,23, 25, 32, 34, 36,40 Novgorod 33 Novocherkassk 10,25 Novorossiisk 71-2,81, 93 Nuorteva, Santori 146 Odessa 33, 39, 84 Ogorodnikov, Feodor 35 OGPU (see Cheka, VCheka) O’Grady, James 85-6,168 Oleg 91 Olonetsk province 24 O’Malley, Edward 141 Omsk 34, 76, 80 Onega 37 Orient (see also East) 11, 56,109,117; First congress of the peoples of 65, 115,121 Orlando, Vittorio 76 Orlov, Alexandr 165 Ottoman empire (see also Turkey) 53-4, 69, 76,110,112,116-17,121,124, 134-5,138,146; troops 6,13,29, 59,63,113 Pacific region 120 Padererewski, Ignatius 85 Pahlavi, Reza Khan Palestine 115 Pamiat’ Azova 91 Pamir 139 pan-Arabism 110 pan-Turkism 110 Paris 7, 10-11, 15, 28, 39, 41, 47, 51, 75, 78-9, 84, 86, 92, 124; Council of
Ten 76, 84; peace conference 71-86,91,93-4, 109, 111, 115, 130,167 Patek, Stanislav 94 Pates, Konstantin 93 Pavlovich, Mikhail 110 Peking 31,146,169 Penza 34 People’s commissariat; for foreign affairs (NKID) 9, 14,29, 31, 33-4, 36,38, 49, 52,68, 75, 77,100, 105,117-18, 125-6,135, 140-4, 146, 156-60; for nationalities 31, 54,118; of trade and industry 30; for war and naval affairs 42 People’s Socialist Revolutionary party 37 Persia (Iran) 53-4, 58-9, 61-2,66-7,99, 110-11, 113-15, 117,121,136,142, 168 Persian Cossack brigade 114 Persian Gulf 119 Persian Red Army 114 Persian Soviet Socialist Republic 56 Peshawar 119 Peters, Yakov 41,44,49-51 Pefiiura, Simon 94
Index Pettit, William 78 Petrograd (St Petersburg) 1, 6-11,13-14, 17-21, 24, 27, 33, 35-6, 38-9, 41,43-7, 51, 53,62, 78-9, 84, 92, 97,140,143; military district 46; Smolensk cemetery 48; Soviet 48 Petrograd Pravda 49 Petropavlovsk 91 Pickwick 16 Pilsudki, Joseph 93, 95-6,101,140 Poincaré, Raymond 135 Pokrovsky, Ivan 165 Poland 6,10, 72,79, 81, 85, 90, 93, 95-6, 101-2,108,110,124,130,165; Greater, plans of 93-4,140 Polish: problem 100,103; Provisional revolutionary committee 96,101; troops 95,102 Pollitt, Harry 158-9 Pollock, Francis 84 Ponsonby, Arthur 150,155-60 Poole, Dewitt Clinton 45 Poole, Frederick 25-6, 34-5, 37 Poti 56 POWs (prisoners-of-war): Austrian 27-8, 56, 61-2, 66-7; Czech 32-3, 66; German 11, 56, 61-2, 66-7; Hungarian 27, 34, 56; Russian 27, 84-5,123-4; Slovak 32-3 Pratap, Maharana 118 Pravda 39, 48 Preston, Thomas 143 Price, Morton 24, 30,71 Prinkipo (Principe Islands) conference 76,85 Prussian militarism 28 Przemysl 94 Pskov 33 Poincaré, Raymond 41 Punjab province 69 Purcell, Albert 157 Pushkin, Alexander 19 Quadruple Alliance: 6, 32, 58, 75; peace talks with 5,11 Queens Hall 161 Radcliffe, Percy 102 Radek, Karl 36, 49,142,162 267 Rakovski, Christian 148-51,153-62,165, 168 Ransome, Arthur 36,142 Rapallo agreement 131 Rasht 56,114 Raskol’nikov, Feodor, Commander of the Caspian Military Flotilla 115; plenipotentiary to Afghanistan 126, 139 Rava-Russkaya 94 Ravnina 113 Red Army 27-8, 44,49, 77-8, 81-2, 92, 94-6, 100-2,105, 111, 117,120-1, 156 Red Caucasian army 59 Red Cross: British 125; Danish 85; Dutch 76; International 85,124 Red guards 8-9,17,19, 25, 27,
30, 33, 35, 41,61-2,66,82 ‘Red letter’ (see ‘Zinoviev letter’) Red Profintern (see Communist International of trade unions) Red terror 41,46, 51-2 Reilly, Sidney 39-40, 42, 44-51, 164 Reuter, Ernst Revel (Tallinn) 35, 85, 89-90,95 Reza Khan Pahlavi 114 Riddell, George 86 Riga 6, 89-90, 92-3, 124,164-5 Romania 31,75, 81, 85,96,130 Romanian troops 18,156 Rome 13,47,153 Romanov, Mikhail 31 Roosevelt, Theodore 28 Rostov-on-the Don 33, 81 Rothstein, Theodore 49,126 Round Table 6 Roy, Manabendra 68,119 Royal Central Asian Society 68 Royal Geographical Society 66 Rumbold, Horatio 102 Ruhr crisis 141 Russell, Bertrand 97 Russia (see also Soviet Union, USSR): 1,5, 8-9,11-13,20,22-3,27-9,31-2, 38,42-3,45,50,54,64,68-9,72-3, 79,82-3,86-7,89-91,96-7,103, 106,111,121,123,135,138,146, 149,154-6,167-70; Baltic Sea Fleet
268 8,11,33,41,91; Bank of payments 115; Black Sea Fleet 11,28; bureau in Petrograd 27; capital removal in 1918 22; Caucasian army 58; Civil War 2, 23,30,132,140,167; Committee 15, 21,26,29; Constitutional Democratic Party 17; diplomatic and economic blockade of 11,86,97; famine of 1920-2 124-5; front (see Eastern front); General Staff 27; gold reserve 106; Karelian Federation 25-6; Main Staff 43; Muslim Communist party 116; Naval General Staff 6,49; NorthWest Army 92; Northern Federation 24; Orthodox Church 46,103,140; problem (question) 10,14,52,77, 79,82-3,85,103,127,132-3,141, 167; Provisional government 5,7-8, 24,30,93,152; revolution of 1917 2; South-Eastern Union of 10; Soviet Socialist Federation (see Russia); ‘spheres of responsibility’ in 12-13; White armies 77 Russian-British relations scholarship of 1-2 Russkii Island 80 Russo-British convention of 1917 38 Russo-Japanese War 40 Russo-Turkish alliance 136-7 Rybinsk 33 Sabir 48 Sablin, Evgeny 80 Said Alim Khan 120 Samara 30 Samarkand 119 Sanders, Robert 96 San-Remo 112 Saracens 101 Saratov 97 Save the children of Central Europe fiind 124 Savinkov, Boris 42,44,48,105 Sazonov, Sergei 83 Scandinavian countries 123 Scotland Yard (Special Branch) 17,98, 104,156,165 Scott, Charles 6, 31, 98 Sea of Marmara 76 Index Second Reich (see Germany) Second World War 117,137 Semenov, Grigory 31 Seton-Watson, Robert 12 Sevastopol 33,72 Shakhovskoi, Dmitry 10 Shanghai 119 Shanghai Life 119 Shaumian, Stepan 55, 59-61,63-9 Shaw, Bernard 150 Shtekeľman (Shtegeľman) 48 Shuckburgh, John 66 Siberia 21,23, 29, 31-2, 37,119,123;
Provisional government of 31 Silbert, William 82 Simla 62, 64,67 Skoropadsky, Petr 24 Slavo-British legion 35 Smith, A. 49 Smith, Arthur 141 Smith-Cumming, Mansfield (C.) 40,42,46 Smolny Institute (Smolny) 9,41 Smuts, Jan 12,14, 31 SNK (see Council of People’s commissars) Snowden, Ethel 97 Snowden, Philip 5,155 Socialist revolutionaries (party) 32, 37,42, 46-7,49, 61, 64 Sokol’nikov, Grigory 20,29, 32 South Africans 60 Soviet-Afghan treaty of 1921 Soviet-British conference of 1924 155-8 Soviet-British trade talks of 1920-21 98-100 Soviet-British treaties of 1924 158 Soviet-Persian treaty of 1921 Soviet-Polish War 89,94-6, 99,100-3,118 Spa: conference 95; declaration 96 Sprogis (Shmidkhen) 44 Srinagar 66 Stalin, Joseph 31, 54, 60, 65, 96,110, 129, 139,147-8,156,162, 165,169 Steamship and Trading Corporation 165 Stefanovich, Georgy 66 Steffens, Louis 78 Stockholm 45, 92 Suffolk 32 Sun Yisian 119,147 Suritz, Jakov 117
Index Svalbard Island 99 Sverdlov, Jakov 32 Sweden 92 Sydenham, Lord 69 Sykes-Picot agreement 54 Tabriz 59 Taganrog 81 Tallents, Stephen 91 Talleyrand, Charles Maurice 19 Tarsier, Mohammed 126 Tashkent 62, 65-8,109,116-18,143; training center 69,119 Teague-Jones, Reginald 62-5 Tehran 58,112,114,126,142,145-6 Tejend-river 68 Ten-Year Rule 147 Terek-river 110 Teretschenko, Mikhail 7 Thames 149,155 The Hague: 133; conference in 133-4,167 The Times 9,16,25,79,104-5, 111, 118, 134,147 The Truth About the Russian Revolution 71 Third republic (see France) Thomas, Albert 28 Thomson, Basil 17, 71-2, 98 Thomson, William 61 Thurn, Donald im 165 Tibet 53-4 Tiflis (Tbilisi) 55, 58,72,154 Tikhon, Patriarch 46,125,140 The Times 9, 16,25,79, 104-5, 111, 118, 134,147 To All Honest Citizens 124 To All the Laboring Class Moslems of Russia and the Orient 53 Tokyo 31 Tolstoi, Alexei 150 Tolstoism 9 Tomsk 31 Tomsky, Mikhail 163 Torretta, Pietro de la 36 Tours 101 Toynbee, Arnold 12,115 Trade Union Congress (TUC) 65, 79,97; national united council 143,151; delegation visits to Soviet Russia in 1920 97; 1924 163 269 Trafalgar Square 143 Transcaspian government (see Ashgabat government) Transcaspian province (Transcaspia) 38, 61,113; executive committee of 61 Transcaucasia 20, 29, 37, 54-5, 59-60, 71, 79,109-14,136,170 Transcaucasian Democratic Federation 55-6 Trans-Siberian railroad 11, 30, 32, 34 Treasury 17,29,45, 82,85, 96, 111, 113 Treaty: of Riga 103,107,124; Sevres 112, 135; Unkiar Skelessi 136 Trevelyan, George 150 Troianovsky, Konstantin 68 Trotsky, Lev, Peoples commissar for foreign
affairs 9-12,15,17,19-21, 25; military and naval affairs 22, 24-9, 32, 34-8, 42, 47,49,52, 54, 77, 91, 95, 97, 100-1,109-10, 115-19, 130,142,145,148,154, 156,168 Tsar (see Nicholas II) Tsaritsyn (Volgograd) 82,113 Tuba-Karakhan Bay, battle in 113 Tukhachevsky, Mikhail 96 Turkestan 54, 61, 71-2,110,113,118, 139; front 120; military districts counter-intelligence department 67; Red army 62,113; Soviet Republic 65,67,112 Turkey (see also Ottoman empire) 99; Great National Assembly of 112 Turkish Communist party 135 Turkish Oil Company 112 Turkman 63 Turks 102 Turner, Benjamin 97 Ufa 49 Ukraine 10,13,15,21,24, 30, 50, 81,91, 94,96,110,123 Ukrainian People’s Republic (see Ukraine) Union for Protection of Motherland and Freedom 42 Unionists (see Britain, Conservative Party) United States of America 37,43,50,53,68, 72,77,88,90,108,112,121,124-5, 129,154; Library of Congress 3;
Index 270 Senate military committee 37; siding with the Entente 6,11-12, 31; troops on the Russian territory 36 Ural-Kuznetsk republic 33 Urals (Ural region) 33, 37,113,118 Uritsky, Moses 41, 46 Urquhart, Leslie 29,125-7,134,156-7 Uruguay 165 USSR (see Russia) Vacetis, Joachim 27 Verkhoturie 49 Versailles: international (world) order (see also Versailles-Washington international system) 1, 82, 89,110, 133,151; treaty 92, 94 Veselago, Georgy 24 Vienna 18,102 Villa: Alberti 130; Raggi 131 Vilna 94 Vimiera 100 Vistula, battle on 101-2,104 Vladivostok 21, 29-32, 36-7, 40,69, 80, 84,140 Volga-river region 20, 51, 63, 82, 97,113, 125 Volodarsky, Vladimir 46 Vologda 20, 24-5, 30, 36, 40 Vostok 110 ‘wait-and-see policy’ 11 Wakhan Mountain Corridor 139 War Office 6, 8,15, 24, 38, 45, 54, 58, 61, 71-2, 82,91,102, 111-13, 159 Wardrope, Robert 45 Warsaw 93-4,100-3,105 Washington 10,13,16,47, 84; naval conference 127 Webb, Beatrice 11,16,18,150; Sidney 150 Wedgwood, Josiah 66,125 Weihaiwei 119 Weimar republic (see Germany) Weinstein, Grigory 141-2,144,146 Wells, Herbert 150,168 Western front 6, 27-8, 32, 39 Westminster (see British Parliament) Whirlwinds Hostile 50 White Finnish troops 26 White guards 49,140 White Russians 23, 93,145,162,164-5 Whitechapel 103 Whitehall (see British government) William II (see also Kaiser) 7, 35 Wilson, Henry 71, 73, 82, 84-5,115 Wilson, Woodrow 6, 14, 31, 36, 74, 76, 79 Wise, Edward 86,127 Workers’ international famine relief committee 125 Workers’ Weekly 157 World 140 Worowski, Wacław 137,142 Worthington-Evans, Laming 130 Wrangel, Petr 93-4, 98-9,105
Xinjiang 120 Younger, Lord 164 York 140 Yorkshire infantry regiment 62 Young, Douglas 25 Yudenich, Nikolai 91-4 Yuon, Konstantin 150 Yuriev, Alexei 26 Z. (air) squadron 81 Zakrevskaiya, Maria (Mura) 44, 50 Zalkind, Ivan,special mission to Britain in 1918 18 Zinoviev, Gregory 9,48-9, 77, 79,118, 121,129, 143, 145, 149,156, 159-65,168 ‘Zinoviev letter’ (see also Comintern letter, Red letter) 159-66,168-9 / Bsyerische ļ Staatsbibliothek i München |
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| author | Sergeev, Evgenij Jurʹevič 1959- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)101896570X |
| author_facet | Sergeev, Evgenij Jurʹevič 1959- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Sergeev, Evgenij Jurʹevič 1959- |
| author_variant | e j s ej ejs |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048962596 |
| classification_rvk | NP 5996 NQ 5070 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1389180214 (DE-599)BVBBV048962596 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1917-1924 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1917-1924 |
| format | Map |
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| geographic | Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Großbritannien Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV048962596 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:00:52Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T07:49:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781350273511 9781350273504 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034226335 |
| oclc_num | 1389180214 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-11 DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-11 DE-739 |
| physical | xxi, 270 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230721 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Bloomsbury Academic |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Sergeev, Evgenij Jurʹevič 1959- Verfasser (DE-588)101896570X aut The Bolsheviks and Britain during the Russian Revolution and Civil War, 1917-24 Evgeny Sergeev London ; New York ; Oxford ; New Delhi ; Sydney Bloomsbury Academic 2022 xxi, 270 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1917-1924 gnd rswk-swf Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Soviet Union / Foreign relations / Great Britain Great Britain / Foreign relations / Soviet Union Soviet Union / Foreign relations / 1917-1945 Soviet Union / History / Revolution, 1917-1921 Diplomatic relations Great Britain Soviet Union 1917-1945 History Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 s Geschichte 1917-1924 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-3502-7353-5 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-3502-7352-8 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034226335&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034226335&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034226335&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Sergeev, Evgenij Jurʹevič 1959- The Bolsheviks and Britain during the Russian Revolution and Civil War, 1917-24 Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4072885-7 (DE-588)4022153-2 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | The Bolsheviks and Britain during the Russian Revolution and Civil War, 1917-24 |
| title_auth | The Bolsheviks and Britain during the Russian Revolution and Civil War, 1917-24 |
| title_exact_search | The Bolsheviks and Britain during the Russian Revolution and Civil War, 1917-24 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Bolsheviks and Britain during the Russian Revolution and Civil War, 1917-24 |
| title_full | The Bolsheviks and Britain during the Russian Revolution and Civil War, 1917-24 Evgeny Sergeev |
| title_fullStr | The Bolsheviks and Britain during the Russian Revolution and Civil War, 1917-24 Evgeny Sergeev |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Bolsheviks and Britain during the Russian Revolution and Civil War, 1917-24 Evgeny Sergeev |
| title_short | The Bolsheviks and Britain during the Russian Revolution and Civil War, 1917-24 |
| title_sort | the bolsheviks and britain during the russian revolution and civil war 1917 24 |
| topic | Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Internationale Politik Großbritannien Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034226335&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034226335&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034226335&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sergeevevgenijjurʹevic thebolsheviksandbritainduringtherussianrevolutionandcivilwar191724 |