Svědectví archeologie o tzv. cikánském táboře v Letech:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Czech |
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Brno
Muzeum romské kultury, státní příspěvková organizace
2022
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | 1200 výtisků |
| Beschreibung: | 128 Seiten Porträts, Pläne 30 cm |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804185185565016064 |
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| adam_text | 3bsah 9. Svědectví artefaktů [64] [7] Stručná historie tábora [Ю] Poválečné osudy místa Kde stál tábor v Letech? Archivní prameny a pamětníci vypovídají Co zachytily objektivy7 leteckých kamer? Archeologie bez výkopů - Geofyzikální průzkum vá pod povrchem? [ЗО] — — — - ֊ - — — ֊ 12. Slovo závěrem [ 122] Administrativní budova Protiletadlový kryt Sklep Kamenolom - Archeologie a její místo v boji o paměť - Poděkování Seznam vyobrazen а [124] Zánik tábora [50] - Založení hřbitova - Památník - Hledání hrobů obětí - Odkryv hrobů obětí tábora - Lokalizace táborového hřbitova Co rostlo v táboře a v jeho okolí? Strava v táboře z pohledu archeobotaniky a archeozoologie Léčivé rostliny Paraziti Stavební dřevo Navrácené historické dědictví [114] [ 46 ] Hřbitov obětí tábora [56] Oděv a oděvní doplňky Šperky a ozdoby Hygienické potřeby Léky Osobní předměty Devocionálie Děti Vybavení domácností Kancelářské a psací potřeby Zajatci Dozorci 10. Svědectví eko faktů [HO] Test odkryvem Dochování pozůstatků tábora Půdorys tábora Vězeňské baráky Dvůr a další volná prostranství Hygienická zařízení a hospodářské stavby Severní část tábora Ohrazení U — — — — — — — — — 11 Prameny a literatura [125] ио [126]
Pramen} a ¡ile ra tura Archivní prameny Archiv leteckých měřičských snímků Vojenského geografického a hydrometeorologického úřadu v Dobrušce Etnologický ústav AVCR, v. v. i., fotodokumentační sbírka Mapa stabilního katastru (http ://oldmaps. geolab.cz/) Národní archiv Praha, GKNP — nezpracované dodatky Horváthova, J. a kol. 2021: To jsou těžké vzpomínky. I. svazek. Vzpomínky Romů a Sintů na život před válkou a v protektorátu. Brno: Větrné mlýny — Muzeum romské kultury. Jindřich, K. (ed.) 1999: Utrpením к vítězství. Svědectví o Kolvínu a Mirošovu - pracovním, pracovně-výchovném a koncentračním táboru. Sborník Muzea Dr. Bohuslava Horáka Rokycany. Supplementum Historie 7/1999. Rokycany. Kenrick, D. - Puxon, G. 2000: Cikáni pod hákovým křížem, Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého Olomouci. Klinovský, P. 2016: Lety u Písku. Neznámý příběh dozorců, Paměť a dějiny. Revue pro studium totalitních režimů, X/2, 2016. Klinovský, P. 2019: Velitelé tzv. cikánského tábora v Letech, Paměť a dějiny 2019/1, 26-35. Národní archiv Praha, GKNP, sign. 1622/1 Pamětní kniha obce Lety Sbírky Muzea romské kultury Státní oblastní archiv v Třeboni, fond Cikánský tábor Lety u Písku IL a III. vojenské mapování (http://oldmaps.geolab.cz/) Literatura Hasil, P. - Novák, D. - Hasil, J. 2015: Smrt dolu Sauercack/Rolava (okres Sokolov). Zánik důlního závodu v mezioborové perspektivě, Archaeologia historica 40, 179-205. Hasil, J. — Hasil, P. — Kočár, P. — Kyselý, R. 2020: The materiality of forced labour: settlement waste of communities at WWII mining plant and PoW camp in Rolava (North-West Bohemia), Journal of
Conflict Archaeology 15 (DOI: 10.1080/1574077 3.2021.1889273). 124 Haubold — Stolle, J. — Kersting, Th. — Theune, C. — Glauning, Ch. — Riedle, A. — Shopper, E ֊ Wagner, К. - Drecoll, А. (eds.) 2020: Ausgeschlossen. Archäologie der NS-Zwangslager. Berlin: BeBra Verlag. Horváthova, J. a kol. 2017: Poklad Romů. Amare Somnaka. Tajemství romského šperku. Brno: Muzeum romské kultury. Kos, P. 2013: Hodonín u Kunštátu (okr. Blansko), Přehled výzkumů 52, 190-191. Křivánek, R. 2016: Závěrečná zpráva o geofyzikálním průzkumu prováděném na lokalitě Lety, okr. Písek. Praha (Archeologický ústav AVČR Praha, v. v. i.; nepubl.). Kwiatkowska, В. 2019: Sprawozdanie z badań antropologicznych na stanowisku Lety - Památník na terenie obozu pracy czeskich Romów w 2019 r. Report on the anthropological research in the Lety Roma Camp Memorial 2019). Wroclaw (Department of Athropology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; unpubk). Lewy, G. 2000: The Nazi Persecution of Gypsies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mitchell, W. — Colls, K. 2019: Ground Penetrating Radar Surveys at former labour camps Mariańska, Bratrství and Nikolai and the concentration camp at Lety, Czech Republic, November 2018 (Centre of Archaeology, Stafordshire University; unpubk). Nečas, C. 1981: Nad osudem českých a slovenských cikánů v letech 1939—1945. Brno: Univerzita J. E. Purkyně. Nečas, C. 1995: Andr’oda taboriš. Tragèdie cikánských táborů v Letech a v Hodoníně. Brno: Masarykova Univerzita. Nečas, C. 1996: Strasti a útrapy v protektorátních cikánských táborech. In: Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské
univerzity Studia Minora Facultatis Philosophicae Universitatis Brunensis 43. Brno, 145—165. Nečas, C. 1999a: Holokaust českých Romů. Svědectví těch, kteří přežili Lety. Praha: Prostor. Nečas, C. 1999b: Cikánský tábor v Letech. In: Kolektiv autorů (eds.), Historikové a kauza Lety, 16—36, Praha: Academia. Nečas, C. 2007: Zpráva o počtu, struktuře a osudech vězňů tzv. cikánského tábora v Letech, Bulletin Muzea romské kultury 16, 117-123. Nečas, C. 2008: Cikánský tábor v Letech (1942-1943), Romano Džaniben ňilaj, 186—197. Pařízková, J. 2008: Bývalý internační tábor pro Romy v Letech u Písku a jeho poválečná historie, Romano Džaniben jevend, 98—18. Polansky, P. 2014: Tábor smrti Lety. Vyšetřování začíná 1992-1995. Praha: Antifašistická akce, Československá anarchistická federace a Institut kritických studií. Slačka, D. 2017: Mezi připomínkou obětí a ideologií. Okolnosti vzniku filmu „Nezapomeňte na tohle děvčátko“, Dějiny a současnost 4/2018, 19-20. Slačka, D. 2019: Identifikace místa nouzového táborové pohřebiště obětí tzv. cikánského tábora v Letech u Písku v souvislosti s umístěním památníku v letech 1994 a 1995 (nepubl.). Muzeum romské kultury, Brno. Smolen, K. 1994: Los Cyganów w KL AuschwitzBirkenau - Das Schicksal der Sinti und Roma im KE Auschwitz-Birkenau. Oświęcim: Wydawnictwo Sejmowe. Sturdy-Colls, C. 2015: Holocaust Archaeologies: Approaches and Future Directions. New York: Springer. Theune, C. 2017: Archaeology at the sites of Nationalist Socialist terror. Research questions — sources - methodology insights, In: Dzuiban, Z. (ed.), Mapping the the „forensic turn“.
Engagements with materialities of mass deaths in Holocaust studies and beyond, 121—131. Wien: Wiener Wiesenthal Institut für Holocaust-Studien.
Theune, C. 2020: Spuren von Krieg und Terror. Archäologische Forschungen an Tatorten des 20. Jahrhunderts. Wien: Böhlau Verlag Ges.m.b.H amp; Co. KG (str. 69-99). — autoři a ntchivní ?Јлре Veselý, Μ. 2011: Sudetska župa jako protiletecký kryt Říše? (1939-1945). Ústí nad Labem: Acta Universitatis Purkyninae Facultatis Philosophicae, Studia Historica 12. Autoři fotografií Autoři plánů Pavel Hlavenka a Pavel Vařeka: obr. 29—31 Vágner, M. 2019: Zpráva o geofyzikální prospekci. Tábor v Letech. Ústav archeologie a muzeologie, Filozofická fakulta Masarykovy university v Brně (Report on the geophysical survey. Camp Lety; unpubl.). Ibra Ibrahimovič: obálka, obr. 1, 22, 23, 58, 61, 63-65, 67-70, 84-119, 125-128, 130 Pavel Vařeka: obr. 3, 33, 34, 38, 41-43, 45-55, 59, 62, 80 Adam Holubovský (MRK): obr. 2, 71, 79, 82, 83 Vařeka, P. 2018: Archeologický výzkum tábora v Letech. Archeologie modernity a výzkum táborů z druhé světové války, Dějiny a současnost 4/2018, 10-14. Jaroslav Sýbek (ČTK): obr. 24 Vařeka, P. 2020: Archaeology of the WWII Roma Detention Camp (“Zigeunerlager”) in Lety, The Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter 53/2, 30—33 (https://mydigitalpublication.com/ publication/?m=35671 amp;i=665888 amp;p= 1 amp;ver=html5). Pavel Hlavenka: obr. 66 Vařeka, P. -Vařeková, Z. 2017: Archaeology of Zigeunerlager: First Results of the 2016—2017 Investigation at the Roma Camp in Lety, Accessing Campscapes 2017/2, 20-29. Vařeka, P. — Vařeková, Z. 2018: Archeologický výzkum tábora v Letech, Bulletin Muzea romské kultury 26, 58-83. Pavel Vařeka: obr. 35, 37, 78, 81, 129 Pavel Vařeka
a Michal Vágner: obr. 36 Zdeňka Vařeková: obr. 56 Karel Boubín: obr. 75 Libor Petr: obr. 120, 123, 124 Zdeňka Sůvová: obr. 121 Petr Kočár: obr. 122 Archivní zdroje Sbírky Muzea romské kultury: obr. 4, 9, 11, 13,14, 21, 27, 28, 39, 44, 60, 72, 74, 76, 77 Etnologický ústav AVGR, v. v. i., fotodokumentační sbírka: obr. 5-8, 10, 12, 40 Vařeka, P. - Vařeková, Z. ֊ Hlavenka, P. — Paclíková, K. 2018: Tábor Lety (okr. Písek, Jihočeský kraj). Archeologický výzkum 2016-2017. Nálezová zpráva. Plzeň (nepubl.). Výbor pro odškodnění obětí romského holokaustu: obr. 15, 16 Zimmermann, Μ. 1989: Verfolgt, vertrieben, vernichtet. Die nationalsozialistische Vernichtungspolitik gegen Sinti und Roma. Essen: Klartext. Archiv leteckých měřických snímků Vojenského geografického a hydrometeorologického úřadu v Dobrušce: obr. 29—31, 35 Zimmermann, Μ. 1999: Rasenutopie und Genozid: die nationalsozialistische „Lösung der Zigeunerfrage“. Hamburg: Hans Christians Verlag. Michal Vágner: obr. 32 Národní archiv: obr. 25, 26 Státní oblastní archiv v Třeboni: obr. 73 Karel Hungr, Mirovicko a protektorami údobí ve fotografii, město Mirovice: obr. 17—20 125
Stvnnmr, The archeological research at Lety has proven that what was called the “Gypsy Camp” did not disappear without a trace, but that its remains are surprisingly well-preserved beneath the surface of the terrain today. A smaller part of the area of the former camp was swallowed up by the building site for an industrial pig farm in the 1970s, but there was no construction on most of the grounds of the former camp. Through a combination of excavation and non-invasive archeological methods, therefore, we not only succeeded in precisely determining the position of the former camp, but through the remains of what had been developed there, through items that had either been discarded or lost, and through the bioarcheological record, we have also acquired tangible proofs of the living conditions in the internment site and proofs of the prisoners themselves. These archeological sources, when compared with archival sources and the former prisoners’ memories, compose a comprehensive testimony about the camp at Lety. By combining aerial historical photographs with a geophysical survey, almost the entire ground plan of the camp has been identified, covering a total area of 9,300 m2. The subsequent archeological excavation focused on revealing samples of different parts of the camp, covering approximately 5 % of its area. The archeological situation confirms the testimonies from other sources which related that the camp’s remains were still very visible in the terrain long after the Second World War until the industrial pig farm was built there in the 1970s. As a consequence of that
decision, the reasons for which we still do not exactly know, about 20 % of the area of the camp has been destroyed (approximately 1,850 m2), but the rest has preserved to this day, with some partial dislocation. Since the former camp was burned down after the deportation of its prisoners to the Auschwitz Concentration and Extermination Camp, its ruins have been preserved in the form of specific burnt archeological contexts that captured the state of the camp at the time of its demolition in 1943. The survey, of course, also captured earlier developmental phases of the camp, which had been established already in 1940 as a penal labor camp and was gradually augmented with other buildings. The most extensive additions, and even some expansion of the camp area, took place only after the establishment of what was called the “Gypsy Camp”. That camp’s original area measured 6,600 m2 and in August 1942, more than 1,000 Romani and Sinti people were imprisoned in that space, surrounded by a high wooden fence. «Я 126 Obr. 130 — Director ofthe Museum ofRomani Culture Jana Horváthova and Čeněk Růžička, 8 May 2022 on the grounds ofthe memorial to the victims ofthe so-called Gypsy camp in Lety u Písku.
In the summer and autumn of 1942, hundreds of imprisoned men and women were crowded onto bunks inside small wooden houses, while their children, who were separated from their parents, were kept in a big barrack. The archeological research has identified the locations of these buildings in the form of platforms in the sloping terrain, the brick foundations for the wooden constructions, and the gutters draining away the surface water along their walls. The construction details of prefabricated barracks have been illuminated by the numerous assemblages of building iron found in the fire strata. The capacity of the camp was not expanded until the winter of 1942/1943, with two other large wooden barracks built in the middle of the yard and a third built where the camp had been extended on the southeast side. From the barracks in the yard, the foundations made from quarried stone have been well preserved. The discovery of the remains of the sanitary facilities show that their capacity was completely inadequate. A small brick building located near the horse stables was supposed to serve as both a laundry room and washroom for hundreds of prisoners. Originally, the only toilet was a cesspit lined with stone masonry located in the south eastern corner of the camp, into which the wastewater from the laundry room/washroom was also diverted. In addition to containing a large number of objects that belonged to the imprisoned Roma and Sinti and had probably been thrown away there during the camp’s demolition, the pit also bore witness to the violent transformation of these human beings
into prisoners. From the washroom, where the prisoners’ hair was apparently cut and shaved from all over their bodies upon their arrival at the camp, an entire girl s or woman’s braid and other hair made its way into the sewer. However, that facility’s volume could not have been enough for the camp, which was overcrowded. Therefore, the cesspit was supplemented with another latrine located further north, while another one was to be built in the extended part of the camp. Sometime in the autumn of 1942, a camp delousing station was built near the northern side of the stable, the foundations of which were revealed by the archaeological research. The geophysical survey also detected two other buildings used as a warehouse and a disinfection station. Beyond the fenced-in area of the camp, the floor plan of the administrative building has been identified, the only two-story building in the camp the stone foundations of which have been preserved. On the edge of the forest that abutted the camp’s northern side the surface remains of a food cellar and an anti-aircraft shelter represented by trenches have well preserved. The stone quarry overgrown by the forest to the south of the camp bears mute witness to the prisoners hard labor. That quarry, the small cellar, and the trenches are the only visible remains of the Lety camp that visitors to the site can still find in the terrain today. Other archaeological traces are hidden beneath the surface. Several thousand artefacts and their fragments were obtained through the excavations, most of which are building parts. We only rarely
found items used by the prisoners that had been accidentally lost. A unique set of artefacts that belonged to the prisoners was, however, revealed in the waste pit. Not only did ordinary waste end up there, but also probably the equipment of entire households that had been confiscated from the Roma and Sinti and was then thrown away during the camp’s demolition. The artefacts’ testimony is significantly augmented by analyses of the animal bones and plant remains using natural science methods which have provided new insight into the diet of the prisoners. These findings show how the prisoners tried to enrich their poor rations by collecting a wide range of different fruits, which they were probably able to obtain while working outside the camp in the open countryside and in the forest. Similarly, they apparently managed to occasionally obtain the meat of smaller animals. Findings of medicinal plants may indicate the prisoners’ self-treatment of some diseases. Evidence of parasites in the contents of the sump indicates intestinal diseases among the prisoners which were serious. Grains of pollen found there offer a detailed view of the vegetation in and around the camp.In the camp, 326 prisoners, mostly children, fell victim to the inhumane conditions and died of diseases, mainly typhoid, but also as a result of malnutrition and exhaustion. Originally, the deceased prisoners of the Lety camp were buried in the parish cemetery in Mirovice situated ca. 6 km west of the camp. However, the limited capacity of the cemetery required a new provision. After the cemetery in Mirovice
was declared overcrowded by a commission, a total of 120 camp victims were buried in a “provisional camp cemetery” between mid-January and the end of April 1943. While the final resting place of the deceased prisoners in the cemetery in Mirovice is known, the exact location of what was called the camp’s “provisional” cemetery was forgotten after the Second World War. The archaeological excavation made it possible to determine the exact location of this burial area. The cemetery location was based on finding grave-pits arranged in rows, the remains of a wooden fence, and traces of the forest road that led there from the former camp. In agreement with the relatives of the victims, the Museum of Romani Culture, and other institutions, the grave of one adult and the grave of one child were examined. Their exhumation was not performed and the site was then restored to its original state. After almost eight decades, archaeological research has thus provided the survivors’ descendants with accurate information about where the remains of their loved ones are resting. In May 2022, as part of the commemorative ceremony to honor the memory of the Holocaust victims, we had the privilege to present the items that belonged to their forebears to the descendants of the former prisoners. These are artefacts that remained in the camp, either after the death of the inmates there or after their deportation to Auschwitz and, as a result of the camp’s demolition, these items then became part of the archaeological contexts that were the subject of our investigation. After several decades, these
discarded or lost things bear witness to the presence of the Czech Roma and Sinti there, just a fraction of whom survived the Nazi Holocaust; these items testify about their daily life before internment as well as to their imprisonment in the Lety camp. Today we are handing over the objects obtained through archaeological excavations to the descendants of the former prisoners through the Museum of Romani Culture, in the collections of which these artefacts will be stored and where they will be presented to the public. At the same time, some artefacts will become part of the exhibition of the new memorial being established at the site of the former camp. Archeology has thus given back to the Czech Roma and Sinti the tangible remains of their neglected, troubled historical heritage. 127
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3bsah 9. Svědectví artefaktů [64] [7] Stručná historie tábora [Ю] Poválečné osudy místa Kde stál tábor v Letech? Archivní prameny a pamětníci vypovídají Co zachytily objektivy7 leteckých kamer? Archeologie bez výkopů - Geofyzikální průzkum vá pod povrchem? [ЗО] — — — - ֊ - — — ֊ 12. Slovo závěrem [ 122] Administrativní budova Protiletadlový kryt Sklep Kamenolom - Archeologie a její místo v boji o paměť - Poděkování Seznam vyobrazen а [124] Zánik tábora [50] - Založení hřbitova - Památník - Hledání hrobů obětí - Odkryv hrobů obětí tábora - Lokalizace táborového hřbitova Co rostlo v táboře a v jeho okolí? Strava v táboře z pohledu archeobotaniky a archeozoologie Léčivé rostliny Paraziti Stavební dřevo Navrácené historické dědictví [114] [ 46 ] Hřbitov obětí tábora [56] Oděv a oděvní doplňky Šperky a ozdoby Hygienické potřeby Léky Osobní předměty Devocionálie Děti Vybavení domácností Kancelářské a psací potřeby Zajatci Dozorci 10. Svědectví eko faktů [HO] Test odkryvem Dochování pozůstatků tábora Půdorys tábora Vězeňské baráky Dvůr a další volná prostranství Hygienická zařízení a hospodářské stavby Severní část tábora Ohrazení U — — — — — — — — — 11 Prameny a literatura [125] ио [126]
Pramen}' a ¡ile ra tura Archivní prameny Archiv leteckých měřičských snímků Vojenského geografického a hydrometeorologického úřadu v Dobrušce Etnologický ústav AVCR, v. v. i., fotodokumentační sbírka Mapa stabilního katastru (http ://oldmaps. geolab.cz/) Národní archiv Praha, GKNP — nezpracované dodatky Horváthova, J. a kol. 2021: To jsou těžké vzpomínky. I. svazek. Vzpomínky Romů a Sintů na život před válkou a v protektorátu. Brno: Větrné mlýny — Muzeum romské kultury. Jindřich, K. (ed.) 1999: Utrpením к vítězství. Svědectví o Kolvínu a Mirošovu - pracovním, pracovně-výchovném a koncentračním táboru. Sborník Muzea Dr. Bohuslava Horáka Rokycany. Supplementum Historie 7/1999. Rokycany. Kenrick, D. - Puxon, G. 2000: Cikáni pod hákovým křížem, Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého Olomouci. Klinovský, P. 2016: Lety u Písku. Neznámý příběh dozorců, Paměť a dějiny. Revue pro studium totalitních režimů, X/2, 2016. Klinovský, P. 2019: Velitelé tzv. cikánského tábora v Letech, Paměť a dějiny 2019/1, 26-35. Národní archiv Praha, GKNP, sign. 1622/1 Pamětní kniha obce Lety Sbírky Muzea romské kultury Státní oblastní archiv v Třeboni, fond Cikánský tábor Lety u Písku IL a III. vojenské mapování (http://oldmaps.geolab.cz/) Literatura Hasil, P. - Novák, D. - Hasil, J. 2015: Smrt dolu Sauercack/Rolava (okres Sokolov). Zánik důlního závodu v mezioborové perspektivě, Archaeologia historica 40, 179-205. Hasil, J. — Hasil, P. — Kočár, P. — Kyselý, R. 2020: The materiality of forced labour: settlement waste of communities at WWII mining plant and PoW camp in Rolava (North-West Bohemia), Journal of
Conflict Archaeology 15 (DOI: 10.1080/1574077 3.2021.1889273). 124 Haubold — Stolle, J. — Kersting, Th. — Theune, C. — Glauning, Ch. — Riedle, A. — Shopper, E ֊ Wagner, К. - Drecoll, А. (eds.) 2020: Ausgeschlossen. Archäologie der NS-Zwangslager. Berlin: BeBra Verlag. Horváthova, J. a kol. 2017: Poklad Romů. Amare Somnaka. Tajemství romského šperku. Brno: Muzeum romské kultury. Kos, P. 2013: Hodonín u Kunštátu (okr. Blansko), Přehled výzkumů 52, 190-191. Křivánek, R. 2016: Závěrečná zpráva o geofyzikálním průzkumu prováděném na lokalitě Lety, okr. Písek. Praha (Archeologický ústav AVČR Praha, v. v. i.; nepubl.). Kwiatkowska, В. 2019: Sprawozdanie z badań antropologicznych na stanowisku Lety - Památník na terenie obozu pracy czeskich Romów w 2019 r. Report on the anthropological research in the Lety Roma Camp Memorial 2019). Wroclaw (Department of Athropology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; unpubk). Lewy, G. 2000: The Nazi Persecution of Gypsies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mitchell, W. — Colls, K. 2019: Ground Penetrating Radar Surveys at former labour camps Mariańska, Bratrství and Nikolai and the concentration camp at Lety, Czech Republic, November 2018 (Centre of Archaeology, Stafordshire University; unpubk). Nečas, C. 1981: Nad osudem českých a slovenských cikánů v letech 1939—1945. Brno: Univerzita J. E. Purkyně. Nečas, C. 1995: Andr’oda taboriš. Tragèdie cikánských táborů v Letech a v Hodoníně. Brno: Masarykova Univerzita. Nečas, C. 1996: Strasti a útrapy v protektorátních cikánských táborech. In: Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské
univerzity Studia Minora Facultatis Philosophicae Universitatis Brunensis 43. Brno, 145—165. Nečas, C. 1999a: Holokaust českých Romů. Svědectví těch, kteří přežili Lety. Praha: Prostor. Nečas, C. 1999b: Cikánský tábor v Letech. In: Kolektiv autorů (eds.), Historikové a kauza Lety, 16—36, Praha: Academia. Nečas, C. 2007: Zpráva o počtu, struktuře a osudech vězňů tzv. cikánského tábora v Letech, Bulletin Muzea romské kultury 16, 117-123. Nečas, C. 2008: Cikánský tábor v Letech (1942-1943), Romano Džaniben ňilaj, 186—197. Pařízková, J. 2008: Bývalý internační tábor pro Romy v Letech u Písku a jeho poválečná historie, Romano Džaniben jevend, 98—18. Polansky, P. 2014: Tábor smrti Lety. Vyšetřování začíná 1992-1995. Praha: Antifašistická akce, Československá anarchistická federace a Institut kritických studií. Slačka, D. 2017: Mezi připomínkou obětí a ideologií. Okolnosti vzniku filmu „Nezapomeňte na tohle děvčátko“, Dějiny a současnost 4/2018, 19-20. Slačka, D. 2019: Identifikace místa nouzového táborové pohřebiště obětí tzv. cikánského tábora v Letech u Písku v souvislosti s umístěním památníku v letech 1994 a 1995 (nepubl.). Muzeum romské kultury, Brno. Smolen, K. 1994: Los Cyganów w KL AuschwitzBirkenau - Das Schicksal der Sinti und Roma im KE Auschwitz-Birkenau. Oświęcim: Wydawnictwo Sejmowe. Sturdy-Colls, C. 2015: Holocaust Archaeologies: Approaches and Future Directions. New York: Springer. Theune, C. 2017: Archaeology at the sites of Nationalist Socialist terror. Research questions — sources - methodology insights, In: Dzuiban, Z. (ed.), Mapping the the „forensic turn“.
Engagements with materialities of mass deaths in Holocaust studies and beyond, 121—131. Wien: Wiener Wiesenthal Institut für Holocaust-Studien.
Theune, C. 2020: Spuren von Krieg und Terror. Archäologische Forschungen an Tatorten des 20. Jahrhunderts. Wien: Böhlau Verlag Ges.m.b.H amp; Co. KG (str. 69-99). — autoři a ntchivní ?Јлре Veselý, Μ. 2011: Sudetska župa jako protiletecký kryt Říše? (1939-1945). Ústí nad Labem: Acta Universitatis Purkyninae Facultatis Philosophicae, Studia Historica 12. Autoři fotografií Autoři plánů Pavel Hlavenka a Pavel Vařeka: obr. 29—31 Vágner, M. 2019: Zpráva o geofyzikální prospekci. Tábor v Letech. Ústav archeologie a muzeologie, Filozofická fakulta Masarykovy university v Brně (Report on the geophysical survey. Camp Lety; unpubl.). Ibra Ibrahimovič: obálka, obr. 1, 22, 23, 58, 61, 63-65, 67-70, 84-119, 125-128, 130 Pavel Vařeka: obr. 3, 33, 34, 38, 41-43, 45-55, 59, 62, 80 Adam Holubovský (MRK): obr. 2, 71, 79, 82, 83 Vařeka, P. 2018: Archeologický výzkum tábora v Letech. Archeologie modernity a výzkum táborů z druhé světové války, Dějiny a současnost 4/2018, 10-14. Jaroslav Sýbek (ČTK): obr. 24 Vařeka, P. 2020: Archaeology of the WWII Roma Detention Camp (“Zigeunerlager”) in Lety, The Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter 53/2, 30—33 (https://mydigitalpublication.com/ publication/?m=35671 amp;i=665888 amp;p= 1 amp;ver=html5). Pavel Hlavenka: obr. 66 Vařeka, P. -Vařeková, Z. 2017: Archaeology of Zigeunerlager: First Results of the 2016—2017 Investigation at the Roma Camp in Lety, Accessing Campscapes 2017/2, 20-29. Vařeka, P. — Vařeková, Z. 2018: Archeologický výzkum tábora v Letech, Bulletin Muzea romské kultury 26, 58-83. Pavel Vařeka: obr. 35, 37, 78, 81, 129 Pavel Vařeka
a Michal Vágner: obr. 36 Zdeňka Vařeková: obr. 56 Karel Boubín: obr. 75 Libor Petr: obr. 120, 123, 124 Zdeňka Sůvová: obr. 121 Petr Kočár: obr. 122 Archivní zdroje Sbírky Muzea romské kultury: obr. 4, 9, 11, 13,14, 21, 27, 28, 39, 44, 60, 72, 74, 76, 77 Etnologický ústav AVGR, v. v. i., fotodokumentační sbírka: obr. 5-8, 10, 12, 40 Vařeka, P. - Vařeková, Z. ֊ Hlavenka, P. — Paclíková, K. 2018: Tábor Lety (okr. Písek, Jihočeský kraj). Archeologický výzkum 2016-2017. Nálezová zpráva. Plzeň (nepubl.). Výbor pro odškodnění obětí romského holokaustu: obr. 15, 16 Zimmermann, Μ. 1989: Verfolgt, vertrieben, vernichtet. Die nationalsozialistische Vernichtungspolitik gegen Sinti und Roma. Essen: Klartext. Archiv leteckých měřických snímků Vojenského geografického a hydrometeorologického úřadu v Dobrušce: obr. 29—31, 35 Zimmermann, Μ. 1999: Rasenutopie und Genozid: die nationalsozialistische „Lösung der Zigeunerfrage“. Hamburg: Hans Christians Verlag. Michal Vágner: obr. 32 Národní archiv: obr. 25, 26 Státní oblastní archiv v Třeboni: obr. 73 Karel Hungr, Mirovicko a protektorami údobí ve fotografii, město Mirovice: obr. 17—20 125
Stvnnmr, The archeological research at Lety has proven that what was called the “Gypsy Camp” did not disappear without a trace, but that its remains are surprisingly well-preserved beneath the surface of the terrain today. A smaller part of the area of the former camp was swallowed up by the building site for an industrial pig farm in the 1970s, but there was no construction on most of the grounds of the former camp. Through a combination of excavation and non-invasive archeological methods, therefore, we not only succeeded in precisely determining the position of the former camp, but through the remains of what had been developed there, through items that had either been discarded or lost, and through the bioarcheological record, we have also acquired tangible proofs of the living conditions in the internment site and proofs of the prisoners themselves. These archeological sources, when compared with archival sources and the former prisoners’ memories, compose a comprehensive testimony about the camp at Lety. By combining aerial historical photographs with a geophysical survey, almost the entire ground plan of the camp has been identified, covering a total area of 9,300 m2. The subsequent archeological excavation focused on revealing samples of different parts of the camp, covering approximately 5 % of its area. The archeological situation confirms the testimonies from other sources which related that the camp’s remains were still very visible in the terrain long after the Second World War until the industrial pig farm was built there in the 1970s. As a consequence of that
decision, the reasons for which we still do not exactly know, about 20 % of the area of the camp has been destroyed (approximately 1,850 m2), but the rest has preserved to this day, with some partial dislocation. Since the former camp was burned down after the deportation of its prisoners to the Auschwitz Concentration and Extermination Camp, its ruins have been preserved in the form of specific burnt archeological contexts that captured the state of the camp at the time of its demolition in 1943. The survey, of course, also captured earlier developmental phases of the camp, which had been established already in 1940 as a penal labor camp and was gradually augmented with other buildings. The most extensive additions, and even some expansion of the camp area, took place only after the establishment of what was called the “Gypsy Camp”. That camp’s original area measured 6,600 m2 and in August 1942, more than 1,000 Romani and Sinti people were imprisoned in that space, surrounded by a high wooden fence. «Я 126 Obr. 130 — Director ofthe Museum ofRomani Culture Jana Horváthova and Čeněk Růžička, 8 May 2022 on the grounds ofthe memorial to the victims ofthe so-called Gypsy camp in Lety u Písku.
In the summer and autumn of 1942, hundreds of imprisoned men and women were crowded onto bunks inside small wooden houses, while their children, who were separated from their parents, were kept in a big barrack. The archeological research has identified the locations of these buildings in the form of platforms in the sloping terrain, the brick foundations for the wooden constructions, and the gutters draining away the surface water along their walls. The construction details of prefabricated barracks have been illuminated by the numerous assemblages of building iron found in the fire strata. The capacity of the camp was not expanded until the winter of 1942/1943, with two other large wooden barracks built in the middle of the yard and a third built where the camp had been extended on the southeast side. From the barracks in the yard, the foundations made from quarried stone have been well preserved. The discovery of the remains of the sanitary facilities show that their capacity was completely inadequate. A small brick building located near the horse stables was supposed to serve as both a laundry room and washroom for hundreds of prisoners. Originally, the only toilet was a cesspit lined with stone masonry located in the south eastern corner of the camp, into which the wastewater from the laundry room/washroom was also diverted. In addition to containing a large number of objects that belonged to the imprisoned Roma and Sinti and had probably been thrown away there during the camp’s demolition, the pit also bore witness to the violent transformation of these human beings
into prisoners. From the washroom, where the prisoners’ hair was apparently cut and shaved from all over their bodies upon their arrival at the camp, an entire girl's or woman’s braid and other hair made its way into the sewer. However, that facility’s volume could not have been enough for the camp, which was overcrowded. Therefore, the cesspit was supplemented with another latrine located further north, while another one was to be built in the extended part of the camp. Sometime in the autumn of 1942, a camp delousing station was built near the northern side of the stable, the foundations of which were revealed by the archaeological research. The geophysical survey also detected two other buildings used as a warehouse and a disinfection station. Beyond the fenced-in area of the camp, the floor plan of the administrative building has been identified, the only two-story building in the camp the stone foundations of which have been preserved. On the edge of the forest that abutted the camp’s northern side the surface remains of a food cellar and an anti-aircraft shelter represented by trenches have well preserved. The stone quarry overgrown by the forest to the south of the camp bears mute witness to the prisoners' hard labor. That quarry, the small cellar, and the trenches are the only visible remains of the Lety camp that visitors to the site can still find in the terrain today. Other archaeological traces are hidden beneath the surface. Several thousand artefacts and their fragments were obtained through the excavations, most of which are building parts. We only rarely
found items used by the prisoners that had been accidentally lost. A unique set of artefacts that belonged to the prisoners was, however, revealed in the waste pit. Not only did ordinary waste end up there, but also probably the equipment of entire households that had been confiscated from the Roma and Sinti and was then thrown away during the camp’s demolition. The artefacts’ testimony is significantly augmented by analyses of the animal bones and plant remains using natural science methods which have provided new insight into the diet of the prisoners. These findings show how the prisoners tried to enrich their poor rations by collecting a wide range of different fruits, which they were probably able to obtain while working outside the camp in the open countryside and in the forest. Similarly, they apparently managed to occasionally obtain the meat of smaller animals. Findings of medicinal plants may indicate the prisoners’ self-treatment of some diseases. Evidence of parasites in the contents of the sump indicates intestinal diseases among the prisoners which were serious. Grains of pollen found there offer a detailed view of the vegetation in and around the camp.In the camp, 326 prisoners, mostly children, fell victim to the inhumane conditions and died of diseases, mainly typhoid, but also as a result of malnutrition and exhaustion. Originally, the deceased prisoners of the Lety camp were buried in the parish cemetery in Mirovice situated ca. 6 km west of the camp. However, the limited capacity of the cemetery required a new provision. After the cemetery in Mirovice
was declared "overcrowded" by a commission, a total of 120 camp victims were buried in a “provisional camp cemetery” between mid-January and the end of April 1943. While the final resting place of the deceased prisoners in the cemetery in Mirovice is known, the exact location of what was called the camp’s “provisional” cemetery was forgotten after the Second World War. The archaeological excavation made it possible to determine the exact location of this burial area. The cemetery location was based on finding grave-pits arranged in rows, the remains of a wooden fence, and traces of the forest road that led there from the former camp. In agreement with the relatives of the victims, the Museum of Romani Culture, and other institutions, the grave of one adult and the grave of one child were examined. Their exhumation was not performed and the site was then restored to its original state. After almost eight decades, archaeological research has thus provided the survivors’ descendants with accurate information about where the remains of their loved ones are resting. In May 2022, as part of the commemorative ceremony to honor the memory of the Holocaust victims, we had the privilege to present the items that belonged to their forebears to the descendants of the former prisoners. These are artefacts that remained in the camp, either after the death of the inmates there or after their deportation to Auschwitz and, as a result of the camp’s demolition, these items then became part of the archaeological contexts that were the subject of our investigation. After several decades, these
discarded or lost things bear witness to the presence of the Czech Roma and Sinti there, just a fraction of whom survived the Nazi Holocaust; these items testify about their daily life before internment as well as to their imprisonment in the Lety camp. Today we are handing over the objects obtained through archaeological excavations to the descendants of the former prisoners through the Museum of Romani Culture, in the collections of which these artefacts will be stored and where they will be presented to the public. At the same time, some artefacts will become part of the exhibition of the new memorial being established at the site of the former camp. Archeology has thus given back to the Czech Roma and Sinti the tangible remains of their neglected, troubled historical heritage. 127 |
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| genre | (DE-588)4145395-5 Bildband gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Bildband |
| geographic | Lety (Písek, Česko) czenas Lety (Písek, Czechia) czenas Tschechien (DE-588)4303381-7 gnd Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 gnd Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 gnd Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren (DE-588)4076390-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Lety (Písek, Česko) Lety (Písek, Czechia) Tschechien Tschechoslowakei Böhmische Länder Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren |
| id | DE-604.BV048956891 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:59:21Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:51:13Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034220715 |
| oclc_num | 1389185893 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M457 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-M457 DE-12 |
| physical | 128 Seiten Porträts, Pläne 30 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230725 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Muzeum romské kultury, státní příspěvková organizace |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Vařeka, Pavel 1967- Verfasser (DE-588)1049356209 aut Svědectví archeologie o tzv. cikánském táboře v Letech Pavel Vařeka a kolektiv autorů Vydání první Brno Muzeum romské kultury, státní příspěvková organizace 2022 128 Seiten Porträts, Pläne 30 cm txt rdacontent sti rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier 1200 výtisků Englische Zusammenfassung Lety (koncentrační tábor) czenas Konzentrationslager Lety u Písku (DE-588)4495804-3 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1942-1943 gnd rswk-swf koncentrační tábory / Česko / 1939-1945 czenas Romové / Česko / 1939-1945 czenas Sintové / Česko / 1939-1945 czenas Romové / perzekuce / 1939-1945 czenas Sintové / perzekuce / 1939-1945 czenas archeologické výzkumy / Česko / 2011-2020 czenas archeologické nálezy / Česko / 2011-2020 czenas concentration camps / Czechia / 1939-1945 czenas Romanies / Czechia / 1939-1945 czenas Sinti / Czechia / 1939-1945 czenas Romanies / persecutions / 1939-1945 czenas Sinti / persecutions / 1939-1945 czenas excavations (archaeology) / Czechia / 2011-2020 czenas antiquities / Czechia / 2011-2020 czenas Lety (Písek, Česko) czenas Lety (Písek, Czechia) czenas Tschechien (DE-588)4303381-7 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 gnd rswk-swf Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 gnd rswk-swf Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren (DE-588)4076390-0 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4145395-5 Bildband gnd-content Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 g Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 g Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren (DE-588)4076390-0 g Tschechien (DE-588)4303381-7 g Konzentrationslager Lety u Písku (DE-588)4495804-3 b Geschichte 1942-1943 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034220715&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034220715&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034220715&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Vařeka, Pavel 1967- Svědectví archeologie o tzv. cikánském táboře v Letech Lety (koncentrační tábor) czenas Konzentrationslager Lety u Písku (DE-588)4495804-3 gnd koncentrační tábory / Česko / 1939-1945 czenas Romové / Česko / 1939-1945 czenas Sintové / Česko / 1939-1945 czenas Romové / perzekuce / 1939-1945 czenas Sintové / perzekuce / 1939-1945 czenas archeologické výzkumy / Česko / 2011-2020 czenas archeologické nálezy / Česko / 2011-2020 czenas concentration camps / Czechia / 1939-1945 czenas Romanies / Czechia / 1939-1945 czenas Sinti / Czechia / 1939-1945 czenas Romanies / persecutions / 1939-1945 czenas Sinti / persecutions / 1939-1945 czenas excavations (archaeology) / Czechia / 2011-2020 czenas antiquities / Czechia / 2011-2020 czenas |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4495804-3 (DE-588)4303381-7 (DE-588)4078435-6 (DE-588)4069573-6 (DE-588)4076390-0 (DE-588)4145395-5 |
| title | Svědectví archeologie o tzv. cikánském táboře v Letech |
| title_auth | Svědectví archeologie o tzv. cikánském táboře v Letech |
| title_exact_search | Svědectví archeologie o tzv. cikánském táboře v Letech |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Svědectví archeologie o tzv. cikánském táboře v Letech |
| title_full | Svědectví archeologie o tzv. cikánském táboře v Letech Pavel Vařeka a kolektiv autorů |
| title_fullStr | Svědectví archeologie o tzv. cikánském táboře v Letech Pavel Vařeka a kolektiv autorů |
| title_full_unstemmed | Svědectví archeologie o tzv. cikánském táboře v Letech Pavel Vařeka a kolektiv autorů |
| title_short | Svědectví archeologie o tzv. cikánském táboře v Letech |
| title_sort | svedectvi archeologie o tzv cikanskem tabore v letech |
| topic | Lety (koncentrační tábor) czenas Konzentrationslager Lety u Písku (DE-588)4495804-3 gnd koncentrační tábory / Česko / 1939-1945 czenas Romové / Česko / 1939-1945 czenas Sintové / Česko / 1939-1945 czenas Romové / perzekuce / 1939-1945 czenas Sintové / perzekuce / 1939-1945 czenas archeologické výzkumy / Česko / 2011-2020 czenas archeologické nálezy / Česko / 2011-2020 czenas concentration camps / Czechia / 1939-1945 czenas Romanies / Czechia / 1939-1945 czenas Sinti / Czechia / 1939-1945 czenas Romanies / persecutions / 1939-1945 czenas Sinti / persecutions / 1939-1945 czenas excavations (archaeology) / Czechia / 2011-2020 czenas antiquities / Czechia / 2011-2020 czenas |
| topic_facet | Lety (koncentrační tábor) Konzentrationslager Lety u Písku koncentrační tábory / Česko / 1939-1945 Romové / Česko / 1939-1945 Sintové / Česko / 1939-1945 Romové / perzekuce / 1939-1945 Sintové / perzekuce / 1939-1945 archeologické výzkumy / Česko / 2011-2020 archeologické nálezy / Česko / 2011-2020 concentration camps / Czechia / 1939-1945 Romanies / Czechia / 1939-1945 Sinti / Czechia / 1939-1945 Romanies / persecutions / 1939-1945 Sinti / persecutions / 1939-1945 excavations (archaeology) / Czechia / 2011-2020 antiquities / Czechia / 2011-2020 Lety (Písek, Česko) Lety (Písek, Czechia) Tschechien Tschechoslowakei Böhmische Länder Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren Bildband |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034220715&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034220715&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034220715&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT varekapavel svedectviarcheologieotzvcikanskemtaborevletech |