Bulgaria, the Jews, and the Holocaust: on the origins of a heroic narrative
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Contents List of Illustrations x xiii Preface Introduction On the “Rescue of the Jews” and National Exceptionalism: A Riddle of Received Wisdom Knowledge about the Holocaust: Justice, Fiction, and Controversies Contours of an Investigation Nationalizing the Past, Internationally Reassessing the Cold War Era The Way Forward 1. The Judicial Production of an Account of Anti-Jewish Persecution: The Genesis of a Heroic Narrative 1 5 9 11 14 19 22 26 Judging in Time of War 32 The (In)visibility of Anti-Jewish Crimes in the “General Trials” 36 The Construction of a Judicial Cause by Bulgarian Communist Jews 40 A Sketch of the Trial Scene 44 Courtroom 11 49 The Germans, the Fascists, and the “Good People”: Drawing the Perimeter of Guilt 51 A Fascist Is an Anti-Semite . . . and Vice Versa 57 The Euphemization of Jewish Suffering 63 The Posterity of the Court: A Central Elision 73 2. Deportation of the Jews, from Belomorie to the Screen: Negotiating a “Socialist” Reading of the War Cinemas on Unequal Terms in Bulgaria and East Germany Elusive Presences of the Holocaust on the Screen One Coproduction, Two Institutions, Several Agendas Konrad Wolf and Angel Wagenstein, a Dear Friendship Shooting Notes and Other Digressions Script, Storyboard, and Film: Effects of Cutting and Framing 79 87 92 94 98 101 103
VÜi «* CONTENTS Two Very Different Wars: The Bulgarian Lens Negotiating an East-East Reading of Nazism: German Polychromy? Jewish Fates, in a Minor Key Jewish Passivity: A Question of Gender? Christian Signs for Jewish Suffering? A Transnational Symbolic Repertoire 3. The Deportation of Jews from Northern Greece: The Mysterious Journeys of a Film from 1943 Archival Inventories as Texts and Gaze A Film without an Author or Instructions? Scrutinizing Frames That Resist Analysis From Visual Document to Legal Evidence: The Beckerle Case Judicial Cooperation between West Germany, the United States, Israel, and Bulgaria: A Tale of the Cold War When Art Meets the Intelligence Community Cultural Diplomacy and the “Rescue of the Bulgarian Jews” The “Rescue” Goes West: Managing Scarcity and Acquisition Competitions A Late Socialist Intrigue: Sofia-Washington-Jerusalem and the Politics of Culture Epilogue 114 120 125 127 132 137 140 151 159 164 178 182 190 195 203 4. Accounts of “Rescue” and Deportation in Dialogue: Memory Controversies after 1989 207 Bringing Back the Polyphony of the Past: (In)divisible Truths When History Takes Center Stage Renegotiating the Territorial Span of Bulgaria’s Historical Narrative Words and Walls of Conflict in Balkan Jewish Communities The “Blagovest Sendov” Affair: A Bulgarian Forest in the (Domestic) Political Arena Dimitar Pcscv: A New Topography of Memory 5. Fruitful Disputes? Transnational Mobilizations and the Institutionalization of a Space of Dissensus Charting a New Historiography Bulgarian-Macedonian Holocaust Controversies When European
Institutions Discuss History and Memory Games of Scale: Debating Bulgaria’s Memory Policies 215 221 226 232 235 251 261 264 274 282 291
CONTENTS S* ÎX Remembering the Holocaust to Fight Anti-Semitism: Room for Convergence? 299 In the Spotlight of Euro-Atlantic Integration 306 Conclusion Historiographical Disputes What We Talk about When We Talk about the Holocaust Jewish Voices in the Writing of the Past Challenges of the Page: Leafing through Time, Speaking the Seen 313 314 321 322 323 Appendix: The March 1943 Deportations from Territories Occupied by Bulgaria 329 Bibliography 333 Index 369
Bibliography Archival Sources Bulgaria Arhiv na Bälgarska nacionalna filmoteka (BNF) - Archives of the Bulgarian National Film Library, Sofia Arhiv na Bälgarsko nacionalno radio (BNR) - Archives of the Bulgarian National Radio, Sofia Bulgarian National Library National Centralen därzaven Arhiv (CDA) - Central State Archives, Sofia Därzaven voenno-istoriccski arhiv - Central Military-Historical Archives, Vcliko Tärnovo Icroham, David. Private archive, Sofia Komisija za razkrivane na dokumentite I za objavjavanc na prinadleznost na bälgarski grazdani kam Därzavna sigurnost I razuznavatelnite sluzbi na Bälgarskata narodna armija (Comdos) - Committee for disclosing the docu ments and announcing affiliation of Bulgarian citizens to the State Security and intelligence services of the Bulgarian National Army, Sofia Nauccn Arhiv (NA) na Bälgarska Akademija na naukite (BAN) - Scientific Archives of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia Rahamimov, Emil. Private archive, Sofia University Library at the University Sveti Kliment Ohridski United States New York Public Library, New York City Simon, Andrea, private archive, New York City United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) Film and Video Archives Photo Archives, Washington, DC World Jewish Congress (New York Office), Records at the American Jewish Archives, Cincinnati
334 8* BIBLIOGRAPHY Germany Bundesarchiv-Filmarchiv, German Federal Archives, Berlin Hauptstaatsarchiv Darmstadt, Central archives of the Land of Hesse in Ger many, Darmstadt Library of the Institute for East and Southeast European Studies in Regensburg Regional Library of Munich Israel Beit Lohamei HaGhetaot Archives, Kibboutz Lohamei HaGetaot Rahamimov, Iris. Private archive, Tel Aviv Yad Vashem Archives, Jerusalem Republic of North Macedonia Drzaven Arhiv na Republika Severna Makedonija - State archives of the Repub lic of North Macedonia, Skopje National and University Library Sv. Kliment Ohridski, Republic of North Mace donia, Skopje Serbia Jevrejski istorijski Muzej Beograd - Archives of the Jewish Historical Museum in Serbia, Belgrade France Archives du Memorial de la Shoah, Paris Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris Grinberg, Ilya. Private archive, Paris News Agencies, Radio Outlets, and Information Websites Bulgaria Agencija Fokus - Focus News agency Alternativna informativna mreza (AIM) - Alternative Information Network Bälgarska telegrafska agencija (BTA) - Bulgarian Telegraphic News Agency
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336 «· BIBLIOGRAPHY Naroden sad-People’s Court, 1944-45, periodical covering the trials before the Thirteen Chambers of Sofia’s People’s Court Narodna Kultura -People’s culture, weekly OteÎestven front - Fatherland Front, daily, publication of the National Commit tee of the Fatherland Front (OF) Rabotnicesko delo - Workers’ deeds, daily, publication of the Central Commit tee of the Workers’ Party/Communists (renamed the Bulgarian Communist Party in 1948) After 1989 Bulgaria Demokracija - Democracy, daily of the Union for Democratic Forces (SDS, anti-communist coalition) Dnevnik- Daily, daily, unaffiliated Duma - Word, daily of the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) Kapital - Capital, economics weekly, unaffiliated Kultura - Culture, cultural weekly, unaffiliated Literaturen vestnik - Literary journal, cultural weekly, unaffiliated Marginalia.bg- online publication of the association for human rights Sdruzenie za covcski prava "Marginalija" Obektiv - Objective, monthly publication of the Bulgarian Helsinki Committee Sega - Now, left-wing daily 24 casa - 24 heures, daily Israel Jerusalem Post Italy Carriere della Sera - Evening Courier, daily Republic of North Macedonia Fokus- Focus, political weekly Nova Makcdonija - New Macedonia, daily close to the right-wing VMRODPMNE Utrinski vesnik- Morning newspaper, daily United States New Tork Times
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Index Adenauer, Konrad, 122,159 Aegean Thrace, 53, 234 American Jewish Committee (AJC), 8, 208, 300 American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), 208, 300 American University in Bulgaria (AUBG), 267, 289 Anti-Defamation League (ADL), 255, 300 antifascist resistance, 12, 37, 45, 57, 60, 68, 83—4, 89, 91, 93, 98,103, 115-17, 125-26,163,190, 192, 194,202, 222, 225, 232, 243, 250, 276, 294. See also partisan movement anti-Semitism, 10,15,16n36, 18n38, 29nl2, 31, 56-57, 59-62, 66nl39, 183nl44,209, 211, 217, 223, 225, 245, 264, 266nl0, 270, 299, 301-2, 304, 306, 309, 312 Arditi, Benjamin, 74,164-65, 184, 211,229 Arendt, Hannah, 8, 9nl7, 258, 313 army : Bulgarian, 6,16, 47-48, 65, 66nl39,124, 202, 224, 268, 318; Red, 8, 28-29, 35, 53, 94,124, 188,192, 215; German (Reich), 121 (see also Wehrmacht} Aryanization, 73,131, 201, 309, 321 Astrukov, Josif, 186nl55, 217 Ataka, 239n90, 286, 302, 306 Auschwitz (Oswiçcim), 79,125,160, 163, 304, 320nl9. See also Auschwitz trial Auschwitz trial, 161, 163, 167, 170 Avramov, Rumen, 266, 270-71, 330-31 Axis powers/members, 7, 8nl6, 29, 38, 258. See also Tripartite Pact, 4 Bdlgarska Kinemato^afija, 80, 87, 96 See also Bulgarian Cinematography Bdlgarsko delo, 94, 148-50, 174, 176 Balkans, 2, 3, 8,14,19, 24-25,147, 163, 213, 215, 232, 239n89, 267, 279, 308, 320 Baruh, Eli, 41, 44, 52, 60, 63 Baruh, Nir, 236, 255 Bar-Zohar, Michael, 271 Bauer, Fritz, 159-60,163-65, 167nl00,168,170,171nll8, 178, 206 Barov, Boris, 44,49, 52-53, 53n85, 53n90, 54-55, 57, 61 Becker, Howard, 83 Beckerle, Adolf-Heinz, 56, 138, 140, 149n30,150,152n45,156n55,
157-64,167-68,169nl08,170, 171,173-81,184,186,191, 205-6, 230, 317, 322, 330. See also Beckerle trial Beckerle trial, 150, 152n45,156n55, 161-78 Bejski, Moshe, 235-36, 248 Belev, Aleksandar, 6, 38,46, 52, 54, 57-58, 59nl07, 70, 72nl65, 74, 149-50,153-55,168,174,176, 185,235, 258, 318, 329-30
370 «· INDEX Belomorie (White Sea/The Aegean), 4n8, 37n40, 69, 79,145, 154-56, 173, 239n89, 241, 329 Berghahn, Daniela, 130 Bergmann, Werner, 97, 101n73, 102, 132 Berlin uprising (1953), 90 Betar, 64nl27 Bitola, 208, 212, 234, 274-75, 29495,297nl38, 330-31 B’nai B’rith International, 195 Boris III, King/Tsar, 6, 17n38, 33n25, 39, 45, 53-55, 98, 159, 164,168-69, 173-74,176-77, 181,184, 186,196, 198,201, 208n2, 226n55, 227, 229-31, 234, 234n80, 235-36, 240-44, 247, 251, 257-58, 295, 300, 310, 318 Borisov, Bojko, 1, 2, 207, 209, 212, 249n90, 287, 302nl54, 304, 306, 308 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 183, 192, 216, 221-22, 236, 264, 267, 271 Bulgarian Central State Archives, 50, 100, 103, 147, 162, 211-12, 268, 313 Bulgarian Cinematography, 80-81, 84, 87, 91, 115-16, 118,120-21, 125-26,135, 180 Bulgarian Helsinki Committee, 266, 272 Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), 219, 223, 239, 249, 250, 286 camps: communist reeducation, 65; concentration, 4, 41, 47, 300, 321; extermination/death, 2, 8, 29, 184, 197-98, 234, 241, 257, 301, 304, 317; “fascist,” 188; labor, 298 (see also forced labor); transit, 5-6, 8, 144, 151,153, 155-57, 185, 253, 318, 324, 330 Cannes Film Festival, 80, 84, 95, 129, 135 Center for Advanced Studies (CSA) Sofia, 268, 271,299 Center for Jewish Studies, University of Sofia Sv. Kliment Ohrdiski, 271 Central Israelite Spiritual Council, 209,300 Central Jewish Commission of the Central Committee of the Workers’ Party, 75 Cervenkov, Välko, 77, 87-8, 90 Chamber 7 (of the People’s Court), 17, 22, 26, 29, 30, 40, 45^6,48, 49n81, 50-51, 57-58, 62, 65, 69, 72-73, 75, 77,
99, 149-50, 166, 168, 206 Chirac, Jacques, 4 Cionisticeska tribune^ 62-63, 68, 70 Citizens for the European Develop ment of Bulgaria (GERB), 239n90, 286-88, 290, 304-6 citizenship: Bulgarian, 7, 39, 59, 138, 243, 270, 295, 298nl41, 318-20; other citizenship, 146, 156n55, 314, 317, 330 Cold War, 9,11,16,18-23, 64, 77, 84, 89,90,132,134-35, 139,140,159,164,169,181, 186nl53,197, 200, 204-6, 214, 219,257, 263 Commemorations (Jewish deportations/nondeportations), 1, 3, 19, 135,184,195,197, 200, 207-8, 213, 239n90, 260, 272, 279, 308, 325, 329 Commissariat for Jewish Affairs, 6, 38,40,47, 55, 57, 58, 70nl56, 72, 74-75,149-50,154, 166, 1921171, 204, 229, 252, 269, 295, 314, 317, 320, 324, 330
INDEX Commission for the Disclosure of Documents and Identification of Bulgarian Citizens Affiliated with the State Security and Intel ligence Services of the Bulgarian National Army (COMDOS), 268, 269 Communism, 12, 24, 30, 35, 77, 118,135,143, 189, 195, 204-6, 214-15, 221, 231-38, 250, 254, 256-57, 260, 262, 265, 267-68, 280, 282-84, 286-88, 291-93, 310-11. See also “crimes of Com munism,” 30, 237, 255nll4 Communist Party/BKP, 19, 79, 117, 219-21, 247. See also Workers Party/communists Conference on Jewish Material Claims against Germany, 2, 292, 298 Council of Europe, 256-58, 260, 263, 282. See also Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) Council of Ministers, Bulgarian, 6, 32, 44,48, 56, 61, 87, 207, 236, 258, 290, 317-18 Dannecker, Theodor, 6, 38, 72nl65, 149-50,154,168,170, 176nl26, 177-78,185, 258, 317 Danova, Nadia, 270-71, 330-31 Davidov, Ncso, 126-27 Dccev, Stefan, 271 deportation, Jews, 1, 4, 6-10, 12, 16, 22-23, 37-38,42, 46-47, 52-54, 56, 64, 70, 73, 80, 99,102,115, 118,130,134,136-37,142-47, 149-50, 154-55, 158,161,163, 164,166,168,171,173-74, 17677,179, 182,184-86,188-89, 191, 193, 196,198, 201-202, 207, 210, 213, 235, 239, 251-53, 257-58, 263, 270-71, 273, S» 371 280-81, 290, 295, 299-304, 308, 310, 314-21, 324-26, 329-31 Deutsche Film Aktiengesellschaft (DEFA), 80-82, 84, 86, 8990,95-97,99, 118,121,178, 180 Oeveti krug (film), 130 Deyanova, Liliana, 93n45, 255nll4 Dimitrov, Filip, 287 Dimitrov, Georgi, 30nl4, 34-35, 42, 80,93, 188,237 Dimitrov, Ilco, 196, 236, 267 Drama, 15, 47, 60nl08, 143-44, 146,153, 155, 173, 185 Dupnica,
146,149,153-55, 252 Eastern bloc, 127, 134, 181,195, 205, 322 Eastern Europe, 9, 12-13, 19, 23, 82, 84-85,134,138,166,182, 190, 205-6, 214-16, 228, 233, 254, 265, 282-83, 322. See also Eastern bloc eastern front, 161-62, 189, 315-16 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 58, 94 Eichmann, Adolf, 6, 19, 23, 84, 150, 163-64,176nl26,185, 317 Elsaesser, Thomas, 99 Eselonite na smärtta (film), 197 European Commission, 250, 263, 282-84, 286, 289-90, 30 European Council, 283-84, 289-90, 306, 309 European Parliament, 235, 259, 263, 282-84,286-88, 301 European Union (EU), 24, 232, 247, 261, 263, 282, 284-86, 288, 290, 301, 308-9. See also European Council; European Commission; European Parliament Evrejski Vesti, 41, 65, 71-72, 170, 216, 218-20, 223, 228, 230
372 ί* INDEX expropriation, Jewish properties, 61, 271. Sec also Aryanization fascism, 20,23-24, 31, 54, 57, 60, 62-63, 69, 71-72, 75, 93, 11516,118,120, 122-26, 135, 167, 184,188, 192, 215, 217, 221-23, 225,311,321 Fatherland Front, 17, 22, 28, 32, 36, 40-42,44-45,48-49, 52, 64, 69-73, 87, 94, 117, 170, 215, 321 Federation of Jewish Communities in Yugoslavia, 274 Filov, Bogdan, 6, 37n41, 55,157, 163,174, 177, 184, 186, 229, 253 forced assimilation campaign (Turks and other Muslims in Bulgaria), 218-19, 228n61,246, 250, 311 forced labor, Jewish, 37-38,40-41, 47, 52, 63, 66, 70, 7011156, 73, 99,118, 271, 292, 298, 305, 309, 321 France, 4, 6, 14, 58, 80, 87nl9, 98, 149,166, 195, 289, 309, 30911178,313,319 Frankfurt-am-Main, 150,159-65, 170-71,178, 206 Frohriep, Jürgen, 102 Fund for the Holocaust of the Jews of Macedonia/ Macedonian Jewish Holocaust Fund, 293, 296 Gabrovski, Petàr, 6, 31n41, 56, 58, 158,163,186, 207, 253,295 Ganev, Hristo, 91, 97,128 Gebirtig, Mordechai, 103 Germany, 13-14, 37, 53, 56, 67, 83, 84, 87, 97, 99, 123, 144,168, 190,191, 225, 241, 242, 253, 265, 288, 292, 314, 316-17, 31920, 326, 330 Germany, East/GDR, 12, 23, 83, 84-85, 87, 89-90, 92, 93, 95-96, 99, 121-22, 195,288 Germany, Wcst/FGR, 12, 21, 23-24, 28, 84-85, 89-90, 93, 95-96, 118, 121-22,135,138,140,15960, 163-64, 167,179,181-82, 190, 193, 322 Gestapo, 6, 56, 319nl6 Ginev, Martin, 91, 116, 121, 123-24, 126 Giovanna (Joanna) Queen, 169, 184, 225,235 Goccv, Venelin, 120 Goma Dzumaja, 99, 143—44, 153-55, 157, 173 Great Britain, 35, 265 Greece, 4, 5, 7,16, 19, 23, 35, 37, 42, 46,47,103,125, 143-45,
153,185,198, 208,213,234, 262, 267, 273, 278, 285, 290, 294-95, 297-98; see also North ern Greece, 99, 101, 118, 137, 146,152,173,193, 304, 317-18, 325,329-30 Grinberg, Natan, 41, 75, 149, 154, 165-67 Grossman, Vasily, 94 Gruevski, Nikola, 262, 279, 307 Hananel, Aser, 166 Harareet, Haya, 128 Ha-Shomer Ha-Tsair, 64nl27 historiography, 19, 63, 222, 229; communist historiography, 4, 5, 63, 191; postcommunist historiog raphy, 21, 31,264-80 Holiolcev, Vasil, 91, 92, 149, 149n30, 157-58, 171. See also Holioltschew Holioltschew, 171 Holocaust (television series), 200
INDEX Hungarian revolution (1956), 12, 23, 91 Hungary, Ini, 7,17n38, 54, 65, 67nl41, 85,94,128,161,163, 195,198, 214, 219, 241, 283, 286 Icroham, David, 40, 44, 71,126 Institute for Jewish Affairs (IJA), World Jewish Congress, 166, 322 Institute for Study of the Recent Past, 267-68 International Auschwitz Council, 304 International Center on Minority Problems and Intercultural Rela tions (IMIR), 266 International Holocaust Remem brance Alliance (IHRA), 208, 304-6, 312 loanid, Radu, 144 Israel, 7, 8, 11, 13-14, 16-18, 23, 25, 27, 63-64, 74, 77, 84, 94, 140, 144,157,163-64,166,168-69, 181, 183-84,195-96, 200, 2056, 208, 212, 215, 217, 219-20, 229, 232-35,240, 245, 254, 259, 293, 295-96, 298, 310, 321-22 Italy, Ini, 4n7, 6, 37, 97nl9, 195, 234, 254-55 Jasarov, Nisim, 253 Jewish Agency for Palestine, 43n62, 68,70-71 Jewish Antifascist Committee (Soviet), 94 Jewish Central Consistory, 17, 40, 42-44,49,62n61,66nl39, 70-71, 73, 75, 77,94,126,166, 208,216 Jewish Cultural House/House of Jew ish Culture, 71,183,188-89 8» 373 Jewish Historical Museum in Bcgrade, 147, 296 Jewish municipalities, 68, 70, 94, 252, 317, 324 “Jewish question,” 5, 37n41, 42, 53-54, 56, 67-8, 71, 227-28, 251,257,313-14 Jewish Scientific Institute, 94, 208 Jewish section of the Fatherland Front, 40-41,94 Kalicin, Jaroslav, 46-47, 54, 59nl06, 149-50,155-56 Kaminska, Ida, 131 Karlovy Vary festival, 128 Kiril, Metropolitan, 212 Kirilov, Evgeni, 281, 288 Kjustcndil, 6, 236, 251, 252-54, 259 Kolhaase, Wolfgang, 84, 96, 122 Kolonomos, Zamila, 297nl37 Komotini, 144 Kovaccv, Andrej, 281-82, 288 Krusarska, Sasa,
101, 129 Kulturbund zur Demokratischen Erneuerung Deutschlands, 89 Kurtev, Vladimir, 254nl09 Law for the Defense of the Nation (ZZN), 58, 60, 93n45, 201, 243, 251,318 Lindeperg, Sylvie, 99, 134 Lorn, 21, 37,143-44,146, 150,15456,171-73, 177, 181, 185-86, 193,212, 318, 329-30 Lukov, general, 209, 229, 302. See also “Lukov March” “Lukov March,” 209, 302 Luleva, Ana, 271 Macedonia (today North Macedonia), 1,14,19, 24, 37,42,47-48, 53,
374 s* INDEX Macedonia (continued) 56, 69, 146-47, 173-74, 177, 189, 196,198, 203, 208, 212-13, 234, 241, 243, 258, 261-64, 267, 274, 276-77, 280-82, 285-86, 288-89, 291-98, 300, 303-4, 306-9, 317, 319, 322, 325. See alsoWtdzr Macedonia; Socialist Republic of Macedonia Macedonia, Eastern (Greece), 4 Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts (MANU), 280 Maetzig, Kurt, 92, 118 Makabi^ 64nl27 Memorial Center for the Holocaust of the Jews in Macedonia/Holocaust Memorial Center for the Jews of Macedonia, 147, 202-3, 208, 212, 291-99, 305 Memorial de la Shoah, 1, 2, 130nl32, 291,297 Mevorah, Nisim, 119, 132, 133nl36 Mihalev, Petar, 254 Mircev, Nikola, 79, 123 Mitrevski, Darko, 280 Mitterrand, François, 3 Molhov, Jako, 116, 133 Monopol Tobacco Warehouse (Sko pje), 1, 212 Musanov, Nikola, 39, 40n50, 60, 186, 229n63, 244 Natan, Zak, 40,42, 52, 60, 62, 71-72, 77 National Assembly, Bulgaria, 6, 24, 37, 39,186,192, 207nl, 209, 215,232, 235-36, 238, 240, 242, 245,247-49, 252-53, 255-57, 273, 287,289, 299-300, 302; see also parliament National Movement Simeon II (NDSV), 240n91,287 nation-state(s), 15 NATO, 90, 236, 286,289, 307-8 Nazism, 39, 84, 89,92,120-22,160, 163, 190, 205, 260, 283-84,292, 295, 310, 321; Nazi(s), 1-4,6,7, 12, 22, 27, 31-32, 54, 66, 76-77, 82,90, 92,93, 98, 99,115-16, 119-23, 125,134, 138, 140,15861, 167, 174,184-85,188,192, 197-98, 201,204-5, 223, 229, 238, 243^4, 248, 270, 273,284, 299, 300, 303, 306, 311, 316-17, 319, 321; Nazi Germany, 5, 10, 77, 158,176, 224, 229, 244,270, 273, 299, 315; neo-Nazis, 209, 302 Neuilly, Treaty of, 3, 316 New Bulgarian University, 267
“new kingdom,” 5,46, 56, 72, 77, 251, 314, 318, 322, 330 Night and Fog (film), 84, 99-100 Nissim Gabriele, 254, 257-58 nondeportation, 7, 52, 76nl74,140, 164,166, 193, 208nl, 213, 300, 320, 325 Northern Greece, 99,101,118,137, 146,152, 173, 193, 304, 317-18, 325, 329-30 Nuremberg International Military Tri als, 28, 77, 158, 167, 315, 329 Obchod na korze (film), 131 occupied territories, 1, 4, 6-8,13-14, 16, 22-23, 26, 32, 37,40, 52, 54, 56,134, 137, 166,193, 207,210, 235-36, 255, 264, 270-71, 273, 295,298, 303, 309-10, 314-16, 318, 329; Greece, 5, 46, 99, 115, 145, 253, 329; Macedonia, 198; Thrace, 198; Yugoslavia, 46,145, 329; occupied country, 77, 225,
INDEX 299; occupied people, 77; occu pied states, 163 “old kingdom,” 5, 6, 7, 22-23, 25, 35,39,46-47,53, 54n91, 56, 152, 196,201,251,295, 313, 318, 321,32 Oliver, Haim, 169,183-85,190, 192, 196, 200 Organization of the Jews in Bulgaria Salom, 208-10, 217, 219, 236, 266nl0, 268, 273,299, 300, 302, 305-6, 312, 322, 329 Orthodox Church (Bulgarian), 2, 6, 8,186,198, 209-10, 212, 225, 229, 244,270, 295, 300-301, 303, 313 Oskar, Aleksandar, 209, 299 parliament, 6, 8,44, 56, 58, 60, 75, 143, 208-9, 224,230,235, 24041, 244, 253-54, 256-58, 289, 301, 304,313 Parliamentary Assembly of the Coun cil of Europe (PACE), 257, 259, 287 partisan movement, 4, 16, 20, 32-34, 36,41,45,75-76, 84,91,93, 97,115-18,162,183,192, 221, 225-26, 250, 274, 276, 278-79, 2970137 People’s Court, 17, 22, 26, 28-30, 32-33, 35-36,40-42,8, 50-51, 54, 57, 60, 62-63, 68-69, 72-73, 75, 77-78, 99,133nl36,149-50, 166-68,186, 196, 201, 206, 226, 242, 244—15, 251, 253, 258, 269 persecution: of Jews by the Nazis, 76, 163, 168, 185, 278; of Jews in Bulgarian-held territories, 4, 9, 10,19-20,23, 25-28, 30-31, 37, 39, 42-13,46, 54-55, 57-59, 61, 70, 73, 77, 83,92,98,115,118, s» 375 124,130, 132,134-35,186, 211, 213, 223-24, 262, 269, 276-78, 287, 294, 296, 298, 302, 304-5, 309-11, 317, 320, 322; of Jews in Europe, 186, 191, 200-201, 320; of other minorities in Bulgaria, 218 Pesev, Dimitar, 6, 24, 39, 186, 247, 251-62,295 Petrov, Emil, 79, 126 Petrov, Georgi, 36-39, 53n85, 74 Petrov, Valeri, 119, 132, 133 Pirot, 4, 156, 208nl, 295, 303, 330, 331 Poland, 1, 6,17n38, 29nl2, 37n40, 42, 6711141,85,95,103, 119-20,
128,134,156n57, 161, 168, 170, 181,198,214,216,219, 223, 234, 241, 265116, 283, 316, 320 police: Bulgarian, 6, 33,45, 47, 75, 100,104-5, 111, 114,116-19, 124,132,142-44,146,149,15253, 155, 181, 193, 197-98, 202, 258, 269, 318, 324; other police forces, 161, 163, 186, 317-18, 329 postcommunism, 206, 214, 231 Radev, Rumen, 208, 211, 308 Radev, Vàljo, 132 Radevski, Hristo, 79, 81, 115n89, 123 Rahamimov, Manco, 17, 26,40-41, 44, 52, 57-60, 74,154 Reich (Third), 1,4, 6, 8, 29, 35, 36, 39,43, 54, 88,115,118,160-63, 165-66,176,180,187,191, 206, 241,249, 251,258, 273,299, 301,313-20, 329, 330 “rescue of the Bulgarian Jews,” 5, 7-8, 12, 17-19, 23-25,43,49, 53, 57, 73, 78, 138—10, 147,181-84, 188,190-91, 193, 195,197, 199,
376 S* INDEX “rescue of the Bulgarian Jews” {continued) 203, 207-11, 215, 220-21, 22328, 231, 235-36, 240, 242, 244, 246, 250-51, 254, 257, 259-60, 263, 269, 272-73, 284, 288, 299, 300, 328nl53, 305nl63, 310, 312, 316, 320, 322 Resnais, Alain, 84 Robinson, Nehemiah, 166, 322 Romania, Ini, 7, 17n38, 25, 54, 67nl41,85, 95,161,163,241, 269, 284, 286, 298, 315n6 Ruckhaberle, Dieter, 190-91, 193 Sadikarijo, Goran, 208, 296, 299 Säjuzät na ratnicite za naprcdäka na bdlgarstinata {Ratnik), 38, 58 Sendov, Blagovest, 235-36, 238, 240-43,247-48,251,326 Shamir, Shulamit, 195, 197 Siljanov, Evgeni, 227n55 Simeon II, 226, 240 Sjucmezov, Asen, 254 Serres, 47,143-44,153 Serres, Michel, 215 Skopje, 1, 47, 147-49, 150,154, 156n57, 169,173, 203, 208, 212, 239n90, 262, 275-76, 280, 282, 293-300, 302, 304-5, 325, 329, 330-31 Social, Cultural, and Educational Organization of Jews in Bulgaria ( Obstestvena kulturno- prosvetna organizacija na evreite v Narodna Republika Bdlgarija, OKPOE), 186nl55, 216-18, 220, 232, 268 Socialist Republic of Macedonia, 183, 274, 277, 285 Sofia University Press, 228-29 Sofia University Sv. Kliment Ohridski, 221-22, 236, 264, 267, 271-72, 315. See also Sofia University Press Sofia, 6,101,102, 174, 218nl68, 211nl3, 329, 330 South-West University of Blagoevgrad (Bulgaria), 271 Soviet Union, 4, 34, 85, 88, 95, 133nl36,167,183, 205, 216, 225, 315, 320-1. See also Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Sowjetische Militäradministration in Deutschland, 89 Staatliche Kunsthalle, Berlin, 146, 190 Stajnov, Petkov, 60, 244 State Commission for the Establish ment of
Crimes Committed by the Occupying Powers and Their Col laborators in 1944-1945 (Yugosla via), 276 Staudte, Wolfgang, 92 Stefan, Metropolitan, 235 àtiglic, France, 130 Stomanjakov, Hristo, 46, 52, 70 Thrace, 4, 42, 56, 143, 148, 165, 171,174,177,189,198, 243, 252, 258, 300, 303, 324, 331. See also Aegean Thrace; Western Thrace Tosev, Läcezar, 257, 287 Treblinka, 6, 53n90, 143, 167nl03, 169, 205nl99, 208n2, 241, 291, 294nl32, 295,297, Treto poluvreme/Thitd Half (film), 280 Troeva, Evgenjia, 271 Union of Bulgarian Jews in Israel, 210 Union of Democratic Forces (SDS), 219, 223, 236, 239, 242, 287
INDEX Union of Soviet Socialist Republies (USSR), 32, 35-36, 40, 66, 85, 87, 90, 99,122,134,164,169, 181,183,217, 222, 227 United Jewish Appeal, 195 United Kingdom, 36. See also Great Britain United States, 7-8, 13-4, 19, 21, 24-25, 36,43,134,140,144, 164,182, 195,199,200, 205, 215, 220, 226-27, 232-34, 247, 254, 265,291,293, 296, 300, 321, 326 United States Holocaust Memorial Museul (USHMM), 2, 21-22, 141,143,144, 200,212,233, 254, 293, 298 United Zionist Organization (ECO), 65, 69-71 Universum-Film Aktiengesellschaft (UFA), 88-89,96,124 USC Shoah Foundation/Shoah Visual History Foundation, 213, 233, 294 Vapcarov, Nikola, 93 Vardar Macedonia, 4, 47, 146, 14849,152, 173, 234, 252, 276, 29495, 303, 317-18, 324, 329-31 Velkov, Zahari, 47, 59nl06 Velodrome d’hiver, Paris, 3 Vichy regime, 4, 313 Visual Holocaust, 7, 10-12, 21-22, 25, 82-84,103-34,137-58, 323-28 VMRO (Internal Macedonian Revo lutionary Organization), post-1989 political formation, 239, 279, 297n3 VMRO (Internal Macedonian Revo lutionary Organization) pre-1989, 278-79 s* 377 VMRO-DPMNE (Internal Macedo nian Revolutionary OrganizationDemocratic Party for Macedonian National Unity), 262, 278, 280, 282,307 Wagenstein, Angel, 23, 80, 81n4, 93-94, 96, 98, 98n63, 64-65, 99, 99n70,101n73,103-4,114, 117-18, 121, 125,125nll5,128, 135-36, 148, 149n28,178, 180, 180nl35,183, 186nl52,190-93, 218-19,236,322 Wehrmacht, 4, 65, 119-21, 148n26, 159 Western Thrace, 4, 295 Wieviorka, Annette, 200 Wolf, Friedrich, 92, 98 Wolf, Konrad, 23, 80, 83,92, 96-99, 101,116,120, 123-4, 128, 133, 135, 322 Workers Party/communists, 32, 34,
42,44,49, 60, 69, 71,74-75 World Jewish Congress (WJC), 3, 43, 43n63, 195, 208-9, 293, 300, 302-3, 312, 322 World War II, 1,4-5, 7, 8, 9,12,14, 16, 19, 20, 23, 29, 39, 66, 82-84, 93, 98,117, 135,137,164,188, 197, 200, 204-6, 213, 215, 218, 220, 222-24, 228, 232, 238, 240, 244, 247, 251, 261, 270-71, 275, 277, 281,292, 295, 298, 301, 303, 311, 313-14, 320-23 Xanthi, 144,148 Yad Vashem, 2, 39n49, 164-65, 169, 196,198-99, 210, 235, 254, 269, 291,295,297, 312, 329 Yosha, Nissim, 234
378 S* INDEX Yugoslavia, 1,4, 7, 16, 34-35,47, 65-66,130,146, 183, 198, 213, 234,262, 273-74, 276-79, 282, 285, 294, 298, 304, 321, 329-30 Zandov, Zahari, 93 Zelev Zelju, 266 Zeljazkova, Binka, 91, 97 Zhivkov, Todor, 19, 24,90,182,189, 192, 195-97, 202, 205, 216, 218, 220-21, 225, 228, 231, 247, 266, 310, 322 Zhivkova, Ljudmila, 182, 190 Zionists, 18,40, 62-7, 69-71, 168, 216,233; leftwing, 40, 67, 233; revisionists, 74, 164 Znepolski, Ivajlo, 266 Zveno, 33,40,48, 60 Zvezdi/Sterne (film), 80, 82-5, 91-92, 96,98-100,103, 116-19, 121-25,129-32,134-36,138, 178-79, 201, 325-26 |
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Contents List of Illustrations x xiii Preface Introduction On the “Rescue of the Jews” and National Exceptionalism: A Riddle of Received Wisdom Knowledge about the Holocaust: Justice, Fiction, and Controversies Contours of an Investigation Nationalizing the Past, Internationally Reassessing the Cold War Era The Way Forward 1. The Judicial Production of an Account of Anti-Jewish Persecution: The Genesis of a Heroic Narrative 1 5 9 11 14 19 22 26 Judging in Time of War 32 The (In)visibility of Anti-Jewish Crimes in the “General Trials” 36 The Construction of a Judicial Cause by Bulgarian Communist Jews 40 A Sketch of the Trial Scene 44 Courtroom 11 49 The Germans, the Fascists, and the “Good People”: Drawing the Perimeter of Guilt 51 A Fascist Is an Anti-Semite . . . and Vice Versa 57 The Euphemization of Jewish Suffering 63 The Posterity of the Court: A Central Elision 73 2. Deportation of the Jews, from Belomorie to the Screen: Negotiating a “Socialist” Reading of the War Cinemas on Unequal Terms in Bulgaria and East Germany Elusive Presences of the Holocaust on the Screen One Coproduction, Two Institutions, Several Agendas Konrad Wolf and Angel Wagenstein, a Dear Friendship Shooting Notes and Other Digressions Script, Storyboard, and Film: Effects of Cutting and Framing 79 87 92 94 98 101 103
VÜi «* CONTENTS Two Very Different Wars: The Bulgarian Lens Negotiating an East-East Reading of Nazism: German Polychromy? Jewish Fates, in a Minor Key Jewish Passivity: A Question of Gender? Christian Signs for Jewish Suffering? A Transnational Symbolic Repertoire 3. The Deportation of Jews from Northern Greece: The Mysterious Journeys of a Film from 1943 Archival Inventories as Texts and Gaze A Film without an Author or Instructions? Scrutinizing Frames That Resist Analysis From Visual Document to Legal Evidence: The Beckerle Case Judicial Cooperation between West Germany, the United States, Israel, and Bulgaria: A Tale of the Cold War When Art Meets the Intelligence Community Cultural Diplomacy and the “Rescue of the Bulgarian Jews” The “Rescue” Goes West: Managing Scarcity and Acquisition Competitions A Late Socialist Intrigue: Sofia-Washington-Jerusalem and the Politics of Culture Epilogue 114 120 125 127 132 137 140 151 159 164 178 182 190 195 203 4. Accounts of “Rescue” and Deportation in Dialogue: Memory Controversies after 1989 207 Bringing Back the Polyphony of the Past: (In)divisible Truths When History Takes Center Stage Renegotiating the Territorial Span of Bulgaria’s Historical Narrative Words and Walls of Conflict in Balkan Jewish Communities The “Blagovest Sendov” Affair: A Bulgarian Forest in the (Domestic) Political Arena Dimitar Pcscv: A New Topography of Memory 5. Fruitful Disputes? Transnational Mobilizations and the Institutionalization of a Space of Dissensus Charting a New Historiography Bulgarian-Macedonian Holocaust Controversies When European
Institutions Discuss History and Memory Games of Scale: Debating Bulgaria’s Memory Policies 215 221 226 232 235 251 261 264 274 282 291
CONTENTS S* ÎX Remembering the Holocaust to Fight Anti-Semitism: Room for Convergence? 299 In the Spotlight of Euro-Atlantic Integration 306 Conclusion Historiographical Disputes What We Talk about When We Talk about the Holocaust Jewish Voices in the Writing of the Past Challenges of the Page: Leafing through Time, Speaking the Seen 313 314 321 322 323 Appendix: The March 1943 Deportations from Territories Occupied by Bulgaria 329 Bibliography 333 Index 369
Bibliography Archival Sources Bulgaria Arhiv na Bälgarska nacionalna filmoteka (BNF) - Archives of the Bulgarian National Film Library, Sofia Arhiv na Bälgarsko nacionalno radio (BNR) - Archives of the Bulgarian National Radio, Sofia Bulgarian National Library National Centralen därzaven Arhiv (CDA) - Central State Archives, Sofia Därzaven voenno-istoriccski arhiv - Central Military-Historical Archives, Vcliko Tärnovo Icroham, David. Private archive, Sofia Komisija za razkrivane na dokumentite I za objavjavanc na prinadleznost na bälgarski grazdani kam Därzavna sigurnost I razuznavatelnite sluzbi na Bälgarskata narodna armija (Comdos) - Committee for disclosing the docu ments and announcing affiliation of Bulgarian citizens to the State Security and intelligence services of the Bulgarian National Army, Sofia Nauccn Arhiv (NA) na Bälgarska Akademija na naukite (BAN) - Scientific Archives of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia Rahamimov, Emil. Private archive, Sofia University Library at the University Sveti Kliment Ohridski United States New York Public Library, New York City Simon, Andrea, private archive, New York City United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) Film and Video Archives Photo Archives, Washington, DC World Jewish Congress (New York Office), Records at the American Jewish Archives, Cincinnati
334 8* BIBLIOGRAPHY Germany Bundesarchiv-Filmarchiv, German Federal Archives, Berlin Hauptstaatsarchiv Darmstadt, Central archives of the Land of Hesse in Ger many, Darmstadt Library of the Institute for East and Southeast European Studies in Regensburg Regional Library of Munich Israel Beit Lohamei HaGhetaot Archives, Kibboutz Lohamei HaGetaot Rahamimov, Iris. Private archive, Tel Aviv Yad Vashem Archives, Jerusalem Republic of North Macedonia Drzaven Arhiv na Republika Severna Makedonija - State archives of the Repub lic of North Macedonia, Skopje National and University Library Sv. Kliment Ohridski, Republic of North Mace donia, Skopje Serbia Jevrejski istorijski Muzej Beograd - Archives of the Jewish Historical Museum in Serbia, Belgrade France Archives du Memorial de la Shoah, Paris Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris Grinberg, Ilya. Private archive, Paris News Agencies, Radio Outlets, and Information Websites Bulgaria Agencija Fokus - Focus News agency Alternativna informativna mreza (AIM) - Alternative Information Network Bälgarska telegrafska agencija (BTA) - Bulgarian Telegraphic News Agency
BIBLIOGRAPHY J* 335 Bälgarsko nacionalno radio (BNR) - Bulgarian National Radio Dariknews.bg Mediapool.bg Germany Deutsche Welle Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (in the Czech Republic since 1995) Israel Jewish Telegraphic Agency News ( JTA) Republic of North Macedonia Macedonian Information Agency (MIA) United Kingdom BBC Newspapers and Periodicals Before 1989 Bulgaria Cionisticeska tribuna - Zionist tribune, weekly of the United Zionist Organiza tion (ECO) Evrejski Vesti-Jewish News, weekly, later bimonthly, publication of the Jewish section of the Fatherland Front (OF), later of the Central Consistory of the Bulgarian Jews Godisnik na Obstestvena kulturno-prosvetna organizaeija na evreite v Narodna Republika Bälgarija, (OKPOE) - Almanac of the OKPOE, annual publication of the Societal Educational-Cultural Organization of the Jews of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria Kino i vreme - Cinema and time, theoretical periodical about the filmic art Kinoizkustvo - Cinematographic art, monthly Kinorabotnik - Cinema worker, periodical targeting technical movie profession als as an audience
336 «· BIBLIOGRAPHY Naroden sad-People’s Court, 1944-45, periodical covering the trials before the Thirteen Chambers of Sofia’s People’s Court Narodna Kultura -People’s culture, weekly OteÎestven front - Fatherland Front, daily, publication of the National Commit tee of the Fatherland Front (OF) Rabotnicesko delo - Workers’ deeds, daily, publication of the Central Commit tee of the Workers’ Party/Communists (renamed the Bulgarian Communist Party in 1948) After 1989 Bulgaria Demokracija - Democracy, daily of the Union for Democratic Forces (SDS, anti-communist coalition) Dnevnik- Daily, daily, unaffiliated Duma - Word, daily of the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) Kapital - Capital, economics weekly, unaffiliated Kultura - Culture, cultural weekly, unaffiliated Literaturen vestnik - Literary journal, cultural weekly, unaffiliated Marginalia.bg- online publication of the association for human rights Sdruzenie za covcski prava "Marginalija" Obektiv - Objective, monthly publication of the Bulgarian Helsinki Committee Sega - Now, left-wing daily 24 casa - 24 heures, daily Israel Jerusalem Post Italy Carriere della Sera - Evening Courier, daily Republic of North Macedonia Fokus- Focus, political weekly Nova Makcdonija - New Macedonia, daily close to the right-wing VMRODPMNE Utrinski vesnik- Morning newspaper, daily United States New Tork Times
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Index Adenauer, Konrad, 122,159 Aegean Thrace, 53, 234 American Jewish Committee (AJC), 8, 208, 300 American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), 208, 300 American University in Bulgaria (AUBG), 267, 289 Anti-Defamation League (ADL), 255, 300 antifascist resistance, 12, 37, 45, 57, 60, 68, 83—4, 89, 91, 93, 98,103, 115-17, 125-26,163,190, 192, 194,202, 222, 225, 232, 243, 250, 276, 294. See also partisan movement anti-Semitism, 10,15,16n36, 18n38, 29nl2, 31, 56-57, 59-62, 66nl39, 183nl44,209, 211, 217, 223, 225, 245, 264, 266nl0, 270, 299, 301-2, 304, 306, 309, 312 Arditi, Benjamin, 74,164-65, 184, 211,229 Arendt, Hannah, 8, 9nl7, 258, 313 army : Bulgarian, 6,16, 47-48, 65, 66nl39,124, 202, 224, 268, 318; Red, 8, 28-29, 35, 53, 94,124, 188,192, 215; German (Reich), 121 (see also Wehrmacht} Aryanization, 73,131, 201, 309, 321 Astrukov, Josif, 186nl55, 217 Ataka, 239n90, 286, 302, 306 Auschwitz (Oswiçcim), 79,125,160, 163, 304, 320nl9. See also Auschwitz trial Auschwitz trial, 161, 163, 167, 170 Avramov, Rumen, 266, 270-71, 330-31 Axis powers/members, 7, 8nl6, 29, 38, 258. See also Tripartite Pact, 4 Bdlgarska Kinemato^afija, 80, 87, 96 See also Bulgarian Cinematography Bdlgarsko delo, 94, 148-50, 174, 176 Balkans, 2, 3, 8,14,19, 24-25,147, 163, 213, 215, 232, 239n89, 267, 279, 308, 320 Baruh, Eli, 41, 44, 52, 60, 63 Baruh, Nir, 236, 255 Bar-Zohar, Michael, 271 Bauer, Fritz, 159-60,163-65, 167nl00,168,170,171nll8, 178, 206 Barov, Boris, 44,49, 52-53, 53n85, 53n90, 54-55, 57, 61 Becker, Howard, 83 Beckerle, Adolf-Heinz, 56, 138, 140, 149n30,150,152n45,156n55,
157-64,167-68,169nl08,170, 171,173-81,184,186,191, 205-6, 230, 317, 322, 330. See also Beckerle trial Beckerle trial, 150, 152n45,156n55, 161-78 Bejski, Moshe, 235-36, 248 Belev, Aleksandar, 6, 38,46, 52, 54, 57-58, 59nl07, 70, 72nl65, 74, 149-50,153-55,168,174,176, 185,235, 258, 318, 329-30
370 «· INDEX Belomorie (White Sea/The Aegean), 4n8, 37n40, 69, 79,145, 154-56, 173, 239n89, 241, 329 Berghahn, Daniela, 130 Bergmann, Werner, 97, 101n73, 102, 132 Berlin uprising (1953), 90 Betar, 64nl27 Bitola, 208, 212, 234, 274-75, 29495,297nl38, 330-31 B’nai B’rith International, 195 Boris III, King/Tsar, 6, 17n38, 33n25, 39, 45, 53-55, 98, 159, 164,168-69, 173-74,176-77, 181,184, 186,196, 198,201, 208n2, 226n55, 227, 229-31, 234, 234n80, 235-36, 240-44, 247, 251, 257-58, 295, 300, 310, 318 Borisov, Bojko, 1, 2, 207, 209, 212, 249n90, 287, 302nl54, 304, 306, 308 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 183, 192, 216, 221-22, 236, 264, 267, 271 Bulgarian Central State Archives, 50, 100, 103, 147, 162, 211-12, 268, 313 Bulgarian Cinematography, 80-81, 84, 87, 91, 115-16, 118,120-21, 125-26,135, 180 Bulgarian Helsinki Committee, 266, 272 Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), 219, 223, 239, 249, 250, 286 camps: communist reeducation, 65; concentration, 4, 41, 47, 300, 321; extermination/death, 2, 8, 29, 184, 197-98, 234, 241, 257, 301, 304, 317; “fascist,” 188; labor, 298 (see also forced labor); transit, 5-6, 8, 144, 151,153, 155-57, 185, 253, 318, 324, 330 Cannes Film Festival, 80, 84, 95, 129, 135 Center for Advanced Studies (CSA) Sofia, 268, 271,299 Center for Jewish Studies, University of Sofia Sv. Kliment Ohrdiski, 271 Central Israelite Spiritual Council, 209,300 Central Jewish Commission of the Central Committee of the Workers’ Party, 75 Cervenkov, Välko, 77, 87-8, 90 Chamber 7 (of the People’s Court), 17, 22, 26, 29, 30, 40, 45^6,48, 49n81, 50-51, 57-58, 62, 65, 69, 72-73, 75, 77,
99, 149-50, 166, 168, 206 Chirac, Jacques, 4 Cionisticeska tribune^ 62-63, 68, 70 Citizens for the European Develop ment of Bulgaria (GERB), 239n90, 286-88, 290, 304-6 citizenship: Bulgarian, 7, 39, 59, 138, 243, 270, 295, 298nl41, 318-20; other citizenship, 146, 156n55, 314, 317, 330 Cold War, 9,11,16,18-23, 64, 77, 84, 89,90,132,134-35, 139,140,159,164,169,181, 186nl53,197, 200, 204-6, 214, 219,257, 263 Commemorations (Jewish deportations/nondeportations), 1, 3, 19, 135,184,195,197, 200, 207-8, 213, 239n90, 260, 272, 279, 308, 325, 329 Commissariat for Jewish Affairs, 6, 38,40,47, 55, 57, 58, 70nl56, 72, 74-75,149-50,154, 166, 1921171, 204, 229, 252, 269, 295, 314, 317, 320, 324, 330
INDEX Commission for the Disclosure of Documents and Identification of Bulgarian Citizens Affiliated with the State Security and Intel ligence Services of the Bulgarian National Army (COMDOS), 268, 269 Communism, 12, 24, 30, 35, 77, 118,135,143, 189, 195, 204-6, 214-15, 221, 231-38, 250, 254, 256-57, 260, 262, 265, 267-68, 280, 282-84, 286-88, 291-93, 310-11. See also “crimes of Com munism,” 30, 237, 255nll4 Communist Party/BKP, 19, 79, 117, 219-21, 247. See also Workers Party/communists Conference on Jewish Material Claims against Germany, 2, 292, 298 Council of Europe, 256-58, 260, 263, 282. See also Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) Council of Ministers, Bulgarian, 6, 32, 44,48, 56, 61, 87, 207, 236, 258, 290, 317-18 Dannecker, Theodor, 6, 38, 72nl65, 149-50,154,168,170, 176nl26, 177-78,185, 258, 317 Danova, Nadia, 270-71, 330-31 Davidov, Ncso, 126-27 Dccev, Stefan, 271 deportation, Jews, 1, 4, 6-10, 12, 16, 22-23, 37-38,42, 46-47, 52-54, 56, 64, 70, 73, 80, 99,102,115, 118,130,134,136-37,142-47, 149-50, 154-55, 158,161,163, 164,166,168,171,173-74, 17677,179, 182,184-86,188-89, 191, 193, 196,198, 201-202, 207, 210, 213, 235, 239, 251-53, 257-58, 263, 270-71, 273, S» 371 280-81, 290, 295, 299-304, 308, 310, 314-21, 324-26, 329-31 Deutsche Film Aktiengesellschaft (DEFA), 80-82, 84, 86, 8990,95-97,99, 118,121,178, 180 Oeveti krug (film), 130 Deyanova, Liliana, 93n45, 255nll4 Dimitrov, Filip, 287 Dimitrov, Georgi, 30nl4, 34-35, 42, 80,93, 188,237 Dimitrov, Ilco, 196, 236, 267 Drama, 15, 47, 60nl08, 143-44, 146,153, 155, 173, 185 Dupnica,
146,149,153-55, 252 Eastern bloc, 127, 134, 181,195, 205, 322 Eastern Europe, 9, 12-13, 19, 23, 82, 84-85,134,138,166,182, 190, 205-6, 214-16, 228, 233, 254, 265, 282-83, 322. See also Eastern bloc eastern front, 161-62, 189, 315-16 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 58, 94 Eichmann, Adolf, 6, 19, 23, 84, 150, 163-64,176nl26,185, 317 Elsaesser, Thomas, 99 Eselonite na smärtta (film), 197 European Commission, 250, 263, 282-84, 286, 289-90, 30 European Council, 283-84, 289-90, 306, 309 European Parliament, 235, 259, 263, 282-84,286-88, 301 European Union (EU), 24, 232, 247, 261, 263, 282, 284-86, 288, 290, 301, 308-9. See also European Council; European Commission; European Parliament Evrejski Vesti, 41, 65, 71-72, 170, 216, 218-20, 223, 228, 230
372 ί* INDEX expropriation, Jewish properties, 61, 271. Sec also Aryanization fascism, 20,23-24, 31, 54, 57, 60, 62-63, 69, 71-72, 75, 93, 11516,118,120, 122-26, 135, 167, 184,188, 192, 215, 217, 221-23, 225,311,321 Fatherland Front, 17, 22, 28, 32, 36, 40-42,44-45,48-49, 52, 64, 69-73, 87, 94, 117, 170, 215, 321 Federation of Jewish Communities in Yugoslavia, 274 Filov, Bogdan, 6, 37n41, 55,157, 163,174, 177, 184, 186, 229, 253 forced assimilation campaign (Turks and other Muslims in Bulgaria), 218-19, 228n61,246, 250, 311 forced labor, Jewish, 37-38,40-41, 47, 52, 63, 66, 70, 7011156, 73, 99,118, 271, 292, 298, 305, 309, 321 France, 4, 6, 14, 58, 80, 87nl9, 98, 149,166, 195, 289, 309, 30911178,313,319 Frankfurt-am-Main, 150,159-65, 170-71,178, 206 Frohriep, Jürgen, 102 Fund for the Holocaust of the Jews of Macedonia/ Macedonian Jewish Holocaust Fund, 293, 296 Gabrovski, Petàr, 6, 31n41, 56, 58, 158,163,186, 207, 253,295 Ganev, Hristo, 91, 97,128 Gebirtig, Mordechai, 103 Germany, 13-14, 37, 53, 56, 67, 83, 84, 87, 97, 99, 123, 144,168, 190,191, 225, 241, 242, 253, 265, 288, 292, 314, 316-17, 31920, 326, 330 Germany, East/GDR, 12, 23, 83, 84-85, 87, 89-90, 92, 93, 95-96, 99, 121-22, 195,288 Germany, Wcst/FGR, 12, 21, 23-24, 28, 84-85, 89-90, 93, 95-96, 118, 121-22,135,138,140,15960, 163-64, 167,179,181-82, 190, 193, 322 Gestapo, 6, 56, 319nl6 Ginev, Martin, 91, 116, 121, 123-24, 126 Giovanna (Joanna) Queen, 169, 184, 225,235 Goccv, Venelin, 120 Goma Dzumaja, 99, 143—44, 153-55, 157, 173 Great Britain, 35, 265 Greece, 4, 5, 7,16, 19, 23, 35, 37, 42, 46,47,103,125, 143-45,
153,185,198, 208,213,234, 262, 267, 273, 278, 285, 290, 294-95, 297-98; see also North ern Greece, 99, 101, 118, 137, 146,152,173,193, 304, 317-18, 325,329-30 Grinberg, Natan, 41, 75, 149, 154, 165-67 Grossman, Vasily, 94 Gruevski, Nikola, 262, 279, 307 Hananel, Aser, 166 Harareet, Haya, 128 Ha-Shomer Ha-Tsair, 64nl27 historiography, 19, 63, 222, 229; communist historiography, 4, 5, 63, 191; postcommunist historiog raphy, 21, 31,264-80 Holiolcev, Vasil, 91, 92, 149, 149n30, 157-58, 171. See also Holioltschew Holioltschew, 171 Holocaust (television series), 200
INDEX Hungarian revolution (1956), 12, 23, 91 Hungary, Ini, 7,17n38, 54, 65, 67nl41, 85,94,128,161,163, 195,198, 214, 219, 241, 283, 286 Icroham, David, 40, 44, 71,126 Institute for Jewish Affairs (IJA), World Jewish Congress, 166, 322 Institute for Study of the Recent Past, 267-68 International Auschwitz Council, 304 International Center on Minority Problems and Intercultural Rela tions (IMIR), 266 International Holocaust Remem brance Alliance (IHRA), 208, 304-6, 312 loanid, Radu, 144 Israel, 7, 8, 11, 13-14, 16-18, 23, 25, 27, 63-64, 74, 77, 84, 94, 140, 144,157,163-64,166,168-69, 181, 183-84,195-96, 200, 2056, 208, 212, 215, 217, 219-20, 229, 232-35,240, 245, 254, 259, 293, 295-96, 298, 310, 321-22 Italy, Ini, 4n7, 6, 37, 97nl9, 195, 234, 254-55 Jasarov, Nisim, 253 Jewish Agency for Palestine, 43n62, 68,70-71 Jewish Antifascist Committee (Soviet), 94 Jewish Central Consistory, 17, 40, 42-44,49,62n61,66nl39, 70-71, 73, 75, 77,94,126,166, 208,216 Jewish Cultural House/House of Jew ish Culture, 71,183,188-89 8» 373 Jewish Historical Museum in Bcgrade, 147, 296 Jewish municipalities, 68, 70, 94, 252, 317, 324 “Jewish question,” 5, 37n41, 42, 53-54, 56, 67-8, 71, 227-28, 251,257,313-14 Jewish Scientific Institute, 94, 208 Jewish section of the Fatherland Front, 40-41,94 Kalicin, Jaroslav, 46-47, 54, 59nl06, 149-50,155-56 Kaminska, Ida, 131 Karlovy Vary festival, 128 Kiril, Metropolitan, 212 Kirilov, Evgeni, 281, 288 Kjustcndil, 6, 236, 251, 252-54, 259 Kolhaase, Wolfgang, 84, 96, 122 Kolonomos, Zamila, 297nl37 Komotini, 144 Kovaccv, Andrej, 281-82, 288 Krusarska, Sasa,
101, 129 Kulturbund zur Demokratischen Erneuerung Deutschlands, 89 Kurtev, Vladimir, 254nl09 Law for the Defense of the Nation (ZZN), 58, 60, 93n45, 201, 243, 251,318 Lindeperg, Sylvie, 99, 134 Lorn, 21, 37,143-44,146, 150,15456,171-73, 177, 181, 185-86, 193,212, 318, 329-30 Lukov, general, 209, 229, 302. See also “Lukov March” “Lukov March,” 209, 302 Luleva, Ana, 271 Macedonia (today North Macedonia), 1,14,19, 24, 37,42,47-48, 53,
374 s* INDEX Macedonia (continued) 56, 69, 146-47, 173-74, 177, 189, 196,198, 203, 208, 212-13, 234, 241, 243, 258, 261-64, 267, 274, 276-77, 280-82, 285-86, 288-89, 291-98, 300, 303-4, 306-9, 317, 319, 322, 325. See alsoWtdzr Macedonia; Socialist Republic of Macedonia Macedonia, Eastern (Greece), 4 Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts (MANU), 280 Maetzig, Kurt, 92, 118 Makabi^ 64nl27 Memorial Center for the Holocaust of the Jews in Macedonia/Holocaust Memorial Center for the Jews of Macedonia, 147, 202-3, 208, 212, 291-99, 305 Memorial de la Shoah, 1, 2, 130nl32, 291,297 Mevorah, Nisim, 119, 132, 133nl36 Mihalev, Petar, 254 Mircev, Nikola, 79, 123 Mitrevski, Darko, 280 Mitterrand, François, 3 Molhov, Jako, 116, 133 Monopol Tobacco Warehouse (Sko pje), 1, 212 Musanov, Nikola, 39, 40n50, 60, 186, 229n63, 244 Natan, Zak, 40,42, 52, 60, 62, 71-72, 77 National Assembly, Bulgaria, 6, 24, 37, 39,186,192, 207nl, 209, 215,232, 235-36, 238, 240, 242, 245,247-49, 252-53, 255-57, 273, 287,289, 299-300, 302; see also parliament National Movement Simeon II (NDSV), 240n91,287 nation-state(s), 15 NATO, 90, 236, 286,289, 307-8 Nazism, 39, 84, 89,92,120-22,160, 163, 190, 205, 260, 283-84,292, 295, 310, 321; Nazi(s), 1-4,6,7, 12, 22, 27, 31-32, 54, 66, 76-77, 82,90, 92,93, 98, 99,115-16, 119-23, 125,134, 138, 140,15861, 167, 174,184-85,188,192, 197-98, 201,204-5, 223, 229, 238, 243^4, 248, 270, 273,284, 299, 300, 303, 306, 311, 316-17, 319, 321; Nazi Germany, 5, 10, 77, 158,176, 224, 229, 244,270, 273, 299, 315; neo-Nazis, 209, 302 Neuilly, Treaty of, 3, 316 New Bulgarian University, 267
“new kingdom,” 5,46, 56, 72, 77, 251, 314, 318, 322, 330 Night and Fog (film), 84, 99-100 Nissim Gabriele, 254, 257-58 nondeportation, 7, 52, 76nl74,140, 164,166, 193, 208nl, 213, 300, 320, 325 Northern Greece, 99,101,118,137, 146,152, 173, 193, 304, 317-18, 325, 329-30 Nuremberg International Military Tri als, 28, 77, 158, 167, 315, 329 Obchod na korze (film), 131 occupied territories, 1, 4, 6-8,13-14, 16, 22-23, 26, 32, 37,40, 52, 54, 56,134, 137, 166,193, 207,210, 235-36, 255, 264, 270-71, 273, 295,298, 303, 309-10, 314-16, 318, 329; Greece, 5, 46, 99, 115, 145, 253, 329; Macedonia, 198; Thrace, 198; Yugoslavia, 46,145, 329; occupied country, 77, 225,
INDEX 299; occupied people, 77; occu pied states, 163 “old kingdom,” 5, 6, 7, 22-23, 25, 35,39,46-47,53, 54n91, 56, 152, 196,201,251,295, 313, 318, 321,32 Oliver, Haim, 169,183-85,190, 192, 196, 200 Organization of the Jews in Bulgaria Salom, 208-10, 217, 219, 236, 266nl0, 268, 273,299, 300, 302, 305-6, 312, 322, 329 Orthodox Church (Bulgarian), 2, 6, 8,186,198, 209-10, 212, 225, 229, 244,270, 295, 300-301, 303, 313 Oskar, Aleksandar, 209, 299 parliament, 6, 8,44, 56, 58, 60, 75, 143, 208-9, 224,230,235, 24041, 244, 253-54, 256-58, 289, 301, 304,313 Parliamentary Assembly of the Coun cil of Europe (PACE), 257, 259, 287 partisan movement, 4, 16, 20, 32-34, 36,41,45,75-76, 84,91,93, 97,115-18,162,183,192, 221, 225-26, 250, 274, 276, 278-79, 2970137 People’s Court, 17, 22, 26, 28-30, 32-33, 35-36,40-42,8, 50-51, 54, 57, 60, 62-63, 68-69, 72-73, 75, 77-78, 99,133nl36,149-50, 166-68,186, 196, 201, 206, 226, 242, 244—15, 251, 253, 258, 269 persecution: of Jews by the Nazis, 76, 163, 168, 185, 278; of Jews in Bulgarian-held territories, 4, 9, 10,19-20,23, 25-28, 30-31, 37, 39, 42-13,46, 54-55, 57-59, 61, 70, 73, 77, 83,92,98,115,118, s» 375 124,130, 132,134-35,186, 211, 213, 223-24, 262, 269, 276-78, 287, 294, 296, 298, 302, 304-5, 309-11, 317, 320, 322; of Jews in Europe, 186, 191, 200-201, 320; of other minorities in Bulgaria, 218 Pesev, Dimitar, 6, 24, 39, 186, 247, 251-62,295 Petrov, Emil, 79, 126 Petrov, Georgi, 36-39, 53n85, 74 Petrov, Valeri, 119, 132, 133 Pirot, 4, 156, 208nl, 295, 303, 330, 331 Poland, 1, 6,17n38, 29nl2, 37n40, 42, 6711141,85,95,103, 119-20,
128,134,156n57, 161, 168, 170, 181,198,214,216,219, 223, 234, 241, 265116, 283, 316, 320 police: Bulgarian, 6, 33,45, 47, 75, 100,104-5, 111, 114,116-19, 124,132,142-44,146,149,15253, 155, 181, 193, 197-98, 202, 258, 269, 318, 324; other police forces, 161, 163, 186, 317-18, 329 postcommunism, 206, 214, 231 Radev, Rumen, 208, 211, 308 Radev, Vàljo, 132 Radevski, Hristo, 79, 81, 115n89, 123 Rahamimov, Manco, 17, 26,40-41, 44, 52, 57-60, 74,154 Reich (Third), 1,4, 6, 8, 29, 35, 36, 39,43, 54, 88,115,118,160-63, 165-66,176,180,187,191, 206, 241,249, 251,258, 273,299, 301,313-20, 329, 330 “rescue of the Bulgarian Jews,” 5, 7-8, 12, 17-19, 23-25,43,49, 53, 57, 73, 78, 138—10, 147,181-84, 188,190-91, 193, 195,197, 199,
376 S* INDEX “rescue of the Bulgarian Jews” {continued) 203, 207-11, 215, 220-21, 22328, 231, 235-36, 240, 242, 244, 246, 250-51, 254, 257, 259-60, 263, 269, 272-73, 284, 288, 299, 300, 328nl53, 305nl63, 310, 312, 316, 320, 322 Resnais, Alain, 84 Robinson, Nehemiah, 166, 322 Romania, Ini, 7, 17n38, 25, 54, 67nl41,85, 95,161,163,241, 269, 284, 286, 298, 315n6 Ruckhaberle, Dieter, 190-91, 193 Sadikarijo, Goran, 208, 296, 299 Säjuzät na ratnicite za naprcdäka na bdlgarstinata {Ratnik), 38, 58 Sendov, Blagovest, 235-36, 238, 240-43,247-48,251,326 Shamir, Shulamit, 195, 197 Siljanov, Evgeni, 227n55 Simeon II, 226, 240 Sjucmezov, Asen, 254 Serres, 47,143-44,153 Serres, Michel, 215 Skopje, 1, 47, 147-49, 150,154, 156n57, 169,173, 203, 208, 212, 239n90, 262, 275-76, 280, 282, 293-300, 302, 304-5, 325, 329, 330-31 Social, Cultural, and Educational Organization of Jews in Bulgaria ( Obstestvena kulturno- prosvetna organizacija na evreite v Narodna Republika Bdlgarija, OKPOE), 186nl55, 216-18, 220, 232, 268 Socialist Republic of Macedonia, 183, 274, 277, 285 Sofia University Press, 228-29 Sofia University Sv. Kliment Ohridski, 221-22, 236, 264, 267, 271-72, 315. See also Sofia University Press Sofia, 6,101,102, 174, 218nl68, 211nl3, 329, 330 South-West University of Blagoevgrad (Bulgaria), 271 Soviet Union, 4, 34, 85, 88, 95, 133nl36,167,183, 205, 216, 225, 315, 320-1. See also Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Sowjetische Militäradministration in Deutschland, 89 Staatliche Kunsthalle, Berlin, 146, 190 Stajnov, Petkov, 60, 244 State Commission for the Establish ment of
Crimes Committed by the Occupying Powers and Their Col laborators in 1944-1945 (Yugosla via), 276 Staudte, Wolfgang, 92 Stefan, Metropolitan, 235 àtiglic, France, 130 Stomanjakov, Hristo, 46, 52, 70 Thrace, 4, 42, 56, 143, 148, 165, 171,174,177,189,198, 243, 252, 258, 300, 303, 324, 331. See also Aegean Thrace; Western Thrace Tosev, Läcezar, 257, 287 Treblinka, 6, 53n90, 143, 167nl03, 169, 205nl99, 208n2, 241, 291, 294nl32, 295,297, Treto poluvreme/Thitd Half (film), 280 Troeva, Evgenjia, 271 Union of Bulgarian Jews in Israel, 210 Union of Democratic Forces (SDS), 219, 223, 236, 239, 242, 287
INDEX Union of Soviet Socialist Republies (USSR), 32, 35-36, 40, 66, 85, 87, 90, 99,122,134,164,169, 181,183,217, 222, 227 United Jewish Appeal, 195 United Kingdom, 36. See also Great Britain United States, 7-8, 13-4, 19, 21, 24-25, 36,43,134,140,144, 164,182, 195,199,200, 205, 215, 220, 226-27, 232-34, 247, 254, 265,291,293, 296, 300, 321, 326 United States Holocaust Memorial Museul (USHMM), 2, 21-22, 141,143,144, 200,212,233, 254, 293, 298 United Zionist Organization (ECO), 65, 69-71 Universum-Film Aktiengesellschaft (UFA), 88-89,96,124 USC Shoah Foundation/Shoah Visual History Foundation, 213, 233, 294 Vapcarov, Nikola, 93 Vardar Macedonia, 4, 47, 146, 14849,152, 173, 234, 252, 276, 29495, 303, 317-18, 324, 329-31 Velkov, Zahari, 47, 59nl06 Velodrome d’hiver, Paris, 3 Vichy regime, 4, 313 Visual Holocaust, 7, 10-12, 21-22, 25, 82-84,103-34,137-58, 323-28 VMRO (Internal Macedonian Revo lutionary Organization), post-1989 political formation, 239, 279, 297n3 VMRO (Internal Macedonian Revo lutionary Organization) pre-1989, 278-79 s* 377 VMRO-DPMNE (Internal Macedo nian Revolutionary OrganizationDemocratic Party for Macedonian National Unity), 262, 278, 280, 282,307 Wagenstein, Angel, 23, 80, 81n4, 93-94, 96, 98, 98n63, 64-65, 99, 99n70,101n73,103-4,114, 117-18, 121, 125,125nll5,128, 135-36, 148, 149n28,178, 180, 180nl35,183, 186nl52,190-93, 218-19,236,322 Wehrmacht, 4, 65, 119-21, 148n26, 159 Western Thrace, 4, 295 Wieviorka, Annette, 200 Wolf, Friedrich, 92, 98 Wolf, Konrad, 23, 80, 83,92, 96-99, 101,116,120, 123-4, 128, 133, 135, 322 Workers Party/communists, 32, 34,
42,44,49, 60, 69, 71,74-75 World Jewish Congress (WJC), 3, 43, 43n63, 195, 208-9, 293, 300, 302-3, 312, 322 World War II, 1,4-5, 7, 8, 9,12,14, 16, 19, 20, 23, 29, 39, 66, 82-84, 93, 98,117, 135,137,164,188, 197, 200, 204-6, 213, 215, 218, 220, 222-24, 228, 232, 238, 240, 244, 247, 251, 261, 270-71, 275, 277, 281,292, 295, 298, 301, 303, 311, 313-14, 320-23 Xanthi, 144,148 Yad Vashem, 2, 39n49, 164-65, 169, 196,198-99, 210, 235, 254, 269, 291,295,297, 312, 329 Yosha, Nissim, 234
378 S* INDEX Yugoslavia, 1,4, 7, 16, 34-35,47, 65-66,130,146, 183, 198, 213, 234,262, 273-74, 276-79, 282, 285, 294, 298, 304, 321, 329-30 Zandov, Zahari, 93 Zelev Zelju, 266 Zeljazkova, Binka, 91, 97 Zhivkov, Todor, 19, 24,90,182,189, 192, 195-97, 202, 205, 216, 218, 220-21, 225, 228, 231, 247, 266, 310, 322 Zhivkova, Ljudmila, 182, 190 Zionists, 18,40, 62-7, 69-71, 168, 216,233; leftwing, 40, 67, 233; revisionists, 74, 164 Znepolski, Ivajlo, 266 Zveno, 33,40,48, 60 Zvezdi/Sterne (film), 80, 82-5, 91-92, 96,98-100,103, 116-19, 121-25,129-32,134-36,138, 178-79, 201, 325-26 |
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| geographic | Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Bulgarien |
| id | DE-604.BV048927645 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:56:24Z |
| indexdate | 2024-12-13T05:00:07Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781648250705 164825070X |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034191659 |
| oclc_num | 1409494182 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-12 |
| physical | xxiv, 378 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20240315 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | University of Rochester Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Rochester studies in East and Central Europe |
| series2 | Rochester studies in East and Central Europe |
| spelling | Ragaru, Nadège 1971- Verfasser (DE-588)1198937734 aut Bulgaria, the Jews, and the Holocaust on the origins of a heroic narrative Nadège Ragaru ; translated by Victoria Baena and David A. Rich Rochester, NY University of Rochester Press 2023 xxiv, 378 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Rochester studies in East and Central Europe 32 Die Bandangabe wurde der Verlagswebseite entnommen. Geschichte 1945- gnd rswk-swf Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd rswk-swf Judenverfolgung Motiv (DE-588)4136040-0 gnd rswk-swf Deportation (DE-588)4011467-3 gnd rswk-swf Geschichtspolitik (DE-588)1041864515 gnd rswk-swf Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 gnd rswk-swf Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 g Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 s Deportation (DE-588)4011467-3 s Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 s DE-604 Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 s Geschichtspolitik (DE-588)1041864515 s Judenverfolgung Motiv (DE-588)4136040-0 s Geschichte 1945- z Baena, Victoria (DE-588)1322574855 trl Rich, David A. (DE-588)1044409215 trl Rochester studies in East and Central Europe 32 (DE-604)BV014020057 32 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034191659&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034191659&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034191659&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Ragaru, Nadège 1971- Bulgaria, the Jews, and the Holocaust on the origins of a heroic narrative Rochester studies in East and Central Europe Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd Judenverfolgung Motiv (DE-588)4136040-0 gnd Deportation (DE-588)4011467-3 gnd Geschichtspolitik (DE-588)1041864515 gnd Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 gnd Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4200793-8 (DE-588)4136040-0 (DE-588)4011467-3 (DE-588)1041864515 (DE-588)4028814-6 (DE-588)4079167-1 (DE-588)4008866-2 |
| title | Bulgaria, the Jews, and the Holocaust on the origins of a heroic narrative |
| title_auth | Bulgaria, the Jews, and the Holocaust on the origins of a heroic narrative |
| title_exact_search | Bulgaria, the Jews, and the Holocaust on the origins of a heroic narrative |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Bulgaria, the Jews, and the Holocaust on the origins of a heroic narrative |
| title_full | Bulgaria, the Jews, and the Holocaust on the origins of a heroic narrative Nadège Ragaru ; translated by Victoria Baena and David A. Rich |
| title_fullStr | Bulgaria, the Jews, and the Holocaust on the origins of a heroic narrative Nadège Ragaru ; translated by Victoria Baena and David A. Rich |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bulgaria, the Jews, and the Holocaust on the origins of a heroic narrative Nadège Ragaru ; translated by Victoria Baena and David A. Rich |
| title_short | Bulgaria, the Jews, and the Holocaust |
| title_sort | bulgaria the jews and the holocaust on the origins of a heroic narrative |
| title_sub | on the origins of a heroic narrative |
| topic | Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd Judenverfolgung Motiv (DE-588)4136040-0 gnd Deportation (DE-588)4011467-3 gnd Geschichtspolitik (DE-588)1041864515 gnd Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 gnd Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kollektives Gedächtnis Judenverfolgung Motiv Deportation Geschichtspolitik Judenverfolgung Zweiter Weltkrieg Bulgarien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034191659&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034191659&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034191659&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV014020057 |
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