Neuroscience:
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| Other Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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New York
Oxford University Press
[2024]
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| Edition: | Seventh international edition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Item Description: | "Editor emeritus: Dale Purves" - Frontcover Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | xvi, 839, A32, AT17, G37, BR16, IC18, I26 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9780197572511 9780197616246 9780197616253 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Neuroscience |c editors George J. Augustine, Jennifer M. Groh, Scott A. Huettel, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, Leonard E. White |
| 250 | |a Seventh international edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York |b Oxford University Press |c [2024] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2024 | |
| 300 | |a xvi, 839, A32, AT17, G37, BR16, IC18, I26 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 500 | |a "Editor emeritus: Dale Purves" - Frontcover | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
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Record in the Search Index
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Contents CHAPTER 1 Studying the Nervous System 1 Overview 1 Neurons and Glia Are the Primary Cell Types of All Nervous Systems 2 Neurons Are Interconnected in Ensembles Called Neural Circuits 9 Circuits That Process Related Information Constitute a Neural System 15 The Genome Controls Brain Organization and Function 20 ■ BOX IA I Model Organisms in Neuroscience 24 Neural Circuits and Systems Can Be Analyzed in the Human Brain 26 Summary 32 Additional Reading 33 w Unit I Neural Signaling 35 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 Electrical Signals of Nerve Cells 37 Overview 37 Nerve Cells Generate Electrical Signals to Encode Information 37 Neuronal Electrical Signals Can Be Transmitted Over Long Distances 39 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Anesthesia and Neuronal Electrical Signaling 41 Ion Movements Produce Electrical Signals 44 Electrical and Chemical Forces Create Membrane Potentials 45 Potassium Ions Generate the Resting Membrane Potential 47 ■ BOX 2A I The Remarkable Giant Nerve Cells of Squid 48 More Than One Type of Permeant Ion Can Generate Electrical Signals 49 Action Potentials Arise from Sequential Changes in Sodium and Potassium Permeability 51 ■ BOX 2B I Action Potential Form and Nomenclature 52 Summary 53 Additional Reading Voltage-Dependent Membrane Permeability 54 Overview 54 Ion Currents Flow across Nerve Cell Membranes 54 ■ BOX ЗА I The Voltage Clamp Method Depolarization Activates Two Types of VoltageDependent Ion Currents 56 Voltage-Dependent Ion Currents Arise from Two Voltage-Dependent Membrane Conductances 59 Action Potentials Can Be Reconstructed Based on the Properties of
Voltage-Dependent Na+ and K+ Conductances 60 Action Potentials Enable Long-Distance Electrical Signaling 62 Myelination Increases Action Potential Conduction Velocity 64 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Multiple Sclerosis 67 Summary 68 Additional Reading 53 55 69
viii Contents CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 6 Ion Channels and Transporters 70 Neurotransmitters and Their Receptors 122 Overview 70 Ion Channels Generate Electrical Currents ■ BOX 4A I The Patch Clamp Method 70 72 ■ BOX 4B ļ Toxins That Poison Ion Channels 75 There Are Many Types of Ion Channels 76 Ions Permeate through Channels via Ion-Selective Pores 78 Molecular Specializations Permit Gating of Ion Channels by Different Types of Stimuli 80 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Neurological Diseases Caused by Altered Ion Channels 82 Active Transporters Create and Maintain Ion Gradients 86 Summary 90 Additional Reading 91 CHAPTER 5 Synaptic Transmission 93 Overview 93 There Are Two Mechanisms of Synaptic Signaling 94 Calcium Ions Regulate the Release of Discrete Packets of Neurotransmitters 98 A Cycle of Membrane Trafficking Is Responsible for Neurotransmitter Release 101 Many Proteins Are Required for Synaptic Vesicle Trafficking 104 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Disorders That Affect the Presynaptic Terminal 107 There Are Two Families of Neurotransmitter Receptors 110 Postsynaptic Membrane Permeability Changes during Synaptic Transmission 111 Postsynaptic Ion Fluxes Determine Whether Synapses Are Excitatory or Inhibitory 116 ■ BOX 5A I The Tripartite Synapse Summary 120 Additional Reading 121 119 Overview 122 There Are Many Neurotransmitters 122 Acetylcholine Serves as the Prototype Neurotransmitter 124 Μ BOX 6A I Neurotoxins That Act on Neurotransmitter Receptors 126 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Myasthenia Gravis: An Autoimmune Disease of Neuromuscular Synapses 129 Glutamate Is the Main Excitatory -
Neurotransmitter 131 GABA and Glycine Are Inhibitory Transmitters 135 ■ BOX 6B I Excitatory Actions of GABA in the Developing Brain 138 Biogenic Amines Are Neuromodulatory Transmitters 140 ATP and Other Purines Can Serve as Co Transmitters 145 Neuropeptides Are Exceptionally Diverse Neurotransmitters 146 Interneuronal Signaling Can Also Occur via Unconventional Neurotransmitters 149 ■ BOX 6C ļ Marijuana and the Brain Summary 153 Additional Reading 153 150 CHAPTER 7 Molecular Signaling within Neurons 155 Overview 155 There Are Several Modes of Chemical Signaling 155 Cellular Responses Are Determined by Several Families of Receptors 158 G-Proteins Connect Receptor Activation to Intracellular Signaling Pathways 159 Second Messengers Are Involved in Many Intracellular Signaling Pathways 161 ■ BOX 7A I Dynamic Imaging of Intracellular Signaling 163 Intracellular Signaling Often Involves Adding or Removing Phosphates from Proteins 165
Contents ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Molecular Basis of Psychiatric Disorders 169 ■ BOX 7B I Dendritic Spines 171 Long-Lasting Responses Involve Changes in Nuclear Signaling 172 There Are Many Ways to Signal Changes in Neuronal Structure and Function 175 Summary 177 Additional Reading 178 CHAPTER 8 Synaptic Plasticity 179 Overview 179 Some Forms of Synaptic Plasticity Last for a Few Minutes or Less 179 Synaptic Plasticity Can Produce Long-Lasting Changes in Behavior 182 ¡X И BOX 8A I Genetics of Learning and Memory in the Fruit Fly 186 Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity Is Found in the Mammalian Hippocampus 186 NMDA-Туре Glutamate Receptors Serve as Coincidence Detectors for Hippocampal LongTerm Potentiation 189 Μ BOX 8B I Silent Synapses 193 Long-Term Depression Weakens Synapses via Multiple Mechanisms 194 Some Forms of Plasticity Depend on the Timing of Synaptic Activity 197 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Epilepsy: The Effect of Pathological Activity on Neural Circuitry 198 Summary 200 Additional Reading 200 Unit II Sensation and Sensory Processing 203 CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 10 Vision 205 Hearing 236 Overview 205 Overview The Eye Collects Light and Focuses It onto Specialized Photoreceptive Cells 205 Photoreceptors Convert Light into Electrical Signals in the Retina 209 ■ BOX 9A I The Importance of Context in Color Perception 215 Retinal Circuitry Extracts Information about Features of the Visual Scene 216 Μ BOX 9B I The Perception of Light Intensity 220 Retinal Ganglion Cells Convey Feature Information to the Brain 221 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Visual Field Deficits 223 Visual Centers in the
Cerebral Cortex Detect Increasingly Complex Visual Features 227 Optimizing Vision and Visual Behaviors Requires Autonomic, Motor, and Cognitive Control 231 Summary 233 Additional Reading 234 236 Sound Is a Pressure Wave Composed of Different Frequencies Important for Speech, Music, and Other Natural Sounds 236 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Hearing Loss: Causes and Treatments 238 The Structures of the Ear Filter the Frequencies of Sound and Transmit Vibrations from Air to Fluid 240 Sound Waves Are Transduced into Neural Signals by Cochlear Hair Cells 245 ■ BOX 10A I The Sweet Sound of Distortion 247 Transduction Is Controlled by Active Mechanisms Involving Middle Ear Muscles and Cochlear Outer Hair Cells 248 Auditory Pathways Involve Signals Traveling Bilaterally and in Both Feedforward and Feedback Directions 250 Auditory Perception Involves the Synthesis of Multiple Aspects of Sound 252
X Contents Neural Codes for Sound Frequency Are Based on Resonance and Synchrony 252 Sounds Are Localized Based on Frequency, Relative Loudness, and Relative Time of Arrival at the Ears 255 Hearing Coordinates with Vision via Numerous Signal Transformations and Robust Intersensory Cross-talk 257 Summary 258 Additional Reading 259 A Variety of Neural Pathways Convey Different Aspects of Somatosensory Information to the Brain 289 ■ BOX 12A I Specialized Mechanosensation in Animals 296 Central Representations of the Body Are Plastic and Modified by Experience 298 Somatosensory Dysfunction Is an Important Factor in Multiple Diseases 299 Summary 300 Additional Reading 301 CHAPTER 11 The Vestibular System 261 CHAPTER 13 Overview 261 The Vestibular System Helps Us Sense Our Position and Movement in Space 261 The Utricle and the Saccule Sense Static Tilt and Dynamic Linear Movements 263 The Semicircular Canals Sense Rotations of the Head in Three Dimensions 266 The Vestibular System Works with Visual Cues to Evaluate Self Motion and to Stabilize Eye Gaze 269 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS CLINICAL Evaluation of the Vestibular System 271 The Brain Synthesizes Information to Support Perception of Translational and Rotational Movements and Maintain Equilibrium 273 Μ BOX 11A Į Mauthner Cells in Fish Summary 274 276 Additional Reading Τ1Ί CHAPTER 12 Touch and Proprioception 278 Overview 278 Mechanical Forces on the Skin Are Conveyed to the CNS via an Array of Somatosensory Afferent Neurons 278 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Dermatomes 280 Somatosensory Afferent Neurons Form Specialized Endings and
Interact with Other Mechanosensitive Cells in the Skin 284 Sensory Transduction from the Skin Involves Converting Mechanical Forces into Electrical Signals 287 Proprioception Involves Sensing Forces in Muscles, Joints, and Connective Tissue 288 Pain and Temperature 303 Overview 303 Potentially Damaging Stimuli Are Detected by Nociceptors 303 Noxious Stimuli Are Transduced into Neural Signals via Various Ion Channel Receptors 305 ■ BOX 13A I Capsaicin 306 Central Pain Pathways Are Distinct from Mechanosensory Pathways and Transmit Different Aspects of Pain in Parallel 307 ■ BOX 13B I Referred Pain 309 И BOX 13C I A Dorsal Column Pathway for Visceral Pain 310 Signals from a Variety of Innocuous Stimuli, as Well as From Internal Organs, Are Also Carried by Pain Pathways 314 Sensitivity to Pain Is Subjective and Can Be Modified by a Variety of Factors 315 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Phantom Limbs and Phantom Pain Summary 322 Additional Reading 318 322 CHAPTER 14 Olfaction 324 Overview 324 The Olfactory and Vomeronasal Systems Process Airborne Molecules That Influence a Wide Range of Behaviors 325 Olfactory and Vomeronasal Transduction Occurs via G-Protein-Coupled Receptors 327 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Only One Nose 329 ■ BOX 14A I The "Dogtor" Is In 335
Contents Olfactory and Vomeronasal Information Is Relayed Directly to the Main and Accessory Olfactory Bulbs, and from There to Multiple Forebrain Targets 341 In Many Species, Including Humans, Olfactory Capacity Reflects the Size and Complexity of the Olfactory System 348 Summary 354 Additional Reading 355 CHAPTER 15 Taste 356 Overview 356 Detection of Taste Qualities Is Mediated by Specialized Cells in the Taste Buds and Conveyed to the Brain by Three Cranial Nerves 356 x¡ ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Ageusia and Dysgeusia: Taste Loss and Taste Alterations from COVID-19 361 Я BOX 15A I Extraoral Taste Receptors and the Microbiome 364 Gustatory Information Flows to the Brain through Diverging and Converging Pathways and is Encoded via the Spatio-Temporal Firing Patterns of Neurons 365 Perception of Food and Beverages Also Involves Olfaction, Somatosensation, Audition, and Vision 369 Palatability or Aversiveness of a Food Is Mediated by the Gustatory and Limbic Systems and Can Be Modified by Experience 372 Summary 374 Additional Reading 375 Unit III Movement and Its Central Control 377 CHAPTER 16 CHAPTER 17 Lower Motor Neuron Circuits and Motor Control 379 Upper Motor Neuron Control of the Brainstem and Spinal Cord 403 Overview 379 Interacting Subsystems in the CNS Make Essential and Distinct Contributions to Motor Control 379 Lower Motor Neurons in the Spinal Cord and Brainstem Map the Body's Musculature 381 Motor Units of Varying Size Produce Appropriate Movements 383 ■ BOX 16A I Motor Unit Plasticity 385 Local Circuitry Mediates Reflexes That Rapidly Adjust Muscle Tension in
Response to Sensory Input 389 Local Circuitry Coordinates the Output of Lower Motor Neurons for Rhythmic, Stereotyped Behavior 394 ■ BOX 16B I Locomotion in the Leech and the Lamprey 395 Damage to Lower Motor Neurons Results in "Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome" 399 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Summary 401 Additional Reading 401 399 Overview 403 Upper Motor Neurons Give Rise to Lateral Tracts in the Spinal Cord that Govern Skilled Movements and Medial Tracts that Influence Posture, Balance, and Locomotion 404 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Patterns of Facial Weakness and Their Importance for Localizing Neurological Injury 408 Neurons in the Primary Motor Cortex Encode Intentions for Body Movements in Central Personal Space 409 ■ BOX 17A I What Do Motor Maps Represent? 411 Neurons in the Premotor Cortex Encode Intentions for Body Movements that Are Oriented toward Extrapersonal Space 414 ■ BOX 17B I Minds and Machines 415 Upper Motor Neurons in the Brainstem Help Maintain Balance, Govern Posture, Initiate Locomotion, and Orient Visual Gaze 419 ■ BOX 17C I The Reticular Formation 422
xii Contents Damage to Upper Motor Neurons Produces "Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome" 425 ■ BOX 17D I Muscle Tone Summary 428 Additional Reading 427 428 CHAPTER 18 Modulation of Movement by the Basal Ganglia 430 Overview 430 The Basal Ganglia Comprise a Set of Nuclei Deep in the Cerebral Hemispheres 431 ■ BOX 18A I Basal Ganglia Loops and Non Motor Brain Functions 433 ■ BOX 18B I Making and Breaking Habits 435 The Basal Ganglia Influence Movement by Regulating the Activity of Upper Motor Neuronal Circuits 437 Direct and Indirect Pathways Regulate the Initiation of Voluntary Movement and the Suppression of Unwanted Movement 440 Dopamine Modulates Basal Ganglia Circuits by Increasing or Decreasing the Excitability of Medium Spiny Neurons 442 Hypokinetic Movement Disorders Are Associated with Excessive Inhibition of Motor Nuclei in the Thalamus and Brainstem 443 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Deep Brain Stimulation 445 Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders Are Associated with Insufficient Inhibition of Motor Nuclei in the Thalamus and Brainstem 447 Summary 449 Additional Reading 449 CHAPTER 19 Modulation of Movement by the Cerebellum 451 Overview 451 The Cerebellum Comprises Three Major Subdivisions: The Cerebrocerebellum, Spinocerebellum, and Vestibulocerebellum 451 The Cerebellar Hemispheres Coordinate Movements of the Ipsilateral Body 453 Efferent Output from the Cerebellum to the Brainstem and Thalamus Originates in the Deep Cerebellar Nuclei and the Vestibulocerebellum 455 Purkinje Neurons Integrate Afferent Input and Modulate the Output of Deep Cerebellar Nuclei 458 The Cerebellum
Coordinates Ongoing Movement by Reducing Motor Error 462 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Prion Diseases 463 Cerebellar Injury Compromises the Coordination of Movement, with or without Impacts on Cognitive or Affective Regulation 465 ■ BOX 19A I Genetic Analysis of Cerebellar Function 466 Summary 469 Additional Reading 470 ’ CHAPTER 20 Eye Movements and Sensorimotor Integration 471 Overview 471 Eye Movements Are Necessary to Acquire and Foveate a New Visual Target and to Maintain Foveal Fixation 471 ■ BOX 20A I The Perception of Stabilized Retinal Images 472 Eye Movements Are Generated around Three Axes of Rotation by Three Pairs of Striated Muscles 473 Conjugate Eye Movements Rotate the Eyes in the Same Direction, and Disconjugate Eye Movements Rotate the Eyes in Opposite Directions 475 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Eye Movements and Neurological Injury, Disease, and Disorder 477 Neural Circuits in the Cerebral Cortex and Brainstem Govern the Amplitude, Direction, and Velocity of Eye Movements 479 ■ BOX 20B I Sensorimotor Integration in the Superior Colliculus 482 ■ BOX 20C ļ From Place Codes to Rate Codes 485 Summary 488 Additional Reading 489
Contents CHAPTER 21 The Visceral Motor System 490 Overview 490 The Visceral (Autonomic) Motor System Controls Involuntary Bodily Functions 490 The Sympathetic Division Prepares the Body to Mobilize Resources in Challenging Situations 495 ■ BOX 21A I The Hypothalamus 496 The Parasympathetic Division Serves to Increase Metabolic Resources and Conserve Energy 498 The Enteric Division Is a Semi-Autonomous Network of Gastrointestinal Neurons That Promotes Digestion 501 Visceral Sensory Signals Serve Local Visceral Motor Reflexes and a Central Autonomic Network 502 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Horner's Syndrome 504 И BOX 21В I Obesity and the Brain 505 Visceral Motor Neurons Use Small-Molecule and Neuropeptide Neurotransmitters to Mediate a Variety of Effects 507 Summary 513 Additional Reading Ц Unit IV The Changing Brain CHAPTER 22 Early Brain Development 517 Overview 517 Neural Stem Cells, Derived from Pluripotent Stem Cells, Generate the Entire Nervous System 517 ■ BOX 22A I Stem Cells: Promise and Peril 519 Neural Stem Cells Generate the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems 523 Transcription Factor Patterning Regulated by Cell-Cell Signaling Establishes Distinct Brain Regions 529 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Inductive Signals and Neurodevelopmental Disorders 537 Neurogenesis Is an Irreversible Termination of the Cell Cycle That Constrains Neuron Identity 540 Nerve Cells Often Migrate from Their Site of Neurogenesis to Their Final Position 547 Summary 552 Additional Reading 554 Construction of Neural Circuits 555 Overview 555 Neural Circuit Construction Relies on Basic Mechanisms of
Cell Polarity 556 514 515 Neuronal Growth Cones Are Critical for Establishing Connections 559 Neuronal Growth and Synapse Formation Depend on Signaling Molecules 564 ■ BOX 23A I Choosing Sides: Axon Guidance at the Optic Chiasm 569 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Axon Guidance Disorders 571 Axon, Dendrite, and Synapse Development and Numbers Are Regulated by Trophic Interactions 580 BOX 23B I Why Do Neurons Have Dendrites? 586 Axon, Dendrite, and Synaptic Growth Results in Orderly Patterns of Connections, Including Topographic Maps 592 Summary 596 Additional Reading 596 CHAPTER 24 Experience-Dependent Plasticity in the Developing Brain 598 Overview CHAPTER 23 xiii 598 Electrical Activity in New Neural Circuits Determines Final Numbers and Patterns of Functional Connections 599 Electrical Activity Reflects Initial Experience and Defines Connections during Critical Periods 602
xiv Contents ■ BOX 24A I Built-In Behaviors 603 Relative Levels of Electrical Activity across Inputs Determine Final Connections in Neural Circuits 611 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Dancing in the Dark 614 Ion Channels, Neurotransmitters and Their Receptors, and Neurotrophins Regulate Activity-Dependent Circuit Development Summary 627 Additional Reading 656 CHAPTER 26 Repair and Regeneration in the Nervous System 658 621 628 CHAPTER 25 Sex Differences and Neural Circuit Development 629 Overview Summary 656 Additional Reading 629 Systemic, Secreted Signals Influence Neural Circuit Development and Maintenance 629 HI BOX 25A I The Science of Love (or. Love As a Drug) 632 Sexual Dimorphisms Reflect Systemic Signaling in Peripheral Organs and Related Neural Circuits 636 Systemic Signals Target Neurons and Circuits for Reproductive and Parenting Behaviors 642 Overview 658 Neural Tissue Has a Distinct Response to Injury and Limited Potential for Regeneration 659 The Peripheral Nervous System Retains the Capacity for Axon Regrowth and Synaptic Reinnervation 665 H BOX 26A I Specific Regeneration of Synaptic Connections in Autonomic Ganglia 674 CNS Axons and Dendrites in Most Adult Mammals Lack the Capacity for Extensive Regrowth 676 H CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Casualties of War and Sports 676 Adult Vertebrate Nervous Systems Retain Some Neural Stem Cells for Limited Replacement of Neurons 684 H BOX 26B I Nuclear Weapons and Neurogenesis 691 Summary 693 Additional Reading H CLINICAL APPLICATIONS The Good Mother 647 694 Complex Human Behaviors Are Difficult to Associate with Sex, Gender, or
Early Systemic Signaling 649 Unît V Complex Brain Functions and Cognitive Neuroscience 695 CHAPTER 27 Cognitive Functions and the Organization of the Cerebral Cortex 697 Overview 697 The Cerebral Cortices Are Organized into Subregions 697 ■ BOX 27A I Cortical Lamination 699 ■ BOX 27B I Large-Scale Neuroscience: Meta-Analyses and Consortium Studies 701 The Parietal Cortex Has Many Functions 703 The Temporal Cortex Plays a Critical Role in Object Processing 705 The Prefrontal Cortex Supports Executive Control, Planning, and Goal-Directed Action 707 ■ BOX 27C I Neuropsychological Testing H CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Psychosurgery 710 Summary 712 Additional Reading 713 708
Contents CHAPTER 28 Cortical States Overview XV CHAPTER 30 Memory 754 714 714 Circadian Cycles of Function Are Regulated by Neural Circuits 714 ■ BOX 28A I Electroencephalography 718 Sleep Supports Physiological Functions Critical for Health and Behavior 718 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Sleep Disorders and Their Treatment 720 Sleep Progresses through Stages of Brain Activity 723 Μ BOX 28B I Dreaming 726 Transitions between Sleep and Wakefulness Rely on Brain Circuits 726 Selective Impairments in Cortical Function Can Alter Conscious Experiences 731 A Distributed Set of Brain Regions Becomes Active When People Disengage from Active Tasks 735 Summary 736 Additional Reading 736 Memory Processes Can Be Categorized by Function 754 Memory Encoding Involves Creating Associations That Support Later Recall 758 I BOX 30A I Savant Syndrome 760 The Medial Temporal Lobe Supports Declarative Memory 762 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Clinical Cases That Illustrate the Neural Basis of Memory 764 Memories Are Stored in a Distributed Manner throughout the Cerebral Cortex 766 ■ BOX ЗОВ I Alzheimer's Disease 768 Μ BOX 30C I Place Cells and Grid Cells 770 Nondeclarative Memory Relies on Brain Systems Distinct from Those Supporting Declarative Memory 771 As Humans Age, Changes in the Brain Alter Memory Processes 772 Summary 773 Additional Reading 774 CHAPTER 29 Attention 738 Overview 738 Attention Prioritizes Some Stimuli over Others 738 Attention Alters Activity in Brain Regions Associated with Perception 742 Damage to Key Brain Regions Can Disrupt Attentional Processes 746 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Balint's
Syndrome 747 ■ BOX 29A I Attention and the Frontal Eye Fields 749 A Frontal-Parietal Network Supports the Allocation of Attention 750 Summary 752 Additional Reading 752 CHAPTER 31 Speech and Language 775 Overview 775 Language Production Relies on Both the Vocal Apparatus and Cortical Regions 776 ■ BOX 31A I Sign Language 778 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Clinical Presentations of Aphasia 779 Language Comprehension Relies on a Distributed Brain Network 781 ■ BOX 31B I Semantics: Extracting Meaning from Language 782 The Right Hemisphere Makes Important Contributions to Language 784 ■ BOX 31C I Language and Handedness 788 Language Development Includes a Critical Period During Childhood 790 Nonhuman Animals Exhibit Complex Communicative Abilities 792 Summary 795 Additional Reading 795
xvî Contents CHAPTER 32 CHAPTER 33 Emotion 797 Thinking, Planning, and Deciding 819 Overview 797 Overview 819 The Prefrontal Cortex Supports Processes Related to Cognitive Control 819 Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Supports Cognitive Control 822 Orbitofrontal Cortex Supports the Evaluation of the Outcomes of Behavior 825 Emotions Integrate Feelings, Physiology, and Behavior 797 Μ BOX 32A I Determination of Facial Expressions 802 The Amygdala Plays a Central Role in Emotional Processing 803 ■ BOX 32B I Anatomy of the Amygdala ■ BOX 32C I Fear and the Human Amygdala 807 The Cerebral Cortices Support Emotional Processing 811 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Affective Disorders 812 Emotions Interact with Other Cognitive Processes 815 Summary 817 Additional Reading 818 805 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Addiction 82Ó ■ BOX 33A I Dopamine and Reward Prediction Errors 828 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Supports Regulation of Activity in Other Brain Regions 832 The Anterior Insula Incorporates Information about Body States into Decision Processes 834 Posterior Cingulate Cortex Supports Internally Directed Processes 834 ■ BOX 33B I What Does Neuroscience Have to Say about Free Will? 835 Summary 838 Additional Reading 839
For over 25 years, Neuroscience has been the most comprehensive and clearly written neuroscience textbook on the market. This level of excellence continues in the Seventh Edition, with a balance of animal, human, and clinical studies that offer meaningful insight into the dynamic field of neuroscience from cellular signaling to cognitive function. This new edition appeals to both undergraduate, graduate, and medical students, as each chapter not only provides key concepts, clear learning objectives and concise sections, but also a thorough coverage of the field and presentation of new and cuttingedge research. This edition is also distinguished by its high-quality and clear illustrations, making the science come to life. Neuroscience is available in hardcover and as an enhanced e-book that features interactive art, integrated media assets, and linked access to Sylvius, which is a unique online environment for exploring the structure of the human central nervous system. |
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Contents CHAPTER 1 Studying the Nervous System 1 Overview 1 Neurons and Glia Are the Primary Cell Types of All Nervous Systems 2 Neurons Are Interconnected in Ensembles Called Neural Circuits 9 Circuits That Process Related Information Constitute a Neural System 15 The Genome Controls Brain Organization and Function 20 ■ BOX IA I Model Organisms in Neuroscience 24 Neural Circuits and Systems Can Be Analyzed in the Human Brain 26 Summary 32 Additional Reading 33 w Unit I Neural Signaling 35 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 Electrical Signals of Nerve Cells 37 Overview 37 Nerve Cells Generate Electrical Signals to Encode Information 37 Neuronal Electrical Signals Can Be Transmitted Over Long Distances 39 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Anesthesia and Neuronal Electrical Signaling 41 Ion Movements Produce Electrical Signals 44 Electrical and Chemical Forces Create Membrane Potentials 45 Potassium Ions Generate the Resting Membrane Potential 47 ■ BOX 2A I The Remarkable Giant Nerve Cells of Squid 48 More Than One Type of Permeant Ion Can Generate Electrical Signals 49 Action Potentials Arise from Sequential Changes in Sodium and Potassium Permeability 51 ■ BOX 2B I Action Potential Form and Nomenclature 52 Summary 53 Additional Reading Voltage-Dependent Membrane Permeability 54 Overview 54 Ion Currents Flow across Nerve Cell Membranes 54 ■ BOX ЗА I The Voltage Clamp Method Depolarization Activates Two Types of VoltageDependent Ion Currents 56 Voltage-Dependent Ion Currents Arise from Two Voltage-Dependent Membrane Conductances 59 Action Potentials Can Be Reconstructed Based on the Properties of
Voltage-Dependent Na+ and K+ Conductances 60 Action Potentials Enable Long-Distance Electrical Signaling 62 Myelination Increases Action Potential Conduction Velocity 64 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Multiple Sclerosis 67 Summary 68 Additional Reading 53 55 69
viii Contents CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 6 Ion Channels and Transporters 70 Neurotransmitters and Their Receptors 122 Overview 70 Ion Channels Generate Electrical Currents ■ BOX 4A I The Patch Clamp Method 70 72 ■ BOX 4B ļ Toxins That Poison Ion Channels 75 There Are Many Types of Ion Channels 76 Ions Permeate through Channels via Ion-Selective Pores 78 Molecular Specializations Permit Gating of Ion Channels by Different Types of Stimuli 80 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Neurological Diseases Caused by Altered Ion Channels 82 Active Transporters Create and Maintain Ion Gradients 86 Summary 90 Additional Reading 91 CHAPTER 5 Synaptic Transmission 93 Overview 93 There Are Two Mechanisms of Synaptic Signaling 94 Calcium Ions Regulate the Release of Discrete Packets of Neurotransmitters 98 A Cycle of Membrane Trafficking Is Responsible for Neurotransmitter Release 101 Many Proteins Are Required for Synaptic Vesicle Trafficking 104 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Disorders That Affect the Presynaptic Terminal 107 There Are Two Families of Neurotransmitter Receptors 110 Postsynaptic Membrane Permeability Changes during Synaptic Transmission 111 Postsynaptic Ion Fluxes Determine Whether Synapses Are Excitatory or Inhibitory 116 ■ BOX 5A I The Tripartite Synapse Summary 120 Additional Reading 121 119 Overview 122 There Are Many Neurotransmitters 122 Acetylcholine Serves as the Prototype Neurotransmitter 124 Μ BOX 6A I Neurotoxins That Act on Neurotransmitter Receptors 126 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Myasthenia Gravis: An Autoimmune Disease of Neuromuscular Synapses 129 Glutamate Is the Main Excitatory -
Neurotransmitter 131 GABA and Glycine Are Inhibitory Transmitters 135 ■ BOX 6B I Excitatory Actions of GABA in the Developing Brain 138 Biogenic Amines Are Neuromodulatory Transmitters 140 ATP and Other Purines Can Serve as Co Transmitters 145 Neuropeptides Are Exceptionally Diverse Neurotransmitters 146 Interneuronal Signaling Can Also Occur via Unconventional Neurotransmitters 149 ■ BOX 6C ļ Marijuana and the Brain Summary 153 Additional Reading 153 150 CHAPTER 7 Molecular Signaling within Neurons 155 Overview 155 There Are Several Modes of Chemical Signaling 155 Cellular Responses Are Determined by Several Families of Receptors 158 G-Proteins Connect Receptor Activation to Intracellular Signaling Pathways 159 Second Messengers Are Involved in Many Intracellular Signaling Pathways 161 ■ BOX 7A I Dynamic Imaging of Intracellular Signaling 163 Intracellular Signaling Often Involves Adding or Removing Phosphates from Proteins 165
Contents ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Molecular Basis of Psychiatric Disorders 169 ■ BOX 7B I Dendritic Spines 171 Long-Lasting Responses Involve Changes in Nuclear Signaling 172 There Are Many Ways to Signal Changes in Neuronal Structure and Function 175 Summary 177 Additional Reading 178 CHAPTER 8 Synaptic Plasticity 179 Overview 179 Some Forms of Synaptic Plasticity Last for a Few Minutes or Less 179 Synaptic Plasticity Can Produce Long-Lasting Changes in Behavior 182 ¡X И BOX 8A I Genetics of Learning and Memory in the Fruit Fly 186 Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity Is Found in the Mammalian Hippocampus 186 NMDA-Туре Glutamate Receptors Serve as Coincidence Detectors for Hippocampal LongTerm Potentiation 189 Μ BOX 8B I Silent Synapses 193 Long-Term Depression Weakens Synapses via Multiple Mechanisms 194 Some Forms of Plasticity Depend on the Timing of Synaptic Activity 197 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Epilepsy: The Effect of Pathological Activity on Neural Circuitry 198 Summary 200 Additional Reading 200 Unit II Sensation and Sensory Processing 203 CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 10 Vision 205 Hearing 236 Overview 205 Overview The Eye Collects Light and Focuses It onto Specialized Photoreceptive Cells 205 Photoreceptors Convert Light into Electrical Signals in the Retina 209 ■ BOX 9A I The Importance of Context in Color Perception 215 Retinal Circuitry Extracts Information about Features of the Visual Scene 216 Μ BOX 9B I The Perception of Light Intensity 220 Retinal Ganglion Cells Convey Feature Information to the Brain 221 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Visual Field Deficits 223 Visual Centers in the
Cerebral Cortex Detect Increasingly Complex Visual Features 227 Optimizing Vision and Visual Behaviors Requires Autonomic, Motor, and Cognitive Control 231 Summary 233 Additional Reading 234 236 Sound Is a Pressure Wave Composed of Different Frequencies Important for Speech, Music, and Other Natural Sounds 236 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Hearing Loss: Causes and Treatments 238 The Structures of the Ear Filter the Frequencies of Sound and Transmit Vibrations from Air to Fluid 240 Sound Waves Are Transduced into Neural Signals by Cochlear Hair Cells 245 ■ BOX 10A I The Sweet Sound of Distortion 247 Transduction Is Controlled by Active Mechanisms Involving Middle Ear Muscles and Cochlear Outer Hair Cells 248 Auditory Pathways Involve Signals Traveling Bilaterally and in Both Feedforward and Feedback Directions 250 Auditory Perception Involves the Synthesis of Multiple Aspects of Sound 252
X Contents Neural Codes for Sound Frequency Are Based on Resonance and Synchrony 252 Sounds Are Localized Based on Frequency, Relative Loudness, and Relative Time of Arrival at the Ears 255 Hearing Coordinates with Vision via Numerous Signal Transformations and Robust Intersensory Cross-talk 257 Summary 258 Additional Reading 259 A Variety of Neural Pathways Convey Different Aspects of Somatosensory Information to the Brain 289 ■ BOX 12A I Specialized Mechanosensation in Animals 296 Central Representations of the Body Are Plastic and Modified by Experience 298 Somatosensory Dysfunction Is an Important Factor in Multiple Diseases 299 Summary 300 Additional Reading 301 CHAPTER 11 The Vestibular System 261 CHAPTER 13 Overview 261 The Vestibular System Helps Us Sense Our Position and Movement in Space 261 The Utricle and the Saccule Sense Static Tilt and Dynamic Linear Movements 263 The Semicircular Canals Sense Rotations of the Head in Three Dimensions 266 The Vestibular System Works with Visual Cues to Evaluate Self Motion and to Stabilize Eye Gaze 269 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS CLINICAL Evaluation of the Vestibular System 271 The Brain Synthesizes Information to Support Perception of Translational and Rotational Movements and Maintain Equilibrium 273 Μ BOX 11A Į Mauthner Cells in Fish Summary 274 276 Additional Reading Τ1Ί CHAPTER 12 Touch and Proprioception 278 Overview 278 Mechanical Forces on the Skin Are Conveyed to the CNS via an Array of Somatosensory Afferent Neurons 278 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Dermatomes 280 Somatosensory Afferent Neurons Form Specialized Endings and
Interact with Other Mechanosensitive Cells in the Skin 284 Sensory Transduction from the Skin Involves Converting Mechanical Forces into Electrical Signals 287 Proprioception Involves Sensing Forces in Muscles, Joints, and Connective Tissue 288 Pain and Temperature 303 Overview 303 Potentially Damaging Stimuli Are Detected by Nociceptors 303 Noxious Stimuli Are Transduced into Neural Signals via Various Ion Channel Receptors 305 ■ BOX 13A I Capsaicin 306 Central Pain Pathways Are Distinct from Mechanosensory Pathways and Transmit Different Aspects of Pain in Parallel 307 ■ BOX 13B I Referred Pain 309 И BOX 13C I A Dorsal Column Pathway for Visceral Pain 310 Signals from a Variety of Innocuous Stimuli, as Well as From Internal Organs, Are Also Carried by Pain Pathways 314 Sensitivity to Pain Is Subjective and Can Be Modified by a Variety of Factors 315 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Phantom Limbs and Phantom Pain Summary 322 Additional Reading 318 322 CHAPTER 14 Olfaction 324 Overview 324 The Olfactory and Vomeronasal Systems Process Airborne Molecules That Influence a Wide Range of Behaviors 325 Olfactory and Vomeronasal Transduction Occurs via G-Protein-Coupled Receptors 327 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Only One Nose 329 ■ BOX 14A I The "Dogtor" Is In 335
Contents Olfactory and Vomeronasal Information Is Relayed Directly to the Main and Accessory Olfactory Bulbs, and from There to Multiple Forebrain Targets 341 In Many Species, Including Humans, Olfactory Capacity Reflects the Size and Complexity of the Olfactory System 348 Summary 354 Additional Reading 355 CHAPTER 15 Taste 356 Overview 356 Detection of Taste Qualities Is Mediated by Specialized Cells in the Taste Buds and Conveyed to the Brain by Three Cranial Nerves 356 x¡ ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Ageusia and Dysgeusia: Taste Loss and Taste Alterations from COVID-19 361 Я BOX 15A I Extraoral Taste Receptors and the Microbiome 364 Gustatory Information Flows to the Brain through Diverging and Converging Pathways and is Encoded via the Spatio-Temporal Firing Patterns of Neurons 365 Perception of Food and Beverages Also Involves Olfaction, Somatosensation, Audition, and Vision 369 Palatability or Aversiveness of a Food Is Mediated by the Gustatory and Limbic Systems and Can Be Modified by Experience 372 Summary 374 Additional Reading 375 Unit III Movement and Its Central Control 377 CHAPTER 16 CHAPTER 17 Lower Motor Neuron Circuits and Motor Control 379 Upper Motor Neuron Control of the Brainstem and Spinal Cord 403 Overview 379 Interacting Subsystems in the CNS Make Essential and Distinct Contributions to Motor Control 379 Lower Motor Neurons in the Spinal Cord and Brainstem Map the Body's Musculature 381 Motor Units of Varying Size Produce Appropriate Movements 383 ■ BOX 16A I Motor Unit Plasticity 385 Local Circuitry Mediates Reflexes That Rapidly Adjust Muscle Tension in
Response to Sensory Input 389 Local Circuitry Coordinates the Output of Lower Motor Neurons for Rhythmic, Stereotyped Behavior 394 ■ BOX 16B I Locomotion in the Leech and the Lamprey 395 Damage to Lower Motor Neurons Results in "Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome" 399 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Summary 401 Additional Reading 401 399 Overview 403 Upper Motor Neurons Give Rise to Lateral Tracts in the Spinal Cord that Govern Skilled Movements and Medial Tracts that Influence Posture, Balance, and Locomotion 404 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Patterns of Facial Weakness and Their Importance for Localizing Neurological Injury 408 Neurons in the Primary Motor Cortex Encode Intentions for Body Movements in Central Personal Space 409 ■ BOX 17A I What Do Motor Maps Represent? 411 Neurons in the Premotor Cortex Encode Intentions for Body Movements that Are Oriented toward Extrapersonal Space 414 ■ BOX 17B I Minds and Machines 415 Upper Motor Neurons in the Brainstem Help Maintain Balance, Govern Posture, Initiate Locomotion, and Orient Visual Gaze 419 ■ BOX 17C I The Reticular Formation 422
xii Contents Damage to Upper Motor Neurons Produces "Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome" 425 ■ BOX 17D I Muscle Tone Summary 428 Additional Reading 427 428 CHAPTER 18 Modulation of Movement by the Basal Ganglia 430 Overview 430 The Basal Ganglia Comprise a Set of Nuclei Deep in the Cerebral Hemispheres 431 ■ BOX 18A I Basal Ganglia Loops and Non Motor Brain Functions 433 ■ BOX 18B I Making and Breaking Habits 435 The Basal Ganglia Influence Movement by Regulating the Activity of Upper Motor Neuronal Circuits 437 Direct and Indirect Pathways Regulate the Initiation of Voluntary Movement and the Suppression of Unwanted Movement 440 Dopamine Modulates Basal Ganglia Circuits by Increasing or Decreasing the Excitability of Medium Spiny Neurons 442 Hypokinetic Movement Disorders Are Associated with Excessive Inhibition of Motor Nuclei in the Thalamus and Brainstem 443 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Deep Brain Stimulation 445 Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders Are Associated with Insufficient Inhibition of Motor Nuclei in the Thalamus and Brainstem 447 Summary 449 Additional Reading 449 CHAPTER 19 Modulation of Movement by the Cerebellum 451 Overview 451 The Cerebellum Comprises Three Major Subdivisions: The Cerebrocerebellum, Spinocerebellum, and Vestibulocerebellum 451 The Cerebellar Hemispheres Coordinate Movements of the Ipsilateral Body 453 Efferent Output from the Cerebellum to the Brainstem and Thalamus Originates in the Deep Cerebellar Nuclei and the Vestibulocerebellum 455 Purkinje Neurons Integrate Afferent Input and Modulate the Output of Deep Cerebellar Nuclei 458 The Cerebellum
Coordinates Ongoing Movement by Reducing Motor Error 462 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Prion Diseases 463 Cerebellar Injury Compromises the Coordination of Movement, with or without Impacts on Cognitive or Affective Regulation 465 ■ BOX 19A I Genetic Analysis of Cerebellar Function 466 Summary 469 Additional Reading 470 ’ CHAPTER 20 Eye Movements and Sensorimotor Integration 471 Overview 471 Eye Movements Are Necessary to Acquire and Foveate a New Visual Target and to Maintain Foveal Fixation 471 ■ BOX 20A I The Perception of Stabilized Retinal Images 472 Eye Movements Are Generated around Three Axes of Rotation by Three Pairs of Striated Muscles 473 Conjugate Eye Movements Rotate the Eyes in the Same Direction, and Disconjugate Eye Movements Rotate the Eyes in Opposite Directions 475 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Eye Movements and Neurological Injury, Disease, and Disorder 477 Neural Circuits in the Cerebral Cortex and Brainstem Govern the Amplitude, Direction, and Velocity of Eye Movements 479 ■ BOX 20B I Sensorimotor Integration in the Superior Colliculus 482 ■ BOX 20C ļ From Place Codes to Rate Codes 485 Summary 488 Additional Reading 489
Contents CHAPTER 21 The Visceral Motor System 490 Overview 490 The Visceral (Autonomic) Motor System Controls Involuntary Bodily Functions 490 The Sympathetic Division Prepares the Body to Mobilize Resources in Challenging Situations 495 ■ BOX 21A I The Hypothalamus 496 The Parasympathetic Division Serves to Increase Metabolic Resources and Conserve Energy 498 The Enteric Division Is a Semi-Autonomous Network of Gastrointestinal Neurons That Promotes Digestion 501 Visceral Sensory Signals Serve Local Visceral Motor Reflexes and a Central Autonomic Network 502 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Horner's Syndrome 504 И BOX 21В I Obesity and the Brain 505 Visceral Motor Neurons Use Small-Molecule and Neuropeptide Neurotransmitters to Mediate a Variety of Effects 507 Summary 513 Additional Reading Ц Unit IV The Changing Brain CHAPTER 22 Early Brain Development 517 Overview 517 Neural Stem Cells, Derived from Pluripotent Stem Cells, Generate the Entire Nervous System 517 ■ BOX 22A I Stem Cells: Promise and Peril 519 Neural Stem Cells Generate the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems 523 Transcription Factor Patterning Regulated by Cell-Cell Signaling Establishes Distinct Brain Regions 529 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Inductive Signals and Neurodevelopmental Disorders 537 Neurogenesis Is an Irreversible Termination of the Cell Cycle That Constrains Neuron Identity 540 Nerve Cells Often Migrate from Their Site of Neurogenesis to Their Final Position 547 Summary 552 Additional Reading 554 Construction of Neural Circuits 555 Overview 555 Neural Circuit Construction Relies on Basic Mechanisms of
Cell Polarity 556 514 515 Neuronal Growth Cones Are Critical for Establishing Connections 559 Neuronal Growth and Synapse Formation Depend on Signaling Molecules 564 ■ BOX 23A I Choosing Sides: Axon Guidance at the Optic Chiasm 569 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Axon Guidance Disorders 571 Axon, Dendrite, and Synapse Development and Numbers Are Regulated by Trophic Interactions 580 BOX 23B I Why Do Neurons Have Dendrites? 586 Axon, Dendrite, and Synaptic Growth Results in Orderly Patterns of Connections, Including Topographic Maps 592 Summary 596 Additional Reading 596 CHAPTER 24 Experience-Dependent Plasticity in the Developing Brain 598 Overview CHAPTER 23 xiii 598 Electrical Activity in New Neural Circuits Determines Final Numbers and Patterns of Functional Connections 599 Electrical Activity Reflects Initial Experience and Defines Connections during Critical Periods 602
xiv Contents ■ BOX 24A I Built-In Behaviors 603 Relative Levels of Electrical Activity across Inputs Determine Final Connections in Neural Circuits 611 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Dancing in the Dark 614 Ion Channels, Neurotransmitters and Their Receptors, and Neurotrophins Regulate Activity-Dependent Circuit Development Summary 627 Additional Reading 656 CHAPTER 26 Repair and Regeneration in the Nervous System 658 621 628 CHAPTER 25 Sex Differences and Neural Circuit Development 629 Overview Summary 656 Additional Reading 629 Systemic, Secreted Signals Influence Neural Circuit Development and Maintenance 629 HI BOX 25A I The Science of Love (or. Love As a Drug) 632 Sexual Dimorphisms Reflect Systemic Signaling in Peripheral Organs and Related Neural Circuits 636 Systemic Signals Target Neurons and Circuits for Reproductive and Parenting Behaviors 642 Overview 658 Neural Tissue Has a Distinct Response to Injury and Limited Potential for Regeneration 659 The Peripheral Nervous System Retains the Capacity for Axon Regrowth and Synaptic Reinnervation 665 H BOX 26A I Specific Regeneration of Synaptic Connections in Autonomic Ganglia 674 CNS Axons and Dendrites in Most Adult Mammals Lack the Capacity for Extensive Regrowth 676 H CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Casualties of War and Sports 676 Adult Vertebrate Nervous Systems Retain Some Neural Stem Cells for Limited Replacement of Neurons 684 H BOX 26B I Nuclear Weapons and Neurogenesis 691 Summary 693 Additional Reading H CLINICAL APPLICATIONS The Good Mother 647 694 Complex Human Behaviors Are Difficult to Associate with Sex, Gender, or
Early Systemic Signaling 649 Unît V Complex Brain Functions and Cognitive Neuroscience 695 CHAPTER 27 Cognitive Functions and the Organization of the Cerebral Cortex 697 Overview 697 The Cerebral Cortices Are Organized into Subregions 697 ■ BOX 27A I Cortical Lamination 699 ■ BOX 27B I Large-Scale Neuroscience: Meta-Analyses and Consortium Studies 701 The Parietal Cortex Has Many Functions 703 The Temporal Cortex Plays a Critical Role in Object Processing 705 The Prefrontal Cortex Supports Executive Control, Planning, and Goal-Directed Action 707 ■ BOX 27C I Neuropsychological Testing H CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Psychosurgery 710 Summary 712 Additional Reading 713 708
Contents CHAPTER 28 Cortical States Overview XV CHAPTER 30 Memory 754 714 714 Circadian Cycles of Function Are Regulated by Neural Circuits 714 ■ BOX 28A I Electroencephalography 718 Sleep Supports Physiological Functions Critical for Health and Behavior 718 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Sleep Disorders and Their Treatment 720 Sleep Progresses through Stages of Brain Activity 723 Μ BOX 28B I Dreaming 726 Transitions between Sleep and Wakefulness Rely on Brain Circuits 726 Selective Impairments in Cortical Function Can Alter Conscious Experiences 731 A Distributed Set of Brain Regions Becomes Active When People Disengage from Active Tasks 735 Summary 736 Additional Reading 736 Memory Processes Can Be Categorized by Function 754 Memory Encoding Involves Creating Associations That Support Later Recall 758 I BOX 30A I Savant Syndrome 760 The Medial Temporal Lobe Supports Declarative Memory 762 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Clinical Cases That Illustrate the Neural Basis of Memory 764 Memories Are Stored in a Distributed Manner throughout the Cerebral Cortex 766 ■ BOX ЗОВ I Alzheimer's Disease 768 Μ BOX 30C I Place Cells and Grid Cells 770 Nondeclarative Memory Relies on Brain Systems Distinct from Those Supporting Declarative Memory 771 As Humans Age, Changes in the Brain Alter Memory Processes 772 Summary 773 Additional Reading 774 CHAPTER 29 Attention 738 Overview 738 Attention Prioritizes Some Stimuli over Others 738 Attention Alters Activity in Brain Regions Associated with Perception 742 Damage to Key Brain Regions Can Disrupt Attentional Processes 746 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Balint's
Syndrome 747 ■ BOX 29A I Attention and the Frontal Eye Fields 749 A Frontal-Parietal Network Supports the Allocation of Attention 750 Summary 752 Additional Reading 752 CHAPTER 31 Speech and Language 775 Overview 775 Language Production Relies on Both the Vocal Apparatus and Cortical Regions 776 ■ BOX 31A I Sign Language 778 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Clinical Presentations of Aphasia 779 Language Comprehension Relies on a Distributed Brain Network 781 ■ BOX 31B I Semantics: Extracting Meaning from Language 782 The Right Hemisphere Makes Important Contributions to Language 784 ■ BOX 31C I Language and Handedness 788 Language Development Includes a Critical Period During Childhood 790 Nonhuman Animals Exhibit Complex Communicative Abilities 792 Summary 795 Additional Reading 795
xvî Contents CHAPTER 32 CHAPTER 33 Emotion 797 Thinking, Planning, and Deciding 819 Overview 797 Overview 819 The Prefrontal Cortex Supports Processes Related to Cognitive Control 819 Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Supports Cognitive Control 822 Orbitofrontal Cortex Supports the Evaluation of the Outcomes of Behavior 825 Emotions Integrate Feelings, Physiology, and Behavior 797 Μ BOX 32A I Determination of Facial Expressions 802 The Amygdala Plays a Central Role in Emotional Processing 803 ■ BOX 32B I Anatomy of the Amygdala ■ BOX 32C I Fear and the Human Amygdala 807 The Cerebral Cortices Support Emotional Processing 811 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Affective Disorders 812 Emotions Interact with Other Cognitive Processes 815 Summary 817 Additional Reading 818 805 ■ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Addiction 82Ó ■ BOX 33A I Dopamine and Reward Prediction Errors 828 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Supports Regulation of Activity in Other Brain Regions 832 The Anterior Insula Incorporates Information about Body States into Decision Processes 834 Posterior Cingulate Cortex Supports Internally Directed Processes 834 ■ BOX 33B I What Does Neuroscience Have to Say about Free Will? 835 Summary 838 Additional Reading 839
For over 25 years, Neuroscience has been the most comprehensive and clearly written neuroscience textbook on the market. This level of excellence continues in the Seventh Edition, with a balance of animal, human, and clinical studies that offer meaningful insight into the dynamic field of neuroscience from cellular signaling to cognitive function. This new edition appeals to both undergraduate, graduate, and medical students, as each chapter not only provides key concepts, clear learning objectives and concise sections, but also a thorough coverage of the field and presentation of new and cuttingedge research. This edition is also distinguished by its high-quality and clear illustrations, making the science come to life. Neuroscience is available in hardcover and as an enhanced e-book that features interactive art, integrated media assets, and linked access to Sylvius, which is a unique online environment for exploring the structure of the human central nervous system. |
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| physical | xvi, 839, A32, AT17, G37, BR16, IC18, I26 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publishDateSearch | 2024 |
| publishDateSort | 2024 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Neuroscience editors George J. Augustine, Jennifer M. Groh, Scott A. Huettel, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, Leonard E. White Seventh international edition New York Oxford University Press [2024] © 2024 xvi, 839, A32, AT17, G37, BR16, IC18, I26 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "Editor emeritus: Dale Purves" - Frontcover Includes bibliographical references and index Neurowissenschaften (DE-588)7555119-6 gnd rswk-swf Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 gnd rswk-swf Neuropsychologie (DE-588)4135740-1 gnd rswk-swf Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 s Neurowissenschaften (DE-588)7555119-6 s Neuropsychologie (DE-588)4135740-1 s DE-604 Augustine, George J. 1955- (DE-588)1179968018 edt Groh, Jennifer M. 1966- (DE-588)1061046990 edt Huettel, Scott A. 1973- (DE-588)133075575 edt LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel (DE-588)1305635124 edt White, Leonard E. (DE-588)1305635469 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-0-19-761668-0 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034189209&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034189209&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Neuroscience Neurowissenschaften (DE-588)7555119-6 gnd Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 gnd Neuropsychologie (DE-588)4135740-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)7555119-6 (DE-588)4041897-2 (DE-588)4135740-1 |
| title | Neuroscience |
| title_auth | Neuroscience |
| title_exact_search | Neuroscience |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Neuroscience |
| title_full | Neuroscience editors George J. Augustine, Jennifer M. Groh, Scott A. Huettel, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, Leonard E. White |
| title_fullStr | Neuroscience editors George J. Augustine, Jennifer M. Groh, Scott A. Huettel, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, Leonard E. White |
| title_full_unstemmed | Neuroscience editors George J. Augustine, Jennifer M. Groh, Scott A. Huettel, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, Leonard E. White |
| title_short | Neuroscience |
| title_sort | neuroscience |
| topic | Neurowissenschaften (DE-588)7555119-6 gnd Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 gnd Neuropsychologie (DE-588)4135740-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Neurowissenschaften Neurophysiologie Neuropsychologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034189209&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034189209&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT augustinegeorgej neuroscience AT grohjenniferm neuroscience AT huettelscotta neuroscience AT lamantiaanthonysamuel neuroscience AT whiteleonarde neuroscience |