Chinese civil code - the specific parts: a handbook
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
München, Germany
Beck
2023
Oxford, United Kingdom Hart Baden-Baden, Germany Nomos |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXXIII, 436 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9783406790003 9781509972913 9783756011230 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 016 | 7 | |a 1274760801 |2 DE-101 | |
| 020 | |a 9783406790003 |q C.H. Beck |9 978-3-406-79000-3 | ||
| 020 | |a 9781509972913 |q Hart |9 978-1-5099-7291-3 | ||
| 020 | |a 9783756011230 |q Nomos |9 978-3-7560-1123-0 | ||
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Chinese civil code - the specific parts |b a handbook |c edited by Yuanshi Bu |
| 264 | 1 | |a München, Germany |b Beck |c 2023 | |
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford, United Kingdom |b Hart | |
| 264 | 1 | |a Baden-Baden, Germany |b Nomos | |
| 300 | |a XXXIII, 436 Seiten | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 610 | 2 | 7 | |a China |t Zivilgesetzbuch |0 (DE-588)1225952506 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Privatrecht |0 (DE-588)4047304-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a China |0 (DE-588)4009937-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 653 | |a Chinese Civil Law | ||
| 653 | |a Civil Law | ||
| 653 | |a China | ||
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| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Privatrecht |0 (DE-588)4047304-1 |D s |
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| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a China |t Zivilgesetzbuch |0 (DE-588)1225952506 |D u |
| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Bu, Yuanshi |d 1976- |0 (DE-588)129295949 |4 edt | |
| 710 | 2 | |a Verlag C.H. Beck |0 (DE-588)1023902869 |4 pbl | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m DNB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034172771&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 340.09 |e 22/bsb |f 090513 |g 51 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804185078178250752 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
PREFACE
AND
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
..................................................................................
V
LIST
OF
AUTHORS
..............................................................................................................
XXVII
ABBREVIATIONS
..............................................................................................................
XXIX
PART
1
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER
1.
INTRODUCTION
................................................................................................
1
I.
LEGISLATIVE
HISTORY
..................................................................................................
1
IL
GUIDING
IDEAS
AND
CODIFICATION
TECHNIQUES
........................................................
2
III.
MAJOR
DISPUTES
AND
NEW
LEGAL
CONCEPTS
............................................................
3
1.
GENERAL
PART
FOR
THE
LAW
OF
OBLIGATIONS
..........................................................
3
2.
BOOK
ON
PERSONALITY
RIGHTS
...............................................................................
5
3.
MATRIMONIAL
COMMUNITY
DEBT
.........................................................................
6
IV.
BORROWINGS
FROM
FOREIGN
LAW
..............................................................................
8
V.
TRANSITIONAL
PERIOD
.................................................................................................
8
1.
LEGAL
FACT
ARISING
PRIOR
TO
THE
CCC
COMING
INTO
EFFECT
...............................
8
2.
RETROACTIVE
APPLICATION
OF
NEW
RULES
INSTEAD
OF
OLD
RULES
...........................
9
3.
RETROACTIVE
APPLICATION
OF
NEW
RULES
DUE
TO
LACK
OF
OLD
RULES
.................
9
4.
CROSS-LAW
PERFORMANCE
OF
CONTRACTUAL
OBLIGATIONS
....................................
10
VI.
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
SPECIAL
LAW
..............................................................................
10
VII.
FUTURE
PROSPECTS
....................................................................................................
10
PART
2
PROPERTY
LAW
CHAPTER
2.
PROPERTY
LAW
...............................................................................................
11
I.
OVERVIEW
.................................................................................................................
11
1.
LEGISLATIVE
HISTORY
..............................................................................................
11
2.
SOURCES
OF
LAW
...................................................................................................
11
II.
ACQUISITIVE
PRESCRIPTION
.........................................................................................
12
1.
CONCEPT
.....................
12
2.
DISCUSSION
IN
CHINESE
LITERATURE
......................................................................
12
3.
STATUTE
OF
LIMITATIONS
.........................................................................................
12
III.
PRINCIPLES
OF
PROPERTY
LAW
....................................................................................
12
1.
EQUAL
PROTECTION
OF
DIFFERENT
TYPES
OF
OWNERS
..............................................
12
2.
ABSOLUTENESS
OF
REAL
RIGHTS
..............................................................................
13
3.
PRINCIPLE
OF
SEPARATION
......................................................................................
13
A)
CONCEPT
...........................................................................................................
13
B)
SITUATION
UNDER
THE
PROPERTY
LAW
................................................................
13
C)
NO
CHANGE
UNDER
THE
CCC
...........................................................................
14
D)
SUMMARY
.........................................................................................................
14
4.
NUMERUS
CLAUSUS
...............................................................................................
14
5.
PRINCIPLE
OF
SPECIFICITY........................................................................................
15
6.
PRINCIPLE
OF
PUBLICITY
.........................................................................................
15
VII
IV.
NEWLY
INTRODUCED
LEGAL
CONCEPTS
........................................................................
15
1.
LAND
MANAGEMENT
RIGHT
...................................................................................
15
A)
NATURE
OF
LAND
MANAGEMENT
RIGHT
.............................................................
15
B)
ESTABLISHMENT
AND
TRANSFER
OF
LAND
MANAGEMENT
RIGHTS
.........................
16
C)
ENCUMBRANCE
IN
LAND
MANAGEMENT
RIGHTS
................................................
16
2.
LIFE
ESTATE
............................................................................................................
17
A)
CONCEPT
...........................................................................................................
17
B)
ESTABLISHMENT,
EXTINGUISHMENT
AND
ENCUMBRANCE
.....................................
17
C)
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
OTHER
RIGHTS
.....................................................................
17
3.
ACCESSIO
................................................................................................................
18
4.
CONDOMINIUM
PROPERTY
.....................................................................................
19
PART
3
CONTRACTS:
THE
GENERAL
PART
CHAPTER
3.
OVERVIEW
.......................................................................................................
21
I.
SOURCES
OF
LAW
........................................................................................................
21
1.
STATUTES
.................................................................................................................
21
2.
JUDICIAL
INTERPRETATIONS
.......................................................................................
21
3.
GUIDING
CASES
......................................................................................................
22
IL
FEATURES
OF
THE
BOOK
ON
CONTRACTS
.........................................................................
22
1.
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
THE
BOOK
OF
THE
GENERAL
PART
..............................................
22
2.
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
SPECIAL
AGREEMENTS
CONCERNING
CIVIL
STATUS
....................
22
3.
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
THE
THREE
PARTS
INSIDE
THE
BOOK
ON
CONTRACTS
............
23
4.
THE
TWO
ROLES
OF
THE
GENERAL
PART
OF
THE
BOOK
ON
CONTRACTS
......................
23
CHAPTER
4.
GENERAL
PART
OF
THE
LAW
OF
OBLIGATIONS
................................................
24
I.
ENDING
OF
AN
OBLIGATION
.........................................................................................
24
1.
PERFORMANCE
........................................................................................................
24
A)
THE
PRINCIPLE
OF
COMPLETE
PERFORMANCE
......................................................
24
B)
PERFORMANCE
INVOLVING
A
THIRD
PARTY
...........................................................
24
AA)
PREREQUISITES
..............................................................................................
24
BB)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
...................................................................................
24
C)
GIVING
IN
PAYMENT
.......................................................................................
25
D)
IMPUTATION
OF
PAYMENTS
25
AA)
PLURALITY
OF
OBLIGATIONS
............................................................................
25
BB)
PLURALITY
OF
ITEMS
UNDER
THE
SAME
(MONETARY)
OBLIGATION
....................
25
2.
OFFSET
...................................................................................................................
26
A)
PREREQUISITES
....................................................................................................
26
AA)
OFFSET
STATUS
..............................................................................................
26
BB)
EFFECTIVE
EXERCISE......................................................................................
26
B)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
.........................................................................................
26
3.
OTHER
ENDINGS
OF
AN
OBLIGATION
........................................................................
27
A)
ESCROW
.............................................................................................................
27
B)
REMISSION
........................................................................................................
27
C)
MERGER
............................................................................................................
27
D)
TERMINATION
OF
A
CONTRACT
.............................................................................
27
IL
ALTERATION
OF
AN
OBLIGATION
...................................................................................
27
1.
ALTERATION
OF
THE
CONTENT
VS.
ALTERATION
OF
THE
PARTY
.....................................
27
A)
MODIFICATION
....................................................................................................
27
AA)
CONTRACTUAL
MODIFICATION
........................................................................
27
VIII
BB)
STATUTORY
MODIFICATION
.............................................................................
28
B)
ALTERATION
OF
THE
PARTY
...................................................................................
28
2.
ASSIGNMENT
OF
A
CLAIM
......................................................................................
28
A)
PREREQUISITES
....................................................................................................
28
AA)
ABSOLUTE
ASSIGNABILITY
OF
MONETARY
CLAIMS
..........................................
28
BB)
RELATIVE
ASSIGNABILITY
OF
NONMONETARY
CLAIMS
.....................................
28
B)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
.........................................................................................
29
AA)
ARRIVAL
OF
NOTICE
......................................................................................
29
BB)
AUTOMATIC
ASSIGNMENT
OF
SUBORDINATED
RIGHTS
....................................
29
CC)
DEFENSES
IN
ASSIGNMENT
..........................................................................
30
DD)
EXPENSES
ASSUMPTION
..............................................................................
30
C)
MULTIPLE
ASSIGNMENTS
....................................................................................
30
3.
DELEGATION
OF
AN
OBLIGATION
..............................................................................
30
A)
PREREQUISITES
....................................................................................................
30
B)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
.........................................................................................
30
AA)
FULL
OR
PARTIAL
DELEGATION
WITH
REMISSION
EFFECT
..................................
30
BB)
AUTOMATIC
DELEGATION
OF
SUBORDINATED
DUTIES
......................................
31
CC)
DEFENSES
IN
DELEGATION
............................................................................
31
4.
CONCURRENT
ASSIGNMENT
AND
DELEGATION
..........................................................
31
III.
PROTECTION
FOR
AN
OBLIGATION
.................................................................................
31
1.
RIGHT
OF
SUBROGATION
..........................................................................................
32
A)
PREREQUISITES
OF
AN
ORDINARY
SUBROGATION
....................................................
32
B)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
OF
AN
ORDINARY
SUBROGATION
.........................................
33
C)
THE
SPECIAL
CASE
OF
THE
MAINTENANCE
OF
A
CLAIM
........................................
33
D)
NO
GENERAL
PRIORITY
AGAINST
ALTERNATIVE
MEASURES
......................................
33
2.
RIGHT
OF
INVALIDATION
..........................................................................................
33
A)
GRATUITOUS
DISPOSALS
OF
ASSETS
......................................................................
33
B)
DISPOSALS
AT
OBVIOUSLY
UNREASONABLE
PRICES
OR
ALIKE
.................................
34
C)
EXERCISE
OF
THE
RIGHT
OF
INVALIDATION
............................................................
34
D)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
.........................................................................................
34
IV.
SPECIAL
CONTENTS
OF
AN
OBLIGATION
........................................................................
34
1.
MONEY:
MONETARY
OBLIGATIONS
...........................................................................
34
A)
MONETARY
OBLIGATIONS
IN
GENERAL
.................................................................
34
B)
CURRENCY
OBLIGATIONS
.....................................................................................
35
C)
INTEREST
OBLIGATIONS
........................................................................................
35
2.
PLURALITY
OF
SUBJECT
MATTERS:
OPTIONAL
OBLIGATIONS
..........................................
35
A)
RIGHT
OF
OPTION
..............................................................................................
35
B)
EXERCISE
OF
THE
RIGHT
......................................................................................
35
V.
PLURALITY
OF
PARTIES
.................................................................................................
36
1.
PARTIAL
OBLIGORS/OBLIGEES
...................................................................................
36
2.
JOINT
OBLIGORS/OBLIGEES
.....................................................................................
36
A)
JOINT
OBLIGATIONS
.............................................................................................
36
B)
THE
INTERNAL
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
JOINT
OBLIGORS
......................................
36
AA)
PREREQUISITES
AND
THE
PRIMARY
CONSEQUENCE
OF
A
RECOURSE
.................
37
BB)
STATUTORY
TRANSFER
OF
A
CLAIM
AND
ASSOCIATED
DEFENSES
.......................
37
CC)
ADJUSTMENT
OF
THE
INTERNAL
SHARE
...........................................................
37
C)
THE
EXTERNAL
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
THE
OBLIGEE
................................................
37
AA)
PERFORMANCE,
OFFSET,
ESCROW
..................................................................
37
BB)
DELAY
OF
THE
OBLIGEE
................................................................................
37
CC)
REMISSION
.................................................................................................
38
IX
DD)
MERGER
.......................................................................................................
38
D)
THE
CASE
OF
JOINT
OBLIGEES
............................................................................
38
3.
OTHER
KINDS
OF
PLURALITY
OF
PARTIES
....................................................................
38
A)
UNREAL
JOINT
OBLIGATIONS/LIABILITIES
...............................................................
38
B)
SUPPLEMENTARY
LIABILITY
.................................................................................
39
CHAPTER
5.
FORMATION
AND
EFFECTIVENESS
OF
CONTRACTS
..............................................
40
I.
FORMATION
OF
CONTRACTS
..........................................................................................
40
1.
OVERVIEW
..............................................................................................................
40
2.
THE
OFFER
.............................................................................................................
41
A)
EFFECTIVENESS
OF
THE
OFFER
...............................................................................
41
AA)
SPECIFICITY
AND
DEFINITENESS
OF
THE
OFFER
................................................
41
BB)
INTENTION
TO
BE
BOUND
.............................................................................
41
B)
THE
EXPIRY
OF
THE
OFFER
.................................................................................
42
3.
THE
ACCEPTANCE
...................................................................................................
42
A)
ACCEPTANCE
BY
NOTIFICATION
OR
BY
CONDUCT
..................................................
42
B)
DELAYED
ACCEPTANCE
........................................................................................
42
C)
QUALIFIED
ACCEPTANCE
......................................................................................
43
4.
FORM
AND
OTHER
SPECIAL
REQUIREMENTS
............................................................
43
IL
EFFECTIVENESS
OF
CONTRACTS
......................................................................................
44
1.
THE
INDEPENDENCE
OF
DISPUTE
SETTLEMENT
CLAUSES
...........................................
44
2.
SPECIAL
RESTRICTIONS
UPON
EXEMPTION
CLAUSES
.................................................
44
CHAPTER
6.
PERFORMANCE
OF
CONTRACTS
..........................................................................
46
I.
THE
PRIVITY
OF
CONTRACT
AND
ITS
EXCEPTIONS
.........................................................
46
1.
THE
PRIVITY
OF
CONTRACT
......................................................................................
46
A)
PERFORMANCE
BY
A
THIRD
PARTY
.......................................................................
46
B)
MISCONCEPTION
IN
PRACTICE
.............................................................................
46
2.
PERFORMANCE
TO
A
THIRD
PARTY
...........................................................................
46
A)
THE
ENFORCEMENT
OF
PRIVITY
OF
CONTRACT
.......................................................
46
B)
EXCEPTION
.........................................................................................................
46
IL
CONTRACT
INTERPRETATION
AND
THE
GAP
FILLER
PROVISIONS
.....................................
47
1.
CONTRACT
INTERPRETATION
......................................................................................
47
A)
THE
SUBSTANTIVE
APPROACH
.............................................................................
47
B)
A
CONTRACT
IN
MULTIPLE
LANGUAGES
................................................................
47
C)
SUPPLEMENTARY
INTERPRETATION
.......................................................................
48
2.
DEFAULT
RULES
AS
GAP
FILLERS
..............................................................................
48
A)
QUALITY
.............................................................................................................
48
B)
PRICE
.................................................................................................................
48
C)
PLACE
OF
PERFORMANCE
.....................................................................................
48
D)
TIME
OF
PERFORMANCE
.....................................................................................
49
E)
METHOD
OF
PERFORMANCE
.................................................................................
49
F)
PERFORMANCE
EXPENSES
...................................................................................
49
III.
RIGHT
OF
DEFENSE
UNDER
BILATERAL
CONTRACTS
.........................................................
49
1.
DEFENSE
OF
SIMULTANEOUS
PERFORMANCE
.............................................................
49
A)
DEPENDENCY
OF
MUTUAL
OBLIGATIONS
..............................................................
49
AA)
BILATERAL
CONTRACTS
....................................................................................
49
BB)
OTHER
SIMILAR
SCENARIOS
...........................................................................
50
B)
BOTH
OBLIGATIONS
ARE
DUE
..............................................................................
50
C)
NO
ORDER
OF
PRIORITY
AS
TO
PERFORMANCE
......................................................
50
D)
NONPERFORMANCE
OR
NONCONFORMING
PERFORMANCE
OF
THE
COUNTERPARTY...
50
X
E)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
.........................................................................................
50
2.
DEFENSE
OF
CONSECUTIVE
PERFORMANCE
...............................................................
51
3.
DEFENSE
OF
UNCERTAINTY
.....................................................................................
51
A)
PURPOSE
............................................................................................................
51
B)
PREREQUISITES
....................................................................................................
51
C)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
.........................................................................................
52
CHAPTER
7.
LIABILITY
FOR
BREACH
OF
CONTRACT
AND
PRECONTRACTUAL
LIABILITY
.............
53
I.
OVERVIEW
.................................................................................................................
53
1.
BREACH
OF
CONTRACT
.............................................................................................
53
2.
STRICT
LIABILITY
VS.
FAULT-BASED
LIABILITY
...........................................................
54
3.
A
HARD
CASE:
LIABILITY
FOR
BREACH
OF
PRECONTRACT
............................................
54
IL
CONTINUING
PERFORMANCE
........................................................................................
55
1.
PREREQUISITES:
PARTICULARLY
THE
EXCLUSION
OF
NONMONETARY
OBLIGATIONS
.........
55
A)
LEGAL
OR
FACTUAL
IMPOSSIBILITY
.......................................................................
55
AA)
A
DEFENSE
IN
THE
NARROW
SENSE
.............................................................
56
BB)
PERMANENT
AND
TEMPORARY
IMPOSSIBILITY
.............................................
56
CC)
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
ILLEGALITY
AND
CHANGE
OF
CIRCUMSTANCES
..................
56
B)
PERSONAL
PERFORMANCE
AND
ITS
SUBSTITUTE
......................................................
56
C)
EXCESSIVELY
HIGH
COST
....................................................................................
57
D)
UNTIMELY
CLAIM
FOR
PERFORMANCE
.................................................................
57
E)
NO
EXCLUSION
OF
MONETARY
OBLIGATIONS?
......................................................
58
2.
DOCTRINAL
CONSTRUCTION
AND
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
OTHER
LIABILITIES
...................
58
A)
LIABILITY
OR
OBLIGATION?
..................................................................................
58
B)
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
REMEDIAL
MEASURES
.........................................................
58
AA)
REPAIR,
REWORKING,
AND
REPLACEMENT
AS
CONTINUING
PERFORMANCE
.....
59
BB)
RETURN
OF
THE
GOODS
................................................................................
59
CC)
REDUCTION
OF
PRICE
OR
REMUNERATION
.....................................................
59
DD)
FACTORS
AND
GUIDELINES
IN
ADOPTING
REMEDIAL
MEASURES
....................
59
C)
NO
ORDER
OF
PRIORITY
IN
GENERAL
BETWEEN
CONTINUING
PERFORMANCE
AND
DAMAGES
.....................................................................................................
59
III.
THE
LIABILITY
FOR
DAMAGES
.....................................................................................
59
1.
DIFFERENT
TYPES
OF
LIABILITIES
FOR
DAMAGES
.......................................................
59
A)
STATUTORY
DAMAGES
AND
AGREED
DAMAGES
....................................................
59
B)
COMPENSATORY
DAMAGES
AND
PUNITIVE
DAMAGES
.........................................
60
C)
PREREQUISITES
OF
STATUTORY
LIABILITY
FOR
COMPENSATORY
DAMAGES
................
60
2.
DAMAGE
...............................................................................................................
60
A)
EXPECTATION
DAMAGE
AND
RELIANCE
DAMAGE
................................................
60
B)
ACTUAL
LOSSES
AND
LOSSES
OF
PROFITS
..............................................................
61
C)
DIRECT
LOSSES
AND
INDIRECT
LOSSES
.................................................................
61
D)
INTANGIBLE
LOSSES
............................................................................................
61
3.
CAUSATION
............................................................................................................
62
4.
GROUNDS
FOR
LIABILITY
EXEMPTION
......................................................................
62
A)
FORCE
MAJEURE
................................................................................................
62
B)
THE
DOCTRINE
OF
FORESEEABILITY
.....................................................................
62
C)
CONTRIBUTORY
NEGLIGENCE
...............................................................................
63
D)
DUTY
OF
MITIGATION
.........................................................................................
63
E)
OFFSETTING
LOSSES
BY
BENEFITS
(#5
II
*E
.........................................................
63
5.
LIQUIDATED
DAMAGES
...........................................................................................
64
A)
INCREASE
OF
LIQUIDATED
DAMAGES
..................................................................
64
B)
REDUCTION
OF
LIQUIDATED
DAMAGES
................................................................
64
XI
AA)
PURPOSE
......................................................................................................
64
BB)
THE
EFFECTIVENESS
OF
CLAUSES
EXCLUDING
THE
REDUCTION
RULE
(OR
THE
INCREASE
RULE)
....................................................................................
65
CC)
PREREQUISITES
.............................................................................................
66
DD)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
..................................................................................
66
C)
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
STATUTORY
COMPENSATORY
DAMAGES
.................................
66
D)
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
MONETARY
DEPOSIT
............................................................
67
E)
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
USURY
LAWS
......................................................................
67
IV.
PRECONTRACTUAL
LIABILITY
..........................................................................................
68
1.
VIOLATION
AGAINST
THE
PRINCIPLE
OF
GOOD
FAITH
................................................
68
2.
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
OTHER
SIMILAR
RULES
.............................................................
69
3.
RELIANCE
DAMAGES
AS
PRIMARY
CONSEQUENCE
....................................................
70
CHAPTER
8.
TERMINATION
OF
CONTRACTS
..........................................................................
71
I.
TYPES
OF
TERMINATION
.............................................................................................
71
1.
TERMINATION
BY
MUTUAL
CONSENT
......................................................................
71
2.
TWO
KINDS
OF
UNILATERAL
TERMINATION
..............................................................
71
IL
GENERAL
GROUNDS
FOR
THE
STATUTORY
RIGHT
OF
TERMINATION
..................................
71
1.
FORCE
MAJEURE
......................................................................................................
71
2.
FUNDAMENTAL
BREACH
OF
CONTRACT
......................................................................
72
A)
CRITERION:
PURPOSE
OF
CONTRACT
IS
RENDERED
IMPOSSIBLE
TO
ACHIEVE
..........
72
B)
ANTICIPATORY
REPUDIATION
..............................................................................
73
C)
DELAYED
PERFORMANCE
.....................................................................................
73
AA)
FUNDAMENTAL
BREACH
...............................................................................
73
BB)
FICTION
OF
A
FUNDAMENTAL
BREACH
...........................................................
73
D)
OTHER
KINDS
OF
BREACHES
THAT
FRUSTRATE
THE
PURPOSE
OF
THE
CONTRACT
.......
74
3.
THE
DISCRETIONARY
TERMINATION
IN
THE
CASE
OF
CONTINUING
CONTRACTS
FOR
AN
INDEFINITE
DURATION
........................................................................................
74
III.
A
SPECIAL
JUDICIAL
TERMINATION
FOR
THE
BREACHING
PARTY?
...................................
75
1.
A
JUDICIAL
TERMINATION
DUE
TO
IMPOSSIBILITY
OF
PERFORMANCE
IN
GENERAL
.....
75
2.
DISPUTES
ON
THE
GENERAL
JUDICIAL
TERMINATION
FOR
THE
BREACHING
PARTY
.......
75
IV.
RESTRICTIONS
ON
THE
RIGHT
OF
TERMINATION
............................................................
76
1.
THE
GENERAL
RESTRICTION:
A
SPECIAL
CUT-OFF
PERIOD
.........................................
76
2.
THE
SPECIAL
RESTRICTION
UPON
THE
CONTRACTUAL
RIGHT
OF
TERMINATION
............
77
V.
EXERCISE
OF
THE
RIGHT
OF
TERMINATION
...................................................................
77
1.
PREREQUISITES
AND
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
...............................................................
77
2.
THE
DISPUTE
ON
THE
RIGHT
OF
OBJECTION
TO
THE
TERMINATION
.........................
78
VI.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
OF
THE
TERMINATION
..............................................................
78
1.
RETROACTIVE
EFFECT
FOR
THE
TERMINATION?
...........................................................
78
2.
ENDING
OF
THE
OBLIGATIONS
NOT
YET
PERFORMED
................................................
79
3.
RESTITUTION
...........................................................................................................
79
A)
RESTORATION
TO
THE
ORIGINAL
STATE
..................................................................
79
AA)
RETURNING
THE
GOODS
OR
OTHER
ITEMS
.....................................................
79
BB)
RETURNING
THE
ASSOCIATED
INTEREST
OR
OTHER
FRUITS
(4.8)
...................
79
CC)
RETURNING
OR
REIMBURSEMENT
OF
THE
NECESSARY
EXPENSES
INCURRED
FOR
PRESERVING
THE
GOODS
OR
ITEMS
........................................................
80
B)
OTHER
REMEDIAL
MEASURES
(NXHHNE)
.........................................................
80
C)
RESTRICTIONS
.....................................................................................................
80
AA)
CIRCUMSTANCES
OF
PERFORMANCE
...............................................................
80
BB)
THE
NATURE
OF
THE
CONTRACT
....................................................................
80
4.
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
OTHER
REMEDIES
OR
RIGHTS
...................................................
80
XII
A)
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
LIABILITIES
FOR
BREACH
OF
CONTRACT
...................................
80
B)
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
SECURITY
INTERESTS
.............................................................
81
VII.
CHANGE
OF
CIRCUMSTANCES
.....................................................................................
81
1.
OVERVIEW
.............................................................................................................
81
2.
PREREQUISITES
........................................................................................................
81
A)
CHANGE
IN
CIRCUMSTANCES
.............................................................................
81
B)
OBVIOUS
UNFAIRNESS
........................................................................................
81
C)
INTERNAL
EXAMINATION
.....................................................................................
81
3.
DUTY
OF
NEGOTIATION
AS
A
PRELIMINARY
CONSEQUENCE?
.....................................
82
4.
TERMINATION
OR
MODIFICATION?
...........................................................................
82
A)
JUDICIAL
TERMINATION
.....................................................................................
82
B)
JUDICIAL
MODIFICATION
.....................................................................................
82
C)
ORDER
OF
PRIORITY
BETWEEN
TERMINATION
AND
MODIFICATION
.........................
82
CHAPTER
9.
STANDARD
TERMS
..........................................................................................
84
I
.
OVERVIEW
.......................................................................................................
84
IL
DEFINITION
OF
STANDARD
TERMS
...............................................................................
84
1.
DRAFTED
IN
ADVANCE
............................................................................................
84
2.
PROVIDED
BY
ONE
PARTY
......................................................................................
85
3.
FOR
REPEATED
USE
................................................................................................
85
4.
NOT
NEGOTIATED
WITH
THE
OTHER
PARTY
...............................................................
85
III.
INCORPORATION
OF
STANDARD
TERMS
.........................................................................
86
1.
DUTY
TO
NOTIFY
....................................................................................................
86
2.
DUTY
TO
EXPLAIN
..................................................................................................
87
3.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
.............................................................................................
87
4.
SURPRISING
CLAUSES
..............................................................................................
87
IV.
INTERPRETATION
OF
STANDARD
TERMS
.........................................................................
87
V.
CONTENT
CONTROL
OF
STANDARD
TERMS
....................................................................
88
1.
SCOPE
OF
CONTROL
.................................................................................................
88
2.
PRINCIPLE
OF
FAIRNESS
..........................................................................................
88
3.
ROLE
OF
DEFAULT
RULES
.........................................................................................
89
VI.
FILLING
OF
LOOPHOLES
................................................................................................
90
VIL
BATTLE
OF
THE
FORMS
.................................................................................................
90
PART
4
TYPICAL
CONTRACTS
CHAPTER
10.
SALES
CONTRACTS
..........................................................................................
91
I.
OVERVIEW
.................................................................................................................
91
1.
SOURCES
OF
LAW
...................................................................................................
91
2.
ANALOGOUS
APPLICATION
OF
SALES
CONTRACTS
TO
OTHER
CONTRACTS
......................
92
II.
DEFINITION
OF
A
SALES
CONTRACT
...............................................................................
93
1.
DEFINITION
...........................................................................................................
93
2.
OBJECT
..................................................................................................................
93
3.
FEATURES
...............................................................................................................
94
III.
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
SELLER
........................................................................................
95
1.
OBLIGATION
TO
DELIVER
.........................................................................................
95
A)
PHYSICAL
DELIVERY
............................................................................................
95
B)
ALTERNATIVE
FORMS
OF
DELIVERY
......................................................................
95
C)
DELIVERY
OF
IMMOVABLES
................................................................................
95
2.
OBLIGATION
TO
TRANSFER
OWNERSHIP
...................................................................
96
XIII
A)
CONSENSUS
IN
REM
...........................................................................................
96
B)
RIGHT
OF
DISPOSITION
.......................................................................................
96
C)
ADMINISTRATIVE
CONTROL
.................................................................................
97
D) IP
RIGHTS
.........................................................................................................
97
3.
ANCILLARY
OBLIGATIONS
..........................................................................................
97
4.
ACCESSORY
OBLIGATIONS
........................................................................................
97
5.
THE
PERFORMANCE
OF
THE
SELLER
S
OBLIGATIONS
....................................................
98
A)
TIME
.................................................................................................................
98
B)
PLACE
.................................................................................................................
98
6.
MULTIPLE
SALES
OF
THE
SAME
SUBJECT
MATTER
.......................................................
98
A)
ORDINARY
MOVABLES
.........................................................................................
99
B)
VEHICLES,
VESSELS
AND
AIRCRAFT
.......................................................................
99
C)
IMMOVABLES
.....................................................................................................
100
IV.
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
BUYER
........................................................................................
100
1.
OBLIGATION
OF
PAYMENT
.......................................................................................
100
2.
OBLIGATION
OF
ACCEPTANCE
OF
DELIVERY
...............................................................
100
3.
THE
PERFORMANCE
OF
BUYER
S
OBLIGATIONS
..........................................................
101
A)
PLACE
................................................................................................................
101
B)
TIME
................................................................................................................
101
C)
CURRENCY
.........................................................................................................
101
V.
PASSING
OF
RISKS
......................................................................................................
102
1.
CURRENT
RULE
.......................................................................................................
102
2.
CRITICISM
OF
THE
CURRENT
RULE
............................................................................
102
3.
VARIANTS
OF
THE
CURRENT
RULE
.............................................................................
103
A)
GOODS
IN
NEED
OF
TRANSPORTATION
................................................................
103
B)
CREDITOR
S
DEFAULT
...........................................................................................
104
C)
GOODS
IN
TRANSIT
............................................................................................
104
4.
INFLUENCES
OF
BREACH
ON
THE
PASSING
OF
RISKS
..................................................
105
VI.
WARRANTY
ISSUES
.....................................................................................................
107
1.
THEORETICAL
FOUNDATION
......................................................................................
107
2.
LEGAL
WARRANTY
....................................................................................................
107
3.
MATERIAL
WARRANTY
..............................................................................................
108
4.
INSPECTION
OF
THE
SUBJECT
MATTER
AND
NOTIFICATION
OF
THE
DEFECTS
.................
109
A)
ASCERTAINMENT
OF
PERIOD
FOR
INSPECTION
AND
NOTIFICATION
...........................
109
B)
SUMMARY
OF
THE
CURRENT
RULES
...................................................................
110
C)
PROPOSAL
OF
INCORPORATION
OF
THE
NOTIFICATION
PERIOD
INTO
THE
INSPECTION
PERIOD
.........................................................................................................
110
VII.
BREACHES
IN
OTHER
FORMS
.......................................................................................
ILL
1.
EXCESSIVE
DELIVERY
..............................................................................................
ILL
2.
TERMINATION
DUE
TO
NON-CONFORMITY
OF
THE
PRINCIPAL
SUBJECT
MATTER
.........
ILL
3.
DEFECTIVENESS
OF
A
PART
AMONG
MULTIPLE
SUBJECT
MATTERS
...............................
ILL
4.
DELIVERY
IN
INSTALLMENTS
.....................................................................................
112
VIII.
SPECIAL
FORMS
OF
SALES
...........................................................................................
112
1.
INSTALLMENT
PURCHASE
..........................................................................................
112
2.
SALES
ON
SAMPLE
...................................................................................................
113
3.
SALES
ON
TRIAL
......................................................................................................
113
4.
SALES
UNDER
RESERVATION
OF
TITLE
........................................................................
114
CHAPTER
11.
LEASE
CONTRACTS
..........................................................................................
115
I.
OVERVIEW
.................................................................................................................
115
1.
SOURCES
OF
LAW
....................................................................................................
115
XIV
2.
REGULATION
OF
LEASE
CONTRACTS
...........................................................................
115
IL
VALIDITY
OF
LEASE
CONTRACTS
...................................................................................
116
1.
WRITTEN
REQUIREMENT
AND
REGISTRATION
............................................................
116
2.
PUBLIC
LAW
PERMIT
..............................................................................................
116
A)
CONSTRUCTION
PROJECT
PLANNING
PERMIT
.........................................................
116
B)
FIRE
PROTECTION
REQUIREMENTS
.......................................................................
117
C)
OTHER
MANDATORY
PROVISIONS
.........................................................................
117
3.
LEASE
TERM
..........................................................................................................
117
4.
MULTIPLE
LEASES...................................................................................................
117
5.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
...........................................................................................
118
III.
THE
LESSOR
S
OBLIGATION
TO
GRANT
AND
SURRENDER
THE
LEASED
OBJECT
.................
118
1.
PERMISSIBILITY
OF
CHANGE
....................................................................................
118
2.
REMOVAL
OF
CHANGE
............................................................................................
119
A)
LESSOR
S
CONSENT
.............................................................................................
119
B)
TYPE
OF
ATTACHMENT
.......................................................................................
119
3.
LESSOR
S
COMPENSATION
FOR
KEEPING
FIXTURES
...................................................
120
4.
LESSOR
S
INDEMNITY
FOR
THE
COSTS
OF
DECORATION
OR
ADDITION
.........................
121
5.
LESSEE
S
COMPENSATION
FOR
THE
DAMAGE
TO
THE
LEASED
OBJECT
........................
121
6.
ALTERNATIVE
SOLUTIONS
..........................................................................................
122
IV.
THE
LESSOR
S
OBLIGATION
OF
GUARANTY
AND
MAINTENANCE
.....................................
123
1.
MATERIAL
DEFECTS
.................................................................................................
123
2.
LEGAL
DEFECTS
.......................................................................................................
124
3.
SPECIFIC
DEFECTS
..................................................................................................
124
4.
OBLIGATION
OF
THE
LESSEE.....................................................................................
125
V.
THE
LESSEE
S
OBLIGATION
TO
PAY
RENT
....................................................................
125
1.
PAYMENT
TERM
....................................................................................................
125
2.
ARREARS
OF
RENT
...................................................................................................
125
3.
RENT
REDUCTION
DUE
TO
DEVIATION
OF
SIZE
........................................................
125
4.
RENT
PAYMENT
DESPITE
WATER,
ELECTRICITY
AND
GAS
SUPPLY
CUT-OFF
.................
125
5.
LIEN
.....................................................................................................................
126
VI.
THE
LESSEE
S
OBLIGATION
TO
USE
AND
RETURN
OF
THE
OBJECT
..................................
126
1.
GENERAL
PROVISIONS
.............................................................................................
126
2.
COMMERCIAL
LEASES.............................................................................................
126
3.
OBLIGATIONS
UPON
TERMINATION
..........................................................................
127
VII.
SUBLEASE
...................................................................................................................
127
1.
PERMISSIBILITY
OF
A
SUBLEASE
...............................................................................
127
2.
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
THE
MAIN
LESSEE
AND
THE
MAIN
LESSOR
.........................
128
3.
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
THE
SUBLESSEE
AND
THE
MAIN
LESSEE
............................
129
4.
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
THE
SUBLESSEE
AND
THE
MAIN
LESSOR
............................
130
VIII.
TRANSFER
OF
THE
LEASED
OBJECT
................................................................................
131
1.
PURCHASE
IS
SUBJECT
TO
EXISTING
LEASES
..............................................................
131
A)
PREREQUISITES
...................................................................................................
131
AA)
TRANSFER
OF
THE
LEASED
OBJECT
..................................................................
131
BB)
THE
LESSEE
IS
IN
OCCUPATION
OF
THE
LEASED
OBJECT
................................
131
B)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
......................................................................................
131
C)
EXCEPTIONS
......................................................................................................
132
2.
PRE-EMPTIVE
RIGHT
OF
THE
LESSEE
.......................................................................
132
A)
PREREQUISITES
...................................................................................................
132
AA)
SALE
OF
THE
LEASED
REAL
PROPERTY
............................................................
132
BB)
SAME
CONDITIONS
......................................................................................
132
XV
CC)
TIMELY
EXERCISE
........................................................................................
132
B)
EXCEPTIONS
......................................................................................................
133
AA)
SALE
TO
A
CO-OWNER
OR
A
CLOSE
RELATIVE
..................................................
133
BB)
NO
PARTIAL
PURCHASE
.................................................................................
133
CC)
BREACH
OF
THE
LESSEE
.................................................................................
133
C)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
.......................................................................................
133
3.
EXPROPRIATION
OF
THE
LEASED
REAL
PROPERTY
......................................................
134
IX.
LEASES
IN
ENFORCEMENT
PROCEEDINGS
.....................................................................
134
1.
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
LEASES
AND
MORTGAGES
...................................................
134
2.
THIRD
PARTY
OBJECTION
........................................................................................
134
X.
TERMINATION
OF
THE
LEASE
.......................................................................................
135
1.
ORDINARY
TERMINATION
........................................................................................
135
2.
EXTRAORDINARY
TERMINATION
...............................................................................
135
3.
DEATH
OF
THE
LESSEE
............................................................................................
135
4.
IMPLICIT
EXTENSION
OF
THE
LEASE
TERM
..............................................................
136
5.
PRE-EMPTIVE
RIGHT
OF
THE
LESSEE
TO
EXTEND
THE
LEASE
TERM
..........................
136
6.
COMPENSATION
.....................................................................................................
136
A)
COMPENSATION
FOR
THE
LESSOR
........................................................................
136
B)
COMPENSATION
FOR
THE
LESSEE
........................................................................
137
7.
RECOVERY
OF
POSSESSION
.......................................................................................
137
CHAPTER
12.
FACTORING
CONTRACTS
..................................................................................
138
I.
OVERVIEW
.................................................................................................................
138
1.
BACKGROUND
FOR
CODIFICATION
.............................................................................
138
2.
INFLUENCE
OF
FOREIGN
LAW
...................................................................................
138
3.
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
THE
GENERAL
PART
OF
THE
BOOK
ON
CONTRACT
.........................
139
IL
DEFINITION,
TYPES
AND
MAJOR
CONTENTS
.................................................................
139
1.
DEFINITION
IN
ART.
761
CCC
...............................................................................
139
A)
PERFORMANCE
OF
MAJOR
FUNCTIONS
..................................................................
139
B)
PERMISSIBLE
SCOPE
OF
THE
RECEIVABLES
...........................................................
140
C)
MARKET
ACCESS
LIMITATION
.............................................................................
141
2.
TYPES
...................................................................................................................
142
A)
RECOURSE
AND
NONRECOURSE
FACTORING
............................................................
142
B)
DISCLOSED
FACTORING
AND
UNDISCLOSED
FACTORING
.........................................
143
C)
OTHER
TYPES
....................................................................................................
143
3.
WRITTEN
REQUIREMENT
AND
MAJOR
CONTENTS
......................................................
143
III.
BAR
ON
ASSIGNMENT
.................................................................................................
143
1.
LEGAL
EFFECT
..........................................................................................................
143
2.
SUBSEQUENT
ASSIGNMENTS
....................................................................................
144
3.
CONFLICT
WITH
RESERVATION
OF
TITLE
....................................................................
144
IV.
FACTORING
FRAUD
......................................................................................................
144
1.
PREREQUISITES
........................................................................................................
144
A)
FABRICATION
OF
AN
ACCOUNT
RECEIVABLE
.........................................................
144
B)
ACTUAL
OR
CONSTRUCTIVE
KNOWLEDGE
...............................................................
145
2.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
.............................................................................................
146
3.
NECESSITY
..............................................................................................................
146
V.
NOTICE
BY
THE
FACTOR
..............................................................................................
146
VI.
THE
DEBTOR
S
DEFENSE
AND
RIGHTS
TO
SET-OFF
........................................................
147
1.
DEFENSE
AND
SET-OFF
ARISING
FROM
THE
ORIGINAL
CONTRACT
.................................
147
2.
AMENDMENT
OF
THE
ORIGINAL
CONTRACT
..............................................................
148
3.
DEFENSE
AND
SET-OFF
ARISING
FROM
THE
FACTORING
CONTRACT
..............................
148
XVI
4.
WAIVER
OF
DEFENSES
OR
RIGHTS
TO
SET-OFF.
.........................................................
149
VII.
MULTIPLE
FACTORING
.................................................................................................
149
1.
PRIORITY
RULES
AND
THEIR
JUSTIFICATION
...............................................................
149
2.
INCONSISTENCY
WITH
OTHER
PROVISIONS
.................................................................
150
3.
PREREQUISITES
........................................................................................................
151
4.
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
..........................................................................................
151
A)
PRIORITY
BETWEEN
PLEDGE
AND
FACTORING
..........................................................
151
B)
PRIORITY
BETWEEN
FACTOR
AND
CREDITORS
OF
THE
SUPPLIER
................................
152
C)
PRIORITY
BETWEEN
FACTOR
AND
ORDINARY
ASSIGNEE
........................................
152
CHAPTER
13.
TECHNOLOGY
CONTRACTS
..............................................................................
154
I.
OVERVIEW
.................................................................................................................
154
1.
EVOLUTION
HISTORY
...............................................................................................
154
2.
SOURCES
OF
LAW
...................................................................................................
154
IL
THE
GENERAL
PART
AND
COMMON
ISSUES
................................................................
155
1.
VALIDITY
OF
CONTRACT
...........................................................................................
155
A)
WRITTEN
FORM,
REGISTRATION
AND
RECORDAL
...................................................
155
B)
APPROVAL
.........................................................................................................
156
C)
NULLITY
GROUNDS
.............................................................................................
156
D)
LACK
OF
CAPACITY
............................................................................................
157
E)
AVOIDABLE
CONTRACTS
......................................................................................
157
F)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
......................................................................................
157
2.
CALCULATION
OF
ROYALTIES
.....................................................................................
157
3.
OWNERSHIP
...........................................................................................................
158
III.
ANTITRUST
CONTROL
...................................................................................................
159
IV.
TECHNOLOGY
ASSIGNMENT
CONTRACTS
AND
TECHNOLOGY
LICENSING
CONTRACTS
........
162
1.
DEFINITIONS
..........................................................................................................
162
2.
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
PATENT
ASSIGNOR/LICENSOR
...................................................
162
3.
OBLIGATIONS
OF
PATENT
ASSIGNEE/LICENSEE
..........................................................
163
4.
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
ASSIGNOR/LICENSOR
OF
KNOW-HOW
......................................
164
5.
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
ASSIGNEE/LICENSEE
OF
KNOW-HOW
......................................
164
6.
OBLIGATION
OF
WARRANTY
.....................................................................................
164
A)
LEGAL
WARRANTY
...............................................................................................
164
AA)
EXISTENCE
AND
OWNERSHIP
OF
THE
PATENT
RIGHT
......................................
164
BB)
OPPOSING
RIGHTS
......................................................................................
165
CC)
LIABILITY
FOR
REVOCATION
OF
THE
PATENT
....................................................
166
B)
MATERIAL
DEFECTS
.............................................................................................
167
7.
SUBLICENSES
AND
ASSIGNABILITY
OF
LICENSES
........................................................
167
8.
SURVIVAL
OF
A
LICENSE
IN
THE
EVENT
OF
ASSIGNMENT
...........................................
168
9.
LICENSES
IN
BANKRUPTCY
PROCEEDINGS
.................................................................
168
10.
TERMINATION
........................................................................................................
169
V.
OTHER
TYPES
OF
TECHNOLOGY
CONTRACTS
................................................................
169
1.
TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT
CONTRACTS
................................................................
169
2.
TECHNOLOGY
CONSULTATION
CONTRACTS
.................................................................
169
3.
TECHNOLOGY
SERVICE
CONTRACTS
..........................................................................
170
CHAPTER
14.
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
...................................................................................
171
I.
INTRODUCTION
...........................................................................................................
171
II.
AGENCY,
MANDATE
AND
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
..........................................................
171
III.
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
..................................................................
172
1.
THE
PERSONAL
NATURE
OF
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
....................................................
173
XVII
2.
CONSENSUAL
AND
INFORMAL
CONTRACTS
.................................................................
173
3.
SERVICES
AS
THE
OBJECT
OF
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
...................................................
173
IV.
CATEGORIES
OF
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
..........................................................................
174
1.
SPECIAL
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
AND
GENERAL
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
.........................
174
2.
GRATUITOUS
AND
NON-GRATUITOUS
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
.......................................
174
3.
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
AND
SUB-MANDATE
CONTRACTS
.............................................
175
V.
RIGHTS
AND
OBLIGATIONS
UNDER
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
..............................................
175
1.
THE
RIGHTS
AND
OBLIGATIONS
OF
MANDATORS
.......................................................
175
A)
PAYMENT
OF
REMUNERATION
AND
EXPENSES
....................................................
175
B)
INTERVENTION
RIGHTS
.........................................................................................
175
C)
COMPENSATION
LIABILITIES
...............................................................................
176
2.
THE
RIGHTS
AND
OBLIGATIONS
OF
MANDATARIES
....................................................
176
A)
HANDLING
MANDATED
MATTERS
WITHIN
THE
CONFERRED
AUTHORITY
IN
PERSON..
176
B)
REPORTING
OBLIGATIONS
....................................................................................
177
C)
HANDING
OVER
OBTAINED
PROPERTIES
...............................................................
177
D)
COMPENSATION
LIABILITIES
...............................................................................
178
E)
THE
OBLIGATION
OF
DISCLOSURE
AND
SELECTION RIGHTS
OF
THE
THIRD
PARTY
.....
178
VI.
TERMINATION
AND
DISCHARGE
OF
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
.............................................
178
1.
CAUSES
OF
TERMINATION
.......................................................................................
179
2.
RIGHT
OF
DISCRETIONARY
TERMINATION
..................................................................
180
VII.
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
AND
OTHER
TYPES
OF
CONTRACTS
.............................................
181
1.
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
AND
INTERMEDIARY
CONTRACTS
.............................................
181
2.
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
AND
COMMISSION
AGENT
CONTRACTS
...................................
182
3.
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
AND
CONTRACTS
FOR
WORK
...................................................
184
4.
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
AND
TRUST
CONTRACTS
.........................................................
185
VIII.
CONCLUSION
...............................................................................................................
186
PART
5
SECURITY
LAW
CHAPTER
15.
COMMON
ISSUES
OF
PERSONAL
AND
REAL
SECURITY
....................................
187
I.
OVERVIEW
.................................................................................................................
187
1.
TERMINOLOGY
........................................................................................................
187
2.
EVOLUTION
HISTORY
...............................................................................................
188
3.
SOURCES
OF
LAW
....................................................................................................
189
II.
ACCESSORINESS
..........................................................................................................
189
1.
CONCEPT
...............................................................................................................
189
2.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
OF
NULLITY
OF
THE
SECURITY
CONTRACT
..................................
190
A)
SCOPE
OF
LIABILITY
...........................................................................................
190
B)
FAULT
OF
THE
SECURITY
GRANTOR
........................................................................
191
3.
COUNTER
SECURITY
.................................................................................................
191
III.
SECURITY
PROVIDED
WITHOUT
AUTHORITY
...................................................................
191
1.
CAPABILITY
TO
ACT
AS
GUARANTOR
.........................................................................
191
2.
LEGAL
REPRESENTATIVE
WITHOUT
AUTHORITY
...........................................................
192
A)
GENERAL
RULES
..................................................................................................
192
B)
EXCEPTIONS
......................................................................................................
193
3.
LISTED
COMPANIES
...............................................................................................
193
4.
ONE-MAN
COMPANY
...........................................................................................
193
5.
BRANCH
OFFICE
......................................................................................................
194
IV.
ENFORCEMENT
OF
SECURITY
RIGHTS
............................................................................
194
1.
JURISDICTION
..........................................................................................................
194
XVIII
2.
REAL
SECURITY
RIGHT
.............................................................................................
194
3.
GUARANTY
.............................................................................................................
195
V.
DEFENSE
OF
THE
SECURITY
GRANTOR
...........................................................................
196
1.
TYPES
OF
DEFENSES
...............................................................................................
196
2.
DEBTOR
S
DEFENSE
AGAINST
THE
CREDITOR
.............................................................
196
3.
DEBTOR
S
FORMATION
RIGHT
AGAINST
THE
CREDITOR
...............................................
197
4.
DEFENSES
AVAILABLE
TO
THE
SECURITY
GRANTOR
.......................................................
197
A)
BASED
ON
STATUTORY
AND
CONTRACTUAL
TIME
LIMIT
........................................
197
B)
BASED
ON
THE
SUBSIDIARY
NATURE
OF
THE
SECURITY
..........................................
198
AA)
DEFENSE
OF
UNEXHAUSTED
REMEDIES
........................................................
198
BB)
DEFENSE
OF
URGING
THE
DEBTOR
TO
PERFORM
.............................................
198
CC)
DEFENSE
OF
NON-EXERCISE
OF
A
RIGHT
TO
SET-OFF
......................................
198
5.
SUBSEQUENT
ADVERSE
CHANGE
WITHOUT
THE
SECURITY
GRANTOR
S
CONSENT
..........
198
VI.
CLAIM
TO
RECOURSE
AND
STATUTORY
PASSING
OF
CLAIMS
.............................................
200
1.
CLAIM
TO
RECOURSE
................................................................................................
200
2.
STATUTORY
PASSING
OF
RIGHTS
(SUBROGATION)
.......................................................
200
VII.
SEVERAL
SECURITY
GRANTORS
......................................................................................
201
1.
SEVERAL
SECURITY
GRANTORS
...................................................................................
201
A)
MIXED
SECURITIES
...............................................................................................
201
B)
CONTRACTUAL
AGREEMENT
.................................................................................
202
C)
EXPRESSLY
STIPULATED
SOLIDARY
SECURITY
...........................................................
202
D)
ASSUMED
SOLIDARY
SECURITY
...........................................................................
202
E)
REDUCTION
OF
RIGHTS
TOWARD
A
SPECIFIC
CO-SECURITY
GRANTOR
........................
202
F)
STATUTORY
PASSING
OF
CLAIMS
..........................................................................
203
2.
CO-GUARANTORS
......................................................................................................
204
VIII. SECURITY
IN
BANKRUPTCY
PROCEEDING
......................................................................
204
1.
EFFECT
ON
THE
SCOPE
OF
LIABILITY
.........................................................................
204
2.
ENFORCEMENT
OF
SECURITY
RIGHTS
.........................................................................
205
3.
CREDITOR
S
OMISSION
.............................................................................................
205
4.
BANKRUPTCY
OF
THE
SECURITY
GRANTOR
.................................................................
205
5.
EFFECT
OF
PRE-EMPTIVE
REGISTRATION
OF
A
MORTGAGE
.............................................
205
6.
UNREGISTERED
CHATTEL
MORTGAGE
.........................................................................
206
CHAPTER
16.
GUARANTY
CONTRACT
....................................................................................
207
I.
VALIDITY
OF
GUARANTY
CONTRACT
..............................................................................
207
1.
DEFINITION
.............................................................................................................
207
2.
FORM
REQUIREMENT
...............................................................................................
207
3.
JOINING
AS
AN
OBLIGOR
AND
GUARANTY
.................................................................
207
II.
LIABILITY
OF
THE
GUARANTOR
.....................................................................................
208
1.
EXTENT
OF
THE
GUARANTY
DEBT/LIABILITY
..............................................................
208
2.
GENERAL
GUARANTY,
SOLIDARY
GUARANTY
AND
MAXIMUM
AMOUNT
GUARANTY
....
208
III.
TERM
OF
GUARANTY
....................................................................................................
209
1.
GENERAL
CONCEPT
..................................................................................................
209
2.
DETERMINATION
OF
THE
GUARANTY
TERM
..............................................................
209
3.
MAINTENANCE
OF
THE
GUARANTY
TERM
................................................................
210
A)
ORDINARY
GUARANTY
..........................................................................................
210
B)
SOLIDARY
GUARANTY
............................................................................................
210
C)
SEVERAL
GUARANTORS
..........................................................................................
210
4.
PRESCRIPTION
PERIOD
.............................................................................................
211
5.
VOID
GUARANTY
CONTRACT
...................................................................................
212
XIX
CHAPTER
17.
REAL
SECURITY
RIGHTS
.................................................................................
213
I.
OVERVIEW
...................................................................................................................
213
1.
EVOLUTION
HISTORY
.................................................................................................
213
2.
FUNCTIONAL
APPROACH
...........................................................................................
214
IL
COMMON
ISSUES
........................................................................................................
214
1.
SEPARATION
BETWEEN
SECURITY
CONTRACT
AND
REGISTRATION/DELIVERY
....................
214
2.
LEGAL
EFFECT
OF
THE
REGISTRATION
.........................................................................
214
3.
THIRD-PARTY
EFFECT
.................................................................................................
215
4.
EFFECT
OF
A
MORTGAGE
CONTRACT
ABSENT
REGISTRATION
.........................................
215
5.
SECURITY
RIGHT
HELD
BY
A
THIRD
PARTY
...............................................................
216
6.
INDIVISIBILITY
OF
THE
SECURITY
RIGHT
.....................................................................
216
7.
EXTINCTION
OF
REAL
SECURITY
RIGHTS
.....................................................................
217
III.
MORTGAGE
...................................................................................................................
217
1.
ENCUMBRABLE
ASSETS
.............................................................................................
217
2.
SCOPE
OF
THE
MORTGAGE
..........................................................................................
218
A)
INCONSISTENCY
OF
THE
DESCRIPTION
OF
COLLATERAL
.............................................
218
B)
EXTENSION
TO
ACCESSORY
..................................................................................
218
C)
EXTENSION
TO
ACCESSION
..................................................................................
219
3.
PRE-EMPTIVE
REGISTRATION
...................................................................................
220
4.
RESTRICTION
ON
THE
MORTGAGOR
S
POWER
OF
USE
AND
DISPOSAL
............................
220
5.
TRANSFER
OF
A
MORTGAGED
CHATTEL
......................................................................
221
IV.
PLEDGE
........................................................................................................................
221
1.
CONCEPT
.................................................................................................................
221
2.
CREATION
OF
A
PLEDGE
.............................................................................................
222
A)
MOVABLES
...........................................................................................................
222
B)
RIGHTS
................................................................................................................
222
C)
ACCOUNT
RECEIVABLES.......................................................................................
223
3.
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
PLEDGOR
.................................................................................
223
V.
LIEN
..........................................................................................................................
223
1.
CONCEPT
.................................................................................................................
223
2.
COMMERCIAL
LIEN
..................................................................................................
224
3.
RIGHTS
AND
OBLIGATION
OF
THE
CREDITOR
..............................................................
224
VI.
PRIORITY
RULES
............................................................................................................
225
1.
COMPETING
MORTGAGES
(ART.
414
CCC)
...............................................................
225
2.
CONFLICT
BETWEEN
PLEDGE
AND
MORTGAGE
(ART.
415
CCC)
....................................
226
3.
PURCHASE
MONEY
SECURITY
RIGHTS
(ART.
416
CCC)
.................................................
227
4.
BUYER
IN
THE
ORDINARY
COURSE
OF
BUSINESS
(ART.
404
CCC)
..............................
228
5.
CONFLICT
BETWEEN
MORTGAGE,
PLEDGE
AND
LIEN
....................................................
229
6.
CHANGES
TO
THE
RANKING
OF
THE
MORTGAGE
.........................................................
229
7.
FLOATING
CHARGE
....................................................................................................
229
8.
PRIORITY
BETWEEN
TENANT
AND
MORTGAGEE
.........................................................
230
9.
CONFLICT
BETWEEN
SEVERAL
LIENS
..........................................................................
230
10.
CONFLICT
BETWEEN
LIEN,
STATUTORY
PRIORITY
RIGHTS
AND
RIGHT
FOR
SEGREGATION..
230
11.
SUMMARY
..............................................................................................................
230
CHAPTER
18.
ATYPICAL
SECURITY
RIGHTS
...........................................................................
232
I.
OVERVIEW
...................................................................................................................
232
1.
KEY
CHARACTERISTICS
...............................................................................................
232
2.
UNDERLYING
LEGAL
DOCTRINE
................................................................................
232
3.
PUBLICITY
................................................................................................................
233
4.
PRIORITY
RULES
........................................................................................................
233
XX
II.
SECURITY
TRANSFER
OF
OWNERSHIP
............................................................................
233
1.
CONCEPT
AND
LEGAL
EFFECT
...................................................................................
233
2.
COMPARISON
WITH
TYPICAL
SECURITY
RIGHTS
........................................................
234
III.
SECURITY
ASSIGNMENT
OF
RIGHTS
..............................................................................
234
1.
CONCEPT
.................................................................................................................
234
2.
CLAIMS
...................................................................................................................
234
3.
EQUITY
INTERESTS
....................................................................................................
235
4.
RECOURSE
FACTORING
...............................................................................................
235
IV.
RESERVATION
OF
TITLE
..................................................................................................
235
1.
CONCEPT
.................................................................................................................
235
2.
DOCTRINAL
CONSTRUCTION
......................................................................................
236
3.
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
SELLER
AND
BUYER
............................................................
236
4.
TIME
LIMIT
AND
ACCESSORINESS
...........................................................................
237
5.
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
SELLER
AND
THIRD
PARTIES
..................................................
237
V.
OTHER
TYPES
OF
ATYPICAL
SECURITY
RIGHTS
..............................................................
237
1.
FINANCIAL
LEASE
.....................................................................................................
237
2.
SECURITY
ACCOUNT
..................................................................................................
237
CHAPTER
19.
MAXIMUM
AMOUNT
SECURITY
...................................................................
239
I.
MAXIMUM
AMOUNT
MORTGAGE/PLEDGE
..................................................................
239
1.
CONCEPT
.................................................................................................................
239
2.
RELATIVE
ACCESSORINESS
.........................................................................................
239
3.
DETERMINATION
OF
THE
COVERAGE
OF
THE
MORTGAGE
..............................................
239
4.
AMENDMENT
OF
THE
MAXIMUM
AMOUNT
MORTGAGE
............................................
240
5.
MAXIMUM
AMOUNT
PLEDGE
................................................................................
240
II.
MAXIMUM
AMOUNT
GUARANTY
................................................................................
240
1.
DEFINITION
OF
MAXIMUM
AMOUNT
GUARANTY
.....................................................
240
2.
REFERENCE
POINT
OF
THE
MAXIMUM
AMOUNT
......................................................
240
3.
EXTENT
OF
A
GUARANTY
...........................................................................................
241
4.
GUARANTY
TERM
....................................................................................................
241
PART
6
PERSONALITY
RIGHTS
CHAPTER
20.
PERSONALITY
RIGHTS
......................................................................................
243
I.
OVERVIEW
...................................................................................................................
243
II.
MAIN
ISSUES
..............................................................................................................
244
1.
GENERAL
PROVISIONS
...............................................................................................
244
A)
GENERAL
AND
SPECIFIC
RIGHTS
..........................................................................
244
B)
SUBJECTS
ENJOYING
PERSONALITY
RIGHTS
...........................................................
245
C)
GENERAL
RULES
...................................................................................................
245
2.
THE
RIGHT
TO
LIFE,
THE
RIGHT
TO
CORPOREAL
INTEGRITY,
AND
THE
RIGHT
TO
HEALTH
247
A)
THE
RIGHT
TO
LIFE
..............................................................................................
247
B)
THE
RIGHT
TO
CORPOREAL
INTEGRITY
.................................................................
247
C)
THE
RIGHT
TO
HEALTH
......................................................................................
247
D)
THE
OBLIGATION
TO
AID
...................................................................................
248
E)
HUMAN
BODIES
AND
REMAINS
........................................................................
248
F)
CLINICAL
TRIALS
AND
RESEARCH
..........................................................................
250
G)
SEXUAL
HARASSMENT
AND
FREEDOM
OF
MOVEMENT
...........................................
251
3.
THE
RIGHT
TO
NAME
AND
THE
RIGHT
TO
ENTITY
NAME
...........................................
251
A)
THE
RIGHT
TO
NAME
.........................................................................................
251
XXI
AA)
SCOPE
OF
PROTECTION
..................................................................................
251
BB)
DECIDING
AND
CHANGING
NAMES
..............................................................
252
CC)
USING
AND
AUTHORIZING
OTHERS
TO
USE
NAMES
........................................
254
B)
THE
RIGHT
TO
ENTITY
NAME
.............................................................................
254
4.
THE
RIGHT
TO
LIKENESS
...........................................................................................
256
A)
DEFINITION
OF
LIKENESS
....................................................................................
256
B)
INFRINGEMENT
UPON
LIKENESS
.........................................................................
257
AA)
IMPROPER
USE
.............................................................................................
257
BB)
LACK
OF
CONSENT
.......................................................................................
257
C)
REASONABLE
USE
.................................................................................................
258
D)
CONTRACTS
RELATED
TO
LIKENESS
.........................................................................
259
E)
SIMILAR
RIGHTS
...................................................................................................
260
5.
THE
RIGHT
TO
REPUTATION
AND
THE
RIGHT
TO
HONOR
.............................................
260
A)
THE
RIGHT
TO
REPUTATION
...............................................................................
260
AA)
SCOPE
OF
REPUTATION
................................................................................
260
BB)
INFRINGEMENT
UPON
THE
RIGHT
TO
REPUTATION
.............................................
261
CC)
NEWS
REPORTS
AND
PUBLIC
SUPERVISION
.....................................................
262
DD)
LITERARY
AND
ARTISTIC
WORKS
...................................................................
263
EE)
CREDITS
........................................................................................................
264
B)
THE
RIGHT
TO
HONOR
.......................................................................................
264
6.
THE
RIGHT
TO
PRIVACY
AND
PROTECTION
OF
PERSONAL
INFORMATION
........................
265
A)
THE
RIGHT
TO
PRIVACY
......................................................................................
265
AA)
DEFINITION
OF
PRIVACY
...............................................................................
265
BB)
CONTENTS
OF
THE
RIGHT
TO
PRIVACY
............................................................
265
B)
PROTECTION
OF
PERSONAL
INFORMATION
.............................................................
268
AA)
DEFINITION
OF
PERSONAL
INFORMATION
.........................................................
268
BB)
PROCESSING
PERSONAL
INFORMATION
...........................................................
269
CC)
RIGHTS
AND
OBLIGATIONS
............................................................................
270
PART
7
FAMILY
LAW
CHAPTER
21.
INTRODUCTION
................................................................................................
273
CHAPTER
22.
MARRIAGE
LAW
..............................................................................................
275
I.
CONCLUSION
OF
MARRIAGE
...........................................................................................
275
1.
MARRIAGE
PROCEDURE
AND
REGISTRATION
...............................................................
275
2.
CAPACITY
TO
MARRY
AND
MARRIAGE
PROHIBITIONS
................................................
275
3.
EFFECTS
OF
MARRIAGE
...............................................................................................
276
IL
MARITAL
PROPERTY
.......................................................................................................
277
1.
CATEGORIZATION
OF
ASSETS
.......................................................................................
277
2.
RIGHTS
OF
DISPOSAL
.................................................................................................
278
3.
LIABILITY
FOR
OBLIGATIONS
.......................................................................................
279
A)
GENERAL
RULE
ON
JOINT
LIABILITY
.....................................................................
279
B)
WILFUL
JOINT
LIABILITY
......................................................................................
280
C)
SPECIAL
CASE:
ASSUMED
OBLIGATION
FOR
TRANSACTIONS
MEETING
THE
DAILY
NEEDS
OF
LIFE
................................................................................................
280
D)
ADDITIONAL
SPECIAL
CASE:
ASSUMED
OBLIGATION
FOR
PERFORMANCE
SERVING
JOINT
AIMS
...................................................................................................
280
4.
EARLY
DIVISION
OF
COMMUNITY
PROPERTY
...........................................................
281
5.
AGREEMENT
ON
MARITAL
PROPERTY
REGIME:
DEVIATING
ALLOCATION
SCHEMES
......
281
XXII
III.
DIVORCE
......................................................................................................................
281
1.
DIVORCE
BY
MUTUAL
CONSENT
..............................................................................
281
2.
CONTESTED
DIVORCE
................................................................................................
282
IV.
FINANCIAL
CONSEQUENCES
OF
DIVORCE
......................................................................
283
1.
SCHEME
..................................................................................................................
283
2.
MARITAL
PROPERTY
CONSEQUENCES
OF
DIVORCE
.......................................................
283
A)
PRIORITY
FOR
REPAYMENT
OF
COMMUNITY
DEBTS
..............................................
284
B)
DIVISION
OF
PROPERTY
......................................................................................
284
AA)
PRINCIPLES
OF
DIVISION
OF
PROPERTY
IN
THE
CCC
.......................................
284
BB)
SPECIAL
PROVISIONS
ON
THE
DISTRIBUTION
OF
VARIOUS
OBJECTS
....................
285
3.
CLAIMS
TO
PAYMENT
UNDER
FAMILY
LAW
.............................................................
287
A)
SPECIAL
EQUITABLE
ADJUSTMENT
.......................................................................
287
B)
CLAIM
FOR
DAMAGES
.........................................................................................
287
C)
POST-MARITAL
MAINTENANCE
AS
SUBSIDIARY
EMERGENCY
ECONOMIC
ASSISTANCE
....................................................................................................
288
4.
FURTHER
MARITAL
PROPERTY
CLAIMS
UPON
DIVORCE
................................................
289
A)
RESTITUTION
OR
RETURN
OF
BETROTHAL
GIFTS
........................................................
289
B)
REPAYMENT
OF
LOANS
......................................................................................
290
C)
REVOCATION
OF
GIFTS
..........................................................................................
290
D)
EQUALIZATION
BETWEEN
THE
SPOUSES
INTER
SE
...................................................
290
CHAPTER
23.
NON-MARITAL
COHABITATION
......................................................................
291
CHAPTER
24.
CHILDREN
S
RIGHTS
......................................................................................
293
I.
GENERAL
.....................................................................................................................
293
II.
FILIATION
.....................................................................................................................
293
1.
BACKGROUND
OF
THE
RULE
.......................................................................................
293
2.
CONTESTING
PATERNITY
............................................................................................
294
3.
ESTABLISHING
PATERNITY
..........................................................................................
295
4.
ESTABLISHING
MARITAL-CHILD
STATUS
OF
NON-MARITAL
CHILDREN
............................
295
III.
PARENTAL
RESPONSIBILTY
...............................................................................................
296
1.
BACKGROUND
OF
THE
RULE
......................................................................................
296
2.
SUBSTANTIVE
SCOPE
OF
PARENTAL
RESPONSIBILTY
....................................................
296
3.
SUSPENSION
OR
TERMINATION
OF
PARENTAL
RESPONSIBILTY
.......................................
297
A)
PROCEDURE
AND
PREREQUISITES
..........................................................................
297
B)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
OF
WITHDRAWAL
.............................................................
297
4.
PARENTAL
RESPONSIBILTY
AFTER
DIVORCE
................................................................
298
IV.
RIGHT
OF
ACCESS
.........................................................................................................
299
V.
ADOPTION
...................................................................................................................
300
1.
GENERAL
..................................................................................................................
300
2.
REQUIREMENTS
AND
PROCEDURE
............................................................................
300
3.
EFFECTS
....................................................................................................................
301
4.
INVALIDITY
AND
DISSOLUTION
.................................................................................
301
5.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
OF
THE
DISSOLUTION
OF
AN
ADOPTIVE
RELATIONSHIP
.............
302
VI.
STEP-CHILDREN
...........................................................................................................
303
VII.
APPOINTMENT
OF
GUARDIAN
.......................................................................................
304
VIII.
CHILD
SUPPORT
AND
SUPPORT
OF
RELATIVES...............................................................
304
CHAPTER
25.
LAW
ON
NAMES
.............................................................................................
307
XXIII
PART
8
SUCCESSION
LAW
CHAPTER
26.
INTRODUCTION
................................................................................................
309
I
.
SOURCES
OF
LAW
................................................................................................
309
IL
INHERITANCE
TAX
........................................................................................................
309
CHAPTER
27.
SUBSTANTIVE
SUCCESSION
LAW
.....................................................................
310
I.
STATUTORY
SUCCESSION
.................................................................................................
310
1.
RIGHT
OF
INHERITANCE
.............................................................................................
310
2.
SHARES
OF
AN
INHERITANCE
....................................................................................
311
IL
TESTAMENTARY
SUCCESSION
.......................................................................................
312
1.
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
................................................................................................
312
2.
MATERIAL
VALIDITY
OF
THE
WILL
..............................................................................
312
3.
TYPES
OF
DISPOSITION
MORTIS
CAUSA
...................................................................
312
4.
ESTABLISHMENT
OF
THE
WILL
..................................................................................
313
A)
HOLOGRAPHIC
WILL
.............................................................................................
313
B)
WILL
WRITTEN
ON
BEHALF
OF
A
TESTATOR
...........................................................
313
C)
PRINTED
WILL
......................................................................................................
313
D)
WILL
ESTABLISHED
USING
A
SOUND
OR
VIDEO
RECORDING
...................................
313
E)
NUNCUPATIVE
WILL
.............................................................................................
313
F)
NOTARIZED
WILL
..................................................................................................
313
5.
CONTENT
OF
THE
DISPOSITION
MORTIS
CAUSA
..........................................................
314
6.
REVOCATION
OR
ALTERATION
OF
WILLS
.....................................................................
315
III.
RESERVATION
OF
SHARE
................................................................................................
315
IV.
EXECUTION
OF
THE
WILL
...............................................................................................
316
CHAPTER
28.
ESTABLISHMENT
OF
SUCCESSION
AND
LOSS
OF
INHERITANCE
RIGHTS
.............
317
I.
BASIC
RULES
.................................................................................................................
317
II.
ESTATE
.........................................................................................................................
317
III.
LEGACY
........................................................................................................................
318
IV.
EXTINCTIVE
PRESCRIPTION
............................................................................................
319
V.
RENUNCIATION
OF
THE
SUCCESSION
OR
LEGACY.............................................................
319
VI.
DISINHERITANCE
...........................................................................................................
320
VII.
COMMUNITY
OF
SUCCESSORS
......................................................................................
321
VIII.
LIABILITY
OF
SUCCESSORS
FOR
THE
DEBTS
OF
THE
ESTATE
................................................
321
CHAPTER
29.
SUCCESSION
PROCEDURE
...............................................................................
325
I.
GENERAL
PROCEDURE
....................................................................................................
325
II.
INITIATION
OF
THE
PROCEDURE
....................................................................................
325
III.
NOTIFICATION
DUTIES
...................................................................................................
326
IV.
ADMINISTRATION
OF
THE
ESTATE
.................................................................................
326
1.
DETERMINATION
OF
THE
ESTATE
ADMINISTRATOR
.....................................................
327
2.
STATUS
OF
THE
ESTATE
ADMINISTRATOR
...................................................................
329
3.
DUTIES
AND
POWERS
OF
THE
ESTATE
ADMINISTRATOR
...............................................
329
4.
COMPENSATION
OF
THE
ESTATE
ADMINISTRATOR
......................................................
331
5.
LIABILITY
OF
THE
ESTATE
ADMINISTRATOR
................................................................
332
V.
DISTRIBUTION
OF
THE
ESTATE
.......................................................................................
332
1.
BASIC
PRINCIPLE
OF
UTILITARIAN
PARTITION
.............................................................
333
2.
CONSENSUAL
PARTITION
............................................................................................
334
3.
IMPERATIVE
OF
SOCIAL
JUSTICE
...............................................................................
334
4.
PRINCIPLE
OF
RECIPROCITY
......................................................................................
334
XXIV
5.
THE
INSTITUTION
OF
DISCRETIONARY
INHERITANCE
...................................................
335
6.
PROCEDURES
OF
PARTITION
......................................................................................
335
PART
9
TORT
LAW
CHAPTER
30.
INTRODUCTION
................................................................................................
339
I.
CHINESE
TORT
LAW
AFTER
THE
CODIFICATION
IN
2020
................................................
339
1.
PRECEDENT
REGULATORY
REGIME
............................................................................
339
2.
OVERVIEW
OF
THE
CHANGED
PROVISIONS
................................................................
340
3.
SOURCES
OF
LAW
.....................................................................................................
341
CHAPTER
31.
GENERAL
PROVISIONS
....................................................................................
342
I
.
GENERAL
REMARKS
............................................................................................
342
IL
SUBJECT
OF
LIABILITY
...................................................................................................
342
1.
INDIVIDUALS
WITHOUT
CIVIL
CAPACITY/INDIVIDUALS
WITH
LIMITED
CAPACITY
OF
CI
VIL
CONDUCT
........................................................................................................
342
2.
FURTHER
PROVISIONS
ON
VICARIOUS
LIABILITY
........................................................
343
III.
RIGHT
TO
SUE
..............................................................................................................
343
IV.
OBJECT
OF
LIABILITY
....................................................................................................
343
1.
CIVIL
LAW
RIGHTS
AND
INTERESTS
...........................................................................
344
2.
DIVISION
OF
RIGHTS
.................................................................................................
344
A)
PROPERTY
RIGHTS
................................................................................................
344
B)
PERSONAL
RIGHTS
.................................................................................................
345
V.
PRINCIPLES
OF
ATTRIBUTION
.........................................................................................
346
1.
LIABILITY
BASED
ON
FAULT
........................................................................................
346
A)
CONDUCT
..........................................................................................................
346
B)
DAMAGE
............................................................................................................
346
C)
CAUSATION
..........................................................................................................
346
D)
FAULT
..................................................................................................................
347
E)
ILLEGALITY
............................................................................................................
347
2.
LIABILITY
BASED
ON
PRESUMED
FAULT
...................................................................
347
3.
NO-FAULT
LIABILITY
.................................................................................................
348
VI.
DISTRIBUTION
OF
LOSS
..................................................................................................
348
1.
PROPORTIONATE
LIABILITY
......................................................................................
348
2.
SUPPLEMENTAL
LIABILITY
.........................................................................................
349
A)
COMPLETE
SUPPLEMENTAL
LIABILITY
..................................................................
349
B)
CORRESPONDING
SUPPLEMENTAL
LIABILITY
........................................................
349
C)
RECOURSE
............................................................................................................
350
3.
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
LIABILITY
..................................................................................
350
4.
NON-GENUINE
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
LIABILITY
..........................................................
351
5.
LIABILITY
BASED
ON
FAIRNESS/EQUITY
LIABILITY
.....................................................
351
A)
CRITICISM
OF
THE
EXISTENCE
OF
LIABILITY
BASED
ON
FAIRNESS
............................
352
B)
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
.....................................................................................
353
VII.
EXEMPTION
FROM
AND
MITIGATION
OF
LIABILITY
........................................................
354
1.
EXEMPTION
FROM
LIABILITY
..................................................................................
354
A)
DAMAGE
CAUSED
INTENTIONALLY
BY
THE
VICTIM
................................................
354
B)
CONDUCT
OF
A
THIRD
PERSON
...........................................................................
354
C)
ASSUMPTION
OF
RISK
.........................................................................................
354
AA)
DIFFERENTIATION
FROM
VICTIM
S
CONSENT
AND
LIABILITY
BASED
ON
FAULT...
355
BB)
LEGAL
BACKGROUND
AND
ADAPTION
............................................................
355
XXV
CC)
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
AND
LIABILITY
S
PREREQUISITES
..................................
356
DD)
LIABILITY
OF
THE
ACTIVITY
S
ORGANIZER
........................................................
357
D)
SELF-HELP-RULE
..................................................................................................
357
E)
FURTHER
PROVISIONS
ON
THE
EXEMPTION
FROM
LIABILITY
....................................
358
2.
MITIGATION
OF
LIABILITY
...........................................................................................
358
A)
CONTRIBUTION
TO
THE
DAMAGE
BY
THE
INFRINGED
PARTY
....................................
358
B)
LIABILITY
OF
THE
GUARDIAN
................................................................................
358
3.
EXEMPTION
FROM
AND
MITIGATION
OF
LIABILITY
IN
SPECIAL
PROVISIONS
.................
359
VIII.
RELIEF
..........................................................................................................................
359
1.
TYPES
OF
COMPENSATION
.......................................................................................
359
2.
CLASSIFICATION
.........................................................................................................
359
3.
COMPENSATION
.......................................................................................................
360
A)
PROPERTY
DAMAGE
..............................................................................................
360
B)
INFRINGEMENT
OF
PERSONAL
RIGHTS
AND
INTERESTS
..............................................
360
4.
MENTAL
DISTRESS
.....................................................................................................
360
5.
INJUNCTIVE
RELIEF
....................................................................................................
361
6.
PUNITIVE
DAMAGES
.................................................................................................
361
A)
PUNITIVE
DAMAGE
DUE
TO
INTENTIONAL
INFRINGEMENT
OF
INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY
RIGHTS
............................................................................................
361
B)
PUNITIVE
DAMAGES
FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
...........................................
362
IX.
LIMITATION
PERIOD
......................................................................................................
363
CHAPTER
32.
SPECIAL
TYPES
OF
TORTS
..............................................................................
365
I.
LIABILITY
IN
EMPLOYMENT
AND
SERVICE
PROVISION
RELATIONSHIPS
............................
365
II.
LIABILITY
FOR
ILLEGAL
USE
OF
PERSONAL
INFORMATION
IN
INTERNET
NETWORKS
..............
366
III.
PRODUCT
LIABILITY
.......................................................................................................
368
IV.
AUTOMOBILE
TRAFFIC
ACCIDENT
LIABILITY
..................................................................
368
V.
MEDICAL
MALPRACTICE
LIABILITY
................................................................................
370
VI.
LIABILITY
FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION
AND
ECOLOGICAL
DAMAGE
...........................
371
VII.
LIABILITY
FOR
ULTRA-HAZARDOUS
ACTIVITIES
...............................................................
372
VIII.
LIABILITY
FOR
DAMAGE
CAUSED
BY
DOMESTICATED
ANIMALS
......................................
373
IX.
LIABILITY
FOR
DAMAGE
CAUSED
BY
BUILDINGS
AND
OBJECTS
.......................................
374
1.
BUILDINGS
................................................................................................................
374
2.
OBJECTS
.................................................................................................................
374
A)
ART.
1253
SENT.
1
CCC
...................................................................................
374
B)
ART.
1254
CCC
..................................................................................................
374
AA)
LIABILITY
OF
THE
USERS
OF
THE
BUILDING
.....................................................
375
BB)
LIABILITY
OF
THE
PROPERTY
MANAGER
..........................................................
376
C)
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
ARTS.
1253
AND
1254
CCC
.........................................
376
D)
OTHER
SCENARIOS
................................................................................................
376
RELEVANT
LAWS
AND
REGULATIONS
......................................................................................
377
BIBLIOGRAPHY
.......................................................................................................................
393
INDEX
...................................................................................................................................
427
XXVI
|
| adam_txt |
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
PREFACE
AND
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
.
V
LIST
OF
AUTHORS
.
XXVII
ABBREVIATIONS
.
XXIX
PART
1
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER
1.
INTRODUCTION
.
1
I.
LEGISLATIVE
HISTORY
.
1
IL
GUIDING
IDEAS
AND
CODIFICATION
TECHNIQUES
.
2
III.
MAJOR
DISPUTES
AND
NEW
LEGAL
CONCEPTS
.
3
1.
GENERAL
PART
FOR
THE
LAW
OF
OBLIGATIONS
.
3
2.
BOOK
ON
PERSONALITY
RIGHTS
.
5
3.
MATRIMONIAL
COMMUNITY
DEBT
.
6
IV.
BORROWINGS
FROM
FOREIGN
LAW
.
8
V.
TRANSITIONAL
PERIOD
.
8
1.
LEGAL
FACT
ARISING
PRIOR
TO
THE
CCC
COMING
INTO
EFFECT
.
8
2.
RETROACTIVE
APPLICATION
OF
NEW
RULES
INSTEAD
OF
OLD
RULES
.
9
3.
RETROACTIVE
APPLICATION
OF
NEW
RULES
DUE
TO
LACK
OF
OLD
RULES
.
9
4.
"
CROSS-LAW
"
PERFORMANCE
OF
CONTRACTUAL
OBLIGATIONS
.
10
VI.
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
SPECIAL
LAW
.
10
VII.
FUTURE
PROSPECTS
.
10
PART
2
PROPERTY
LAW
CHAPTER
2.
PROPERTY
LAW
.
11
I.
OVERVIEW
.
11
1.
LEGISLATIVE
HISTORY
.
11
2.
SOURCES
OF
LAW
.
11
II.
ACQUISITIVE
PRESCRIPTION
.
12
1.
CONCEPT
.
12
2.
DISCUSSION
IN
CHINESE
LITERATURE
.
12
3.
STATUTE
OF
LIMITATIONS
.
12
III.
PRINCIPLES
OF
PROPERTY
LAW
.
12
1.
EQUAL
PROTECTION
OF
DIFFERENT
TYPES
OF
OWNERS
.
12
2.
ABSOLUTENESS
OF
REAL
RIGHTS
.
13
3.
PRINCIPLE
OF
SEPARATION
.
13
A)
CONCEPT
.
13
B)
SITUATION
UNDER
THE
PROPERTY
LAW
.
13
C)
NO
CHANGE
UNDER
THE
CCC
.
14
D)
SUMMARY
.
14
4.
NUMERUS
CLAUSUS
.
14
5.
PRINCIPLE
OF
SPECIFICITY.
15
6.
PRINCIPLE
OF
PUBLICITY
.
15
VII
IV.
NEWLY
INTRODUCED
LEGAL
CONCEPTS
.
15
1.
LAND
MANAGEMENT
RIGHT
.
15
A)
NATURE
OF
LAND
MANAGEMENT
RIGHT
.
15
B)
ESTABLISHMENT
AND
TRANSFER
OF
LAND
MANAGEMENT
RIGHTS
.
16
C)
ENCUMBRANCE
IN
LAND
MANAGEMENT
RIGHTS
.
16
2.
LIFE
ESTATE
.
17
A)
CONCEPT
.
17
B)
ESTABLISHMENT,
EXTINGUISHMENT
AND
ENCUMBRANCE
.
17
C)
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
OTHER
RIGHTS
.
17
3.
ACCESSIO
.
18
4.
CONDOMINIUM
PROPERTY
.
19
PART
3
CONTRACTS:
THE
GENERAL
PART
CHAPTER
3.
OVERVIEW
.
21
I.
SOURCES
OF
LAW
.
21
1.
STATUTES
.
21
2.
JUDICIAL
INTERPRETATIONS
.
21
3.
GUIDING
CASES
.
22
IL
FEATURES
OF
THE
BOOK
ON
CONTRACTS
.
22
1.
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
THE
BOOK
OF
THE
GENERAL
PART
.
22
2.
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
SPECIAL
AGREEMENTS
CONCERNING
CIVIL
STATUS
.
22
3.
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
THE
THREE
PARTS
INSIDE
THE
BOOK
ON
CONTRACTS
.
23
4.
THE
TWO
ROLES
OF
THE
GENERAL
PART
OF
THE
BOOK
ON
CONTRACTS
.
23
CHAPTER
4.
GENERAL
PART
OF
THE
'
LAW
OF
OBLIGATIONS
'
.
24
I.
ENDING
OF
AN
OBLIGATION
.
24
1.
PERFORMANCE
.
24
A)
THE
PRINCIPLE
OF
COMPLETE
PERFORMANCE
.
24
B)
PERFORMANCE
INVOLVING
A
THIRD
PARTY
.
24
AA)
PREREQUISITES
.
24
BB)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
.
24
C)
GIVING
IN
PAYMENT
.
25
D)
IMPUTATION
OF
PAYMENTS
25
AA)
PLURALITY
OF
OBLIGATIONS
.
25
BB)
PLURALITY
OF
ITEMS
UNDER
THE
SAME
(MONETARY)
OBLIGATION
.
25
2.
OFFSET
.
26
A)
PREREQUISITES
.
26
AA)
OFFSET
STATUS
.
26
BB)
EFFECTIVE
EXERCISE.
26
B)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
.
26
3.
OTHER
ENDINGS
OF
AN
OBLIGATION
.
27
A)
ESCROW
.
27
B)
REMISSION
.
27
C)
MERGER
.
27
D)
TERMINATION
OF
A
CONTRACT
.
27
IL
ALTERATION
OF
AN
OBLIGATION
.
27
1.
ALTERATION
OF
THE
CONTENT
VS.
ALTERATION
OF
THE
PARTY
.
27
A)
MODIFICATION
.
27
AA)
CONTRACTUAL
MODIFICATION
.
27
VIII
BB)
STATUTORY
MODIFICATION
.
28
B)
ALTERATION
OF
THE
PARTY
.
28
2.
ASSIGNMENT
OF
A
CLAIM
.
28
A)
PREREQUISITES
.
28
AA)
ABSOLUTE
ASSIGNABILITY
OF
MONETARY
CLAIMS
.
28
BB)
RELATIVE
ASSIGNABILITY
OF
NONMONETARY
CLAIMS
.
28
B)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
.
29
AA)
ARRIVAL
OF
NOTICE
.
29
BB)
AUTOMATIC
ASSIGNMENT
OF
SUBORDINATED
RIGHTS
.
29
CC)
DEFENSES
IN
ASSIGNMENT
.
30
DD)
EXPENSES
ASSUMPTION
.
30
C)
MULTIPLE
ASSIGNMENTS
.
30
3.
DELEGATION
OF
AN
OBLIGATION
.
30
A)
PREREQUISITES
.
30
B)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
.
30
AA)
FULL
OR
PARTIAL
DELEGATION
WITH
REMISSION
EFFECT
.
30
BB)
AUTOMATIC
DELEGATION
OF
SUBORDINATED
DUTIES
.
31
CC)
DEFENSES
IN
DELEGATION
.
31
4.
CONCURRENT
ASSIGNMENT
AND
DELEGATION
.
31
III.
PROTECTION
FOR
AN
OBLIGATION
.
31
1.
RIGHT
OF
SUBROGATION
.
32
A)
PREREQUISITES
OF
AN
ORDINARY
SUBROGATION
.
32
B)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
OF
AN
ORDINARY
SUBROGATION
.
33
C)
THE
SPECIAL
CASE
OF
THE
MAINTENANCE
OF
A
CLAIM
.
33
D)
NO
GENERAL
PRIORITY
AGAINST
ALTERNATIVE
MEASURES
.
33
2.
RIGHT
OF
INVALIDATION
.
33
A)
GRATUITOUS
DISPOSALS
OF
ASSETS
.
33
B)
DISPOSALS
AT
OBVIOUSLY
UNREASONABLE
PRICES
OR
ALIKE
.
34
C)
EXERCISE
OF
THE
RIGHT
OF
INVALIDATION
.
34
D)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
.
34
IV.
SPECIAL
CONTENTS
OF
AN
OBLIGATION
.
34
1.
MONEY:
MONETARY
OBLIGATIONS
.
34
A)
MONETARY
OBLIGATIONS
IN
GENERAL
.
34
B)
CURRENCY
OBLIGATIONS
.
35
C)
INTEREST
OBLIGATIONS
.
35
2.
PLURALITY
OF
SUBJECT
MATTERS:
OPTIONAL
OBLIGATIONS
.
35
A)
RIGHT
OF
OPTION
.
35
B)
EXERCISE
OF
THE
RIGHT
.
35
V.
PLURALITY
OF
PARTIES
.
36
1.
PARTIAL
OBLIGORS/OBLIGEES
.
36
2.
JOINT
OBLIGORS/OBLIGEES
.
36
A)
JOINT
OBLIGATIONS
.
36
B)
THE
INTERNAL
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
JOINT
OBLIGORS
.
36
AA)
PREREQUISITES
AND
THE
PRIMARY
CONSEQUENCE
OF
A
RECOURSE
.
37
BB)
STATUTORY
TRANSFER
OF
A
CLAIM
AND
ASSOCIATED
DEFENSES
.
37
CC)
ADJUSTMENT
OF
THE
INTERNAL
SHARE
.
37
C)
THE
EXTERNAL
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
THE
OBLIGEE
.
37
AA)
PERFORMANCE,
OFFSET,
ESCROW
.
37
BB)
DELAY
OF
THE
OBLIGEE
.
37
CC)
REMISSION
.
38
IX
DD)
MERGER
.
38
D)
THE
CASE
OF
JOINT
OBLIGEES
.
38
3.
OTHER
KINDS
OF
PLURALITY
OF
PARTIES
.
38
A)
UNREAL
JOINT
OBLIGATIONS/LIABILITIES
.
38
B)
SUPPLEMENTARY
LIABILITY
.
39
CHAPTER
5.
FORMATION
AND
EFFECTIVENESS
OF
CONTRACTS
.
40
I.
FORMATION
OF
CONTRACTS
.
40
1.
OVERVIEW
.
40
2.
THE
OFFER
.
41
A)
EFFECTIVENESS
OF
THE
OFFER
.
41
AA)
SPECIFICITY
AND
DEFINITENESS
OF
THE
OFFER
.
41
BB)
INTENTION
TO
BE
BOUND
.
41
B)
THE
EXPIRY
OF
THE
OFFER
.
42
3.
THE
ACCEPTANCE
.
42
A)
ACCEPTANCE
BY
NOTIFICATION
OR
BY
CONDUCT
.
42
B)
DELAYED
ACCEPTANCE
.
42
C)
QUALIFIED
ACCEPTANCE
.
43
4.
FORM
AND
OTHER
SPECIAL
REQUIREMENTS
.
43
IL
EFFECTIVENESS
OF
CONTRACTS
.
44
1.
THE
INDEPENDENCE
OF
DISPUTE
SETTLEMENT
CLAUSES
.
44
2.
SPECIAL
RESTRICTIONS
UPON
EXEMPTION
CLAUSES
.
44
CHAPTER
6.
PERFORMANCE
OF
CONTRACTS
.
46
I.
THE
PRIVITY
OF
CONTRACT
AND
ITS
EXCEPTIONS
.
46
1.
THE
PRIVITY
OF
CONTRACT
.
46
A)
PERFORMANCE
BY
A
THIRD
PARTY
.
46
B)
MISCONCEPTION
IN
PRACTICE
.
46
2.
PERFORMANCE
TO
A
THIRD
PARTY
.
46
A)
THE
ENFORCEMENT
OF
PRIVITY
OF
CONTRACT
.
46
B)
EXCEPTION
.
46
IL
CONTRACT
INTERPRETATION
AND
THE
'
GAP
FILLER
'
PROVISIONS
.
47
1.
CONTRACT
INTERPRETATION
.
47
A)
THE
SUBSTANTIVE
APPROACH
.
47
B)
A
CONTRACT
IN
MULTIPLE
LANGUAGES
.
47
C)
SUPPLEMENTARY
INTERPRETATION
.
48
2.
DEFAULT
RULES
AS
GAP
FILLERS
.
48
A)
QUALITY
.
48
B)
PRICE
.
48
C)
PLACE
OF
PERFORMANCE
.
48
D)
TIME
OF
PERFORMANCE
.
49
E)
METHOD
OF
PERFORMANCE
.
49
F)
PERFORMANCE
EXPENSES
.
49
III.
RIGHT
OF
DEFENSE
UNDER
BILATERAL
CONTRACTS
.
49
1.
DEFENSE
OF
SIMULTANEOUS
PERFORMANCE
.
49
A)
DEPENDENCY
OF
MUTUAL
OBLIGATIONS
.
49
AA)
BILATERAL
CONTRACTS
.
49
BB)
OTHER
SIMILAR
SCENARIOS
.
50
B)
BOTH
OBLIGATIONS
ARE
DUE
.
50
C)
NO
ORDER
OF
PRIORITY
AS
TO
PERFORMANCE
.
50
D)
NONPERFORMANCE
OR
NONCONFORMING
PERFORMANCE
OF
THE
COUNTERPARTY.
50
X
E)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
.
50
2.
DEFENSE
OF
CONSECUTIVE
PERFORMANCE
.
51
3.
DEFENSE
OF
UNCERTAINTY
.
51
A)
PURPOSE
.
51
B)
PREREQUISITES
.
51
C)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
.
52
CHAPTER
7.
LIABILITY
FOR
BREACH
OF
CONTRACT
AND
PRECONTRACTUAL
LIABILITY
.
53
I.
OVERVIEW
.
53
1.
BREACH
OF
CONTRACT
.
53
2.
STRICT
LIABILITY
VS.
FAULT-BASED
LIABILITY
.
54
3.
A
HARD
CASE:
LIABILITY
FOR
BREACH
OF
PRECONTRACT
.
54
IL
CONTINUING
PERFORMANCE
.
55
1.
PREREQUISITES:
PARTICULARLY
THE
EXCLUSION
OF
NONMONETARY
OBLIGATIONS
.
55
A)
LEGAL
OR
FACTUAL
IMPOSSIBILITY
.
55
AA)
A
DEFENSE
IN
THE
NARROW
SENSE
.
56
BB)
PERMANENT
AND
TEMPORARY
IMPOSSIBILITY
.
56
CC)
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
ILLEGALITY
AND
CHANGE
OF
CIRCUMSTANCES
.
56
B)
PERSONAL
PERFORMANCE
AND
ITS
SUBSTITUTE
.
56
C)
EXCESSIVELY
HIGH
COST
.
57
D)
UNTIMELY
CLAIM
FOR
PERFORMANCE
.
57
E)
NO
EXCLUSION
OF
MONETARY
OBLIGATIONS?
.
58
2.
DOCTRINAL
CONSTRUCTION
AND
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
OTHER
LIABILITIES
.
58
A)
LIABILITY
OR
OBLIGATION?
.
58
B)
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
REMEDIAL
MEASURES
.
58
AA)
REPAIR,
REWORKING,
AND
REPLACEMENT
AS
CONTINUING
PERFORMANCE
.
59
BB)
RETURN
OF
THE
GOODS
.
59
CC)
REDUCTION
OF
PRICE
OR
REMUNERATION
.
59
DD)
FACTORS
AND
GUIDELINES
IN
ADOPTING
REMEDIAL
MEASURES
.
59
C)
NO
ORDER
OF
PRIORITY
IN
GENERAL
BETWEEN
CONTINUING
PERFORMANCE
AND
DAMAGES
.
59
III.
THE
LIABILITY
FOR
DAMAGES
.
59
1.
DIFFERENT
TYPES
OF
LIABILITIES
FOR
DAMAGES
.
59
A)
STATUTORY
DAMAGES
AND
AGREED
DAMAGES
.
59
B)
COMPENSATORY
DAMAGES
AND
PUNITIVE
DAMAGES
.
60
C)
PREREQUISITES
OF
STATUTORY
LIABILITY
FOR
COMPENSATORY
DAMAGES
.
60
2.
DAMAGE
.
60
A)
EXPECTATION
DAMAGE
AND
RELIANCE
DAMAGE
.
60
B)
ACTUAL
LOSSES
AND
LOSSES
OF
PROFITS
.
61
C)
DIRECT
LOSSES
AND
INDIRECT
LOSSES
.
61
D)
INTANGIBLE
LOSSES
.
61
3.
CAUSATION
.
62
4.
GROUNDS
FOR
LIABILITY
EXEMPTION
.
62
A)
FORCE
MAJEURE
.
62
B)
THE
DOCTRINE
OF
FORESEEABILITY
.
62
C)
CONTRIBUTORY
NEGLIGENCE
.
63
D)
DUTY
OF
MITIGATION
.
63
E)
OFFSETTING
LOSSES
BY
BENEFITS
(#5
II
*E
.
63
5.
LIQUIDATED
DAMAGES
.
64
A)
INCREASE
OF
LIQUIDATED
DAMAGES
.
64
B)
REDUCTION
OF
LIQUIDATED
DAMAGES
.
64
XI
AA)
PURPOSE
.
64
BB)
THE
EFFECTIVENESS
OF
CLAUSES
EXCLUDING
THE
REDUCTION
RULE
(OR
THE
INCREASE
RULE)
.
65
CC)
PREREQUISITES
.
66
DD)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
.
66
C)
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
STATUTORY
COMPENSATORY
DAMAGES
.
66
D)
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
MONETARY
DEPOSIT
.
67
E)
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
USURY
LAWS
.
67
IV.
PRECONTRACTUAL
LIABILITY
.
68
1.
VIOLATION
AGAINST
THE
PRINCIPLE
OF
GOOD
FAITH
.
68
2.
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
OTHER
SIMILAR
RULES
.
69
3.
RELIANCE
DAMAGES
AS
PRIMARY
CONSEQUENCE
.
70
CHAPTER
8.
TERMINATION
OF
CONTRACTS
.
71
I.
TYPES
OF
TERMINATION
.
71
1.
TERMINATION
BY
MUTUAL
CONSENT
.
71
2.
TWO
KINDS
OF
UNILATERAL
TERMINATION
.
71
IL
GENERAL
GROUNDS
FOR
THE
STATUTORY
RIGHT
OF
TERMINATION
.
71
1.
FORCE
MAJEURE
.
71
2.
FUNDAMENTAL
BREACH
OF
CONTRACT
.
72
A)
CRITERION:
PURPOSE
OF
CONTRACT
IS
RENDERED
IMPOSSIBLE
TO
ACHIEVE
.
72
B)
ANTICIPATORY
REPUDIATION
.
73
C)
DELAYED
PERFORMANCE
.
73
AA)
FUNDAMENTAL
BREACH
.
73
BB)
FICTION
OF
A
FUNDAMENTAL
BREACH
.
73
D)
OTHER
KINDS
OF
BREACHES
THAT
FRUSTRATE
THE
PURPOSE
OF
THE
CONTRACT
.
74
3.
THE
DISCRETIONARY
TERMINATION
IN
THE
CASE
OF
CONTINUING
CONTRACTS
FOR
AN
INDEFINITE
DURATION
.
74
III.
A
SPECIAL
JUDICIAL
TERMINATION
FOR
THE
BREACHING
PARTY?
.
75
1.
A
JUDICIAL
TERMINATION
DUE
TO
IMPOSSIBILITY
OF
PERFORMANCE
IN
GENERAL
.
75
2.
DISPUTES
ON
THE
GENERAL
JUDICIAL
TERMINATION
FOR
THE
BREACHING
PARTY
.
75
IV.
RESTRICTIONS
ON
THE
RIGHT
OF
TERMINATION
.
76
1.
THE
GENERAL
RESTRICTION:
A
SPECIAL
CUT-OFF
PERIOD
.
76
2.
THE
SPECIAL
RESTRICTION
UPON
THE
CONTRACTUAL
RIGHT
OF
TERMINATION
.
77
V.
EXERCISE
OF
THE
RIGHT
OF
TERMINATION
.
77
1.
PREREQUISITES
AND
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
.
77
2.
THE
DISPUTE
ON
THE
'
RIGHT
OF
OBJECTION
'
TO
THE
TERMINATION
.
78
VI.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
OF
THE
TERMINATION
.
78
1.
RETROACTIVE
EFFECT
FOR
THE
TERMINATION?
.
78
2.
ENDING
OF
THE
OBLIGATIONS
NOT
YET
PERFORMED
.
79
3.
RESTITUTION
.
79
A)
RESTORATION
TO
THE
ORIGINAL
STATE
.
79
AA)
RETURNING
THE
GOODS
OR
OTHER
ITEMS
.
79
BB)
RETURNING
THE
ASSOCIATED
INTEREST
OR
OTHER
FRUITS
(4.8)
.
79
CC)
'
RETURNING
'
OR
REIMBURSEMENT
OF
THE
NECESSARY
EXPENSES
INCURRED
FOR
PRESERVING
THE
GOODS
OR
ITEMS
.
80
B)
OTHER
REMEDIAL
MEASURES
(NXHHNE)
.
80
C)
RESTRICTIONS
.
80
AA)
CIRCUMSTANCES
OF
PERFORMANCE
.
80
BB)
THE
NATURE
OF
THE
CONTRACT
.
80
4.
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
OTHER
REMEDIES
OR
RIGHTS
.
80
XII
A)
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
LIABILITIES
FOR
BREACH
OF
CONTRACT
.
80
B)
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
SECURITY
INTERESTS
.
81
VII.
CHANGE
OF
CIRCUMSTANCES
.
81
1.
OVERVIEW
.
81
2.
PREREQUISITES
.
81
A)
CHANGE
IN
CIRCUMSTANCES
.
81
B)
OBVIOUS
UNFAIRNESS
.
81
C)
INTERNAL
EXAMINATION
.
81
3.
DUTY
OF
NEGOTIATION
AS
A
PRELIMINARY
CONSEQUENCE?
.
82
4.
TERMINATION
OR
MODIFICATION?
.
82
A)
JUDICIAL
TERMINATION
.
82
B)
JUDICIAL
MODIFICATION
.
82
C)
ORDER
OF
PRIORITY
BETWEEN
TERMINATION
AND
MODIFICATION
.
82
CHAPTER
9.
STANDARD
TERMS
.
84
I
.
OVERVIEW
.
84
IL
DEFINITION
OF
STANDARD
TERMS
.
84
1.
DRAFTED
IN
ADVANCE
.
84
2.
PROVIDED
BY
ONE
PARTY
.
85
3.
FOR
REPEATED
USE
.
85
4.
NOT
NEGOTIATED
WITH
THE
OTHER
PARTY
.
85
III.
INCORPORATION
OF
STANDARD
TERMS
.
86
1.
DUTY
TO
NOTIFY
.
86
2.
DUTY
TO
EXPLAIN
.
87
3.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
.
87
4.
SURPRISING
CLAUSES
.
87
IV.
INTERPRETATION
OF
STANDARD
TERMS
.
87
V.
CONTENT
CONTROL
OF
STANDARD
TERMS
.
88
1.
SCOPE
OF
CONTROL
.
88
2.
PRINCIPLE
OF
FAIRNESS
.
88
3.
ROLE
OF
DEFAULT
RULES
.
89
VI.
FILLING
OF
LOOPHOLES
.
90
VIL
BATTLE
OF
THE
FORMS
.
90
PART
4
TYPICAL
CONTRACTS
CHAPTER
10.
SALES
CONTRACTS
.
91
I.
OVERVIEW
.
91
1.
SOURCES
OF
LAW
.
91
2.
ANALOGOUS
APPLICATION
OF
SALES
CONTRACTS
TO
OTHER
CONTRACTS
.
92
II.
DEFINITION
OF
A
SALES
CONTRACT
.
93
1.
DEFINITION
.
93
2.
OBJECT
.
93
3.
FEATURES
.
94
III.
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
SELLER
.
95
1.
OBLIGATION
TO
DELIVER
.
95
A)
PHYSICAL
DELIVERY
.
95
B)
ALTERNATIVE
FORMS
OF
DELIVERY
.
95
C)
DELIVERY
OF
IMMOVABLES
.
95
2.
OBLIGATION
TO
TRANSFER
OWNERSHIP
.
96
XIII
A)
CONSENSUS
IN
REM
.
96
B)
RIGHT
OF
DISPOSITION
.
96
C)
ADMINISTRATIVE
CONTROL
.
97
D) IP
RIGHTS
.
97
3.
ANCILLARY
OBLIGATIONS
.
97
4.
ACCESSORY
OBLIGATIONS
.
97
5.
THE
PERFORMANCE
OF
THE
SELLER
'
S
OBLIGATIONS
.
98
A)
TIME
.
98
B)
PLACE
.
98
6.
MULTIPLE
SALES
OF
THE
SAME
SUBJECT
MATTER
.
98
A)
ORDINARY
MOVABLES
.
99
B)
VEHICLES,
VESSELS
AND
AIRCRAFT
.
99
C)
IMMOVABLES
.
100
IV.
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
BUYER
.
100
1.
OBLIGATION
OF
PAYMENT
.
100
2.
OBLIGATION
OF
ACCEPTANCE
OF
DELIVERY
.
100
3.
THE
PERFORMANCE
OF
BUYER
'
S
OBLIGATIONS
.
101
A)
PLACE
.
101
B)
TIME
.
101
C)
CURRENCY
.
101
V.
PASSING
OF
RISKS
.
102
1.
CURRENT
RULE
.
102
2.
CRITICISM
OF
THE
CURRENT
RULE
.
102
3.
VARIANTS
OF
THE
CURRENT
RULE
.
103
A)
GOODS
IN
NEED
OF
TRANSPORTATION
.
103
B)
CREDITOR
'
S
DEFAULT
.
104
C)
GOODS
IN
TRANSIT
.
104
4.
INFLUENCES
OF
BREACH
ON
THE
PASSING
OF
RISKS
.
105
VI.
WARRANTY
ISSUES
.
107
1.
THEORETICAL
FOUNDATION
.
107
2.
LEGAL
WARRANTY
.
107
3.
MATERIAL
WARRANTY
.
108
4.
INSPECTION
OF
THE
SUBJECT
MATTER
AND
NOTIFICATION
OF
THE
DEFECTS
.
109
A)
ASCERTAINMENT
OF
PERIOD
FOR
INSPECTION
AND
NOTIFICATION
.
109
B)
SUMMARY
OF
THE
CURRENT
RULES
.
110
C)
PROPOSAL
OF
INCORPORATION
OF
THE
NOTIFICATION
PERIOD
INTO
THE
INSPECTION
PERIOD
.
110
VII.
BREACHES
IN
OTHER
FORMS
.
ILL
1.
EXCESSIVE
DELIVERY
.
ILL
2.
TERMINATION
DUE
TO
NON-CONFORMITY
OF
THE
PRINCIPAL
SUBJECT
MATTER
.
ILL
3.
DEFECTIVENESS
OF
A
PART
AMONG
MULTIPLE
SUBJECT
MATTERS
.
ILL
4.
DELIVERY
IN
INSTALLMENTS
.
112
VIII.
SPECIAL
FORMS
OF
SALES
.
112
1.
INSTALLMENT
PURCHASE
.
112
2.
SALES
ON
SAMPLE
.
113
3.
SALES
ON
TRIAL
.
113
4.
SALES
UNDER
RESERVATION
OF
TITLE
.
114
CHAPTER
11.
LEASE
CONTRACTS
.
115
I.
OVERVIEW
.
115
1.
SOURCES
OF
LAW
.
115
XIV
2.
REGULATION
OF
LEASE
CONTRACTS
.
115
IL
VALIDITY
OF
LEASE
CONTRACTS
.
116
1.
WRITTEN
REQUIREMENT
AND
REGISTRATION
.
116
2.
PUBLIC
LAW
PERMIT
.
116
A)
CONSTRUCTION
PROJECT
PLANNING
PERMIT
.
116
B)
FIRE
PROTECTION
REQUIREMENTS
.
117
C)
OTHER
MANDATORY
PROVISIONS
.
117
3.
LEASE
TERM
.
117
4.
MULTIPLE
LEASES.
117
5.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
.
118
III.
THE
LESSOR
'
S
OBLIGATION
TO
GRANT
AND
SURRENDER
THE
LEASED
OBJECT
.
118
1.
PERMISSIBILITY
OF
CHANGE
.
118
2.
REMOVAL
OF
CHANGE
.
119
A)
LESSOR
'
S
CONSENT
.
119
B)
TYPE
OF
ATTACHMENT
.
119
3.
LESSOR
'
S
COMPENSATION
FOR
KEEPING
FIXTURES
.
120
4.
LESSOR
'
S
INDEMNITY
FOR
THE
COSTS
OF
DECORATION
OR
ADDITION
.
121
5.
LESSEE
'
S
COMPENSATION
FOR
THE
DAMAGE
TO
THE
LEASED
OBJECT
.
121
6.
ALTERNATIVE
SOLUTIONS
.
122
IV.
THE
LESSOR
'
S
OBLIGATION
OF
GUARANTY
AND
MAINTENANCE
.
123
1.
MATERIAL
DEFECTS
.
123
2.
LEGAL
DEFECTS
.
124
3.
SPECIFIC
DEFECTS
.
124
4.
OBLIGATION
OF
THE
LESSEE.
125
V.
THE
LESSEE
'
S
OBLIGATION
TO
PAY
RENT
.
125
1.
PAYMENT
TERM
.
125
2.
ARREARS
OF
RENT
.
125
3.
RENT
REDUCTION
DUE
TO
DEVIATION
OF
SIZE
.
125
4.
RENT
PAYMENT
DESPITE
WATER,
ELECTRICITY
AND
GAS
SUPPLY
CUT-OFF
.
125
5.
LIEN
.
126
VI.
THE
LESSEE
'
S
OBLIGATION
TO
USE
AND
RETURN
OF
THE
OBJECT
.
126
1.
GENERAL
PROVISIONS
.
126
2.
COMMERCIAL
LEASES.
126
3.
OBLIGATIONS
UPON
TERMINATION
.
127
VII.
SUBLEASE
.
127
1.
PERMISSIBILITY
OF
A
SUBLEASE
.
127
2.
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
THE
MAIN
LESSEE
AND
THE
MAIN
LESSOR
.
128
3.
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
THE
SUBLESSEE
AND
THE
MAIN
LESSEE
.
129
4.
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
THE
SUBLESSEE
AND
THE
MAIN
LESSOR
.
130
VIII.
TRANSFER
OF
THE
LEASED
OBJECT
.
131
1.
PURCHASE
IS
SUBJECT
TO
EXISTING
LEASES
.
131
A)
PREREQUISITES
.
131
AA)
TRANSFER
OF
THE
LEASED
OBJECT
.
131
BB)
THE
LESSEE
IS
IN
OCCUPATION
OF
THE
LEASED
OBJECT
.
131
B)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
.
131
C)
EXCEPTIONS
.
132
2.
PRE-EMPTIVE
RIGHT
OF
THE
LESSEE
.
132
A)
PREREQUISITES
.
132
AA)
SALE
OF
THE
LEASED
REAL
PROPERTY
.
132
BB)
SAME
CONDITIONS
.
132
XV
CC)
TIMELY
EXERCISE
.
132
B)
EXCEPTIONS
.
133
AA)
SALE
TO
A
CO-OWNER
OR
A
CLOSE
RELATIVE
.
133
BB)
NO
PARTIAL
PURCHASE
.
133
CC)
BREACH
OF
THE
LESSEE
.
133
C)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
.
133
3.
EXPROPRIATION
OF
THE
LEASED
REAL
PROPERTY
.
134
IX.
LEASES
IN
ENFORCEMENT
PROCEEDINGS
.
134
1.
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
LEASES
AND
MORTGAGES
.
134
2.
THIRD
PARTY
OBJECTION
.
134
X.
TERMINATION
OF
THE
LEASE
.
135
1.
ORDINARY
TERMINATION
.
135
2.
EXTRAORDINARY
TERMINATION
.
135
3.
DEATH
OF
THE
LESSEE
.
135
4.
IMPLICIT
EXTENSION
OF
THE
LEASE
TERM
.
136
5.
PRE-EMPTIVE
RIGHT
OF
THE
LESSEE
TO
EXTEND
THE
LEASE
TERM
.
136
6.
COMPENSATION
.
136
A)
COMPENSATION
FOR
THE
LESSOR
.
136
B)
COMPENSATION
FOR
THE
LESSEE
.
137
7.
RECOVERY
OF
POSSESSION
.
137
CHAPTER
12.
FACTORING
CONTRACTS
.
138
I.
OVERVIEW
.
138
1.
BACKGROUND
FOR
CODIFICATION
.
138
2.
INFLUENCE
OF
FOREIGN
LAW
.
138
3.
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
THE
GENERAL
PART
OF
THE
BOOK
ON
CONTRACT
.
139
IL
DEFINITION,
TYPES
AND
MAJOR
CONTENTS
.
139
1.
DEFINITION
IN
ART.
761
CCC
.
139
A)
PERFORMANCE
OF
MAJOR
FUNCTIONS
.
139
B)
PERMISSIBLE
SCOPE
OF
THE
RECEIVABLES
.
140
C)
MARKET
ACCESS
LIMITATION
.
141
2.
TYPES
.
142
A)
RECOURSE
AND
NONRECOURSE
FACTORING
.
142
B)
DISCLOSED
FACTORING
AND
UNDISCLOSED
FACTORING
.
143
C)
OTHER
TYPES
.
143
3.
WRITTEN
REQUIREMENT
AND
MAJOR
CONTENTS
.
143
III.
BAR
ON
ASSIGNMENT
.
143
1.
LEGAL
EFFECT
.
143
2.
SUBSEQUENT
ASSIGNMENTS
.
144
3.
CONFLICT
WITH
RESERVATION
OF
TITLE
.
144
IV.
FACTORING
FRAUD
.
144
1.
PREREQUISITES
.
144
A)
FABRICATION
OF
AN
ACCOUNT
RECEIVABLE
.
144
B)
ACTUAL
OR
CONSTRUCTIVE
KNOWLEDGE
.
145
2.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
.
146
3.
NECESSITY
.
146
V.
NOTICE
BY
THE
FACTOR
.
146
VI.
THE
DEBTOR
'
S
DEFENSE
AND
RIGHTS
TO
SET-OFF
.
147
1.
DEFENSE
AND
SET-OFF
ARISING
FROM
THE
ORIGINAL
CONTRACT
.
147
2.
AMENDMENT
OF
THE
ORIGINAL
CONTRACT
.
148
3.
DEFENSE
AND
SET-OFF
ARISING
FROM
THE
FACTORING
CONTRACT
.
148
XVI
4.
WAIVER
OF
DEFENSES
OR
RIGHTS
TO
SET-OFF.
.
149
VII.
MULTIPLE
FACTORING
.
149
1.
PRIORITY
RULES
AND
THEIR
JUSTIFICATION
.
149
2.
INCONSISTENCY
WITH
OTHER
PROVISIONS
.
150
3.
PREREQUISITES
.
151
4.
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
.
151
A)
PRIORITY
BETWEEN
PLEDGE
AND
FACTORING
.
151
B)
PRIORITY
BETWEEN
FACTOR
AND
CREDITORS
OF
THE
SUPPLIER
.
152
C)
PRIORITY
BETWEEN
FACTOR
AND
ORDINARY
ASSIGNEE
.
152
CHAPTER
13.
TECHNOLOGY
CONTRACTS
.
154
I.
OVERVIEW
.
154
1.
EVOLUTION
HISTORY
.
154
2.
SOURCES
OF
LAW
.
154
IL
THE
GENERAL
PART
AND
COMMON
ISSUES
.
155
1.
VALIDITY
OF
CONTRACT
.
155
A)
WRITTEN
FORM,
REGISTRATION
AND
RECORDAL
.
155
B)
APPROVAL
.
156
C)
NULLITY
GROUNDS
.
156
D)
LACK
OF
CAPACITY
.
157
E)
AVOIDABLE
CONTRACTS
.
157
F)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
.
157
2.
CALCULATION
OF
ROYALTIES
.
157
3.
OWNERSHIP
.
158
III.
ANTITRUST
CONTROL
.
159
IV.
TECHNOLOGY
ASSIGNMENT
CONTRACTS
AND
TECHNOLOGY
LICENSING
CONTRACTS
.
162
1.
DEFINITIONS
.
162
2.
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
PATENT
ASSIGNOR/LICENSOR
.
162
3.
OBLIGATIONS
OF
PATENT
ASSIGNEE/LICENSEE
.
163
4.
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
ASSIGNOR/LICENSOR
OF
KNOW-HOW
.
164
5.
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
ASSIGNEE/LICENSEE
OF
KNOW-HOW
.
164
6.
OBLIGATION
OF
WARRANTY
.
164
A)
LEGAL
WARRANTY
.
164
AA)
EXISTENCE
AND
OWNERSHIP
OF
THE
PATENT
RIGHT
.
164
BB)
OPPOSING
RIGHTS
.
165
CC)
LIABILITY
FOR
REVOCATION
OF
THE
PATENT
.
166
B)
MATERIAL
DEFECTS
.
167
7.
SUBLICENSES
AND
ASSIGNABILITY
OF
LICENSES
.
167
8.
SURVIVAL
OF
A
LICENSE
IN
THE
EVENT
OF
ASSIGNMENT
.
168
9.
LICENSES
IN
BANKRUPTCY
PROCEEDINGS
.
168
10.
TERMINATION
.
169
V.
OTHER
TYPES
OF
TECHNOLOGY
CONTRACTS
.
169
1.
TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT
CONTRACTS
.
169
2.
TECHNOLOGY
CONSULTATION
CONTRACTS
.
169
3.
TECHNOLOGY
SERVICE
CONTRACTS
.
170
CHAPTER
14.
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
.
171
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
171
II.
AGENCY,
MANDATE
AND
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
.
171
III.
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
.
172
1.
THE
PERSONAL
NATURE
OF
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
.
173
XVII
2.
CONSENSUAL
AND
INFORMAL
CONTRACTS
.
173
3.
SERVICES
AS
THE
OBJECT
OF
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
.
173
IV.
CATEGORIES
OF
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
.
174
1.
SPECIAL
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
AND
GENERAL
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
.
174
2.
GRATUITOUS
AND
NON-GRATUITOUS
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
.
174
3.
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
AND
SUB-MANDATE
CONTRACTS
.
175
V.
RIGHTS
AND
OBLIGATIONS
UNDER
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
.
175
1.
THE
RIGHTS
AND
OBLIGATIONS
OF
MANDATORS
.
175
A)
PAYMENT
OF
REMUNERATION
AND
EXPENSES
.
175
B)
INTERVENTION
RIGHTS
.
175
C)
COMPENSATION
LIABILITIES
.
176
2.
THE
RIGHTS
AND
OBLIGATIONS
OF
MANDATARIES
.
176
A)
HANDLING
MANDATED
MATTERS
WITHIN
THE
CONFERRED
AUTHORITY
IN
PERSON.
176
B)
REPORTING
OBLIGATIONS
.
177
C)
HANDING
OVER
OBTAINED
PROPERTIES
.
177
D)
COMPENSATION
LIABILITIES
.
178
E)
THE
OBLIGATION
OF
DISCLOSURE
AND
SELECTION RIGHTS
OF
THE
THIRD
PARTY
.
178
VI.
TERMINATION
AND
DISCHARGE
OF
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
.
178
1.
CAUSES
OF
TERMINATION
.
179
2.
RIGHT
OF
DISCRETIONARY
TERMINATION
.
180
VII.
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
AND
OTHER
TYPES
OF
CONTRACTS
.
181
1.
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
AND
INTERMEDIARY
CONTRACTS
.
181
2.
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
AND
COMMISSION
AGENT
CONTRACTS
.
182
3.
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
AND
CONTRACTS
FOR
WORK
.
184
4.
MANDATE
CONTRACTS
AND
TRUST
CONTRACTS
.
185
VIII.
CONCLUSION
.
186
PART
5
SECURITY
LAW
CHAPTER
15.
COMMON
ISSUES
OF
PERSONAL
AND
REAL
SECURITY
.
187
I.
OVERVIEW
.
187
1.
TERMINOLOGY
.
187
2.
EVOLUTION
HISTORY
.
188
3.
SOURCES
OF
LAW
.
189
II.
ACCESSORINESS
.
189
1.
CONCEPT
.
189
2.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
OF
NULLITY
OF
THE
SECURITY
CONTRACT
.
190
A)
SCOPE
OF
LIABILITY
.
190
B)
FAULT
OF
THE
SECURITY
GRANTOR
.
191
3.
COUNTER
SECURITY
.
191
III.
SECURITY
PROVIDED
WITHOUT
AUTHORITY
.
191
1.
CAPABILITY
TO
ACT
AS
GUARANTOR
.
191
2.
LEGAL
REPRESENTATIVE
WITHOUT
AUTHORITY
.
192
A)
GENERAL
RULES
.
192
B)
EXCEPTIONS
.
193
3.
LISTED
COMPANIES
.
193
4.
ONE-MAN
COMPANY
.
193
5.
BRANCH
OFFICE
.
194
IV.
ENFORCEMENT
OF
SECURITY
RIGHTS
.
194
1.
JURISDICTION
.
194
XVIII
2.
REAL
SECURITY
RIGHT
.
194
3.
GUARANTY
.
195
V.
DEFENSE
OF
THE
SECURITY
GRANTOR
.
196
1.
TYPES
OF
DEFENSES
.
196
2.
DEBTOR
'
S
DEFENSE
AGAINST
THE
CREDITOR
.
196
3.
DEBTOR
'
S
FORMATION
RIGHT
AGAINST
THE
CREDITOR
.
197
4.
DEFENSES
AVAILABLE
TO
THE
SECURITY
GRANTOR
.
197
A)
BASED
ON
STATUTORY
AND
CONTRACTUAL
TIME
LIMIT
.
197
B)
BASED
ON
THE
SUBSIDIARY
NATURE
OF
THE
SECURITY
.
198
AA)
DEFENSE
OF
UNEXHAUSTED
REMEDIES
.
198
BB)
DEFENSE
OF
URGING
THE
DEBTOR
TO
PERFORM
.
198
CC)
DEFENSE
OF
NON-EXERCISE
OF
A
RIGHT
TO
SET-OFF
.
198
5.
SUBSEQUENT
ADVERSE
CHANGE
WITHOUT
THE
SECURITY
GRANTOR
'
S
CONSENT
.
198
VI.
CLAIM
TO
RECOURSE
AND
STATUTORY
PASSING
OF
CLAIMS
.
200
1.
CLAIM
TO
RECOURSE
.
200
2.
STATUTORY
PASSING
OF
RIGHTS
(SUBROGATION)
.
200
VII.
SEVERAL
SECURITY
GRANTORS
.
201
1.
SEVERAL
SECURITY
GRANTORS
.
201
A)
MIXED
SECURITIES
.
201
B)
CONTRACTUAL
AGREEMENT
.
202
C)
EXPRESSLY
STIPULATED
SOLIDARY
SECURITY
.
202
D)
ASSUMED
SOLIDARY
SECURITY
.
202
E)
REDUCTION
OF
RIGHTS
TOWARD
A
SPECIFIC
CO-SECURITY
GRANTOR
.
202
F)
STATUTORY
PASSING
OF
CLAIMS
.
203
2.
CO-GUARANTORS
.
204
VIII. SECURITY
IN
BANKRUPTCY
PROCEEDING
.
204
1.
EFFECT
ON
THE
SCOPE
OF
LIABILITY
.
204
2.
ENFORCEMENT
OF
SECURITY
RIGHTS
.
205
3.
CREDITOR
'
S
OMISSION
.
205
4.
BANKRUPTCY
OF
THE
SECURITY
GRANTOR
.
205
5.
EFFECT
OF
PRE-EMPTIVE
REGISTRATION
OF
A
MORTGAGE
.
205
6.
UNREGISTERED
CHATTEL
MORTGAGE
.
206
CHAPTER
16.
GUARANTY
CONTRACT
.
207
I.
VALIDITY
OF
GUARANTY
CONTRACT
.
207
1.
DEFINITION
.
207
2.
FORM
REQUIREMENT
.
207
3.
JOINING
AS
AN
OBLIGOR
AND
GUARANTY
.
207
II.
LIABILITY
OF
THE
GUARANTOR
.
208
1.
EXTENT
OF
THE
GUARANTY
DEBT/LIABILITY
.
208
2.
GENERAL
GUARANTY,
SOLIDARY
GUARANTY
AND
MAXIMUM
AMOUNT
GUARANTY
.
208
III.
TERM
OF
GUARANTY
.
209
1.
GENERAL
CONCEPT
.
209
2.
DETERMINATION
OF
THE
GUARANTY
TERM
.
209
3.
MAINTENANCE
OF
THE
GUARANTY
TERM
.
210
A)
ORDINARY
GUARANTY
.
210
B)
SOLIDARY
GUARANTY
.
210
C)
SEVERAL
GUARANTORS
.
210
4.
PRESCRIPTION
PERIOD
.
211
5.
VOID
GUARANTY
CONTRACT
.
212
XIX
CHAPTER
17.
REAL
SECURITY
RIGHTS
.
213
I.
OVERVIEW
.
213
1.
EVOLUTION
HISTORY
.
213
2.
FUNCTIONAL
APPROACH
.
214
IL
COMMON
ISSUES
.
214
1.
SEPARATION
BETWEEN
SECURITY
CONTRACT
AND
REGISTRATION/DELIVERY
.
214
2.
LEGAL
EFFECT
OF
THE
REGISTRATION
.
214
3.
THIRD-PARTY
EFFECT
.
215
4.
EFFECT
OF
A
MORTGAGE
CONTRACT
ABSENT
REGISTRATION
.
215
5.
SECURITY
RIGHT
HELD
BY
A
THIRD
PARTY
.
216
6.
INDIVISIBILITY
OF
THE
SECURITY
RIGHT
.
216
7.
EXTINCTION
OF
REAL
SECURITY
RIGHTS
.
217
III.
MORTGAGE
.
217
1.
ENCUMBRABLE
ASSETS
.
217
2.
SCOPE
OF
THE
MORTGAGE
.
218
A)
INCONSISTENCY
OF
THE
DESCRIPTION
OF
COLLATERAL
.
218
B)
EXTENSION
TO
ACCESSORY
.
218
C)
EXTENSION
TO
ACCESSION
.
219
3.
PRE-EMPTIVE
REGISTRATION
.
220
4.
RESTRICTION
ON
THE
MORTGAGOR
'
S
POWER
OF
USE
AND
DISPOSAL
.
220
5.
TRANSFER
OF
A
MORTGAGED
CHATTEL
.
221
IV.
PLEDGE
.
221
1.
CONCEPT
.
221
2.
CREATION
OF
A
PLEDGE
.
222
A)
MOVABLES
.
222
B)
RIGHTS
.
222
C)
ACCOUNT
RECEIVABLES.
223
3.
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
PLEDGOR
.
223
V.
LIEN
.
223
1.
CONCEPT
.
223
2.
COMMERCIAL
LIEN
.
224
3.
RIGHTS
AND
OBLIGATION
OF
THE
CREDITOR
.
224
VI.
PRIORITY
RULES
.
225
1.
COMPETING
MORTGAGES
(ART.
414
CCC)
.
225
2.
CONFLICT
BETWEEN
PLEDGE
AND
MORTGAGE
(ART.
415
CCC)
.
226
3.
PURCHASE
MONEY
SECURITY
RIGHTS
(ART.
416
CCC)
.
227
4.
BUYER
IN
THE
ORDINARY
COURSE
OF
BUSINESS
(ART.
404
CCC)
.
228
5.
CONFLICT
BETWEEN
MORTGAGE,
PLEDGE
AND
LIEN
.
229
6.
CHANGES
TO
THE
RANKING
OF
THE
MORTGAGE
.
229
7.
FLOATING
CHARGE
.
229
8.
PRIORITY
BETWEEN
TENANT
AND
MORTGAGEE
.
230
9.
CONFLICT
BETWEEN
SEVERAL
LIENS
.
230
10.
CONFLICT
BETWEEN
LIEN,
STATUTORY
PRIORITY
RIGHTS
AND
RIGHT
FOR
SEGREGATION.
230
11.
SUMMARY
.
230
CHAPTER
18.
ATYPICAL
SECURITY
RIGHTS
.
232
I.
OVERVIEW
.
232
1.
KEY
CHARACTERISTICS
.
232
2.
UNDERLYING
LEGAL
DOCTRINE
.
232
3.
PUBLICITY
.
233
4.
PRIORITY
RULES
.
233
XX
II.
SECURITY
TRANSFER
OF
OWNERSHIP
.
233
1.
CONCEPT
AND
LEGAL
EFFECT
.
233
2.
COMPARISON
WITH
TYPICAL
SECURITY
RIGHTS
.
234
III.
SECURITY
ASSIGNMENT
OF
RIGHTS
.
234
1.
CONCEPT
.
234
2.
CLAIMS
.
234
3.
EQUITY
INTERESTS
.
235
4.
RECOURSE
FACTORING
.
235
IV.
RESERVATION
OF
TITLE
.
235
1.
CONCEPT
.
235
2.
DOCTRINAL
CONSTRUCTION
.
236
3.
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
SELLER
AND
BUYER
.
236
4.
TIME
LIMIT
AND
ACCESSORINESS
.
237
5.
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
SELLER
AND
THIRD
PARTIES
.
237
V.
OTHER
TYPES
OF
ATYPICAL
SECURITY
RIGHTS
.
237
1.
FINANCIAL
LEASE
.
237
2.
SECURITY
ACCOUNT
.
237
CHAPTER
19.
MAXIMUM
AMOUNT
SECURITY
.
239
I.
MAXIMUM
AMOUNT
MORTGAGE/PLEDGE
.
239
1.
CONCEPT
.
239
2.
RELATIVE
ACCESSORINESS
.
239
3.
DETERMINATION
OF
THE
COVERAGE
OF
THE
MORTGAGE
.
239
4.
AMENDMENT
OF
THE
MAXIMUM
AMOUNT
MORTGAGE
.
240
5.
MAXIMUM
AMOUNT
PLEDGE
.
240
II.
MAXIMUM
AMOUNT
GUARANTY
.
240
1.
DEFINITION
OF
MAXIMUM
AMOUNT
GUARANTY
.
240
2.
REFERENCE
POINT
OF
THE
MAXIMUM
AMOUNT
.
240
3.
EXTENT
OF
A
GUARANTY
.
241
4.
GUARANTY
TERM
.
241
PART
6
PERSONALITY
RIGHTS
CHAPTER
20.
PERSONALITY
RIGHTS
.
243
I.
OVERVIEW
.
243
II.
MAIN
ISSUES
.
244
1.
GENERAL
PROVISIONS
.
244
A)
GENERAL
AND
SPECIFIC
RIGHTS
.
244
B)
SUBJECTS
ENJOYING
PERSONALITY
RIGHTS
.
245
C)
GENERAL
RULES
.
245
2.
THE
RIGHT
TO
LIFE,
THE
RIGHT
TO
CORPOREAL
INTEGRITY,
AND
THE
RIGHT
TO
HEALTH
247
A)
THE
RIGHT
TO
LIFE
.
247
B)
THE
RIGHT
TO
CORPOREAL
INTEGRITY
.
247
C)
THE
RIGHT
TO
HEALTH
.
247
D)
THE
OBLIGATION
TO
AID
.
248
E)
HUMAN
BODIES
AND
REMAINS
.
248
F)
CLINICAL
TRIALS
AND
RESEARCH
.
250
G)
SEXUAL
HARASSMENT
AND
FREEDOM
OF
MOVEMENT
.
251
3.
THE
RIGHT
TO
NAME
AND
THE
RIGHT
TO
ENTITY
NAME
.
251
A)
THE
RIGHT
TO
NAME
.
251
XXI
AA)
SCOPE
OF
PROTECTION
.
251
BB)
DECIDING
AND
CHANGING
NAMES
.
252
CC)
USING
AND
AUTHORIZING
OTHERS
TO
USE
NAMES
.
254
B)
THE
RIGHT
TO
ENTITY
NAME
.
254
4.
THE
RIGHT
TO
LIKENESS
.
256
A)
DEFINITION
OF
LIKENESS
.
256
B)
INFRINGEMENT
UPON
LIKENESS
.
257
AA)
IMPROPER
USE
.
257
BB)
LACK
OF
CONSENT
.
257
C)
REASONABLE
USE
.
258
D)
CONTRACTS
RELATED
TO
LIKENESS
.
259
E)
SIMILAR
RIGHTS
.
260
5.
THE
RIGHT
TO
REPUTATION
AND
THE
RIGHT
TO
HONOR
.
260
A)
THE
RIGHT
TO
REPUTATION
.
260
AA)
SCOPE
OF
REPUTATION
.
260
BB)
INFRINGEMENT
UPON
THE
RIGHT
TO
REPUTATION
.
261
CC)
NEWS
REPORTS
AND
PUBLIC
SUPERVISION
.
262
DD)
LITERARY
AND
ARTISTIC
WORKS
.
263
EE)
CREDITS
.
264
B)
THE
RIGHT
TO
HONOR
.
264
6.
THE
RIGHT
TO
PRIVACY
AND
PROTECTION
OF
PERSONAL
INFORMATION
.
265
A)
THE
RIGHT
TO
PRIVACY
.
265
AA)
DEFINITION
OF
PRIVACY
.
265
BB)
CONTENTS
OF
THE
RIGHT
TO
PRIVACY
.
265
B)
PROTECTION
OF
PERSONAL
INFORMATION
.
268
AA)
DEFINITION
OF
PERSONAL
INFORMATION
.
268
BB)
PROCESSING
PERSONAL
INFORMATION
.
269
CC)
RIGHTS
AND
OBLIGATIONS
.
270
PART
7
FAMILY
LAW
CHAPTER
21.
INTRODUCTION
.
273
CHAPTER
22.
MARRIAGE
LAW
.
275
I.
CONCLUSION
OF
MARRIAGE
.
275
1.
MARRIAGE
PROCEDURE
AND
REGISTRATION
.
275
2.
CAPACITY
TO
MARRY
AND
MARRIAGE
PROHIBITIONS
.
275
3.
EFFECTS
OF
MARRIAGE
.
276
IL
MARITAL
PROPERTY
.
277
1.
CATEGORIZATION
OF
ASSETS
.
277
2.
RIGHTS
OF
DISPOSAL
.
278
3.
LIABILITY
FOR
OBLIGATIONS
.
279
A)
GENERAL
RULE
ON
JOINT
LIABILITY
.
279
B)
WILFUL
JOINT
LIABILITY
.
280
C)
SPECIAL
CASE:
ASSUMED
OBLIGATION
FOR
TRANSACTIONS
MEETING
THE
DAILY
NEEDS
OF
LIFE
.
280
D)
ADDITIONAL
SPECIAL
CASE:
ASSUMED
OBLIGATION
FOR
PERFORMANCE
SERVING
JOINT
AIMS
.
280
4.
EARLY
DIVISION
OF
COMMUNITY
PROPERTY
.
281
5.
AGREEMENT
ON
MARITAL
PROPERTY
REGIME:
DEVIATING
ALLOCATION
SCHEMES
.
281
XXII
III.
DIVORCE
.
281
1.
DIVORCE
BY
MUTUAL
CONSENT
.
281
2.
CONTESTED
DIVORCE
.
282
IV.
FINANCIAL
CONSEQUENCES
OF
DIVORCE
.
283
1.
SCHEME
.
283
2.
MARITAL
PROPERTY
CONSEQUENCES
OF
DIVORCE
.
283
A)
PRIORITY
FOR
REPAYMENT
OF
COMMUNITY
DEBTS
.
284
B)
DIVISION
OF
PROPERTY
.
284
AA)
PRINCIPLES
OF
DIVISION
OF
PROPERTY
IN
THE
CCC
.
284
BB)
SPECIAL
PROVISIONS
ON
THE
DISTRIBUTION
OF
VARIOUS
OBJECTS
.
285
3.
CLAIMS
TO
PAYMENT
UNDER
FAMILY
LAW
.
287
A)
SPECIAL
EQUITABLE
ADJUSTMENT
.
287
B)
CLAIM
FOR
DAMAGES
.
287
C)
POST-MARITAL
MAINTENANCE
AS
SUBSIDIARY
EMERGENCY
"
ECONOMIC
ASSISTANCE
".
288
4.
FURTHER
MARITAL
PROPERTY
CLAIMS
UPON
DIVORCE
.
289
A)
RESTITUTION
OR
RETURN
OF
BETROTHAL
GIFTS
.
289
B)
REPAYMENT
OF
LOANS
.
290
C)
REVOCATION
OF
GIFTS
.
290
D)
EQUALIZATION
BETWEEN
THE
SPOUSES
INTER
SE
.
290
CHAPTER
23.
NON-MARITAL
COHABITATION
.
291
CHAPTER
24.
CHILDREN
'
S
RIGHTS
.
293
I.
GENERAL
.
293
II.
FILIATION
.
293
1.
BACKGROUND
OF
THE
RULE
.
293
2.
CONTESTING
PATERNITY
.
294
3.
ESTABLISHING
PATERNITY
.
295
4.
ESTABLISHING
MARITAL-CHILD
STATUS
OF
NON-MARITAL
CHILDREN
.
295
III.
PARENTAL
RESPONSIBILTY
.
296
1.
BACKGROUND
OF
THE
RULE
.
296
2.
SUBSTANTIVE
SCOPE
OF
PARENTAL
RESPONSIBILTY
.
296
3.
SUSPENSION
OR
TERMINATION
OF
PARENTAL
RESPONSIBILTY
.
297
A)
PROCEDURE
AND
PREREQUISITES
.
297
B)
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
OF
WITHDRAWAL
.
297
4.
PARENTAL
RESPONSIBILTY
AFTER
DIVORCE
.
298
IV.
RIGHT
OF
ACCESS
.
299
V.
ADOPTION
.
300
1.
GENERAL
.
300
2.
REQUIREMENTS
AND
PROCEDURE
.
300
3.
EFFECTS
.
301
4.
INVALIDITY
AND
DISSOLUTION
.
301
5.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
OF
THE
DISSOLUTION
OF
AN
ADOPTIVE
RELATIONSHIP
.
302
VI.
STEP-CHILDREN
.
303
VII.
APPOINTMENT
OF
GUARDIAN
.
304
VIII.
CHILD
SUPPORT
AND
SUPPORT
OF
RELATIVES.
304
CHAPTER
25.
LAW
ON
NAMES
.
307
XXIII
PART
8
SUCCESSION
LAW
CHAPTER
26.
INTRODUCTION
.
309
I
.
SOURCES
OF
LAW
.
309
IL
INHERITANCE
TAX
.
309
CHAPTER
27.
SUBSTANTIVE
SUCCESSION
LAW
.
310
I.
STATUTORY
SUCCESSION
.
310
1.
RIGHT
OF
INHERITANCE
.
310
2.
SHARES
OF
AN
INHERITANCE
.
311
IL
TESTAMENTARY
SUCCESSION
.
312
1.
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
.
312
2.
MATERIAL
VALIDITY
OF
THE
WILL
.
312
3.
TYPES
OF
DISPOSITION
MORTIS
CAUSA
.
312
4.
ESTABLISHMENT
OF
THE
WILL
.
313
A)
HOLOGRAPHIC
WILL
.
313
B)
WILL
WRITTEN
ON
BEHALF
OF
A
TESTATOR
.
313
C)
PRINTED
WILL
.
313
D)
WILL
ESTABLISHED
USING
A
SOUND
OR
VIDEO
RECORDING
.
313
E)
NUNCUPATIVE
WILL
.
313
F)
NOTARIZED
WILL
.
313
5.
CONTENT
OF
THE
DISPOSITION
MORTIS
CAUSA
.
314
6.
REVOCATION
OR
ALTERATION
OF
WILLS
.
315
III.
RESERVATION
OF
SHARE
.
315
IV.
EXECUTION
OF
THE
WILL
.
316
CHAPTER
28.
ESTABLISHMENT
OF
SUCCESSION
AND
LOSS
OF
INHERITANCE
RIGHTS
.
317
I.
BASIC
RULES
.
317
II.
ESTATE
.
317
III.
LEGACY
.
318
IV.
EXTINCTIVE
PRESCRIPTION
.
319
V.
RENUNCIATION
OF
THE
SUCCESSION
OR
LEGACY.
319
VI.
DISINHERITANCE
.
320
VII.
COMMUNITY
OF
SUCCESSORS
.
321
VIII.
LIABILITY
OF
SUCCESSORS
FOR
THE
DEBTS
OF
THE
ESTATE
.
321
CHAPTER
29.
SUCCESSION
PROCEDURE
.
325
I.
GENERAL
PROCEDURE
.
325
II.
INITIATION
OF
THE
PROCEDURE
.
325
III.
NOTIFICATION
DUTIES
.
326
IV.
ADMINISTRATION
OF
THE
ESTATE
.
326
1.
DETERMINATION
OF
THE
ESTATE
ADMINISTRATOR
.
327
2.
STATUS
OF
THE
ESTATE
ADMINISTRATOR
.
329
3.
DUTIES
AND
POWERS
OF
THE
ESTATE
ADMINISTRATOR
.
329
4.
COMPENSATION
OF
THE
ESTATE
ADMINISTRATOR
.
331
5.
LIABILITY
OF
THE
ESTATE
ADMINISTRATOR
.
332
V.
DISTRIBUTION
OF
THE
ESTATE
.
332
1.
BASIC
PRINCIPLE
OF
UTILITARIAN
PARTITION
.
333
2.
CONSENSUAL
PARTITION
.
334
3.
IMPERATIVE
OF
SOCIAL
JUSTICE
.
334
4.
PRINCIPLE
OF
RECIPROCITY
.
334
XXIV
5.
THE
INSTITUTION
OF
DISCRETIONARY
INHERITANCE
.
335
6.
PROCEDURES
OF
PARTITION
.
335
PART
9
TORT
LAW
CHAPTER
30.
INTRODUCTION
.
339
I.
CHINESE
TORT
LAW
AFTER
THE
CODIFICATION
IN
2020
.
339
1.
PRECEDENT
REGULATORY
REGIME
.
339
2.
OVERVIEW
OF
THE
CHANGED
PROVISIONS
.
340
3.
SOURCES
OF
LAW
.
341
CHAPTER
31.
GENERAL
PROVISIONS
.
342
I
.
GENERAL
REMARKS
.
342
IL
SUBJECT
OF
LIABILITY
.
342
1.
INDIVIDUALS
WITHOUT
CIVIL
CAPACITY/INDIVIDUALS
WITH
LIMITED
CAPACITY
OF
CI
VIL
CONDUCT
.
342
2.
FURTHER
PROVISIONS
ON
VICARIOUS
LIABILITY
.
343
III.
RIGHT
TO
SUE
.
343
IV.
OBJECT
OF
LIABILITY
.
343
1.
CIVIL
LAW
RIGHTS
AND
INTERESTS
.
344
2.
DIVISION
OF
RIGHTS
.
344
A)
PROPERTY
RIGHTS
.
344
B)
PERSONAL
RIGHTS
.
345
V.
PRINCIPLES
OF
ATTRIBUTION
.
346
1.
LIABILITY
BASED
ON
FAULT
.
346
A)
CONDUCT
.
346
B)
DAMAGE
.
346
C)
CAUSATION
.
346
D)
FAULT
.
347
E)
ILLEGALITY
.
347
2.
LIABILITY
BASED
ON
PRESUMED
FAULT
.
347
3.
NO-FAULT
LIABILITY
.
348
VI.
DISTRIBUTION
OF
LOSS
.
348
1.
PROPORTIONATE
LIABILITY
.
348
2.
SUPPLEMENTAL
LIABILITY
.
349
A)
COMPLETE
SUPPLEMENTAL
LIABILITY
.
349
B)
CORRESPONDING
SUPPLEMENTAL
LIABILITY
.
349
C)
RECOURSE
.
350
3.
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
LIABILITY
.
350
4.
NON-GENUINE
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
LIABILITY
.
351
5.
LIABILITY
BASED
ON
FAIRNESS/EQUITY
LIABILITY
.
351
A)
CRITICISM
OF
THE
EXISTENCE
OF
LIABILITY
BASED
ON
FAIRNESS
.
352
B)
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
.
353
VII.
EXEMPTION
FROM
AND
MITIGATION
OF
LIABILITY
.
354
1.
EXEMPTION
FROM
LIABILITY
.
354
A)
DAMAGE
CAUSED
INTENTIONALLY
BY
THE
VICTIM
.
354
B)
CONDUCT
OF
A
THIRD
PERSON
.
354
C)
ASSUMPTION
OF
RISK
.
354
AA)
DIFFERENTIATION
FROM
VICTIM
'
S
CONSENT
AND
LIABILITY
BASED
ON
FAULT.
355
BB)
LEGAL
BACKGROUND
AND
ADAPTION
.
355
XXV
CC)
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
AND
LIABILITY
'
S
PREREQUISITES
.
356
DD)
LIABILITY
OF
THE
ACTIVITY
'
S
ORGANIZER
.
357
D)
SELF-HELP-RULE
.
357
E)
FURTHER
PROVISIONS
ON
THE
EXEMPTION
FROM
LIABILITY
.
358
2.
MITIGATION
OF
LIABILITY
.
358
A)
CONTRIBUTION
TO
THE
DAMAGE
BY
THE
INFRINGED
PARTY
.
358
B)
LIABILITY
OF
THE
GUARDIAN
.
358
3.
EXEMPTION
FROM
AND
MITIGATION
OF
LIABILITY
IN
SPECIAL
PROVISIONS
.
359
VIII.
RELIEF
.
359
1.
TYPES
OF
COMPENSATION
.
359
2.
CLASSIFICATION
.
359
3.
COMPENSATION
.
360
A)
PROPERTY
DAMAGE
.
360
B)
INFRINGEMENT
OF
PERSONAL
RIGHTS
AND
INTERESTS
.
360
4.
MENTAL
DISTRESS
.
360
5.
INJUNCTIVE
RELIEF
.
361
6.
PUNITIVE
DAMAGES
.
361
A)
PUNITIVE
DAMAGE
DUE
TO
INTENTIONAL
INFRINGEMENT
OF
INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY
RIGHTS
.
361
B)
PUNITIVE
DAMAGES
FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
.
362
IX.
LIMITATION
PERIOD
.
363
CHAPTER
32.
SPECIAL
TYPES
OF
TORTS
.
365
I.
LIABILITY
IN
EMPLOYMENT
AND
SERVICE
PROVISION
RELATIONSHIPS
.
365
II.
LIABILITY
FOR
ILLEGAL
USE
OF
PERSONAL
INFORMATION
IN
INTERNET
NETWORKS
.
366
III.
PRODUCT
LIABILITY
.
368
IV.
AUTOMOBILE
TRAFFIC
ACCIDENT
LIABILITY
.
368
V.
MEDICAL
MALPRACTICE
LIABILITY
.
370
VI.
LIABILITY
FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION
AND
ECOLOGICAL
DAMAGE
.
371
VII.
LIABILITY
FOR
ULTRA-HAZARDOUS
ACTIVITIES
.
372
VIII.
LIABILITY
FOR
DAMAGE
CAUSED
BY
DOMESTICATED
ANIMALS
.
373
IX.
LIABILITY
FOR
DAMAGE
CAUSED
BY
BUILDINGS
AND
OBJECTS
.
374
1.
BUILDINGS
.
374
2.
OBJECTS
.
374
A)
ART.
1253
SENT.
1
CCC
.
374
B)
ART.
1254
CCC
.
374
AA)
LIABILITY
OF
THE
USERS
OF
THE
BUILDING
.
375
BB)
LIABILITY
OF
THE
PROPERTY
MANAGER
.
376
C)
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
ARTS.
1253
AND
1254
CCC
.
376
D)
OTHER
SCENARIOS
.
376
RELEVANT
LAWS
AND
REGULATIONS
.
377
BIBLIOGRAPHY
.
393
INDEX
.
427
XXVI |
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| author2 | Bu, Yuanshi 1976- |
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| author_facet | Bu, Yuanshi 1976- |
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| bvnumber | BV048908529 |
| classification_rvk | PU 8450 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1392140821 (DE-599)DNB1274760801 |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
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| geographic | China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | China |
| id | DE-604.BV048908529 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:52:46Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:49:31Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1023902869 |
| isbn | 9783406790003 9781509972913 9783756011230 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034172771 |
| oclc_num | 1392140821 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M382 DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-M382 DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 |
| physical | XXXIII, 436 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230731 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Beck Hart Nomos |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Chinese civil code - the specific parts a handbook edited by Yuanshi Bu München, Germany Beck 2023 Oxford, United Kingdom Hart Baden-Baden, Germany Nomos XXXIII, 436 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier China Zivilgesetzbuch (DE-588)1225952506 gnd rswk-swf Privatrecht (DE-588)4047304-1 gnd rswk-swf China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd rswk-swf Chinese Civil Law Civil Law China China (DE-588)4009937-4 g Privatrecht (DE-588)4047304-1 s DE-604 China Zivilgesetzbuch (DE-588)1225952506 u Bu, Yuanshi 1976- (DE-588)129295949 edt Verlag C.H. Beck (DE-588)1023902869 pbl DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034172771&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Chinese civil code - the specific parts a handbook China Zivilgesetzbuch (DE-588)1225952506 gnd Privatrecht (DE-588)4047304-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1225952506 (DE-588)4047304-1 (DE-588)4009937-4 |
| title | Chinese civil code - the specific parts a handbook |
| title_auth | Chinese civil code - the specific parts a handbook |
| title_exact_search | Chinese civil code - the specific parts a handbook |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Chinese civil code - the specific parts a handbook |
| title_full | Chinese civil code - the specific parts a handbook edited by Yuanshi Bu |
| title_fullStr | Chinese civil code - the specific parts a handbook edited by Yuanshi Bu |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chinese civil code - the specific parts a handbook edited by Yuanshi Bu |
| title_short | Chinese civil code - the specific parts |
| title_sort | chinese civil code the specific parts a handbook |
| title_sub | a handbook |
| topic | China Zivilgesetzbuch (DE-588)1225952506 gnd Privatrecht (DE-588)4047304-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | China Zivilgesetzbuch Privatrecht China |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034172771&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT buyuanshi chinesecivilcodethespecificpartsahandbook AT verlagchbeck chinesecivilcodethespecificpartsahandbook |