The fourth of August regime and Greek Jewry, 1936-1941:
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents 1 Jewry and Ioannis Metaxas 1 2 Jewish Communities and Antisemitism in Greece: Nineteenth-Century Conflict and the Rise of Political Antisemitism 3 Twentieth-Century Hostility and Obligatory Integration: Marginalization and Distrust of the “Inassimilables” 4 The Ideological Leanings of the Metaxist Regime and Greek Jewry 5 39 Metaxist Domestic Policies and Societal Perceptions 75 121 165 6 The Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Jewry: Domestic Suspicion and International Support 205 7 243 Conclusions Bibliography 251 Index 267 vii
Bibliography Primary Sources Archives Archives of the Greek Parliament and Newspaper Collections (AGPNC). Athens Archives Alliance Israelite Universelle (AAIU). Paris Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (AMFA). Athens Greek Literary and Historical Archives (GLHA). Athens General Archives of the State (GAS). Athens E. Tsouderos Archive Metaxas Archive Gennadios Library, Athens (GLA). Athens Phillipos Dragoumis Archive Spyros Kosmetatos Private Archive (KPA). Athens Metaxas Folder, 1936-1938 National Archives of the Foreign Office (NAFO). London National Archives, London (NAL) Parliamentary and Newspaper Archive (PNA). Athens Politisches Archiv des Auswärtiges Amts. Berlin United States State Department Archive (USSDA). Washington, D.C. Greece: Foreign Affairs Interviews Rosa Benveniste Salvatore Bourlas Mrs. Cohen © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 K. Lagos, The Fotirth ofAugust Regime and Greek Jewry, 1936-1941, St Antony’s Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20533-0 251
252 BIBLIOGRAPHY lakovos Frizis Koula Hadjiyianni Elias Hadjopoulos Moisis Konstantinis Erricos Levy Allegra Matsas Rene Molho Newspapers Ακρόπολις [Acropolis] Ελεύθερον Βήμα [Free herald] Evening Standard Η Θεσσαλία [Thessaly] London Times Μακεδονία [Macedonia] New York Times Testimonials United States Holocaust Memorial Museum/Shoah Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Holocaust Survivor Interviews: Armando Aaron Sam Ackos Elie Alevy Nissim Alhadeff Daniel Alvo Mico Alvo RudolfAmariglio Nelly Benruby Ampravel Iakov Atoun Naki Bega Mary Rouben Asser-Andreas Benroubi Lily-Nina (Revah) Benroubi Flora (Modiano) Benveniste Nina Benveniste
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Index1 NUMBERS AND SYMBOLS 4th August Regime European fascism, comparison with, 126-127 fascism and, 33, 134, 139-140 ideology of, 126,128 Jewish travel restrictions (order 42424), 211-216 language restrictions of, 148-149 limited scholarship on, 22 Metaxas’s comments on, 125-126 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 167, 206-211,230-231, 241-242 nationalist slogans of, 130 political parties, ban of, 12, 32-33 religious legislation of, 150-151 See also Metaxas, Ioannis Alliance Israélite Universelle, 69, 72, 160,185,190 French language instruction, support of, 194-195 in loannina, 192 Ancient Greece, see Classical Greece Antisemitism Asia Minor refugees and, 18-21, 106 in Greece, 4, 7,11, 36,40, 50-51,115 political, 41, 76 racial, 11 religious, 41 Ashkenazim, 43, 60 Asia Minor Campaign (1919-1922) Metaxas’s attitudes towards, 29-30 ’Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 K. Lagos, The Fourth ofAugust Regime and Greek Jewry, 1936-1941, St Antony’s Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031 20533-0 267
268 INDEX Asia Minor Catastrophe (1922), 14, 30,101,118 Athens Asia Minor refiigees and, 101 Jewish communities of, 43, 72, 161,181 Jewish immigration to, 60-61 В Balkan Wars (1912-1913), 5, 80 Greek territorial gains in, 80-81 Blood libel, 51-52 in Byzantium, accusations of, 51 Cortil riots (1891), 67-70 {see also Corfú, murder of Rubina Sarda (1891)) Syros, allegations of (1892), 70 Blümel, Tobias, 13 Bulgaria Jewish expulsion from (1939), 219-220 Byzantium, 12, 40,47,48, 50, 51 C Campbell Pogrom (1931), 21,112-114 trial of Greek Christians, 114 Cham Albanians, 3 Chios Jewish communities of, 46 Chrysanthos (bishop of Trebizond), 34,151 Classical Greece, 8, 12, 180 Communist Party of Greece (Kommounistiko Komma Ellados [KKE]), 2, 20, 36,123,125, 133, 176 Constantine I, King, 28-30 abdication of, 30 Metaxas’s relationship with, 27 Venizelos, rivalry with, 31 Corfu Jewish communities of, 44, 66-67 murder of Rubina Sarda (1891), 67-70 Crete, 52, 73, 77-79 Greek annexation of (Balkan Wars), 79 Jewish communities of, 43, 78 Cyprus and Jewish emigration to Palestine, 218-219 Damaskinos (bishop of Corinth), 34,151 Desylla, Maria, see Cortil, murder of Rubina Sarda (1891) Dodecanese Islands, 217-218 Jewish communities of, 234 Jewish exemption from enemy nationality law, debates concerning, 237-241 Don Pacifico Affair (1847-1850), 14, 61-64 British involvement in, 63-64 Education, 182-195 foreign and minority schools, 184 foreign and minority schools, regulation of, 147, 186-187,190 Greek language and, 147-148 Muslim teachers in Macedonia, 193 religion and, Metaxas’s comments
on,152-153 EEE, see National Union of Greece (Ethniki Enosis Ellados [EEE])
INDEX Electoral colleges, see Jewish communities in Greece, separate electoral colleges EON, see National Youth Organization (Ethniki Organosi Neoleas [EON]) Fallmerayer, Jakob Philipp thesis on Greek racial origins, 9,145 Fascism in Europe, 121 in Greece, 130-132 Fire of 1917 (Thessaloniki), 6,90-100 aftermath and reconstruction, 90-92 damage caused by, 90, 92-93 Jewish resettlement after, 97 Frizis, Mordechai, 162-163 children of, 162 death of, 178 Metaxas’s letter of condolence about, 178-179 newspaper articles about, 179-180 269 biological theories of race and, 7 Christianity and, 153 Metaxas’s view of, 129 Venizelos’s comments on, 10, 76-77 Greek language, 144-149 cultural assimilation, vehicle for, 195 education and, 183 katharevousa-demotiki debate, 144-147 Greek shipping, 218, 229 smuggling, British accusations of, 223,227-228 Greek War of Independence (1821-1829), 15, 54-59 Jewish population of Greece, impact on, 59 Jewish support for Greek cause, 58-59 Grigorios V (patriarch of Constantinople) execution of (1821), 15, 55 H G George I, King, 65 George II, King, 32, 34,121, 123-125,187 Goebbels, Joseph visit to Greece (1936), 170n21 Greco-German relations Metaxas’s influence on, 169-171 trade, 33, 205-206 Greco-Italian War (1940-1941), 35,175-178 Communist support for, 176 enemy nationality law (2636), 237 Greco-Turkish War (1897) Jewish violence, accusations of, 71-72 Greek identity, 8-10 Hellenization policies, 5, 10-11 under Metaxas, 21, 77, 165 under Venizelos, 73 Hider, Adolph, 132 Holocaust Greek experience of, 243, 249 Greek memory of, 249 Holy Week, see
Jewish-Christian relations in Greece, Holy Week, tensions during I Individual minorities, 18n56, 24,184n58 loannina Jews, 42 Balkan Wars, neutrality in, 81-82 history of, 81-82
270 INDEX Ionian Islands, 18, 47 incorporation into Greece, 67 Jewish communities of, 44, 65-66 Iron Guard Regime (Romania), 13, 231 Greek Jews, persecution of, 233 Italian ultimatum (1940), 7, 33,175 See also Greco-Italian War (1940-1941) Jewish-Christian relations in Greece history of, 50-53 Holy Week, tensions during, 14,41,81 Metaxas’s comments on, 143 personal accounts of, 193 Jewish communities in Greece anti-Venizelist voting of, 6 binary paradigm of inclusion and exclusion under Metaxas, 5, 13, 143,153 economic concerns of, 17, 84-85 historiography of, 2 popular perceptions of, 196-198 separate electoral colleges, 17,115-116 Sephardic-Romaniote conflict, 49 unique minority status of, 6 Jewish question absence for Metaxas, 7 Judas effigy burning, 14, 64-65 ban by Kolettis administration (1847), 17, 62 ban by Orthodox Synod (1891), 64 See also Don Pacifico Affair (1847-1850) KKE, see Communist Party of Greece (Kommounistiko Komma Ellados [KKE]) Kolettis, Ioannis, 9 Kondylis, George, 121, 132 Koretz, Zvi (Rabbi of Thessaloniki), 1, 143, 177-178 Kosmetatos, Spyros, 128,135 Jewish travel restrictions, objections to, 212-213 La doctrine politique de Μ. Jean Metaxas (1936-1937), 136-139,141 Kristallnacht (1938), 211, 212, 214,218 Krivoshein, Mosse, 224-227, 229-230 L Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish), 148 Sephardic use of, 36, 45,182 Thessaloniki, use in, 82 Larissa, 71 oldest Jewish community in Greek lands, 46 Lausanne, Treaty of (1923), 18, 236 Μ Maccabee Sports Association (Thessaloniki), 107-112 foundation of, 107 newspaper reports about, 109-111 Macedonia (newspaper),
86,175-178, 181,189 antisemitism of, 20-21, 106-107, 111 censorship of, 173 MacVeagh, Lincoln, 134, 212 Mallach (Jewish friend of Metaxas), 143-144 Mantzoufas, George, 135 and Greek ethnos, 140-141 political writings of, 136, 139 Mavrogordatos, George, 4, 5 Mavroudis, Nikos, 224
INDEX Antwerp conference (1938), comments on, 209, 210 Jewish travel restrictions, comments on, 213-216 Romanian counterpart, contact with, 231 Megali Idea (Great Idea), 3, 9, 14, 16-17, 86,106 end of, 10,18 Metaxas’s reconceptualization of, 32-33,128-129 Venizelos’s advancement of, 75-76 Mercouris, George, 131-132 Metaxas, Ioannis ancient Sparta, admiration of, 129,140 archiépiscopal elections of Athens, intervention in (1938), 34-35,151-152 aristocratic background of, 26-27 Berlin War Academy (Kriegsakademie), 28-29 death of, 35, 37, 205 dictatorship, justification of, 153-154 equality, comments on idea of, 141-143 General Franco, comparison to, 1 Germany, admiration of, 28-29 Golden Book of the Jewish National Fund, induction into, 1, 143 Greek Jews abroad, protection of, 13 Greek Jews, attitude towards, 1 Greek youth, comments on, 154-155 The History of the National Schism, 128-129 life of, 26-37 military career of, 27, 29 neutrality in foreign affairs, 36 parliamentary politics, dislike of, 27-28,125 political opposition, banishment of, 126 271 press censorship, comments on, 166-169 seizure of power, 21, 123-126 Venizelos, rivalry with, 30-31 See also 4th August Regime Ministry of Foreign Affairs, see 4th August Regime, Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Mavroudis, Nikos Minorities, 3, 10, 39 Balkan politics, role in, 12 persecution of, 22 religious affiliation of, 11 See ako Individual minorities Muslims, 17, 85,184,184n57 Mussolini, Benito, 7,132 National Schism, 30-31, 75,121,146 National Union of Greece (Ethniki Enosis Ellados [EEE]), 13, 21, 111, 114 antisemitic
nickname of, 107 National Youth Organization (Ethniki Organosi Neoleas [EON]), 21, 32-33,149,155-162 foundation of, 155-156 ideology and structure of, 156-157 Jewish applications to, discouragement of, 159-160 Jewish members of, 160-162, 240 religion and, 158-159 Sephardic exclusion from, 160 Thessaloniki parade (1940), 173-174 The Youth (E Neolea), 33, 157-158 Nazi Germany, 126 directives concerning German Jews, 21,206, 211-212, 216-218 Metaxas’s interactions with, 133 press and propaganda in Greece, 169-172, 206 Venizelos’s press policy concerning, 172
272 INDEX Newspapers in Greece, 168-169 antisemitism and, 172-173 Jewish press, restrictions on, 172 О Orthodox Christianity, 149-153 conversion to, 174-175 Greek ethnos zná, 122 Metaxas’s comments on, 149-150 Othon I, King, 43, 65 Greek Jews, support of, 59-60 Ottoman Empire cultural framework of, 48 millet system of, 8, 9, 48 Tanzimat Reforms (1839-1876), 185-186 P Pacifico, (Don) David, see Don Pacifico Affair (1847-1850) Palestine Jewish emigration to, 13, 218, 220-221 Jewish emigration to, British attitudes towards, 222-226, 229 Papaeugeniou, Athanasios, 190-191 Jewish education, report on (1940), 192-194 Periclean Athens, see Classical Greece Greek language of, 36 history of, 41414 Orthodox Christianity, influences from, 48 Ottoman relocation of, 45, 48 Rothschild, Carl Mayer de, 62 See also Don Pacifico Affair (1847-1850) Rothschild, Max, 60 Rothschild family, 58 Sabbath, see Sunday rest day law (1924) Sarda, Rubina, see Corfu, murder of Rubina Sarda (1891) Sephardim, 5 education, attitudes towards, 190-191 educational reforms, objections to (Thessaloniki), 187-189 history of, 44-47 Ottoman treatment of, 45,49-50 Skylakakis, Theodore, 128, 130-131,133 Slavo-Macedonians, 184, 190 persecution of, 3-4 Sophoulis, Themistokles, 117,123,125 Stojadinović, Milan, 221-222 Sunday rest day law (1924), 101-106 debates over, 102-103 Jewish communities, impact on, 104-105 R Rhodes Jewish communities of, 39, 44, 46417, 234-236 Romaniote presence on, 234 Sephardic arrival on, 235 Romaniotes Greek ethnos, exclusion from, 4-5, 16 Thessaloniki, 82-100 Asia Minor refugees and, 101
Campbell district {see Campbell pogrom (1931)) different plans for city prior to incorporation into Greece, 88-89
INDEX fire /«Fire of 1917 (Thessaloniki)) Hellenization/modernization of, 94-97 incorporation into Greece, 89 Jewish cemetery of, 98-99 Jewish community of, 86 Jewish prominence in, 82-84 Muslim population of, 100 Ottoman influences, elimination of, 95-96 Piraeus, rivalry with, 84, 87 Sephardic population of, 45-46, 106 Thessaly, 18, 71 antisemitism in, 72-73 Third Hellenic Civilization (Tritos Ellenikos Politismos), З cultural vision of, 12 Greek ethnosand., 122 Metaxas’s comments on, 140,147 Triantaphyllakos, Tasos, 213 Tripolitsa massacre (1821), 15, 16, 56 V Venizelos, Eleftherios, 1,17, 73 background of, 75 273 death of, 32 Idionym Law (1929), 20, 36 Jewish political influence, perception of, 116-118 Jewish population (Thessaloniki), policies towards, 87, 100, 191-192 Vlachs, 3 W World War 1,10, 85 World War II, 22, 243 Y Yugoslavia policies of concerning Jewish population, 221-222 Z Zionism/Zionists Antwerp conference (1938), 208-211 in Greece, 20 in Thessaloniki, 89,188-189 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München x-———_ / |
| adam_txt |
Contents 1 Jewry and Ioannis Metaxas 1 2 Jewish Communities and Antisemitism in Greece: Nineteenth-Century Conflict and the Rise of Political Antisemitism 3 Twentieth-Century Hostility and Obligatory Integration: Marginalization and Distrust of the “Inassimilables” 4 The Ideological Leanings of the Metaxist Regime and Greek Jewry 5 39 Metaxist Domestic Policies and Societal Perceptions 75 121 165 6 The Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Jewry: Domestic Suspicion and International Support 205 7 243 Conclusions Bibliography 251 Index 267 vii
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Index1 NUMBERS AND SYMBOLS 4th August Regime European fascism, comparison with, 126-127 fascism and, 33, 134, 139-140 ideology of, 126,128 Jewish travel restrictions (order 42424), 211-216 language restrictions of, 148-149 limited scholarship on, 22 Metaxas’s comments on, 125-126 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 167, 206-211,230-231, 241-242 nationalist slogans of, 130 political parties, ban of, 12, 32-33 religious legislation of, 150-151 See also Metaxas, Ioannis Alliance Israélite Universelle, 69, 72, 160,185,190 French language instruction, support of, 194-195 in loannina, 192 Ancient Greece, see Classical Greece Antisemitism Asia Minor refugees and, 18-21, 106 in Greece, 4, 7,11, 36,40, 50-51,115 political, 41, 76 racial, 11 religious, 41 Ashkenazim, 43, 60 Asia Minor Campaign (1919-1922) Metaxas’s attitudes towards, 29-30 ’Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 K. Lagos, The Fourth ofAugust Regime and Greek Jewry, 1936-1941, St Antony’s Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031 20533-0 267
268 INDEX Asia Minor Catastrophe (1922), 14, 30,101,118 Athens Asia Minor refiigees and, 101 Jewish communities of, 43, 72, 161,181 Jewish immigration to, 60-61 В Balkan Wars (1912-1913), 5, 80 Greek territorial gains in, 80-81 Blood libel, 51-52 in Byzantium, accusations of, 51 Cortil riots (1891), 67-70 {see also Corfú, murder of Rubina Sarda (1891)) Syros, allegations of (1892), 70 Blümel, Tobias, 13 Bulgaria Jewish expulsion from (1939), 219-220 Byzantium, 12, 40,47,48, 50, 51 C Campbell Pogrom (1931), 21,112-114 trial of Greek Christians, 114 Cham Albanians, 3 Chios Jewish communities of, 46 Chrysanthos (bishop of Trebizond), 34,151 Classical Greece, 8, 12, 180 Communist Party of Greece (Kommounistiko Komma Ellados [KKE]), 2, 20, 36,123,125, 133, 176 Constantine I, King, 28-30 abdication of, 30 Metaxas’s relationship with, 27 Venizelos, rivalry with, 31 Corfu Jewish communities of, 44, 66-67 murder of Rubina Sarda (1891), 67-70 Crete, 52, 73, 77-79 Greek annexation of (Balkan Wars), 79 Jewish communities of, 43, 78 Cyprus and Jewish emigration to Palestine, 218-219 Damaskinos (bishop of Corinth), 34,151 Desylla, Maria, see Cortil, murder of Rubina Sarda (1891) Dodecanese Islands, 217-218 Jewish communities of, 234 Jewish exemption from enemy nationality law, debates concerning, 237-241 Don Pacifico Affair (1847-1850), 14, 61-64 British involvement in, 63-64 Education, 182-195 foreign and minority schools, 184 foreign and minority schools, regulation of, 147, 186-187,190 Greek language and, 147-148 Muslim teachers in Macedonia, 193 religion and, Metaxas’s comments
on,152-153 EEE, see National Union of Greece (Ethniki Enosis Ellados [EEE])
INDEX Electoral colleges, see Jewish communities in Greece, separate electoral colleges EON, see National Youth Organization (Ethniki Organosi Neoleas [EON]) Fallmerayer, Jakob Philipp thesis on Greek racial origins, 9,145 Fascism in Europe, 121 in Greece, 130-132 Fire of 1917 (Thessaloniki), 6,90-100 aftermath and reconstruction, 90-92 damage caused by, 90, 92-93 Jewish resettlement after, 97 Frizis, Mordechai, 162-163 children of, 162 death of, 178 Metaxas’s letter of condolence about, 178-179 newspaper articles about, 179-180 269 biological theories of race and, 7 Christianity and, 153 Metaxas’s view of, 129 Venizelos’s comments on, 10, 76-77 Greek language, 144-149 cultural assimilation, vehicle for, 195 education and, 183 katharevousa-demotiki debate, 144-147 Greek shipping, 218, 229 smuggling, British accusations of, 223,227-228 Greek War of Independence (1821-1829), 15, 54-59 Jewish population of Greece, impact on, 59 Jewish support for Greek cause, 58-59 Grigorios V (patriarch of Constantinople) execution of (1821), 15, 55 H G George I, King, 65 George II, King, 32, 34,121, 123-125,187 Goebbels, Joseph visit to Greece (1936), 170n21 Greco-German relations Metaxas’s influence on, 169-171 trade, 33, 205-206 Greco-Italian War (1940-1941), 35,175-178 Communist support for, 176 enemy nationality law (2636), 237 Greco-Turkish War (1897) Jewish violence, accusations of, 71-72 Greek identity, 8-10 Hellenization policies, 5, 10-11 under Metaxas, 21, 77, 165 under Venizelos, 73 Hider, Adolph, 132 Holocaust Greek experience of, 243, 249 Greek memory of, 249 Holy Week, see
Jewish-Christian relations in Greece, Holy Week, tensions during I Individual minorities, 18n56, 24,184n58 loannina Jews, 42 Balkan Wars, neutrality in, 81-82 history of, 81-82
270 INDEX Ionian Islands, 18, 47 incorporation into Greece, 67 Jewish communities of, 44, 65-66 Iron Guard Regime (Romania), 13, 231 Greek Jews, persecution of, 233 Italian ultimatum (1940), 7, 33,175 See also Greco-Italian War (1940-1941) Jewish-Christian relations in Greece history of, 50-53 Holy Week, tensions during, 14,41,81 Metaxas’s comments on, 143 personal accounts of, 193 Jewish communities in Greece anti-Venizelist voting of, 6 binary paradigm of inclusion and exclusion under Metaxas, 5, 13, 143,153 economic concerns of, 17, 84-85 historiography of, 2 popular perceptions of, 196-198 separate electoral colleges, 17,115-116 Sephardic-Romaniote conflict, 49 unique minority status of, 6 Jewish question absence for Metaxas, 7 Judas effigy burning, 14, 64-65 ban by Kolettis administration (1847), 17, 62 ban by Orthodox Synod (1891), 64 See also Don Pacifico Affair (1847-1850) KKE, see Communist Party of Greece (Kommounistiko Komma Ellados [KKE]) Kolettis, Ioannis, 9 Kondylis, George, 121, 132 Koretz, Zvi (Rabbi of Thessaloniki), 1, 143, 177-178 Kosmetatos, Spyros, 128,135 Jewish travel restrictions, objections to, 212-213 La doctrine politique de Μ. Jean Metaxas (1936-1937), 136-139,141 Kristallnacht (1938), 211, 212, 214,218 Krivoshein, Mosse, 224-227, 229-230 L Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish), 148 Sephardic use of, 36, 45,182 Thessaloniki, use in, 82 Larissa, 71 oldest Jewish community in Greek lands, 46 Lausanne, Treaty of (1923), 18, 236 Μ Maccabee Sports Association (Thessaloniki), 107-112 foundation of, 107 newspaper reports about, 109-111 Macedonia (newspaper),
86,175-178, 181,189 antisemitism of, 20-21, 106-107, 111 censorship of, 173 MacVeagh, Lincoln, 134, 212 Mallach (Jewish friend of Metaxas), 143-144 Mantzoufas, George, 135 and Greek ethnos, 140-141 political writings of, 136, 139 Mavrogordatos, George, 4, 5 Mavroudis, Nikos, 224
INDEX Antwerp conference (1938), comments on, 209, 210 Jewish travel restrictions, comments on, 213-216 Romanian counterpart, contact with, 231 Megali Idea (Great Idea), 3, 9, 14, 16-17, 86,106 end of, 10,18 Metaxas’s reconceptualization of, 32-33,128-129 Venizelos’s advancement of, 75-76 Mercouris, George, 131-132 Metaxas, Ioannis ancient Sparta, admiration of, 129,140 archiépiscopal elections of Athens, intervention in (1938), 34-35,151-152 aristocratic background of, 26-27 Berlin War Academy (Kriegsakademie), 28-29 death of, 35, 37, 205 dictatorship, justification of, 153-154 equality, comments on idea of, 141-143 General Franco, comparison to, 1 Germany, admiration of, 28-29 Golden Book of the Jewish National Fund, induction into, 1, 143 Greek Jews abroad, protection of, 13 Greek Jews, attitude towards, 1 Greek youth, comments on, 154-155 The History of the National Schism, 128-129 life of, 26-37 military career of, 27, 29 neutrality in foreign affairs, 36 parliamentary politics, dislike of, 27-28,125 political opposition, banishment of, 126 271 press censorship, comments on, 166-169 seizure of power, 21, 123-126 Venizelos, rivalry with, 30-31 See also 4th August Regime Ministry of Foreign Affairs, see 4th August Regime, Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Mavroudis, Nikos Minorities, 3, 10, 39 Balkan politics, role in, 12 persecution of, 22 religious affiliation of, 11 See ako Individual minorities Muslims, 17, 85,184,184n57 Mussolini, Benito, 7,132 National Schism, 30-31, 75,121,146 National Union of Greece (Ethniki Enosis Ellados [EEE]), 13, 21, 111, 114 antisemitic
nickname of, 107 National Youth Organization (Ethniki Organosi Neoleas [EON]), 21, 32-33,149,155-162 foundation of, 155-156 ideology and structure of, 156-157 Jewish applications to, discouragement of, 159-160 Jewish members of, 160-162, 240 religion and, 158-159 Sephardic exclusion from, 160 Thessaloniki parade (1940), 173-174 The Youth (E Neolea), 33, 157-158 Nazi Germany, 126 directives concerning German Jews, 21,206, 211-212, 216-218 Metaxas’s interactions with, 133 press and propaganda in Greece, 169-172, 206 Venizelos’s press policy concerning, 172
272 INDEX Newspapers in Greece, 168-169 antisemitism and, 172-173 Jewish press, restrictions on, 172 О Orthodox Christianity, 149-153 conversion to, 174-175 Greek ethnos zná, 122 Metaxas’s comments on, 149-150 Othon I, King, 43, 65 Greek Jews, support of, 59-60 Ottoman Empire cultural framework of, 48 millet system of, 8, 9, 48 Tanzimat Reforms (1839-1876), 185-186 P Pacifico, (Don) David, see Don Pacifico Affair (1847-1850) Palestine Jewish emigration to, 13, 218, 220-221 Jewish emigration to, British attitudes towards, 222-226, 229 Papaeugeniou, Athanasios, 190-191 Jewish education, report on (1940), 192-194 Periclean Athens, see Classical Greece Greek language of, 36 history of, 41414 Orthodox Christianity, influences from, 48 Ottoman relocation of, 45, 48 Rothschild, Carl Mayer de, 62 See also Don Pacifico Affair (1847-1850) Rothschild, Max, 60 Rothschild family, 58 Sabbath, see Sunday rest day law (1924) Sarda, Rubina, see Corfu, murder of Rubina Sarda (1891) Sephardim, 5 education, attitudes towards, 190-191 educational reforms, objections to (Thessaloniki), 187-189 history of, 44-47 Ottoman treatment of, 45,49-50 Skylakakis, Theodore, 128, 130-131,133 Slavo-Macedonians, 184, 190 persecution of, 3-4 Sophoulis, Themistokles, 117,123,125 Stojadinović, Milan, 221-222 Sunday rest day law (1924), 101-106 debates over, 102-103 Jewish communities, impact on, 104-105 R Rhodes Jewish communities of, 39, 44, 46417, 234-236 Romaniote presence on, 234 Sephardic arrival on, 235 Romaniotes Greek ethnos, exclusion from, 4-5, 16 Thessaloniki, 82-100 Asia Minor refugees and, 101
Campbell district {see Campbell pogrom (1931)) different plans for city prior to incorporation into Greece, 88-89
INDEX fire /«Fire of 1917 (Thessaloniki)) Hellenization/modernization of, 94-97 incorporation into Greece, 89 Jewish cemetery of, 98-99 Jewish community of, 86 Jewish prominence in, 82-84 Muslim population of, 100 Ottoman influences, elimination of, 95-96 Piraeus, rivalry with, 84, 87 Sephardic population of, 45-46, 106 Thessaly, 18, 71 antisemitism in, 72-73 Third Hellenic Civilization (Tritos Ellenikos Politismos), З cultural vision of, 12 Greek ethnosand., 122 Metaxas’s comments on, 140,147 Triantaphyllakos, Tasos, 213 Tripolitsa massacre (1821), 15, 16, 56 V Venizelos, Eleftherios, 1,17, 73 background of, 75 273 death of, 32 Idionym Law (1929), 20, 36 Jewish political influence, perception of, 116-118 Jewish population (Thessaloniki), policies towards, 87, 100, 191-192 Vlachs, 3 W World War 1,10, 85 World War II, 22, 243 Y Yugoslavia policies of concerning Jewish population, 221-222 Z Zionism/Zionists Antwerp conference (1938), 208-211 in Greece, 20 in Thessaloniki, 89,188-189 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München x-———_ / |
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| author | Lagos, Katerina |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1243188774 |
| author_facet | Lagos, Katerina |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Lagos, Katerina |
| author_variant | k l kl |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048907677 |
| classification_rvk | FD 1010 NY 4800 |
| classification_tum | GES 000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1374058133 (DE-599)BVBBV048907677 |
| dewey-full | 940.903 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 940 - History of Europe |
| dewey-raw | 940.903 |
| dewey-search | 940.903 |
| dewey-sort | 3940.903 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte Philologie / Byzantinistik / Neulatein |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte Philologie / Byzantinistik / Neulatein |
| era | Geschichte 1936-1941 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1936-1941 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV048907677 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:52:35Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-24T23:03:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783031205323 |
| issn | 2633-5972 |
| language | English |
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| physical | xi, 273 Seiten Illustration, Karten |
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| publishDate | 2023 |
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| publisher | Palgrave Macmillan |
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| series2 | St Antony's series |
| spelling | Lagos, Katerina Verfasser (DE-588)1243188774 aut The fourth of August regime and Greek Jewry, 1936-1941 Katerina Lagos Cham, Switzerland Palgrave Macmillan [2023] © 2023 xi, 273 Seiten Illustration, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier St Antony's series 2633-5972 Metaxas, Iōannēs 1871-1941 (DE-588)119201399 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1936-1941 gnd rswk-swf History of Modern Europe History of World War II and the Holocaust Jewish History History of Religion Political History Europe—History—1492- World War, 1939-1945 Judaism—History Religion—History World politics Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Griechenland (DE-588)4022047-3 gnd rswk-swf Die Zeit des Nationalsozialismus (DE-2581)TH000013006 gbd Griechenland, 20. Jhdt. - Rezeption (DE-2581)TH000005516 gbd Metaxas, Iōannēs 1871-1941 (DE-588)119201399 p Griechenland (DE-588)4022047-3 g Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Geschichte 1936-1941 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-031-20533-0 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034171934&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034171934&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034171934&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Lagos, Katerina The fourth of August regime and Greek Jewry, 1936-1941 Metaxas, Iōannēs 1871-1941 (DE-588)119201399 gnd History of Modern Europe History of World War II and the Holocaust Jewish History History of Religion Political History Europe—History—1492- World War, 1939-1945 Judaism—History Religion—History World politics Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)119201399 (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4022047-3 |
| title | The fourth of August regime and Greek Jewry, 1936-1941 |
| title_auth | The fourth of August regime and Greek Jewry, 1936-1941 |
| title_exact_search | The fourth of August regime and Greek Jewry, 1936-1941 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The fourth of August regime and Greek Jewry, 1936-1941 |
| title_full | The fourth of August regime and Greek Jewry, 1936-1941 Katerina Lagos |
| title_fullStr | The fourth of August regime and Greek Jewry, 1936-1941 Katerina Lagos |
| title_full_unstemmed | The fourth of August regime and Greek Jewry, 1936-1941 Katerina Lagos |
| title_short | The fourth of August regime and Greek Jewry, 1936-1941 |
| title_sort | the fourth of august regime and greek jewry 1936 1941 |
| topic | Metaxas, Iōannēs 1871-1941 (DE-588)119201399 gnd History of Modern Europe History of World War II and the Holocaust Jewish History History of Religion Political History Europe—History—1492- World War, 1939-1945 Judaism—History Religion—History World politics Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Metaxas, Iōannēs 1871-1941 History of Modern Europe History of World War II and the Holocaust Jewish History History of Religion Political History Europe—History—1492- World War, 1939-1945 Judaism—History Religion—History World politics Juden Griechenland |
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