German blood, Slavic soil: how Nazi Königsberg became Soviet Kaliningrad
The Bridge and the Bulwark -- Empire in the East -- Downfall -- Liberation and Revenge -- City of Death -- Living Together -- Slavic Soil.
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Ithaca ; London
Cornell University Press
2023
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| Schriftenreihe: | Battlegrounds: Cornell studies in military history
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | The Bridge and the Bulwark -- Empire in the East -- Downfall -- Liberation and Revenge -- City of Death -- Living Together -- Slavic Soil. "A history of Königsberg and Kaliningrad in the first half of the twentieth century, focusing on the region's political, social, and economic transformations under Nazi and Soviet rule and the violent encounter between the populations of both regimes" |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | xiii, 315 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781501767364 |
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| 240 | 1 | 0 | |a Exclave (politics, ideology, and everyday life in Königsberg–Kaliningrad, 1928-1948, 2013) |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a German blood, Slavic soil |b how Nazi Königsberg became Soviet Kaliningrad |c Nicole Eaton |
| 264 | 1 | |a Ithaca ; London |b Cornell University Press |c 2023 | |
| 300 | |a xiii, 315 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Karten | ||
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| 520 | 3 | |a The Bridge and the Bulwark -- Empire in the East -- Downfall -- Liberation and Revenge -- City of Death -- Living Together -- Slavic Soil. | |
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Contents Acknowledgments vii Archival Abbreviations ix Introduction 1 1. The Bridge and theBulwark 15 2. Empire in the East 46 3. Downfall 82 4. Liberation and Revenge 116 5. City of Death 144 6. Living Together 178 7. Slavic Soil 210 Conclusion Notes 257 Index 307 245
Index Page numbers in italics refer to maps and figures. Ackermann, Felix, 208 agriculture in East Prussia, 31,40, 149; collectivization of, 163-65,180, 187, 213; Nazi politics and, 49-52, 54-56, 248-49 Aleksandrov, Georgii, 136-37 Altstadt (old town), 15,17, 21-22,42, 91, 142, 144, 167, 236 Amalienau district, xiii, 23,167 Amar, Tarik Cyril, 179, 217 annexation of East Prussia, justifications for, 211, 238-41 antifascism, and German rehabilitation; in Eastern Europe, 147-48, 153-54, 210-11; in Kaliningrad, 11,153-55, 199-202, 204-6; Soviet discourses of, 137,153-54,208-9,211-12,218, 228 Antifascist Club (German Club), 194, 200-201, 204, 228 anti-German rhetoric in Kaliningrad, 175, 217-23, 232-37,300n35 antisemitism, 27, 35, 37, 40, 64-66, 77, 84, 118 Arbusauškaitė, Arūnė, 164 architecture of Königsberg/Kaliningrad, 21-24, 43-44, 209, 234-37 Arendt, Hannah, 3 Ask Me about East Prussia (1976), 84 Augustów (Sudauen district), 69 -70 Averianov, Valentin, 138 Badzinski, Gustav, 63-64 Baltic region and republics, 7, 26, 34, 148, 154, 164, 228 Baltic Sea, 16-18, 99,100, 104, 185 Beckherrn, Eberhard, 160 Bergau, Martin, 103-6 Berkhoff, Karel, 74, 119 Bethke, Hermann, 48, 51, 57, 70 Bialystok, occupied, xi, 72-74, 76-80, 89-90, 111 biological racism. See Nazi race science Bolshevism, 117-18, 120, 131, 234,246; Nazi anti-Bolshevism, 6, 28,35,55, 67-68, 71, 88, 92-96,100, 108 borderland, 1, 7-9; Kaliningrad as, 150, 177, 217, 232,250; Königsberg as, 26-27,32,46-47, 52, 59-60,69, 81 borders of East Prussia, x֊֊xii, 2-3, 25, 31, 46, 69-70,80,125,151; plebiscites and, x, 30-31, 62,
271n95 borders, of Kaliningrad, 226-27, 238, 288nl0 Borisov, Vasilii Andreevich, 194-95, 198, 205, 213, 223, 225. See also Civilian Affairs Administration Braun, Otto, 36 “bridge” to the East, Königsberg as, 17, 19-20,23,25-28,44-45,67-68, 252 bridges of Königsberg, 15-16,21, 91,168, 195,213 Brodersen, Per, 147 Brownmiller, Susan, 132 Buida, Yuri, 246-47 “bulwark” imagery and rhetoric, 19, 252, 254; prewar use of, 28-36, 39-40,44, 52, 59-60; Soviet appropriation of, 143, 232-33; wartime use of, 89-91, 95, 106-8 Burakov, A. Ia., 236-37 camps in East Prussia, 71, 89,102,115, 27ІПІ03 Catholics and the Catholic Church, 34, 44, 50,53, 62-63, 220, 261n5 Ciechanów. See Zichenau district 307
308 INDEX citizenship: of Germans in Kaliningrad, 152, 155,169,173,195-96,202-6,208,227, 252,303n99; in Nazi Germany, 35,63-65, 70; Soviet, 11,154,195-96,214,226-27 cityscape, of Königsberg/Kaliningrad, 16-17, 20-23, 42-44, 234-37 Civilian Affairs Administration, 154, 163, 174,178-80,194-202, 204-9, 211-16, 225, 296n76 “civilization,” competing claims to, 5-7, 12, 26, 94-96, 123, 143, 173,212, 228, 245-46, 250 Clark, Katerina, 121 Cold War: interpretations of Königsberg/ Kaliningrad, 8,131-32,242, 246; narratives of war and occupation, 84, 113, 192; and status of Kaliningrad, 211,232 collective farmers, 180-81,187, 213, 215 Communist Party of Germany (KPD), 37-38, 40,42, 117-18 Communist Party (Soviet), 14,149, 173-75, 217-18, 220, 232-33. See also Kaliningrad Communist Party; Soviet ideology “Comrade Ehrenburg Oversimplifies” (Aleksandrov), 136-37 contamination: fears of, 10-11,220, 222, 232-34, 243; as metaphor, 86, 113,118, 160, 246 Conze, Werner, 69,242, 28ІПІ83 Council of Ministers (RSFSR), 200, 213, 221, 239, 296n76 Council of Ministers (USSR), 180, 187, 220, 223-26 Council ofPeople’s Commissars (USSR), 172, 176 Cranz, x, xii, 130, 186, 188-89 crime, 155,204, 216, 218-20 Crüger, Herbert, 33-34 culture, 4-8, 24, 58, 262n21; backwardness and superiority, 49, 113, 179, 205, 228, 235, 250-51,264n73; mutual views and stereotypes, 26-27, 119-21,146,185,188,190-91 Dances in the Crematorium (Ivanov), 160 Danzig, x-xi, 15, 18, 24, 100, 102, 257nl Daniel’-Bek, Sergei Vladimirovich, 187, 230 Dargel, Paul, 48, 70, 73, 77-79 deaths: estimates of German, 83, 99, 159, 207-8,229-30;
explanations for German, 160-61, 176, 243; from disease and starvation, 155-59,170, 172, 215-16; German narratives of, 83-84,102-4,144, 157,160; during occupation, 13, 146-47, 153, 155-59, 176; non-German, 74, 99,114,134, 215-16; Soviet narratives of, 123, 133, 159-60, 230; wartime German, 91, 95-98, 100, 107, 111. See also Holocaust; suicides Deichelmann, Hans, 112,159-60,184, 189, 200-201,203-7,254 demographics: of postwar Kaliningrad, 151, 158,174,180, 214,217, 222; of prewar Königsberg and East Prussia, 22,30, 62, 66-67, 70,86-87, 261n5, 264n67. See also population figures deportations: Nazi use of, 65, 70-71, 78-79, 87; Soviet use of, 74,151-52, 210,226-28, 289n31 Depression, political impact of, 39-40, 55 disease: during invasion, 85, 107, 112, 130,134, 145-46, 149; in Kaliningrad, 13, 153, 156-60,169,188,197. See also contamination Djilas, Milovan, 132 Dohna-Schlobitten, Alexander Prince of, 41 Dohna-Schlobitten, Heinrich Count von, 80 Dolgushin, V., 234 Dönhoff, Marion Countess von, 96-97,100 Dubatow, Alexej, 160 East Prussia (region and landscape): as a crossroads, 247-48; in German imaginary, 7,46-47,50-52, 59-60, 81, 84; multiethnic population of, 10-11, 26-27,30, 33-35,47; as “Slavic soil”, 238 -43, 252; in Soviet imaginary, 10, 124-28, 238-41,247-48 East Prussia Plan, 51-52,55 Eastern Europe: Holocaust in, 76-78; Nazi occupation of, 5, 7,12,48, 67-74, 76-80, 149,158; postwar expulsion of Germans from, 11, 151, 210,243; Sovietization and antifascism in, 13, 179, 210, 226, 237 economy of prewar Königsberg, 31-32, 39-40, 47,52,54-55, 59-60, 84-85; agriculture, 31,
40,49-52,54-56; trade and commerce, 18,23, 25-26, 28
INDEX Edele, Mark, 129,243 education: in. Kaliningrad, 14,173, 175, 199 -200,207-8, 225, 228; Soviet system of, 118-20, 149,190-91, 200 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 119-22,124,128, 131, 136-37, 141 elections in East Prussia and Konigsberg, 35-38, 40-42,59 Eshkova, Raissa Kusminichna, 181 Esser, Hermann, 38 Euler, Leonard, 15-16 Ewert, Erna, 186,190,203-4 expulsion of Germans from Kaliningrad, 3, 11,210, 221-32,242-44; narratives, 230-31,241-43,254 Expulsion of the German Population from the Regions East of the Oder-Neisse (1953), 102 Eydtkuhnen, 26,127 Falk, Lucy, 112,188-89,191,198, 200-204 famine, 74,163, 215-18, 223,229. See also starvation and hunger Fate ofa Man, The (film, 1959), 237 Feyerabend, Hans, 103 Filatov, Vladimir Petrovich, 215 filtration, of local population, 148, 153, 156, 180-81,200 Final Solution. See Holocaust First World War, 18, 25, 29-30, 36-37, 48,60 Fisch, Bernhard, 97 FitzGibbon, Constantine, 245-46 flight of Germans from Red Army, 82-84, 96, 98-101, 109,164 Folger, Rudolf, 115 food production and distribution, 163-64, 166, 185,198, 203, 213 food shortages: during occupation, 155,158,161-63,165,170,172, 175; ongoing, in Kaliningrad, 198, 212-17; wartime, 90, 99, 109. See also starvation and hunger; rationing forced labor: German civilians and, 108, 159,164,184; Nazi use of, 78, 86-91, 102; Soviet use of, 157-59, 164, 166, 174-75, 184, 188 Forstreuter, Kurt, 62 “fortress” Konigsberg, 89-91, 95, 106-8. See also “bulwark” imagery and rhetoric Furmanov, Aleksandr, 231 309 Galitskii, Kuz’ma, 147,149,172-73, 175-76, 217. See also Special Military District Gause,
Fritz, 40, 92 Gavrilin, I. G., 241 Genatulin, Anatolii, 125-26,140 German civilians, during war: and defense of East Prussia, 89-92,108-10; Holocaust and, 102-5,114-15,250; morale of, 88-89,99,100,107,109; and Red Army, 82-83,98,100-101. See also violence against German civilians German civilians, in Kaliningrad: as “saboteurs” and scapegoats, 217-23, 300n35; as underclass, 171, 176, 178,186,196, 202-3, 205-8. See also Germans, legal status of; living conditions, Kaliningrad; rehabilitation of Germans; relationships, German-Soviet German Club. See Antifascist Club German communists (postwar), 201, 204-6, 208, 243, 252 “German East,” 7, 29, 32, 36 German National People’s Party (DNVP), 35, 37-38,40-41, 48, 265n80 German Revolution (1918-1919), 29-30 German-Soviet alliance, 67, 71, 74, 118 German-Soviet friendship societies, 27-28 German Völkisch Freedom Party (DVFP), 35 Germans, legal status of, 3,11, 251-52; expulsion from Kaliningrad, 221-23, 226, 228-31; integration efforts, 196 97, 202, 204, 208, 225; in postwar Europe, 150-52, 168, 210-11; rehabilitation and, 154-55, 173, 216 Gestapo, 61, 63, 65, 87 Geyer, Michael, 98 Giordano, Ralph, 83 Godiaeva, Zoia Ivanovna, 180 Goebbels, Joseph, 88, 99; anti-Bolshevism of, 248, 270n82; depiction of Red Army, 95,113, 122; and East Prussia, 46, 108 Goldstein, Ludwig, 65-66,87 Golobova, Olga (Klein), 204-5 Gorbachevskii, Boris, 142 Gorbunov, Vasilii Petrovich, 203 Göring, Hermann, 56, 72, 77-78,80 Gosplan (State Planning Committee), 212, 302n89 Granin, Daniil, 118
310 INDEX Groeben, Klaus von der, 48, 51, 76 Großherr, Ferdinand, 48, 110 Grossman, Vasilii, 119,121 Grossmann, Atina, 113 Grünberg, Hans-Bernard von, 57,59, 94; and Eastern Europe, 67-69, 73; and Prussian socialism, 48-51,54-55, 248 guilt and responsibility, concepts of, 83-84, 105-6, 114, 134-35,140, 154, 231 Günther, Karl, 203 Guzii, Viktor Gerasimovich, 165, 176 Harder, Loni, 104-6 Harke, C. G., 68 Harlan, Veit, 108 Hartungsche Zeitung, 65,87 Heim ins Reich program, 63 Herberg, Gert, 102 Hielscher, Käthe (Urban), 99,110, 114, 158,169-71, 185-86,192-93,225, 230-31 Himmler, Heinrich, 39, 56, 72-74, 76, 78, 92, 271Ո101 history of Königsberg and East Prussia, 2, 16, 23-26,29; German myths and stories of, 7,14, 18-19,32-33,42, 58, 68; retelling ofas “Slavic," 237-42, 244, 252; Soviet stories of, 126, 137, 210-12, 234 Hitler, Adolf, 3, 75, 89,106, 110-11; and Koch, 52,54, 56-57, 72, 78-79, 81, 249, 272nll9; support for, 36-42,59-60, 80,99-101,192 “Hitler clique,” Soviet idea of, 118-19, 124, 131,137, 152, 208, 243 Hoffmann, Paul, 112 Holocaust, 71, 76-78,91, 101-6,123; East Prussians and, 7, 77, 98, 102-4, 114-15, 250-51 Hopp, Hanns, 23, 28, 43-44, 235 Hoppe, Bert, 229, 236 hospitals in Kaliningrad, 168,184, 197-98,201, 205,207-8, 233-34 housing in Kaliningrad: condition of, 157, 187-88, 235; shortages and access to, 167, 170-72, 186-87, 194, 202, 212, 243 Hufen district, xiii, 21, 23, 40, 167 I Saw Königsberg Die (Deichelmann), 160 Inozemtsev, Nikolai, 126, 140-41, 143-44 invasion of East Prussia, 82-83,88-92, 95-101, 106-12,124-25. See also siege of Königsberg isolation,
geographic, 8-10,12-14, 18, 30-32,55, 248,251; effects of, 20, 25, 31-33,47-48, 53,146-49,161, 173, 176-77 Ivanov, Iurii, 159-60 Ivanov, Mikhail Ivanovich, 181 Ivanov, Petr Andreevich, 220-21, 223-24, 250 Jews: in Königsberg, 35, 64-67,86-87, 91, 102-5,183-84,236, 261n5,264n67; in Nazi occupied territories, 69-71, 76-78; Soviet, 77,115,121,138-39. See also antisemitism; Holocaust Kaganova, Polina, 254-55 Kaliningrad City Soviet, 214, 229, 234-36 Kaliningrad Communist Party, 217-18, 220-25,229, 233, 236-37, 241 Kaliningrad Oblast, xii, 2,177,180-82, 239 -40, 252, 288nl0; reconstruction, 194-99,212-14, 217,223-24, 228-29. See also Civilian Affairs Administration Kaliningradskaia pravda, 201, 214, 252 Kalier, Maximilian, 62-63 Kant, Immanuel, 6, 16, 247; mausoleum and monuments to, 21-22,42,142-43, 253, 255; symbolism attached to, 24, 94, 142-43, 254-55 Kibelka, Ruth, 150, 259n33 “Kill” (Ehrenburg), 122,131 Kitiachek, Dmitrii, 138, 140 Klaipėda. See Memel Kneiphof Island, xiii, 15,17, 21, 24,44, 91, 142,144 Kobylianskii, Isaak, 138 Koch, Erich: defense of Königsberg, 89-92, 96,99-101,107,111-12, 275n53; Eastern Europe and the Holocaust, 72-80,154,250; as Gauleiter and governor of East Prussia, 38-41,47-49, 52-58, 84-85,249; and Hitler, 56-57, 79, 81, 249, 273nl35; narratives about, 83-84, 90, 107, 111-12; and Nazi race science, 60-61, 74, 250, 267n6, 272Ո119; political support and opposition, 56-57,59, 79-81; Soviet Union and plans for “German East,” 67-69,248 Kolberg (Harlan), 107, 280nl44
INDEX 311 Königsberg, physical destruction of, 142-45,157,162 Konigsberg castle, xiii, 20-22,42,43, 60, 91, 107,144,234 Königsberg cathedral, xiii, 21-22,42,44 “Königsberg Circle,” 48-50. See also Königsberg Nazis Königsberg Nazis, 2, 52-56, 94-95, 112, 164,267nl9; local variant of Nazism, 47, 49-52, 55-56,58-59, 67-69, 164,248-49; total war and defense of Königsberg, 85, 91-92,107-9; in Ukraine and Bialystok, 72-73, 76-81, 89. See also Koch, Erich Königsberg Oblast. See Kaliningrad Oblast Königsberg (occupied), 143-50,153-59, 161-63, 165-71 Konigsberg (prewar): as a “bridge” to the East, 17-20,23, 25-28,44-45, 67-68, 252; as bulwark or “fortress,” 16, 28-36, 39-40,44,52,59-60; myths and stories of, 18-19, 32-33,42, 126,137 Königsberg (wartime). See invasion of East Prussia; siege of Königsberg Kopelev, Lev, 125,127, 129,135, 139, 141 Kopylova, Anna Andreevna, 182 Korn, Emma, 130 Kostiashov, Iurii, 159, 194, 231 Kossert, Andreas, 59, 84 Kosygin, Aleksei, 166, 219, 224, 228 Krasnaia zvezda, 119,124,133 Krasnoarmeiskaia pravda, 123-24 Kreutz, Annaliese, 101 Kristallnacht, 44, 66,84 Kruglov, Sergei, 222-24, 228, 302ո77 Krysov, Vasilii, 134-35 Kulikov, General Major, 175-76 Lehndorff, Hans Count von, 99,107-8, 110,112-13, 157, 160, 201,204, 230, 245-46 Lehndorff-Steinort, Heinrich Count von, 80 Ley, Robert, 56-57 Lieberoth-Leden, Felicitas, 98-99 Linck, Hugo, 221-22 Lithuania (prewar), x, 11, 31-32, 45-46 Lithuanian language, and speakers of, 11, 26-27, 33-34, 60, 62, 64, 227, 239-40, 294nl2 Lithuanian SSR, xii, 148, 214, 219,223, 227, 238, 257ո5, 290ո60, 304ո113 Liulevicius,
Vejas Gabriel, 7 living conditions, in Kaliningrad, 183, 187,195, 225; food shortages and starvation, 185, 190, 198, 214-16, 221-2; housing and municipal services, 197-99, 201 2, 212, 235; secondary market economy, 188-89; of Soviet settlers, 187-89, 209,212, 214-16. See also relationships, German-Soviet; labor and employment in Kaliningrad living conditions, in occupied Königsberg, 145,155; death and disease, 158-60; food shortages and starvation, 157-59, 161-63, 165,170, 172; housing, 157, 170-72; secondary market economy, 167-68. See also collectivization; rationing; reconstruction of Kaliningrad living conditions, in wartime Königsberg, 85-92, 107-10 Loringhoven, Baron Bernd Freytag von, 111 Lukashevich, Irina Iosifovna, 188-89 Lutherans and the Lutheran Church, 23, 32-34,44,59-61, 199, 220-22 labor and employment in Kaliningrad: inequities in, 186-87,197, 202-3, 206-7, 225; secondary market economy, 167-68, 188-89, 198; workforce, 184-86,188, 213, 222-23, 225,228-29, 291ո85,302ո89 language and national identity, 30-31, 34-35, 60, 62-63 Lasch, Otto, 106-7,110-11 League of Nations, 18, 30, 39 Lebensraum, 12, 69-70,81, 118,249 Lemke, Klaus, 102 Lehnert, Wolfgang, 114 Magunia, Waldemar, 37, 73, 79 Malinewicz, Celina, 104-6 Mališaukas, Jurgis, 90 Mann, Thomas, 41 maps of Königsberg/Kaliningrad, x-xiii, 16-20,62, 288nl0 Maschke, Erich, 68 Mashkina, Mariia Dmitrievna, 186 Masurian region and dialect, x, xii, 10, 23, 55,85-86; national identity, 30,34-35, 60-64, 226-27, 249 Meeting at the Elbe (film, 1948), 237 Melngalv, Alexandr Avgustovich, 182
312 INDEX Memel (Klaipėda), x-xii, 26, 30-31, 45-46, 226-27 minorities, 10-11, 199,227; Germans as, 226, 228; non-German, 26-27, 63-64, 70-71, 74-76; and postwar unmixing of, 11, 231,237 modernization, 8,179, 234,120-21,179, 190,234-35. See also culture Moeller, Robert G., 83,113 Molotov, Viacheslav, 221 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 71, 74, 152 Mommsen, Hans, 54, 258nl7 monuments and symbolic geography, 22, 24-25, 43-44, 143, 219, 240-41, 234-36,253,254-55, 262n21. See also, Kant, Immanuel Müller, Friedrich-Wilhelm, 110 myths, of East Prussia. See history of Königsberg and East Prussia Naimark, Norman, 128 National Socialists (NSDAP) in East Prussia, 36-41,47, 49-59, 67-69, 72, 80, 248-49, 265n88. See also Königsberg Nazis; Nazi ideology; Nazi propaganda Nazi Germany, 3-7, 69, 149, 173, 202, 248-51,258nl7; racial hierarchies in, 70, 75-76, 93, 169; and Eastern Europe, 73-81 Nazi ideology, 10, 37,49,118, 169 Nazi propaganda, 5, 67, 82, 91-98, 108, 113, 130,179 Nazi race science, 5, 7, 60, 64, 81,169, 226, 271Ո100 Nemmersdorf massacre, 95-98 Neuhofer, Willi, 36 Neue Zeit, 201-2,205, 208, 225, 228 New Synagogue, 22,44, 66 Nikolaeva, Antonina Semenovna, 215-16 NKVD (People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs), 109,130,133, 135, 153, 286n86 Nuremberg Race Laws, 64-66, 81 occupation of Konigsberg, 143-50, 153-59, 161-63, 165,167-71 omission and erasure, in memory and testimony, 83-84, 98, 102, 137-38, 192, 236, 247-48, 277n83 “On the International Situation” (Zhdanov), 232 “On the Road to Berlin” (Kaganova), 254-55 Orlow, Dietrich, 54 Ostarbeiter, 78-79, 87, 93,153,178,180. See also
forced labor Ostmesse exhibition center, 23, 28,40-41, 43,71,167,235 Ostpreußische Zeitung, 55 Ostpreußenblatt, 84 Ostinali, 89-91, 94, 99 “Our Humanism” (Ehrenburg), 122 Pakarklis, P. I., 240 Palmnicken death march and massacre, 102-6,115,279nl27 Paltzo, Joachim, 60 Pillau,x,xii, 101, 111, 205 Pirogov, P. A., 126 place names: in East Prussia, 21-22, 34, 42-44, 61-62; in Kaliningrad, 177, 182, 239-40 plebiscites (1920), x, 30-31, 62, 271n95 Plimak, Evgenii, 127 Poborzeva, Irina Vasil’evna, 191 Poland, 18, 30-32,39, 61-63, 69-72, 111, 238-39 Poles, 22,26, 34, 60-63, 70-71, 76, 79, 85-86,261n5 Polish Corridor, x, 2, 29, 69, 238,257nl; consequences of, 25,31-32, 35, 37,39, 60, 67; and isolation of East Prussia, 18,20,42,45,47, 55 political climate, interwar, 2, 12, 28, 32, 35-41,55,59. See also elections in East Prussia and Königsberg Pollmann, Marga, 163,199 Polonskii, Lev, 128 Pomerants, Grigorii, 127,129,135, 137, 139, 141-42 population figures: postwar, 159, 180, 214, 217, 226, 230,257n7,287n3; prewar, 17, 31, 52; wartime, 82-83, 99-101, 107, 109. See also death estimates; demographics Potemkin, Ivan Ivanovich, 215 Potrek, Karl, 97 Potsdam Conference, 151-52, 242 Pregel River, 15-17, 21-23,43, 44, 91, 110, 145, 168, 188, 195 Preuß, Gerda, 192 Preußische Zeitung, 48, 91 prisoners of war, German, 127,145, 157, 162, 166,185, 289n31,291n85 prisoners of war, Soviet, 71,85-88, 93,107, 153, 182; deaths of, 88, 98,
INDEX 102,109,114, 135; as settlers in Kaliningrad, 180, 233 Pronin, Mikhail, 163 Prussian culture, 7,24, 27, 34,49, 59-60, 235-37 “Prussian Nights” (Solzhenitsyn), 131,139 Prussian socialism, 5,49-52, 248, 267n7 public health in Kaliningrad, 197-98, 207. See also disease Radok, Rainer, 65-66 rape of German women by Red Army soldiers, 2, 7, 95-98,112, 117,156-57, 169-70; estimates of, 129-30; German narratives, 130,192-93; Soviet narratives, 130-31,133-35, 138-41 Rasch, Gerhard, 103 Rasch, Otto, 71 rationing: Soviet hierarchy of, 161-63, 170,176,185, 197, 243, 301n67; wartime, 77,79, 85-89, 91-92, 107, 109. See also food shortages; starvation and hunger Rauschning, Hermann, 49, 57, 67-68 reconstruction of Kaliningrad, 147,157, 163-64,177,196, 224, 254; delays and problems with, 212-13, 217, 223, 229; municipal infrastructure and services, 166-68, 171, 187-88, 194-98, 212,234-35; Germans and, 174-75, 198-99,217, 229; modernization and transformation, 179-80, 234-37; workforce issues, 184-86, 188, 213. See aho Civilian Affairs Administration; Special Military District Red Army: invasion of East Prussia, 83, 95-101, 109-11, 124-27; military discipline in, 133-36,165, 286n86; “mission” of, 115-17,119-23. See also rape of German women; retribution and “sacred” revenge; Soviet soldiers Red Army soldiers. See Soviet soldiers Rees, E. A., 145 refugees, 82-83, 89-90, 99-101,107, 122, 129, 139,145,151 rehabilitation of Germans: ambiguous, 11, 154-55, 173, 251-52; antifascism and reeducation, 179, 195- 96, 204, 220; through labor, 173-76, 196, 203; reconstruction and, 211, 216-17,
238, 243 Reichenau, Walter von, 79 313 relationships, German-Soviet: commercial and professional, 185-86,188-89, 202; narratives, 182-83,185-87, 190,204, 216, 219,230-31; personal, sexual, and social, 190-94,201,231,233 reparations, 30,38, 148, 164-66, 227 resettlement of Germans. See expulsion of Germans from Kaliningrad retribution and “sacred” revenge: narratives, 117, 123-24,127-28,131, 133, 136, 183; socialist humanism and moral critiques, 140-43. See also rape of German women; Soviet soldiers; violence against German civilians Rivne (Ukraine), xi, 73. 79, 85 Rohrer, Christian, 54 Rokossovskii, Konstantin, 133, 138 Roman, Galina Pavlovna, 215 Rosenberg, Alfred, 73, 75, 79 Rosin, Hildegard, 160 Rothfels, Hans, 35, 66, 69, 264n73, 281Ո183 Rudakov, Evgeni i, 218-22 rural population of East Prussia, 31-32, 36,41,55,149,180,187 Rusakova, Aleksandra Aleksandrovna, 215 Russian nationalism, 6,11, 120-22, 226, 232, 243, 251-52 Russification, 227, 239-41, 254. See also Soviet nationalities policy Rust, Bernhard, 94-95 Ryzhova, Anna, 191 SA (Sturmabteilung), 40, 41,52,56, 62 Samland Peninsula, 24,101,105-6, 109 Samoilov, David, 139-40 Schechter, Brandon, 126, 128 Schichau shipbuilding plant (Factory 820), 31, 84,166, 181, 213,229 Schieder, Theodor, 69, 90, 94, 113, 242 Schieder Commission, 113, 242, 28ІПІ83, 289n31 Schivelbusch, Wolfgang, 51 Schöne, Heinrich, 73 Schulenburg, Fritz-Dietlof von der, 48, 50-54, 80 Schulz, Walter, 53 segregation of Germans in Kaliningrad, 169, 202-3, 207-8, 222, 228-29 settlers, Kaliningrad. See Soviet settlers Shadrina, Antonina Egorovna, 215
Shcherbakov, Vladimir Vasil’evich, 224-25, 229, 233, 241
314 INDEX Shevchenko, Manefa, 171 Shubnikov, A., 221 siege mentality, 10,31-32, 3ő. See also "bulwark” rhetoric and imagery siege of Königsberg, 106-12,142,145-46, 162, 167 Siehr, Ernst, 32-33, 265n80 Simonov, Konstantin, 119 Smirnov, Andrei, 221 Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), 36-37,40 socialist humanism, 6, 13, 115,117, 120-24,140-43,250 social welfare programs in Kaliningrad, 197-200, 204 society, terms for belonging, 5, 10-12, 127, 249, 260n35; in Nazi ideology and practice, 35, 47, 58, 60-66; in Soviet ideology and practice, 14, 145,216-17, 226, 232, 251-52 soil, discourses around: German, 23, 39-40,45,47, 51, 96,124, 248-49; Soviet, 237-44,247-49, 254 Soldau transit camp, 71 Solov’ev, Aleksei Nikolaevich, 215 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 131,135, 139 Sommer, Hellmut, 59 Soviet ideology', 5-6,13, 173-74, 249-51; culture and modernization, 179, 190, 234-35; Germans and Nazism in, 117-19,121, 211; inclusion and exclusion in, 216-17; Russian nationalism and, 121,226, 232 Soviet leadership and Kaliningrad, 150-51,165-66, 221-26,239,242 Soviet nationalities policy, 120,199, 226, 240, 244, 252 Soviet propaganda: Germans and Nazism in, 117-18,120-22, 124,136-37, 152-53, 237; wartime writers and, 119-23, 234 Soviet settlers, 3,196; demographics, 175, 180-82,213-14,223, 294nl2; living conditions, 187-89, 209, 212, 214-15; narratives, 182-83, 215-16, 236, 246-47, 254-55; resettlement programs, 180-81,213-14, 219. See also relationships, German-Soviet Soviet soldiers: experiences during war, 114-18,139, 141; German portrayals of, 93, 95-97, 113; narratives of revenge and
punishment, 115,123-24, 127-29, 131, 136-42; rape by, 112, 129-35, 140, 169-70; self-critical narratives, 129, 135,138-42; theft and looting by, 112, 129-35,140,169-70; views of Germans and East Prussia, 116,124-28, 139-40, 143; violence against civilians, 133,135, 277n95 Soviet Union, 4-6, 8,67, 71, 93,114, 248-52, 258nl7. See also Soviet ideology Sovietization of Kaliningrad, 3, 210-11, 226,232; collectivization and, 163-65; education and social welfare, 198 -200; Germans and, 195-97,208,243; local context of, 9-10,13-14,145, 147-49, 167,250-51,259n33; as transformative project, 8-9,145,161,179,234-35. See also antifascism and German rehabilitation; reconstruction of Kaliningrad Special Military District, 14,147-50,154, 161-66, 171-73, 175; center-periphery challenges of, 150, 155, 164, 166, 172, 176-77. See also reconstruction of Kaliningrad SS (Schutzstaffel), 39, 61, 70, 74,103-4; mood reports, 85, 93,107,109 Stalin, Joseph, 4, 232; and Königsberg/ Kaliningrad, 147, 152,166, 223-24, 238-40, 250; and Red Army violence, 131, 133, 136-37; Russian nationalism, 120-21,226; views of German people, 119, 142, 152 Stalinism. See Soviet ideology "Stalin Plan,” 224, 228 Starlinger, Wilhelm, 160 starvation and hunger: under Nazis, 76-78, 87-89,102; under Soviets, 157-59,170-72, 176,203,207, 215-16, 222 Steindamm, 22, 37 Steinfurt train car factory, 66,85, 102, 166, 182, 202-3 stereotypes, mutual cultural, 6,27, 124,185, 188,190-91. See also culture Strasser, Gregor, 57 Stutthof concentration camp, 7, 13, 89, 102, 251 Sudauen district (Suwałki), xi, 69-70 suicides, 103, 224; of
German civilians during Soviet invasion, 107,130-31, 134-35; ofjews in Königsberg, 87; of Nazi party leaders, 110
INDEX Surygina, Marita Timofeevna, 184 Suwałki (Sudauen district), xz, 69-70 “Ten Years of Gau East Prussia” festival, 57-58, 60 Teutonic heritage, 1,16; cultural references to, 23-24,42, 45, 62; “Germanness” of East Prussia, 32-33, 50, 59; Soviet references to, 118, 121, 124, 126,143, 241, 305nl27 Thälmann, Ernst, 118, 239 Third Reich. See Nazi Germany Tian, Dmitrii, 235, 241 Tilsit, x, xii, 46, 108 “total war” in East Prussia, 82, 88-92, 106-8. See also invasion of East Prussia tourism and travel, 19-27, 31, 33, 42-45, 125, 261n9 trade and commerce, prewar. See economy of prewar Konigsberg Travel Guide through Konigsberg ană Environs (1938), 42-45 Travel Guide through Konigsberg in Prussia (1927), 20-25 travel guides, 18-25, 29,42-45 Treaty of Versailles, 2, 18, 30-33, 37-38, 46,62 Tregub, Iurii Nikolaevich, 190, 194 Trifonov, I. R, 220-22, 232-33, 236 Trofimov, General Major, 222-23 Trubchanina, Anna Ivanovna, 216 Ukraine, Reichskommissariat, xi, 8, 72-80, 93 unemployment. See economy of prewar Königsberg University of Konigsberg, 22, 35, 61,91, 94-95 Uspenskii, Iurii, 116, 123, 126-27,141 Vakhrov, V., 212 Vasilevskii, Aleksandr, 134 Vavilova, Nina Moiseevna, 182,231 Velichko, V., 234 victimhood, German narratives of, 13, 83-84, 95-98, 111, 113-14, 160, 192, 242, 254 violence against German civilians, 2, 7, 83, 112-14, 169, 251; German narratives, 95-98, 130, 156-57; Soviet narratives, 127, 129,131,135-42, 282nl. See also rape of German women; Soviet soldiers Volga Germans, 200 Völkischer Beobachter, 55, 95 Volksdeutsche, 63, 70, 74 Volksgemeinschaft, 10-11,58-60, 63-64,
81-82, 85-86,91-94, 249 Volkssturm, 92, 102-3, 107-8, 110 Wagner, Ernst, 107-10 Warmia district, 62, 263ո50 Weber, Fritz, 103. See also Palmnicken death march and massacre Wehrmacht, 71-72, 77-79, 83, 87-89, 93-94; defense of East Prussia. 98-99, 106 -7, 110-11, 275n53; East Prussians drafted into, 85-86 Weimar Republic, 12, 38,48,50-51, 167. See also elections in East Prussia and Königsberg; political climate, interwar western borderlands, Soviet, 8-9,152, 179,195-96,227,235 Wieck, Michael, 86-87, 112,156-60, 171, 183-84,192,194, 252, 254 Wilhelm Gustloff, 100, 278n99 Willuweit, Hans-Dieter, 102 Wolfsschanze, 72, 80 workers. See forced labor; labor and employment in Kaliningrad Zharovskii, Mikhail, 138 Zhdanov, Andrei, 232 Zhidkov, Rostislav, 128 Zichenau district (Mazovia/Ciechanów), xi, 11,69-73,76-80,90,99 V Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München 315 |
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Contents Acknowledgments vii Archival Abbreviations ix Introduction 1 1. The Bridge and theBulwark 15 2. Empire in the East 46 3. Downfall 82 4. Liberation and Revenge 116 5. City of Death 144 6. Living Together 178 7. Slavic Soil 210 Conclusion Notes 257 Index 307 245
Index Page numbers in italics refer to maps and figures. Ackermann, Felix, 208 agriculture in East Prussia, 31,40, 149; collectivization of, 163-65,180, 187, 213; Nazi politics and, 49-52, 54-56, 248-49 Aleksandrov, Georgii, 136-37 Altstadt (old town), 15,17, 21-22,42, 91, 142, 144, 167, 236 Amalienau district, xiii, 23,167 Amar, Tarik Cyril, 179, 217 annexation of East Prussia, justifications for, 211, 238-41 antifascism, and German rehabilitation; in Eastern Europe, 147-48, 153-54, 210-11; in Kaliningrad, 11,153-55, 199-202, 204-6; Soviet discourses of, 137,153-54,208-9,211-12,218, 228 Antifascist Club (German Club), 194, 200-201, 204, 228 anti-German rhetoric in Kaliningrad, 175, 217-23, 232-37,300n35 antisemitism, 27, 35, 37, 40, 64-66, 77, 84, 118 Arbusauškaitė, Arūnė, 164 architecture of Königsberg/Kaliningrad, 21-24, 43-44, 209, 234-37 Arendt, Hannah, 3 Ask Me about East Prussia (1976), 84 Augustów (Sudauen district), 69 -70 Averianov, Valentin, 138 Badzinski, Gustav, 63-64 Baltic region and republics, 7, 26, 34, 148, 154, 164, 228 Baltic Sea, 16-18, 99,100, 104, 185 Beckherrn, Eberhard, 160 Bergau, Martin, 103-6 Berkhoff, Karel, 74, 119 Bethke, Hermann, 48, 51, 57, 70 Bialystok, occupied, xi, 72-74, 76-80, 89-90, 111 biological racism. See Nazi race science Bolshevism, 117-18, 120, 131, 234,246; Nazi anti-Bolshevism, 6, 28,35,55, 67-68, 71, 88, 92-96,100, 108 borderland, 1, 7-9; Kaliningrad as, 150, 177, 217, 232,250; Königsberg as, 26-27,32,46-47, 52, 59-60,69, 81 borders of East Prussia, x֊֊xii, 2-3, 25, 31, 46, 69-70,80,125,151; plebiscites and, x, 30-31, 62,
271n95 borders, of Kaliningrad, 226-27, 238, 288nl0 Borisov, Vasilii Andreevich, 194-95, 198, 205, 213, 223, 225. See also Civilian Affairs Administration Braun, Otto, 36 “bridge” to the East, Königsberg as, 17, 19-20,23,25-28,44-45,67-68, 252 bridges of Königsberg, 15-16,21, 91,168, 195,213 Brodersen, Per, 147 Brownmiller, Susan, 132 Buida, Yuri, 246-47 “bulwark” imagery and rhetoric, 19, 252, 254; prewar use of, 28-36, 39-40,44, 52, 59-60; Soviet appropriation of, 143, 232-33; wartime use of, 89-91, 95, 106-8 Burakov, A. Ia., 236-37 camps in East Prussia, 71, 89,102,115, 27ІПІ03 Catholics and the Catholic Church, 34, 44, 50,53, 62-63, 220, 261n5 Ciechanów. See Zichenau district 307
308 INDEX citizenship: of Germans in Kaliningrad, 152, 155,169,173,195-96,202-6,208,227, 252,303n99; in Nazi Germany, 35,63-65, 70; Soviet, 11,154,195-96,214,226-27 cityscape, of Königsberg/Kaliningrad, 16-17, 20-23, 42-44, 234-37 Civilian Affairs Administration, 154, 163, 174,178-80,194-202, 204-9, 211-16, 225, 296n76 “civilization,” competing claims to, 5-7, 12, 26, 94-96, 123, 143, 173,212, 228, 245-46, 250 Clark, Katerina, 121 Cold War: interpretations of Königsberg/ Kaliningrad, 8,131-32,242, 246; narratives of war and occupation, 84, 113, 192; and status of Kaliningrad, 211,232 collective farmers, 180-81,187, 213, 215 Communist Party of Germany (KPD), 37-38, 40,42, 117-18 Communist Party (Soviet), 14,149, 173-75, 217-18, 220, 232-33. See also Kaliningrad Communist Party; Soviet ideology “Comrade Ehrenburg Oversimplifies” (Aleksandrov), 136-37 contamination: fears of, 10-11,220, 222, 232-34, 243; as metaphor, 86, 113,118, 160, 246 Conze, Werner, 69,242, 28ІПІ83 Council of Ministers (RSFSR), 200, 213, 221, 239, 296n76 Council of Ministers (USSR), 180, 187, 220, 223-26 Council ofPeople’s Commissars (USSR), 172, 176 Cranz, x, xii, 130, 186, 188-89 crime, 155,204, 216, 218-20 Crüger, Herbert, 33-34 culture, 4-8, 24, 58, 262n21; backwardness and superiority, 49, 113, 179, 205, 228, 235, 250-51,264n73; mutual views and stereotypes, 26-27, 119-21,146,185,188,190-91 Dances in the Crematorium (Ivanov), 160 Danzig, x-xi, 15, 18, 24, 100, 102, 257nl Daniel’-Bek, Sergei Vladimirovich, 187, 230 Dargel, Paul, 48, 70, 73, 77-79 deaths: estimates of German, 83, 99, 159, 207-8,229-30;
explanations for German, 160-61, 176, 243; from disease and starvation, 155-59,170, 172, 215-16; German narratives of, 83-84,102-4,144, 157,160; during occupation, 13, 146-47, 153, 155-59, 176; non-German, 74, 99,114,134, 215-16; Soviet narratives of, 123, 133, 159-60, 230; wartime German, 91, 95-98, 100, 107, 111. See also Holocaust; suicides Deichelmann, Hans, 112,159-60,184, 189, 200-201,203-7,254 demographics: of postwar Kaliningrad, 151, 158,174,180, 214,217, 222; of prewar Königsberg and East Prussia, 22,30, 62, 66-67, 70,86-87, 261n5, 264n67. See also population figures deportations: Nazi use of, 65, 70-71, 78-79, 87; Soviet use of, 74,151-52, 210,226-28, 289n31 Depression, political impact of, 39-40, 55 disease: during invasion, 85, 107, 112, 130,134, 145-46, 149; in Kaliningrad, 13, 153, 156-60,169,188,197. See also contamination Djilas, Milovan, 132 Dohna-Schlobitten, Alexander Prince of, 41 Dohna-Schlobitten, Heinrich Count von, 80 Dolgushin, V., 234 Dönhoff, Marion Countess von, 96-97,100 Dubatow, Alexej, 160 East Prussia (region and landscape): as a crossroads, 247-48; in German imaginary, 7,46-47,50-52, 59-60, 81, 84; multiethnic population of, 10-11, 26-27,30, 33-35,47; as “Slavic soil”, 238 -43, 252; in Soviet imaginary, 10, 124-28, 238-41,247-48 East Prussia Plan, 51-52,55 Eastern Europe: Holocaust in, 76-78; Nazi occupation of, 5, 7,12,48, 67-74, 76-80, 149,158; postwar expulsion of Germans from, 11, 151, 210,243; Sovietization and antifascism in, 13, 179, 210, 226, 237 economy of prewar Königsberg, 31-32, 39-40, 47,52,54-55, 59-60, 84-85; agriculture, 31,
40,49-52,54-56; trade and commerce, 18,23, 25-26, 28
INDEX Edele, Mark, 129,243 education: in. Kaliningrad, 14,173, 175, 199 -200,207-8, 225, 228; Soviet system of, 118-20, 149,190-91, 200 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 119-22,124,128, 131, 136-37, 141 elections in East Prussia and Konigsberg, 35-38, 40-42,59 Eshkova, Raissa Kusminichna, 181 Esser, Hermann, 38 Euler, Leonard, 15-16 Ewert, Erna, 186,190,203-4 expulsion of Germans from Kaliningrad, 3, 11,210, 221-32,242-44; narratives, 230-31,241-43,254 Expulsion of the German Population from the Regions East of the Oder-Neisse (1953), 102 Eydtkuhnen, 26,127 Falk, Lucy, 112,188-89,191,198, 200-204 famine, 74,163, 215-18, 223,229. See also starvation and hunger Fate ofa Man, The (film, 1959), 237 Feyerabend, Hans, 103 Filatov, Vladimir Petrovich, 215 filtration, of local population, 148, 153, 156, 180-81,200 Final Solution. See Holocaust First World War, 18, 25, 29-30, 36-37, 48,60 Fisch, Bernhard, 97 FitzGibbon, Constantine, 245-46 flight of Germans from Red Army, 82-84, 96, 98-101, 109,164 Folger, Rudolf, 115 food production and distribution, 163-64, 166, 185,198, 203, 213 food shortages: during occupation, 155,158,161-63,165,170,172, 175; ongoing, in Kaliningrad, 198, 212-17; wartime, 90, 99, 109. See also starvation and hunger; rationing forced labor: German civilians and, 108, 159,164,184; Nazi use of, 78, 86-91, 102; Soviet use of, 157-59, 164, 166, 174-75, 184, 188 Forstreuter, Kurt, 62 “fortress” Konigsberg, 89-91, 95, 106-8. See also “bulwark” imagery and rhetoric Furmanov, Aleksandr, 231 309 Galitskii, Kuz’ma, 147,149,172-73, 175-76, 217. See also Special Military District Gause,
Fritz, 40, 92 Gavrilin, I. G., 241 Genatulin, Anatolii, 125-26,140 German civilians, during war: and defense of East Prussia, 89-92,108-10; Holocaust and, 102-5,114-15,250; morale of, 88-89,99,100,107,109; and Red Army, 82-83,98,100-101. See also violence against German civilians German civilians, in Kaliningrad: as “saboteurs” and scapegoats, 217-23, 300n35; as underclass, 171, 176, 178,186,196, 202-3, 205-8. See also Germans, legal status of; living conditions, Kaliningrad; rehabilitation of Germans; relationships, German-Soviet German Club. See Antifascist Club German communists (postwar), 201, 204-6, 208, 243, 252 “German East,” 7, 29, 32, 36 German National People’s Party (DNVP), 35, 37-38,40-41, 48, 265n80 German Revolution (1918-1919), 29-30 German-Soviet alliance, 67, 71, 74, 118 German-Soviet friendship societies, 27-28 German Völkisch Freedom Party (DVFP), 35 Germans, legal status of, 3,11, 251-52; expulsion from Kaliningrad, 221-23, 226, 228-31; integration efforts, 196 97, 202, 204, 208, 225; in postwar Europe, 150-52, 168, 210-11; rehabilitation and, 154-55, 173, 216 Gestapo, 61, 63, 65, 87 Geyer, Michael, 98 Giordano, Ralph, 83 Godiaeva, Zoia Ivanovna, 180 Goebbels, Joseph, 88, 99; anti-Bolshevism of, 248, 270n82; depiction of Red Army, 95,113, 122; and East Prussia, 46, 108 Goldstein, Ludwig, 65-66,87 Golobova, Olga (Klein), 204-5 Gorbachevskii, Boris, 142 Gorbunov, Vasilii Petrovich, 203 Göring, Hermann, 56, 72, 77-78,80 Gosplan (State Planning Committee), 212, 302n89 Granin, Daniil, 118
310 INDEX Groeben, Klaus von der, 48, 51, 76 Großherr, Ferdinand, 48, 110 Grossman, Vasilii, 119,121 Grossmann, Atina, 113 Grünberg, Hans-Bernard von, 57,59, 94; and Eastern Europe, 67-69, 73; and Prussian socialism, 48-51,54-55, 248 guilt and responsibility, concepts of, 83-84, 105-6, 114, 134-35,140, 154, 231 Günther, Karl, 203 Guzii, Viktor Gerasimovich, 165, 176 Harder, Loni, 104-6 Harke, C. G., 68 Harlan, Veit, 108 Hartungsche Zeitung, 65,87 Heim ins Reich program, 63 Herberg, Gert, 102 Hielscher, Käthe (Urban), 99,110, 114, 158,169-71, 185-86,192-93,225, 230-31 Himmler, Heinrich, 39, 56, 72-74, 76, 78, 92, 271Ո101 history of Königsberg and East Prussia, 2, 16, 23-26,29; German myths and stories of, 7,14, 18-19,32-33,42, 58, 68; retelling ofas “Slavic," 237-42, 244, 252; Soviet stories of, 126, 137, 210-12, 234 Hitler, Adolf, 3, 75, 89,106, 110-11; and Koch, 52,54, 56-57, 72, 78-79, 81, 249, 272nll9; support for, 36-42,59-60, 80,99-101,192 “Hitler clique,” Soviet idea of, 118-19, 124, 131,137, 152, 208, 243 Hoffmann, Paul, 112 Holocaust, 71, 76-78,91, 101-6,123; East Prussians and, 7, 77, 98, 102-4, 114-15, 250-51 Hopp, Hanns, 23, 28, 43-44, 235 Hoppe, Bert, 229, 236 hospitals in Kaliningrad, 168,184, 197-98,201, 205,207-8, 233-34 housing in Kaliningrad: condition of, 157, 187-88, 235; shortages and access to, 167, 170-72, 186-87, 194, 202, 212, 243 Hufen district, xiii, 21, 23, 40, 167 I Saw Königsberg Die (Deichelmann), 160 Inozemtsev, Nikolai, 126, 140-41, 143-44 invasion of East Prussia, 82-83,88-92, 95-101, 106-12,124-25. See also siege of Königsberg isolation,
geographic, 8-10,12-14, 18, 30-32,55, 248,251; effects of, 20, 25, 31-33,47-48, 53,146-49,161, 173, 176-77 Ivanov, Iurii, 159-60 Ivanov, Mikhail Ivanovich, 181 Ivanov, Petr Andreevich, 220-21, 223-24, 250 Jews: in Königsberg, 35, 64-67,86-87, 91, 102-5,183-84,236, 261n5,264n67; in Nazi occupied territories, 69-71, 76-78; Soviet, 77,115,121,138-39. See also antisemitism; Holocaust Kaganova, Polina, 254-55 Kaliningrad City Soviet, 214, 229, 234-36 Kaliningrad Communist Party, 217-18, 220-25,229, 233, 236-37, 241 Kaliningrad Oblast, xii, 2,177,180-82, 239 -40, 252, 288nl0; reconstruction, 194-99,212-14, 217,223-24, 228-29. See also Civilian Affairs Administration Kaliningradskaia pravda, 201, 214, 252 Kalier, Maximilian, 62-63 Kant, Immanuel, 6, 16, 247; mausoleum and monuments to, 21-22,42,142-43, 253, 255; symbolism attached to, 24, 94, 142-43, 254-55 Kibelka, Ruth, 150, 259n33 “Kill” (Ehrenburg), 122,131 Kitiachek, Dmitrii, 138, 140 Klaipėda. See Memel Kneiphof Island, xiii, 15,17, 21, 24,44, 91, 142,144 Kobylianskii, Isaak, 138 Koch, Erich: defense of Königsberg, 89-92, 96,99-101,107,111-12, 275n53; Eastern Europe and the Holocaust, 72-80,154,250; as Gauleiter and governor of East Prussia, 38-41,47-49, 52-58, 84-85,249; and Hitler, 56-57, 79, 81, 249, 273nl35; narratives about, 83-84, 90, 107, 111-12; and Nazi race science, 60-61, 74, 250, 267n6, 272Ո119; political support and opposition, 56-57,59, 79-81; Soviet Union and plans for “German East,” 67-69,248 Kolberg (Harlan), 107, 280nl44
INDEX 311 Königsberg, physical destruction of, 142-45,157,162 Konigsberg castle, xiii, 20-22,42,43, 60, 91, 107,144,234 Königsberg cathedral, xiii, 21-22,42,44 “Königsberg Circle,” 48-50. See also Königsberg Nazis Königsberg Nazis, 2, 52-56, 94-95, 112, 164,267nl9; local variant of Nazism, 47, 49-52, 55-56,58-59, 67-69, 164,248-49; total war and defense of Königsberg, 85, 91-92,107-9; in Ukraine and Bialystok, 72-73, 76-81, 89. See also Koch, Erich Königsberg Oblast. See Kaliningrad Oblast Königsberg (occupied), 143-50,153-59, 161-63, 165-71 Konigsberg (prewar): as a “bridge” to the East, 17-20,23, 25-28,44-45, 67-68, 252; as bulwark or “fortress,” 16, 28-36, 39-40,44,52,59-60; myths and stories of, 18-19, 32-33,42, 126,137 Königsberg (wartime). See invasion of East Prussia; siege of Königsberg Kopelev, Lev, 125,127, 129,135, 139, 141 Kopylova, Anna Andreevna, 182 Korn, Emma, 130 Kostiashov, Iurii, 159, 194, 231 Kossert, Andreas, 59, 84 Kosygin, Aleksei, 166, 219, 224, 228 Krasnaia zvezda, 119,124,133 Krasnoarmeiskaia pravda, 123-24 Kreutz, Annaliese, 101 Kristallnacht, 44, 66,84 Kruglov, Sergei, 222-24, 228, 302ո77 Krysov, Vasilii, 134-35 Kulikov, General Major, 175-76 Lehndorff, Hans Count von, 99,107-8, 110,112-13, 157, 160, 201,204, 230, 245-46 Lehndorff-Steinort, Heinrich Count von, 80 Ley, Robert, 56-57 Lieberoth-Leden, Felicitas, 98-99 Linck, Hugo, 221-22 Lithuania (prewar), x, 11, 31-32, 45-46 Lithuanian language, and speakers of, 11, 26-27, 33-34, 60, 62, 64, 227, 239-40, 294nl2 Lithuanian SSR, xii, 148, 214, 219,223, 227, 238, 257ո5, 290ո60, 304ո113 Liulevicius,
Vejas Gabriel, 7 living conditions, in Kaliningrad, 183, 187,195, 225; food shortages and starvation, 185, 190, 198, 214-16, 221-2; housing and municipal services, 197-99, 201 2, 212, 235; secondary market economy, 188-89; of Soviet settlers, 187-89, 209,212, 214-16. See also relationships, German-Soviet; labor and employment in Kaliningrad living conditions, in occupied Königsberg, 145,155; death and disease, 158-60; food shortages and starvation, 157-59, 161-63, 165,170, 172; housing, 157, 170-72; secondary market economy, 167-68. See also collectivization; rationing; reconstruction of Kaliningrad living conditions, in wartime Königsberg, 85-92, 107-10 Loringhoven, Baron Bernd Freytag von, 111 Lukashevich, Irina Iosifovna, 188-89 Lutherans and the Lutheran Church, 23, 32-34,44,59-61, 199, 220-22 labor and employment in Kaliningrad: inequities in, 186-87,197, 202-3, 206-7, 225; secondary market economy, 167-68, 188-89, 198; workforce, 184-86,188, 213, 222-23, 225,228-29, 291ո85,302ո89 language and national identity, 30-31, 34-35, 60, 62-63 Lasch, Otto, 106-7,110-11 League of Nations, 18, 30, 39 Lebensraum, 12, 69-70,81, 118,249 Lemke, Klaus, 102 Lehnert, Wolfgang, 114 Magunia, Waldemar, 37, 73, 79 Malinewicz, Celina, 104-6 Mališaukas, Jurgis, 90 Mann, Thomas, 41 maps of Königsberg/Kaliningrad, x-xiii, 16-20,62, 288nl0 Maschke, Erich, 68 Mashkina, Mariia Dmitrievna, 186 Masurian region and dialect, x, xii, 10, 23, 55,85-86; national identity, 30,34-35, 60-64, 226-27, 249 Meeting at the Elbe (film, 1948), 237 Melngalv, Alexandr Avgustovich, 182
312 INDEX Memel (Klaipėda), x-xii, 26, 30-31, 45-46, 226-27 minorities, 10-11, 199,227; Germans as, 226, 228; non-German, 26-27, 63-64, 70-71, 74-76; and postwar unmixing of, 11, 231,237 modernization, 8,179, 234,120-21,179, 190,234-35. See also culture Moeller, Robert G., 83,113 Molotov, Viacheslav, 221 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 71, 74, 152 Mommsen, Hans, 54, 258nl7 monuments and symbolic geography, 22, 24-25, 43-44, 143, 219, 240-41, 234-36,253,254-55, 262n21. See also, Kant, Immanuel Müller, Friedrich-Wilhelm, 110 myths, of East Prussia. See history of Königsberg and East Prussia Naimark, Norman, 128 National Socialists (NSDAP) in East Prussia, 36-41,47, 49-59, 67-69, 72, 80, 248-49, 265n88. See also Königsberg Nazis; Nazi ideology; Nazi propaganda Nazi Germany, 3-7, 69, 149, 173, 202, 248-51,258nl7; racial hierarchies in, 70, 75-76, 93, 169; and Eastern Europe, 73-81 Nazi ideology, 10, 37,49,118, 169 Nazi propaganda, 5, 67, 82, 91-98, 108, 113, 130,179 Nazi race science, 5, 7, 60, 64, 81,169, 226, 271Ո100 Nemmersdorf massacre, 95-98 Neuhofer, Willi, 36 Neue Zeit, 201-2,205, 208, 225, 228 New Synagogue, 22,44, 66 Nikolaeva, Antonina Semenovna, 215-16 NKVD (People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs), 109,130,133, 135, 153, 286n86 Nuremberg Race Laws, 64-66, 81 occupation of Konigsberg, 143-50, 153-59, 161-63, 165,167-71 omission and erasure, in memory and testimony, 83-84, 98, 102, 137-38, 192, 236, 247-48, 277n83 “On the International Situation” (Zhdanov), 232 “On the Road to Berlin” (Kaganova), 254-55 Orlow, Dietrich, 54 Ostarbeiter, 78-79, 87, 93,153,178,180. See also
forced labor Ostmesse exhibition center, 23, 28,40-41, 43,71,167,235 Ostpreußische Zeitung, 55 Ostpreußenblatt, 84 Ostinali, 89-91, 94, 99 “Our Humanism” (Ehrenburg), 122 Pakarklis, P. I., 240 Palmnicken death march and massacre, 102-6,115,279nl27 Paltzo, Joachim, 60 Pillau,x,xii, 101, 111, 205 Pirogov, P. A., 126 place names: in East Prussia, 21-22, 34, 42-44, 61-62; in Kaliningrad, 177, 182, 239-40 plebiscites (1920), x, 30-31, 62, 271n95 Plimak, Evgenii, 127 Poborzeva, Irina Vasil’evna, 191 Poland, 18, 30-32,39, 61-63, 69-72, 111, 238-39 Poles, 22,26, 34, 60-63, 70-71, 76, 79, 85-86,261n5 Polish Corridor, x, 2, 29, 69, 238,257nl; consequences of, 25,31-32, 35, 37,39, 60, 67; and isolation of East Prussia, 18,20,42,45,47, 55 political climate, interwar, 2, 12, 28, 32, 35-41,55,59. See also elections in East Prussia and Königsberg Pollmann, Marga, 163,199 Polonskii, Lev, 128 Pomerants, Grigorii, 127,129,135, 137, 139, 141-42 population figures: postwar, 159, 180, 214, 217, 226, 230,257n7,287n3; prewar, 17, 31, 52; wartime, 82-83, 99-101, 107, 109. See also death estimates; demographics Potemkin, Ivan Ivanovich, 215 Potrek, Karl, 97 Potsdam Conference, 151-52, 242 Pregel River, 15-17, 21-23,43, 44, 91, 110, 145, 168, 188, 195 Preuß, Gerda, 192 Preußische Zeitung, 48, 91 prisoners of war, German, 127,145, 157, 162, 166,185, 289n31,291n85 prisoners of war, Soviet, 71,85-88, 93,107, 153, 182; deaths of, 88, 98,
INDEX 102,109,114, 135; as settlers in Kaliningrad, 180, 233 Pronin, Mikhail, 163 Prussian culture, 7,24, 27, 34,49, 59-60, 235-37 “Prussian Nights” (Solzhenitsyn), 131,139 Prussian socialism, 5,49-52, 248, 267n7 public health in Kaliningrad, 197-98, 207. See also disease Radok, Rainer, 65-66 rape of German women by Red Army soldiers, 2, 7, 95-98,112, 117,156-57, 169-70; estimates of, 129-30; German narratives, 130,192-93; Soviet narratives, 130-31,133-35, 138-41 Rasch, Gerhard, 103 Rasch, Otto, 71 rationing: Soviet hierarchy of, 161-63, 170,176,185, 197, 243, 301n67; wartime, 77,79, 85-89, 91-92, 107, 109. See also food shortages; starvation and hunger Rauschning, Hermann, 49, 57, 67-68 reconstruction of Kaliningrad, 147,157, 163-64,177,196, 224, 254; delays and problems with, 212-13, 217, 223, 229; municipal infrastructure and services, 166-68, 171, 187-88, 194-98, 212,234-35; Germans and, 174-75, 198-99,217, 229; modernization and transformation, 179-80, 234-37; workforce issues, 184-86, 188, 213. See aho Civilian Affairs Administration; Special Military District Red Army: invasion of East Prussia, 83, 95-101, 109-11, 124-27; military discipline in, 133-36,165, 286n86; “mission” of, 115-17,119-23. See also rape of German women; retribution and “sacred” revenge; Soviet soldiers Red Army soldiers. See Soviet soldiers Rees, E. A., 145 refugees, 82-83, 89-90, 99-101,107, 122, 129, 139,145,151 rehabilitation of Germans: ambiguous, 11, 154-55, 173, 251-52; antifascism and reeducation, 179, 195- 96, 204, 220; through labor, 173-76, 196, 203; reconstruction and, 211, 216-17,
238, 243 Reichenau, Walter von, 79 313 relationships, German-Soviet: commercial and professional, 185-86,188-89, 202; narratives, 182-83,185-87, 190,204, 216, 219,230-31; personal, sexual, and social, 190-94,201,231,233 reparations, 30,38, 148, 164-66, 227 resettlement of Germans. See expulsion of Germans from Kaliningrad retribution and “sacred” revenge: narratives, 117, 123-24,127-28,131, 133, 136, 183; socialist humanism and moral critiques, 140-43. See also rape of German women; Soviet soldiers; violence against German civilians Rivne (Ukraine), xi, 73. 79, 85 Rohrer, Christian, 54 Rokossovskii, Konstantin, 133, 138 Roman, Galina Pavlovna, 215 Rosenberg, Alfred, 73, 75, 79 Rosin, Hildegard, 160 Rothfels, Hans, 35, 66, 69, 264n73, 281Ո183 Rudakov, Evgeni i, 218-22 rural population of East Prussia, 31-32, 36,41,55,149,180,187 Rusakova, Aleksandra Aleksandrovna, 215 Russian nationalism, 6,11, 120-22, 226, 232, 243, 251-52 Russification, 227, 239-41, 254. See also Soviet nationalities policy Rust, Bernhard, 94-95 Ryzhova, Anna, 191 SA (Sturmabteilung), 40, 41,52,56, 62 Samland Peninsula, 24,101,105-6, 109 Samoilov, David, 139-40 Schechter, Brandon, 126, 128 Schichau shipbuilding plant (Factory 820), 31, 84,166, 181, 213,229 Schieder, Theodor, 69, 90, 94, 113, 242 Schieder Commission, 113, 242, 28ІПІ83, 289n31 Schivelbusch, Wolfgang, 51 Schöne, Heinrich, 73 Schulenburg, Fritz-Dietlof von der, 48, 50-54, 80 Schulz, Walter, 53 segregation of Germans in Kaliningrad, 169, 202-3, 207-8, 222, 228-29 settlers, Kaliningrad. See Soviet settlers Shadrina, Antonina Egorovna, 215
Shcherbakov, Vladimir Vasil’evich, 224-25, 229, 233, 241
314 INDEX Shevchenko, Manefa, 171 Shubnikov, A., 221 siege mentality, 10,31-32, 3ő. See also "bulwark” rhetoric and imagery siege of Königsberg, 106-12,142,145-46, 162, 167 Siehr, Ernst, 32-33, 265n80 Simonov, Konstantin, 119 Smirnov, Andrei, 221 Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), 36-37,40 socialist humanism, 6, 13, 115,117, 120-24,140-43,250 social welfare programs in Kaliningrad, 197-200, 204 society, terms for belonging, 5, 10-12, 127, 249, 260n35; in Nazi ideology and practice, 35, 47, 58, 60-66; in Soviet ideology and practice, 14, 145,216-17, 226, 232, 251-52 soil, discourses around: German, 23, 39-40,45,47, 51, 96,124, 248-49; Soviet, 237-44,247-49, 254 Soldau transit camp, 71 Solov’ev, Aleksei Nikolaevich, 215 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 131,135, 139 Sommer, Hellmut, 59 Soviet ideology', 5-6,13, 173-74, 249-51; culture and modernization, 179, 190, 234-35; Germans and Nazism in, 117-19,121, 211; inclusion and exclusion in, 216-17; Russian nationalism and, 121,226, 232 Soviet leadership and Kaliningrad, 150-51,165-66, 221-26,239,242 Soviet nationalities policy, 120,199, 226, 240, 244, 252 Soviet propaganda: Germans and Nazism in, 117-18,120-22, 124,136-37, 152-53, 237; wartime writers and, 119-23, 234 Soviet settlers, 3,196; demographics, 175, 180-82,213-14,223, 294nl2; living conditions, 187-89, 209, 212, 214-15; narratives, 182-83, 215-16, 236, 246-47, 254-55; resettlement programs, 180-81,213-14, 219. See also relationships, German-Soviet Soviet soldiers: experiences during war, 114-18,139, 141; German portrayals of, 93, 95-97, 113; narratives of revenge and
punishment, 115,123-24, 127-29, 131, 136-42; rape by, 112, 129-35, 140, 169-70; self-critical narratives, 129, 135,138-42; theft and looting by, 112, 129-35,140,169-70; views of Germans and East Prussia, 116,124-28, 139-40, 143; violence against civilians, 133,135, 277n95 Soviet Union, 4-6, 8,67, 71, 93,114, 248-52, 258nl7. See also Soviet ideology Sovietization of Kaliningrad, 3, 210-11, 226,232; collectivization and, 163-65; education and social welfare, 198 -200; Germans and, 195-97,208,243; local context of, 9-10,13-14,145, 147-49, 167,250-51,259n33; as transformative project, 8-9,145,161,179,234-35. See also antifascism and German rehabilitation; reconstruction of Kaliningrad Special Military District, 14,147-50,154, 161-66, 171-73, 175; center-periphery challenges of, 150, 155, 164, 166, 172, 176-77. See also reconstruction of Kaliningrad SS (Schutzstaffel), 39, 61, 70, 74,103-4; mood reports, 85, 93,107,109 Stalin, Joseph, 4, 232; and Königsberg/ Kaliningrad, 147, 152,166, 223-24, 238-40, 250; and Red Army violence, 131, 133, 136-37; Russian nationalism, 120-21,226; views of German people, 119, 142, 152 Stalinism. See Soviet ideology "Stalin Plan,” 224, 228 Starlinger, Wilhelm, 160 starvation and hunger: under Nazis, 76-78, 87-89,102; under Soviets, 157-59,170-72, 176,203,207, 215-16, 222 Steindamm, 22, 37 Steinfurt train car factory, 66,85, 102, 166, 182, 202-3 stereotypes, mutual cultural, 6,27, 124,185, 188,190-91. See also culture Strasser, Gregor, 57 Stutthof concentration camp, 7, 13, 89, 102, 251 Sudauen district (Suwałki), xi, 69-70 suicides, 103, 224; of
German civilians during Soviet invasion, 107,130-31, 134-35; ofjews in Königsberg, 87; of Nazi party leaders, 110
INDEX Surygina, Marita Timofeevna, 184 Suwałki (Sudauen district), xz, 69-70 “Ten Years of Gau East Prussia” festival, 57-58, 60 Teutonic heritage, 1,16; cultural references to, 23-24,42, 45, 62; “Germanness” of East Prussia, 32-33, 50, 59; Soviet references to, 118, 121, 124, 126,143, 241, 305nl27 Thälmann, Ernst, 118, 239 Third Reich. See Nazi Germany Tian, Dmitrii, 235, 241 Tilsit, x, xii, 46, 108 “total war” in East Prussia, 82, 88-92, 106-8. See also invasion of East Prussia tourism and travel, 19-27, 31, 33, 42-45, 125, 261n9 trade and commerce, prewar. See economy of prewar Konigsberg Travel Guide through Konigsberg ană Environs (1938), 42-45 Travel Guide through Konigsberg in Prussia (1927), 20-25 travel guides, 18-25, 29,42-45 Treaty of Versailles, 2, 18, 30-33, 37-38, 46,62 Tregub, Iurii Nikolaevich, 190, 194 Trifonov, I. R, 220-22, 232-33, 236 Trofimov, General Major, 222-23 Trubchanina, Anna Ivanovna, 216 Ukraine, Reichskommissariat, xi, 8, 72-80, 93 unemployment. See economy of prewar Königsberg University of Konigsberg, 22, 35, 61,91, 94-95 Uspenskii, Iurii, 116, 123, 126-27,141 Vakhrov, V., 212 Vasilevskii, Aleksandr, 134 Vavilova, Nina Moiseevna, 182,231 Velichko, V., 234 victimhood, German narratives of, 13, 83-84, 95-98, 111, 113-14, 160, 192, 242, 254 violence against German civilians, 2, 7, 83, 112-14, 169, 251; German narratives, 95-98, 130, 156-57; Soviet narratives, 127, 129,131,135-42, 282nl. See also rape of German women; Soviet soldiers Volga Germans, 200 Völkischer Beobachter, 55, 95 Volksdeutsche, 63, 70, 74 Volksgemeinschaft, 10-11,58-60, 63-64,
81-82, 85-86,91-94, 249 Volkssturm, 92, 102-3, 107-8, 110 Wagner, Ernst, 107-10 Warmia district, 62, 263ո50 Weber, Fritz, 103. See also Palmnicken death march and massacre Wehrmacht, 71-72, 77-79, 83, 87-89, 93-94; defense of East Prussia. 98-99, 106 -7, 110-11, 275n53; East Prussians drafted into, 85-86 Weimar Republic, 12, 38,48,50-51, 167. See also elections in East Prussia and Königsberg; political climate, interwar western borderlands, Soviet, 8-9,152, 179,195-96,227,235 Wieck, Michael, 86-87, 112,156-60, 171, 183-84,192,194, 252, 254 Wilhelm Gustloff, 100, 278n99 Willuweit, Hans-Dieter, 102 Wolfsschanze, 72, 80 workers. See forced labor; labor and employment in Kaliningrad Zharovskii, Mikhail, 138 Zhdanov, Andrei, 232 Zhidkov, Rostislav, 128 Zichenau district (Mazovia/Ciechanów), xi, 11,69-73,76-80,90,99 V Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München 315 |
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| era | Geschichte 1927-1952 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1927-1952 |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Königsberg (DE-588)4031541-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Königsberg |
| id | DE-604.BV048905459 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:52:05Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-30T17:02:08Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781501767364 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034169751 |
| oclc_num | 1375553472 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-29 DE-B1595 DE-188 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-M352 DE-155 DE-BY-UBR DE-B496 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-29 DE-B1595 DE-188 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-M352 DE-155 DE-BY-UBR DE-B496 |
| physical | xiii, 315 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230619 DHB_BSB_FID |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Cornell University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Battlegrounds: Cornell studies in military history |
| spelling | Eaton, Nicole 1979- Verfasser (DE-588)1290829934 aut Exclave (politics, ideology, and everyday life in Königsberg–Kaliningrad, 1928-1948, 2013) German blood, Slavic soil how Nazi Königsberg became Soviet Kaliningrad Nicole Eaton Ithaca ; London Cornell University Press 2023 xiii, 315 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Battlegrounds: Cornell studies in military history Includes bibliographical references and index Dissertation University of California, Berkeley 2013 unter dem Titel: "Exclave : politics, ideology, and everyday life in Königsberg–Kaliningrad, 1928-1948" The Bridge and the Bulwark -- Empire in the East -- Downfall -- Liberation and Revenge -- City of Death -- Living Together -- Slavic Soil. "A history of Königsberg and Kaliningrad in the first half of the twentieth century, focusing on the region's political, social, and economic transformations under Nazi and Soviet rule and the violent encounter between the populations of both regimes" Geschichte 1927-1952 gnd rswk-swf Vertreibung (DE-588)4063299-4 gnd rswk-swf Nationalsozialismus (DE-588)4041316-0 gnd rswk-swf Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetisierung (DE-588)4181897-0 gnd rswk-swf Königsberg (DE-588)4031541-1 gnd rswk-swf World War, 1939-1945 / Russia (Federation) / Kaliningrad (Kaliningradskai͡a oblastʹ) World War, 1939-1945 / Prussia, East (Poland and Russia) Kaliningrad (Kaliningradskai͡a oblastʹ, Russia) / History / 20th century Kaliningrad (Kaliningradskai͡a oblastʹ, Russia) / Ethnic relations (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Königsberg (DE-588)4031541-1 g Geschichte 1927-1952 z DE-604 Nationalsozialismus (DE-588)4041316-0 s Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 s Vertreibung (DE-588)4063299-4 s Sowjetisierung (DE-588)4181897-0 s Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-5017-6737-1 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-5017-6738-8 (DE-604)BV048929904 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034169751&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034169751&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Eaton, Nicole 1979- German blood, Slavic soil how Nazi Königsberg became Soviet Kaliningrad Vertreibung (DE-588)4063299-4 gnd Nationalsozialismus (DE-588)4041316-0 gnd Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd Sowjetisierung (DE-588)4181897-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4063299-4 (DE-588)4041316-0 (DE-588)4079167-1 (DE-588)4181897-0 (DE-588)4031541-1 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | German blood, Slavic soil how Nazi Königsberg became Soviet Kaliningrad |
| title_alt | Exclave (politics, ideology, and everyday life in Königsberg–Kaliningrad, 1928-1948, 2013) |
| title_auth | German blood, Slavic soil how Nazi Königsberg became Soviet Kaliningrad |
| title_exact_search | German blood, Slavic soil how Nazi Königsberg became Soviet Kaliningrad |
| title_exact_search_txtP | German blood, Slavic soil how Nazi Königsberg became Soviet Kaliningrad |
| title_full | German blood, Slavic soil how Nazi Königsberg became Soviet Kaliningrad Nicole Eaton |
| title_fullStr | German blood, Slavic soil how Nazi Königsberg became Soviet Kaliningrad Nicole Eaton |
| title_full_unstemmed | German blood, Slavic soil how Nazi Königsberg became Soviet Kaliningrad Nicole Eaton |
| title_short | German blood, Slavic soil |
| title_sort | german blood slavic soil how nazi konigsberg became soviet kaliningrad |
| title_sub | how Nazi Königsberg became Soviet Kaliningrad |
| topic | Vertreibung (DE-588)4063299-4 gnd Nationalsozialismus (DE-588)4041316-0 gnd Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd Sowjetisierung (DE-588)4181897-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Vertreibung Nationalsozialismus Zweiter Weltkrieg Sowjetisierung Königsberg Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034169751&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034169751&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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