A short history of Renaissance Italy:
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Contents Figures Tables Maps Preface Acknowledgments Foreword by Dale Kent A note concerning dating xiv xvi xvii xix xxii xxiii xxviii 1 Out of the Ashes: The Rise of the Communes and Florence in the Age of Dante 1 The grandeur that was Rome 1 The spread of Christianity 3 The empire returns? 4 The Commercial Revolution 5 Communal governments sprout up in Italy 6 Tensions between magnates and popolo 8 The age of the popular commune, 1200-90 9 A “pullulation of little powers" 10 Florentines, the “fifth element of the world” 12 Dante Alighieri, Florentine poet and political exile 13 The Divine Comedy, the first masterpiece of Italian literature 14 “Those brand-new people and their sudden earnings” 15 Mendicant friars praised and corrupt popes punished 16 Dante and Marsilius of Padua on the powers of church and state 17 An explosion of naturalism in art: Giotto di Bondone 18 Developments in sculpture and architecture 20 Considerations: “Medieval” or “Renaissance”? 21 Sourcebook 22 Further reading 22
vi Contents 2 The Crises of the Fourteenth Century: Climatic, Epidemic, Demographic Disasters 23 The “Little Ice Age,” a time of global cooling 24 The Hundred Tears' War and crash of international banking 24 1347: A devastating pandemic arrives in Europe 25 Boccaccio’s account of the Black Death 27 The life of Giovanni Boccaccio 28 The Decameron, 100 tales of love, lust, and loss 29 Society in the wake of the Black Death 30 Government and medicine respond to the crisis 31 Social mobility and unrest 32 The Ciompi Rebellion and the Tlorentine guilds 32 Town and country 34 “Motionless History” in the countryside 35 Hard times in the contado 35 An age of new men 36 Painting in the early Trecento in Siena 37 Art in the wake of the Black Death 39 Recovery and renewal 40 Considerations: Just how calamitous was the fourteenth century? 41 Sourcebook 41 Further reading 41 3 Back to the Future: Italian Humanists Recover the Classical Past 43 Humanism, a cultural revolution led by notaries 44 The medieval scholastic heritage 45 Italian humanists restore ancient texts 46 The life of Petrarch, a passionate humanist 47 “Carried away by the fire of youth .” 48 Petrarch’s inferiority: It’s all about “me” 49 Scattered Rhymes 50 An “educational surge” in Italian cities 51 The flowering of Florentine vernacular culture 53 Rhetoric: How to speak with strength, impetuosity, and grace 54 The generation after Petrarch: Salutati, Bruni, and civic humanism 55 Women and humanism 58 Humanism, guilds, and the arts in quattrocento Florence 58 Ghiberti’s gilded Gates of Paradise 59 The sculpture of
Donatello, a dazzling “mutation” 60 Brunelleschi’s genius, ingenuity, and engineering 62 Masaccio, a youthful painter of dramatic realism 65 Considerations: Humanism, humanitarianism, and the humanities 67
Contents vii Sourcebook 68 further reading 68 4 Caput Mundi again? The City of Rome Reborn The city of the Caesars becomes the city of popes 70 The papacy precariously balanced on a rock 71 Toman communal politics: A “monstrous thing" 72 Pope Boniface VIII clashes swords with the king of France 73 Rome tvidowed 74 The meteoric rise and fall of Cola di Rienzo 75 The “Babylonian Captivity" of the church, 1309-78 77 The popes return to Rome 78 The War of the Eight Saints, 13 75-78 79 Antipopes and the Western Schism, 1378-1417 79 The conciliar movement, 1409-39 81 The birth of the Renaissance “papal prince” 82 Popes Martin V, Eugenius IV, and Nicholas V rebuild Rome 83 The amazing Leon Battista Alberti 85 Reinventing the role of the architect 87 Pope Pius II, a poet on St. Peter’s chair 89 Considerations: Renaissance pope and Renaissance man 91 Sourcebook 93 Further reading 93 69 5 Hearth and Home: Lay Piety, Women, and the Family 94 Religion: A family affair 95 The saints: Christ’s special friends 95 Confraternities: Organizations for prayer, good deeds, networking 96 Monastic reform and a third order for laypeople 97 Margaret of Cortona and Catherine of Siena, the saints next door 98 Female holiness in an age of living saints 99 Religion in women’s daily lives 101 Who were Laura and Beatrice really? 101 “What’s love got to do with it?” Marriage among elites 103 Governing the household: The woman’s realm 105 A widow and her choices: Alessandra Strozzi 105 The nun in her cloister: Protected or imprisoned? 107 Working women: Domestic servants and wet nurses 108 Social outcasts:
Prostitutes, outsiders, and slaves 109 Images of women in Renaissance art 109 Considerations: Renaissance for men, Dark Ages for women? 113 Sourcebook 114 Further reading 114
viii Contents 6 Lords of the Renaissance: The Medici, Visconti, and Sforza Dynasties through 1466 115 From commune to signoria 116 Dissatisfaction within the communes 116 Life under the signore 118 Milan: In the middle of it all 119 The Visconti: The clan of vipers 120 Giangaleazzo Visconti: A prince among tyrants? 122 An intermission between dynasties: The Ambrosian Republic 124 Francesco Sforza: From soldier of fortune to statesman 125 The Medici: Where did they come from? 126 Giovanni di Bicci and the foundations of the Medici banking fortune 127 Cosimo de’ Medici: A moneychanger’s son, father of his country 128 “Be careful not to draw attention to yourself’’ 128 1433: Arrest and exile 130 Cosimo’s triumphal 1434 return 131 1454: Peace breaks out in Italy 132 Cosimo de’ Medici: Patron of art, music, and learning 133 Medici projects, public and private 133 Cosimo’s gift to the Convent of San Marco 135 Considerations: The Renaissance, cultural byproduct of the signori? 136 Sourcebook 137 Further reading 137 7 The Mezzogiorno·. The “Other Renaissance” in Naples and Sicily 139 Land of myth and midday sun 139 Sicily: Bread-basket and lumber yard for Rome 140 Campania felix.· Naples under the Roman Empire 141 Invasions: Vandals, Goths, Byzantines, Arabs 141 The south, economic powerhouse and cultural melting pot 143 Norman domination of the south 1059-1130 144 Frederick II: An emperor who was the wonder of the world 146 The Sicilian Vespers 147 Aragon and Anjou fight over the Two Sicilies 1282-1442 148 The Two Sicilies reunited under Alfonso of Aragon, 1442 149 Ferrante I: The
“bastard" who brought stability to Naples 151 The Renaissance in Naples, 1443-94 152 Antonello da Messina: Meticulous realism and haunting mystery 153 Alfonso the Magnanimous and patronage of humanists 155 Lorenzo Valla: Humanist scholar and freethinker 156 Considerations: Was the south backward or ahead of its time? 157 Sourcebook 159 Further reading 159
Contents ix g La Serenissima: When Venice Ruled the Seas 160 «уои live like sea birds, your homes scattered over the water” 161 The Venetians’ battle for survival 163 Inventing a Venetian identity: The city of St. Mark takes wing 166 from the “Venetian Gulf” to “Beyond-the-Sea”, 1000-1204 167 The Venetian commune comes of age, 1032-1297 170 The Great Council: Keystone of the Venetian Republic 171 The “aristocratic commune” closes ranks: The 1297 serrata 172 The Council of Ten: The vigilant lion 173 The Doge of Venice: Prince or primus inter pares? 173 “Lords of the Sea ” 175 Expansion of the Venetian Empire into the terraferma 177 Daily life in Renaissance Venice 178 Festivals, scuole, and venezianità 180 Humanism, printing, the sciences 182 Venetian painting of the early Renaissance: Bellini and Carpaccio 183 Serenity expressed in the structure of buildings and political theory 184 Considerations: The myth and countermyth of Venice 186 Sourcebook 187 Further reading 187 9 Magnificent Florence: Life under Lorenzo de’Medici The restlessness of the Florentine elites 1464-69 188 Lorenzo takes control 1469-77 189 “Brigades” of poets and jousts for love 190 Marsilio Ficino and Florentine Platonism 192 Vernacular magnificence: Lorenzo and literature 194 Luigi Pulci’s 11 Morgante 194 Angelo Poliziano’s Stanzas for Giuliano de’ Medici 195 The Renaissance on the streets 196 Lorenzo and Pope Sixtus IV collide 197 The Pazzi Conspiracy: Murder in the cathedral 198 Florence at war with the pope 199 Lorenzo as "boss of the shop” 200 Money and art in Renaissance Florence 201 Competition
and innovation in the arts 202 The realism of Pollaiuolo and Verrocchio 203 The idealism of Botticelli 205 Depicting the here and now: Ghirlandaio 205 Building for posterity 206 The spiritual mood in late quattrocento Florence 208 Giovanni Pico della Mirandola’s philosophical quest 209 Considerations: Golden Ages 209 Sourcebook 210 Further reading 210 188
X Contents 10 The Beginning of the Calamities of Italy 211 The Italian League unravels 213 я Rodrigo Borgia becomes Pope Alexander VI 215 The French invasion of 1494 216 Savonarola: The rise of the "little friar" from Ferrara 218 The “Netv Jerusalem": The Florentine Republic renewed 219 Weepers, angry men, and ugly companions 219 The fiery end of Savonarola 220 Louis XII and the French Invasion of 1499 221 The meteoric career of Cesare Borgia 223 Julius II the “terrible” pope takes on Venice 225 The Holy League: A brief alliance born of mutual enmity 227 The Florentine Republic under Soderini gives way to Medici rule 227 Niccolo Machiavelli out of work 228 The Prince: A mirror for the Medici? 229 When virtù is not virtuous and fortuna is not always fortunate 230 Questions of morality and religion in The Prince 231 Does Machiavelli advocate tyranny? 233 Considerations: Fortuna, providence, or chance? 234 Sourcebook 236 Further reading 236 11 Paradoxes of the High Renaissance: Art in a Time of Turmoil 237 Leonardo: The pacifist artist who designed weapons for a prince 238 Mantua, Ferrara, Urbino: Small courts, big ambitions 241 Mantegna paints “The most beautiful chamber in the world” 241 Isabella d’Este’s studiolo of her own 242 The dukes of Ferrara celebrated in poetry and music 242 Urbino: The condottiero’s refined court, library, and art collection 244 Venice: Painters in a watery city dream of idyllic pastures 245 The visual poetry of Giorgione 246 Titian’s bold colors, sensuality, triumphant images 247 The explosive Michelangelo: Extreme piety and extreme paganism 248
The David; Bold symbol of the Florentine Republic 249 Pope Julius II: A second Caesar 250 Bramante tears down St. Peter’s 251 Michelangelo paints a "terrible” ceiling 253 Raphael creates majestic rooms for a pope 254 The School of Athens: Antiquity alive and energized 255 The banker’s pleasure palace, talking statues, and risqué positions 255 Considerations: Terrible times and awesome art 257 Sourcebook 258 Further reading 258
Contents xi 12 The 1527 Sack of Rome and Its Aftermath 259 X New World and a new world order 2 60 The profligate papacy of Leo X 1513-21 262 Francesco Guicciardini’s career as papal governor in the Romagna 264 The tragically indecisive Pope Clement Vil 264 On the brink of disaster, 152 6 265 The Sack 267 A traumatized Christendom takes stock 269 Baldassarre Castiglione’s instant bestseller 270 Contradictions and tensions within The Courtier 272 The Machiavellian courtier? 273 Gender-bending at court and the changing role of women 273 Courtiers, court ladies, and courtesans 274 Women’s distinctive voice in literature 275 Ariosto and Sannazaro’s escapist fantasies 275 Considerations: Accepting defeat with grazia 276 Sourcebook 278 Further reading 278 13 Reformations: Political, Religious, and Artistic Upheaval 279 The Last Florentine Republic, 1527-30 280 1532 The Medici principate established 281 The teenaged Cosimo becomes duke of Florence 281 Michelangelo and the Medici, 1516-34 282 Martin Luther: A German friar protests 284 Humanist origins of the Reformation: “Christian humanism” 284 Catholic reformations before the Reformation 285 The Church reacts: Catholic versus Protestant 286 The Council of Trent, 1545-63 2 8 7 The Vulgate Bible: “No one is to dare or presume to reject it” 288 The Sacraments and the role of the priest reaffirmed 288 Social consequences of Trent 289 Clerical reform and full enclosure of nuns 289 Michelangelo in Rome 1534-64 290 Florentine mannerism: Pontormo and Rosso’s avant-garde 292 The artist as courtier: Agnolo Bronzino and others 294 The Lives
of the Artists: Vasari invents art history 295 Benvenuto Cellini’s Autobiography: The artist invents himself 297 Considerations: Sixteenth-century reformations in perspective 297 Sourcebook 300 Further reading 300
xii Contents 14 The “Imperial Renaissance”: Italy during the Spanish Peace 301 The Habsburgs: A spectacular matrimonial conglomerate 301 Keeping the troublesome republics subdued 303 The rule of Spanish viceroys 303 Pax hispanica 304 Learning that was not strictly academic 305 Print culture: Read all about it 306 The epic poetry of Torquato Tasso 307 Women speaking out: Veronica Franco and others 307 Birth of Renaissance theater 308 Words and music come together: Madrigals, motets, and masses 309 Architecture: Perfection of classical forms and experimentation 311 Palladio shapes Western architecture 311 Rome gloriously rebuilt 313 Venetian masters: Titian’s late style, Tintoretto, and Veronese 314 Women artists: Sofonisba Anguissola and Lavinia Fontana 316 The anti-mannerists: Annibale, Agostino, and Ludovico Carracci 318 The Michelangelo from Caravaggio 318 Considerations: The late sixteenth century, a Siglo de Oro for Italy? 320 Sourcebook 321 Further reading 321 15 Celestial Revolutions: Heaven and Earth Collide at the Turn of the Seventeenth Century 323 Inquistions 325 The Roman Inquisition: Myth and reality 325 Persecution ofJews, Protestants, Muslims, and witches 326 The Index of Prohibited Books 327 Missionaries to the mezzogiorno.· “The Indies down here” 328 Natural philosophers reading the book of nature 330 Italian scientific revolutions 331 A flowering of the natural sciences 332 The sciences put to work: Engineers and artists go to war 335 Anatomy: Physicians and artists look inside the human body 336 Astrology, astronomy, cosmology: The sixteenth-century view
337 Measuring the heavens: Mathematicians invade outer space 339 Galileo and the “new science” 341 Galileo takes a spyglass and turns it into a telescope 342 The Starry Messenger: The Medici become moons, the scientist a star 344 The conflict between the new science and religion 345 The trial of the century: Galileo before the Inquisition in 1633 347 Considerations: What would the Greeks and Romans have said? 348
Contents xiii Sourcebook 348 Further reading 349 Epilogue: The End of the Renaissance? 350 Figure credits Index 355 358
A Short History of Renaissance Italy From Giotto’s artistic revolution at the dawn of the fourteenth century to the scien tific discoveries of Galileo in the early seventeenth, this book explores the cultural developments of one of the most remarkable and vibrant periods of history—the Italian Renaissance. What makes the period all the more amazing is that this flowering of the visual arts, literature, and philosophy occurred against a turbulent backdrop of civic factionalism, foreign invasions, war, and pestilence. The fifteen chapters move briskly from the Fall of the Roman Empire in the West through the growth of the Italian city-states, where, in the crucible of pan demic disease and social unrest, a new approach to learning known as humanism was forged, political and religious certainties challenged. Traversing the entire Italian Peninsula—Florence, Rome, Milan, Venice, Naples, and Sicily—this book examines the rich regional diversity of Renaissance cultural experience and considers men’s and women’s lives, their changing social attitudes and beliefs across three centuries. This second edition has been updated throughout; it now contains dozens of color images and timelines, as well as links to the author’s new companion book of primary sources, Voices from the Italian Renaissance. Readers will need no preliminary background on the subject matter, as the story is told in a lively, readable narrative. Interdisciplinary in nature, its characters are merchants, bankers, artists, saints, soldiers of fortune, poets, popes, and courtesans. With brief literary excerpts,
first-hand accounts, maps, and illustrations that help bring the era to life, this is an ideal text for students in a college survey course, as well as for the interested general reader or traveler to Italy who is curious to learn more about the extraordinary heritage of the Renaissance. |
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Contents Figures Tables Maps Preface Acknowledgments Foreword by Dale Kent A note concerning dating xiv xvi xvii xix xxii xxiii xxviii 1 Out of the Ashes: The Rise of the Communes and Florence in the Age of Dante 1 The grandeur that was Rome 1 The spread of Christianity 3 The empire returns? 4 The Commercial Revolution 5 Communal governments sprout up in Italy 6 Tensions between magnates and popolo 8 The age of the popular commune, 1200-90 9 A “pullulation of little powers" 10 Florentines, the “fifth element of the world” 12 Dante Alighieri, Florentine poet and political exile 13 The Divine Comedy, the first masterpiece of Italian literature 14 “Those brand-new people and their sudden earnings” 15 Mendicant friars praised and corrupt popes punished 16 Dante and Marsilius of Padua on the powers of church and state 17 An explosion of naturalism in art: Giotto di Bondone 18 Developments in sculpture and architecture 20 Considerations: “Medieval” or “Renaissance”? 21 Sourcebook 22 Further reading 22
vi Contents 2 The Crises of the Fourteenth Century: Climatic, Epidemic, Demographic Disasters 23 The “Little Ice Age,” a time of global cooling 24 The Hundred Tears' War and crash of international banking 24 1347: A devastating pandemic arrives in Europe 25 Boccaccio’s account of the Black Death 27 The life of Giovanni Boccaccio 28 The Decameron, 100 tales of love, lust, and loss 29 Society in the wake of the Black Death 30 Government and medicine respond to the crisis 31 Social mobility and unrest 32 The Ciompi Rebellion and the Tlorentine guilds 32 Town and country 34 “Motionless History” in the countryside 35 Hard times in the contado 35 An age of new men 36 Painting in the early Trecento in Siena 37 Art in the wake of the Black Death 39 Recovery and renewal 40 Considerations: Just how calamitous was the fourteenth century? 41 Sourcebook 41 Further reading 41 3 Back to the Future: Italian Humanists Recover the Classical Past 43 Humanism, a cultural revolution led by notaries 44 The medieval scholastic heritage 45 Italian humanists restore ancient texts 46 The life of Petrarch, a passionate humanist 47 “Carried away by the fire of youth .” 48 Petrarch’s inferiority: It’s all about “me” 49 Scattered Rhymes 50 An “educational surge” in Italian cities 51 The flowering of Florentine vernacular culture 53 Rhetoric: How to speak with strength, impetuosity, and grace 54 The generation after Petrarch: Salutati, Bruni, and civic humanism 55 Women and humanism 58 Humanism, guilds, and the arts in quattrocento Florence 58 Ghiberti’s gilded Gates of Paradise 59 The sculpture of
Donatello, a dazzling “mutation” 60 Brunelleschi’s genius, ingenuity, and engineering 62 Masaccio, a youthful painter of dramatic realism 65 Considerations: Humanism, humanitarianism, and the humanities 67
Contents vii Sourcebook 68 further reading 68 4 Caput Mundi again? The City of Rome Reborn The city of the Caesars becomes the city of popes 70 The papacy precariously balanced on a rock 71 Toman communal politics: A “monstrous thing" 72 Pope Boniface VIII clashes swords with the king of France 73 Rome tvidowed 74 The meteoric rise and fall of Cola di Rienzo 75 The “Babylonian Captivity" of the church, 1309-78 77 The popes return to Rome 78 The War of the Eight Saints, 13 75-78 79 Antipopes and the Western Schism, 1378-1417 79 The conciliar movement, 1409-39 81 The birth of the Renaissance “papal prince” 82 Popes Martin V, Eugenius IV, and Nicholas V rebuild Rome 83 The amazing Leon Battista Alberti 85 Reinventing the role of the architect 87 Pope Pius II, a poet on St. Peter’s chair 89 Considerations: Renaissance pope and Renaissance man 91 Sourcebook 93 Further reading 93 69 5 Hearth and Home: Lay Piety, Women, and the Family 94 Religion: A family affair 95 The saints: Christ’s special friends 95 Confraternities: Organizations for prayer, good deeds, networking 96 Monastic reform and a third order for laypeople 97 Margaret of Cortona and Catherine of Siena, the saints next door 98 Female holiness in an age of living saints 99 Religion in women’s daily lives 101 Who were Laura and Beatrice really? 101 “What’s love got to do with it?” Marriage among elites 103 Governing the household: The woman’s realm 105 A widow and her choices: Alessandra Strozzi 105 The nun in her cloister: Protected or imprisoned? 107 Working women: Domestic servants and wet nurses 108 Social outcasts:
Prostitutes, outsiders, and slaves 109 Images of women in Renaissance art 109 Considerations: Renaissance for men, Dark Ages for women? 113 Sourcebook 114 Further reading 114
viii Contents 6 Lords of the Renaissance: The Medici, Visconti, and Sforza Dynasties through 1466 115 From commune to signoria 116 Dissatisfaction within the communes 116 Life under the signore 118 Milan: In the middle of it all 119 The Visconti: The clan of vipers 120 Giangaleazzo Visconti: A prince among tyrants? 122 An intermission between dynasties: The Ambrosian Republic 124 Francesco Sforza: From soldier of fortune to statesman 125 The Medici: Where did they come from? 126 Giovanni di Bicci and the foundations of the Medici banking fortune 127 Cosimo de’ Medici: A moneychanger’s son, father of his country 128 “Be careful not to draw attention to yourself’’ 128 1433: Arrest and exile 130 Cosimo’s triumphal 1434 return 131 1454: Peace breaks out in Italy 132 Cosimo de’ Medici: Patron of art, music, and learning 133 Medici projects, public and private 133 Cosimo’s gift to the Convent of San Marco 135 Considerations: The Renaissance, cultural byproduct of the signori? 136 Sourcebook 137 Further reading 137 7 The Mezzogiorno·. The “Other Renaissance” in Naples and Sicily 139 Land of myth and midday sun 139 Sicily: Bread-basket and lumber yard for Rome 140 Campania felix.· Naples under the Roman Empire 141 Invasions: Vandals, Goths, Byzantines, Arabs 141 The south, economic powerhouse and cultural melting pot 143 Norman domination of the south 1059-1130 144 Frederick II: An emperor who was the wonder of the world 146 The Sicilian Vespers 147 Aragon and Anjou fight over the Two Sicilies 1282-1442 148 The Two Sicilies reunited under Alfonso of Aragon, 1442 149 Ferrante I: The
“bastard" who brought stability to Naples 151 The Renaissance in Naples, 1443-94 152 Antonello da Messina: Meticulous realism and haunting mystery 153 Alfonso the Magnanimous and patronage of humanists 155 Lorenzo Valla: Humanist scholar and freethinker 156 Considerations: Was the south backward or ahead of its time? 157 Sourcebook 159 Further reading 159
Contents ix g La Serenissima: When Venice Ruled the Seas 160 «уои live like sea birds, your homes scattered over the water” 161 The Venetians’ battle for survival 163 Inventing a Venetian identity: The city of St. Mark takes wing 166 from the “Venetian Gulf” to “Beyond-the-Sea”, 1000-1204 167 The Venetian commune comes of age, 1032-1297 170 The Great Council: Keystone of the Venetian Republic 171 The “aristocratic commune” closes ranks: The 1297 serrata 172 The Council of Ten: The vigilant lion 173 The Doge of Venice: Prince or primus inter pares? 173 “Lords of the Sea ” 175 Expansion of the Venetian Empire into the terraferma 177 Daily life in Renaissance Venice 178 Festivals, scuole, and venezianità 180 Humanism, printing, the sciences 182 Venetian painting of the early Renaissance: Bellini and Carpaccio 183 Serenity expressed in the structure of buildings and political theory 184 Considerations: The myth and countermyth of Venice 186 Sourcebook 187 Further reading 187 9 Magnificent Florence: Life under Lorenzo de’Medici The restlessness of the Florentine elites 1464-69 188 Lorenzo takes control 1469-77 189 “Brigades” of poets and jousts for love 190 Marsilio Ficino and Florentine Platonism 192 Vernacular magnificence: Lorenzo and literature 194 Luigi Pulci’s 11 Morgante 194 Angelo Poliziano’s Stanzas for Giuliano de’ Medici 195 The Renaissance on the streets 196 Lorenzo and Pope Sixtus IV collide 197 The Pazzi Conspiracy: Murder in the cathedral 198 Florence at war with the pope 199 Lorenzo as "boss of the shop” 200 Money and art in Renaissance Florence 201 Competition
and innovation in the arts 202 The realism of Pollaiuolo and Verrocchio 203 The idealism of Botticelli 205 Depicting the here and now: Ghirlandaio 205 Building for posterity 206 The spiritual mood in late quattrocento Florence 208 Giovanni Pico della Mirandola’s philosophical quest 209 Considerations: Golden Ages 209 Sourcebook 210 Further reading 210 188
X Contents 10 The Beginning of the Calamities of Italy 211 The Italian League unravels 213 я Rodrigo Borgia becomes Pope Alexander VI 215 The French invasion of 1494 216 Savonarola: The rise of the "little friar" from Ferrara 218 The “Netv Jerusalem": The Florentine Republic renewed 219 Weepers, angry men, and ugly companions 219 The fiery end of Savonarola 220 Louis XII and the French Invasion of 1499 221 The meteoric career of Cesare Borgia 223 Julius II the “terrible” pope takes on Venice 225 The Holy League: A brief alliance born of mutual enmity 227 The Florentine Republic under Soderini gives way to Medici rule 227 Niccolo Machiavelli out of work 228 The Prince: A mirror for the Medici? 229 When virtù is not virtuous and fortuna is not always fortunate 230 Questions of morality and religion in The Prince 231 Does Machiavelli advocate tyranny? 233 Considerations: Fortuna, providence, or chance? 234 Sourcebook 236 Further reading 236 11 Paradoxes of the High Renaissance: Art in a Time of Turmoil 237 Leonardo: The pacifist artist who designed weapons for a prince 238 Mantua, Ferrara, Urbino: Small courts, big ambitions 241 Mantegna paints “The most beautiful chamber in the world” 241 Isabella d’Este’s studiolo of her own 242 The dukes of Ferrara celebrated in poetry and music 242 Urbino: The condottiero’s refined court, library, and art collection 244 Venice: Painters in a watery city dream of idyllic pastures 245 The visual poetry of Giorgione 246 Titian’s bold colors, sensuality, triumphant images 247 The explosive Michelangelo: Extreme piety and extreme paganism 248
The David; Bold symbol of the Florentine Republic 249 Pope Julius II: A second Caesar 250 Bramante tears down St. Peter’s 251 Michelangelo paints a "terrible” ceiling 253 Raphael creates majestic rooms for a pope 254 The School of Athens: Antiquity alive and energized 255 The banker’s pleasure palace, talking statues, and risqué positions 255 Considerations: Terrible times and awesome art 257 Sourcebook 258 Further reading 258
Contents xi 12 The 1527 Sack of Rome and Its Aftermath 259 X New World and a new world order 2 60 The profligate papacy of Leo X 1513-21 262 Francesco Guicciardini’s career as papal governor in the Romagna 264 The tragically indecisive Pope Clement Vil 264 On the brink of disaster, 152 6 265 The Sack 267 A traumatized Christendom takes stock 269 Baldassarre Castiglione’s instant bestseller 270 Contradictions and tensions within The Courtier 272 The Machiavellian courtier? 273 Gender-bending at court and the changing role of women 273 Courtiers, court ladies, and courtesans 274 Women’s distinctive voice in literature 275 Ariosto and Sannazaro’s escapist fantasies 275 Considerations: Accepting defeat with grazia 276 Sourcebook 278 Further reading 278 13 Reformations: Political, Religious, and Artistic Upheaval 279 The Last Florentine Republic, 1527-30 280 1532 The Medici principate established 281 The teenaged Cosimo becomes duke of Florence 281 Michelangelo and the Medici, 1516-34 282 Martin Luther: A German friar protests 284 Humanist origins of the Reformation: “Christian humanism” 284 Catholic reformations before the Reformation 285 The Church reacts: Catholic versus Protestant 286 The Council of Trent, 1545-63 2 8 7 The Vulgate Bible: “No one is to dare or presume to reject it” 288 The Sacraments and the role of the priest reaffirmed 288 Social consequences of Trent 289 Clerical reform and full enclosure of nuns 289 Michelangelo in Rome 1534-64 290 Florentine mannerism: Pontormo and Rosso’s avant-garde 292 The artist as courtier: Agnolo Bronzino and others 294 The Lives
of the Artists: Vasari invents art history 295 Benvenuto Cellini’s Autobiography: The artist invents himself 297 Considerations: Sixteenth-century reformations in perspective 297 Sourcebook 300 Further reading 300
xii Contents 14 The “Imperial Renaissance”: Italy during the Spanish Peace 301 The Habsburgs: A spectacular matrimonial conglomerate 301 Keeping the troublesome republics subdued 303 The rule of Spanish viceroys 303 Pax hispanica 304 Learning that was not strictly academic 305 Print culture: Read all about it 306 The epic poetry of Torquato Tasso 307 Women speaking out: Veronica Franco and others 307 Birth of Renaissance theater 308 Words and music come together: Madrigals, motets, and masses 309 Architecture: Perfection of classical forms and experimentation 311 Palladio shapes Western architecture 311 Rome gloriously rebuilt 313 Venetian masters: Titian’s late style, Tintoretto, and Veronese 314 Women artists: Sofonisba Anguissola and Lavinia Fontana 316 The anti-mannerists: Annibale, Agostino, and Ludovico Carracci 318 The Michelangelo from Caravaggio 318 Considerations: The late sixteenth century, a Siglo de Oro for Italy? 320 Sourcebook 321 Further reading 321 15 Celestial Revolutions: Heaven and Earth Collide at the Turn of the Seventeenth Century 323 Inquistions 325 The Roman Inquisition: Myth and reality 325 Persecution ofJews, Protestants, Muslims, and witches 326 The Index of Prohibited Books 327 Missionaries to the mezzogiorno.· “The Indies down here” 328 Natural philosophers reading the book of nature 330 Italian scientific revolutions 331 A flowering of the natural sciences 332 The sciences put to work: Engineers and artists go to war 335 Anatomy: Physicians and artists look inside the human body 336 Astrology, astronomy, cosmology: The sixteenth-century view
337 Measuring the heavens: Mathematicians invade outer space 339 Galileo and the “new science” 341 Galileo takes a spyglass and turns it into a telescope 342 The Starry Messenger: The Medici become moons, the scientist a star 344 The conflict between the new science and religion 345 The trial of the century: Galileo before the Inquisition in 1633 347 Considerations: What would the Greeks and Romans have said? 348
Contents xiii Sourcebook 348 Further reading 349 Epilogue: The End of the Renaissance? 350 Figure credits Index 355 358
A Short History of Renaissance Italy From Giotto’s artistic revolution at the dawn of the fourteenth century to the scien tific discoveries of Galileo in the early seventeenth, this book explores the cultural developments of one of the most remarkable and vibrant periods of history—the Italian Renaissance. What makes the period all the more amazing is that this flowering of the visual arts, literature, and philosophy occurred against a turbulent backdrop of civic factionalism, foreign invasions, war, and pestilence. The fifteen chapters move briskly from the Fall of the Roman Empire in the West through the growth of the Italian city-states, where, in the crucible of pan demic disease and social unrest, a new approach to learning known as humanism was forged, political and religious certainties challenged. Traversing the entire Italian Peninsula—Florence, Rome, Milan, Venice, Naples, and Sicily—this book examines the rich regional diversity of Renaissance cultural experience and considers men’s and women’s lives, their changing social attitudes and beliefs across three centuries. This second edition has been updated throughout; it now contains dozens of color images and timelines, as well as links to the author’s new companion book of primary sources, Voices from the Italian Renaissance. Readers will need no preliminary background on the subject matter, as the story is told in a lively, readable narrative. Interdisciplinary in nature, its characters are merchants, bankers, artists, saints, soldiers of fortune, poets, popes, and courtesans. With brief literary excerpts,
first-hand accounts, maps, and illustrations that help bring the era to life, this is an ideal text for students in a college survey course, as well as for the interested general reader or traveler to Italy who is curious to learn more about the extraordinary heritage of the Renaissance. |
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| spelling | Kaborycha, Lisa Verfasser (DE-588)121882168X aut A short history of Renaissance Italy Lisa Kaborycha Second edition London ; New York Routledge [2024] xxvii, 378 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Renaissance (DE-588)4049450-0 gnd rswk-swf Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd rswk-swf Italien (DE-588)4027833-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Italien (DE-588)4027833-5 g Renaissance (DE-588)4049450-0 s Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 s Geschichte z DE-604 George Routledge & Sons (London) (DE-588)10009431-4 pbl Äquivalent Druck-Ausgabe, Hardcover 978-1-032-21868-7 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-003-27036-2 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034169166&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034169166&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
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| title | A short history of Renaissance Italy |
| title_auth | A short history of Renaissance Italy |
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| title_full | A short history of Renaissance Italy Lisa Kaborycha |
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| title_short | A short history of Renaissance Italy |
| title_sort | a short history of renaissance italy |
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