Essentials of economics:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Harlow, England
Pearson
2023
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| Ausgabe: | Ninth edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xxi, 486, W:4, K:19, I:20 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781292440101 |
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| adam_text | Brief contents About the authors V Preface xiii Student and lecturer resources xvii xix Acknowledgements 1 2 Economic issues ( iUÄ!» ) 2 Markets, demand and supply 30 3 Markets in action 48 A The demand decision 71 5 The supply decision 93 6 Market structures 121 7 Wages and the distribution of income 162 8 Market failures and government policy 193 9 Aggregate demand and the business cycle 232 10 Aggregate supply and economic growth 273 11 The financial system, money and interest rates 301 12 Output, unemployment and inflation 341 13 Macroeconomic policy 374 1 ... ................ J 14 Globalisation andinternationaltrade 414 15 Balance of payments and exchange rates 453 Websites appendix W:1 Key ideas and glossary K:1 Index 1:1
Detailed contents About the authors V Preface xlii 2.2 Student and lecturer resources xvii Acknowledgements / l»w xix J ~ 2.3 1 2 Economic issues 1.1 1.2 1.3 34 Supply and price 34 The supply curve 34 Other determinants of supply 35 Movements along and shifts in the supply curve 36 The Determination of Price 36 Equilibrium price and output 36 Movement to a new equilibrium 43 3 The Free-Market Economy 45 3 Advantages of a free-market economy 45 Globalinflation 4 Problems with a free-market economy 45 The environment and the global climate emergency 4 The Core of Economics 5 The problem of scarcity 5 Demand and supply 6 Dividing Up the Subject 6 Microeconomics 7 Macroeconomics 9 2.4 Chapter 2 Boxes 2.1 UK House Prices: Unearthing thefoundations of house price patterns 38 2.2 Stock Market Prices: Taking stock of share prices 40 2.3 Commodity Prices: Riding the commodities Big Dipper 42 12 3 Mar ketsin action The production possibility curve 13 The circular flow of goods and incomes 15 Price Elasticity of Demand 49 Models and data 16 The price elasticity of demand 49 Economic Systems 19 Measuring the price elasticity of demand 50 The command economy 20 Interpreting the figure for elasticity 50 The free-market economy 22 Determinants of price elasticity of demand 51 The price mechanism 22 The mixed market economy 26 3.1 3.2 3.3 The Opportunity Costs of Studying: What are you sacrificing? 3.4 8 1.2 Business Cycles: Theinherentvolatilityof economies 1.3 Nominal and Real House Prices: Going through the roof 18 1.4 Command Economies: Rise andfall ofplanning in Russia 11 3.5 22 3.6 2
Markets, demand and supply 2.1 33 Supply COVID-19 and the global health emergency Chapter 1 Boxes 1.1 32 Movements along and shifts in the demand curve Global Economic Issues 1.4 Modelling Economic Relationships 1.5 Other determinants of demand 30 48 Price Elasticity of Demand and Consumer Expenditure 52 Price Elasticity of Supply (Pes) 55 The determinants of price elasticity of supply 57 Other Elasticities 57 Income elasticity of demand 57 Cross-price elasticity of demand 58 Markets and Adjustment over Time 60 Short-run and long-run adjustment 60 Price expectations and speculation 60 Markets Where Prices are Controlled 63 Setting a minimum (high) price 63 Setting a maximum (low) price 64 Chapter 3 Boxes Demand 31 3.1 The Measurement of Elasticity The relationship between demand and price 31 3.2 Advertising and its Effect on Demand Curves: How to The demand curve 31 increase sales and price 52 56
viii DETAILED CONTENTS Elasticities and Relationships: Where there s a 3.3 Long-run cost curves in practice relationship, there s an elasticity 59 3.4 Short Selling: Gambling on a fall in share prices 63 3.5 A Minimum Unit Price for Alcohol: A way of reducing alcohol consumption 3.6 5.3 65 credit 4 The demand decision 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 68 5.4 71 price varies with output 110 Shifts in revenue curves 112 Profit Maximisation 112 Some qualifications 113 Problems with TraditionalTheory 115 Utility and the rational consumer 72 Explaining actual producer behaviour 115 The rational consumer s optimal combination of goods 75 Alternative aims 117 The Timing of Costs and Benefits 77 Intertemporal choices 77 Maximising utility with intertemporal choices 77 Uncertainty and Risk 78 Choice under risk and uncertainty 78 Attitudes towards risk 80 Insurance: a way of removing risks 81 Choices under asymmetricinformation 83 Behavioural Economics 85 What is behavioural economics? 85 Processing limited information 85 Taking other people into account 87 Biased behaviour 88 Implications for economic policy 89 5.5 Chapter 5 Boxes 5.1 73 Population growth + diminishing returns = starvation 97 5.3 The Relationship Between Averages and Marginals 99 5.4 Costs and the Economic Vulnerability of Firms: The behaviour of costs and firms financial well-being 5.5 Futures Markets: A way of reducing uncertainty 82 4.5 Problems with Insurance Markets: Adverse selection 121 The Degree of Competition 122 6.2 Perfect Competition 123 Assumptions 123 6.3 84 Nudging People: How to change behaviour without taking away
choice 108 6.1 Intertemporal Decision Making and the 4.4 105 Minimum Efficient Scale: The extent of economies ofscale in practice 76 79 100 The Optimum Combinations ofInputs: Equi-marginal principle in production 5.6 Optimal Consumption Bundles: Equi-marginalprinciple models of consumer choice 95 Malthus and the Dismal Science of Economics: 6 Market structures Satisfaction and Consumer Demand: Identifying the and moral hazard Diminishing Returns in the Bread Shop: Is the baker using his loaf? 5.2 Rational Consumer: Incorporating impatience into 4.6 110 72 in consumption 4.3 108 Consumer Choice benefit drivers 4.2 108 Total, average and marginal revenue Average and marginal revenue curves when Chapter 4 Boxes 4.1 106 Revenue price is not affected by the firm s output 66 The Effect of Imposing Taxes on Goods: Who ends up paying? time periods Average and marginal revenue curves when UK Payday Loan Cap: Capping the cost of short-term 3.7 106 Postscript: decision- making in different The short-run equilibrium of the firm 124 The short-run supply curve 125 The long-run equilibrium of the firm 125 Monopoly 127 What is a monopoly? 127 Barriers to entry 127 Equilibrium price and output 131 Monopoly versus perfect competition: which 90 best serves the public interest? 132 Potential competition or potential monopoly? 5 The supply decision 5.1 The theory of contestable markets 133 Monopolistic Competition 136 Assumptions 136 Production in the short run: the law of Equilibrium of the firm 137 diminishing returns Non-price competition 138 Monopolistic competition and the public interest
138 Oligopoly 139 The two key features of oligopoly 140 Production and Costs: Short Run Short-run and long-run changes in production 5.2 93 94 94 94 Measuring costs of production 95 Costs and output 96 Production and Costs: Long Run 102 The scale of production 102 Long-run average cost 104 6.5 Competition and collusion 140 Collusive oligopoly 140 Non-collusive oligopoly: the breakdown The relationship between long-run and short-run average cost curves 6.4 106 of collusion 145
DETAILED CONTENTS ix Non-collusive oligopoly: assumptions about 6.6 6.7 rivals’ behaviour 145 Oligopoly and the consumer 147 Game Theory 149 Simultaneous single-move games 149 7.4 Minimum Wage Legislation: A way of helping 7.5 Inequality and Economic Growth: Macroeconomic the poor? 7.6 152 Price Discrimination 155 Advantages to the firm 157 8.1 Social Efficiency 194 Price discrimination and the public interest 157 8.2 Market Failures: Externalities and Public Goods 196 Externalities 196 E-Commerce: Has technology shifted market 8 Market failures and government policy 134 8.4 142 Buying Power: What s being served up by the UK grocery 148 The Prisoners Dilemma: Choosing whether to deny or confess 6.6 128 OPEC: The history of the world s most famous sector? 6.5 8.3 Breaking the Monopoly on live Premier League Football: cartel 6.4 153 8.5 Third-Degree Price Discriminating Firm: Identifying 159 8.6 7 Wages and the distribution of income 7.3 7.4 Public goods 199 Market Failures: Monopoly Power 201 Deadweight loss under monopoly 201 Conclusions 202 Other Market Failures 202 Imperfect information 202 Immobility of factors and time lags in response 203 Protecting people’s interests 203 Other objectives 204 governments? 205 Government Intervention: Taxes and Subsidies 206 The use of taxes and subsidies 206 Assessing the use of taxes and subsidies 208 Government Intervention: Laws and Regulation 209 Laws prohibiting or regulating undesirable 162 Wage Determination in a Perfect Market 163 Perfect labour markets 163 The supply of labour 163 8.7 The demand for labour: the marginal
productivity 7.2 193 How far can economists go in advising Profit-Maximising Prices and Output Fora different prices in different markets 7.1 188 151 The sky is the limit for the English Premier League 6.3 184 Uk Tax Credits: An escape from the poverty trap? Repeated simultaneous-move games power? 6.2 implications of income inequality Sequential-move games Chapter 6 Boxes 6.1 182 structures or behaviour 209 Regulatory bodies 209 Other Forms of Government Intervention 212 Changes in property rights 212 Provision of information 213 theory 164 The direct provision of goods and services 213 Wages and profits under perfect competition 167 Nationalisation and privatisation 214 Wage Determination in Imperfect Markets 168 More or Less Intervention? 216 Firms with power 168 Drawbacks of government intervention 216 The role of trade unions 169 Advantages of the free market 216 Bilateral monopoly 169 Should there be more or less intervention in the The efficiency wage hypothesis 171 Inequality 172 Types of inequality 8.8 market? 217 The Environment: A Case Study in Market Failure 217 172 The environmental problem 217 Measuring the size distribution of income 174 Market failures 218 The functional distribution of income 176 Policy alternatives 218 The distribution of wealth 180 How much can we rely on governments? 226 Causes ofinequality 181 The Redistribution of Income 185 Taxation 185 Benefits 186 Chapter 8 Boxes 8.1 Labour Market Trends: Patterns in employment 164 7.2 Wages under Bilateral Monopoly: All to playfor? 170 7.3 The Gender Pay Gap: Wage inequalities between 8.4 178 220
Trading our Way out of Climate Change: The EU carbon trading system 8.5 204 Green Taxes: Are they the answer to the problem of pollution? Chapter 7 Boxes 7.1 200 Should Health-Care Provision be Left to the Market?: A case of multiple marketfailures 188 8.3 men and women The Tragedy of the Commons: The depletion of common resources 8.2 The tax/benefit system and the problem of disincentives: the poverty trap 8.9 222 The Problem of Urban Traffic Congestion: Does Singapore have the answer? 224
x DETAILED CONTENTS 10.2 Alternative Perspectives on Aggregate Supply ... .... 9 Aggregate demand and the business cycle 9.1 9.2 9.3 232 284 233 Long-run growth and the AD/AS model 284 Government macroeconomic policy 239 Comparing the growth performance of different Economic Volatility and the Business Cycle 240 countries 285 The hypothetical business cycle 240 The causes of economic growth 286 The business cycle in practice 241 10.4 Economic Growth without Technological Progress 287 Spending, output and the business cycle 241 Capital accumulation and capital deepening 287 The Circular Flow of Income Model 244 Asimple model of growth 291 The inner flow, withdrawals and injections 245 The neoclassical growth model 292 10.5 Economic Growth with Technological Progress 247 Technological progress and the neoclassical model 295 Equilibrium in the circular flow 248 Endogenous growth theory 296 Simple Keynesian Model of National Income Showing equilibrium with a Keynesian diagram 249 The withdrawals and injections approach 249 The income and expenditure approach 250 The Multiplier 252 The withdrawals and injections approach 253 The income and expenditure approach 254 255 nationalincome 255 The Volatility of Private-Sector Spending 258 Consumption cycles 258 Instability of investment 261 The role ofthe financial sector 263 Short-run Aggregate Supply: The importance of micro foundations 10.2 productivity gap 10.3 288 Getting Intensive with Physical Capital: Capital intensity and labour productivity 10.4 278 Measuring Labour Productivity: Mind the UK 290 UK Human Capital: Estimating
the capabilities ofthe 11 The financial system, money and interest rates 11.1 The Meaning and Functions of Money 298 301 302 The functions of money 302 What should count as money? 303 What determines the turning points? 264 Appendix Measuring National Income and Output 266 The banking system 303 The product method 266 Deposit taking and lending 305 The income method 267 Profitability, liquidity and capital adequacy 310 The expenditure method 267 Strengthening international regulation of From GDP to national income 269 capital adequacy and liquidity 313 Households disposable income 269 The central bank 317 Taking account of inflation 270 The role of the money markets 319 242 The Consumption Function: The relationship between 252 Confidence and Spending: Does confidence help to forecast spending? 254 270 303 321 The creation of credit 322 The creation of credit: the real world 323 What causes money supply to rise? 325 The flow of funds equation 326 Credit cycles 328 The relationship between money supply and the rate of interest Making Sense of Nominal and Real GDP: The interesting case of nominal and realJapanese GDP 11.2 The Financial System 11.3 The Supply of Money Output Gaps and the Business Cycle: An alternative consumption and income 9.4 10.1 labourforce measure of excess or deficient demand 9.3 Chapter 10 Boxes 248 Chapter 9 Boxes 9.2 295 injections Why do booms and recessions come to an end? 9.1 283 Key macroeconomic issues The multiplier and the full-employment level of 9.7 Areas of general agreement 10.3 Introduction to Long-Term Economic Growth The multiplier: a
numerical illustration 9.6 281 233 Determination 9.5 278 The long-run aggregate supply curve Introduction to Macroeconomics The relationship between withdrawals and 9.4 278 The short-run aggregate supply curve 11.4 The Demand for Money 328 331 What determines the size ofthe demand for 10 Aggregate supply and economic growth 10.1 The AD/AS Model money? 213 11.5 Equilibrium 331 333 274 Equilibrium in the money market 333 The aggregate demand curve 274 The link between the money and goods markets 334 The aggregate supply curve 275 Equilibrium 276 11.6 Money Supply, Aggregate Demand and Inflation 336
DETAILED CONTENTS xi The equation of exchange 336 Problems of magnitude 382 Money and aggregate demand 337 The problem of timing 384 Fiscal rules 385 13.3 Monetary Policy 386 Chapter 11 Boxes 11.1 Financial Intermediation: What is it that banks do? 11.2 The Growth of Banks Balance Sheets: The rise of wholesale funding 11.3 The policy setting 314 Minsky s Financial Instability Hypothesis: Are credit cycles inevitable? 329 Output, unemployment and inflation 341 12.1 Unemployment 342 Measuring unemployment 342 Unemployment trends 342 Unemployment and the labour market 344 Types of disequilibrium unemployment 346 Types of equilibrium unemployment (or natural unemployment) 348 Long-term changes in unemployment 349 12.2 Inflation Introduction to the causes of inflation Techniques to controlthe money supply 390 Techniques to control interest rates 391 Using monetary policy 396 398 398 399 The case for discretion Central banks and a Taylor rule 401 Conclusions 401 13.5 Supply-Side Policy 402 Market-orientated supply-side policies 402 Interventionist supply-side policies 405 The link between demand-side and supply-side 352 policies 352 407 Chapter 13 Boxes The AD/AS model 357 The Phillips curve 359 13.2 Unemployment: Introducing Expectations 363 13.3 The expectations-augmented Phillips curve 363 Natural rate hypothesis 363 The accelerationist hypothesis 365 New classical perspective 365 Keynesian views 368 13.1 Primary Surpluses and Sustainable Public Finances: The fiscal arithmetic of government debt 369 The Costs of Unemployment: Is itjustthe 344 12.2 The Duration of
Unemployment: Taking a dip in the 12.3 Inflation and Living Standards: The return of inflation 353 394 Quantitative Easing: Rethinking monetary policy in hard times 13.7 392 Monetary Policy in the Eurozone: The role of the ECB 13.6 386 The Operation ofMonetary Policy in the UK: Managing the reserves 13.5 382 The Evolution of the Stability and Growth Pact in the EU: A supranationalfiscal framework 13.4 380 The Fiscal Impulse: Assessing a country s fiscal stance Chapter 12 Boxes 12.4 389 400 357 unemployment pool Short-term monetary measures The case for rules and policy frameworks Unemployment and Inflation: The Short Run unemployed who suffer? 388 Attitudes towards demand management 12.4 The Relationship Between Inflation and 12.1 and long term 13.4 Demand-Side Policy 12.3 The Relationship Between Output, 12.5 Inflation Rate Targeting 387 Control of the money supply over the medium 308 The Rise of Securitisation: Spreading the risk or promoting a crisis? 11.4 304 396 Public Funding ofApprenticeships: Reforms to apprenticeships in England 408 347 Cost-push Inflation: Cost-push inflation and supply shocks 356 12.5 Mind the Gap: Do output gaps explain inflation? 360 12.6 The Accelerationist Hypothesis: The race to outpace inflationary expectations • Macroeconomic policy 13.1 Fiscal Policy and the Public Finances 366 374 375 14 Globalisation and international trade 14.1 Global Interdependence 414 415 Interdependence through trade 415 Financialinterdependence 417 International business cycles 418 Global policy response 14.2 The Advantages of Trade 418 418 Roles for fiscal policy
375 Trading patterns 418 Public-sector finances 375 Specialisation as the basis for trade 421 Sustainability of public finances 378 The law of comparative advantage 421 The business cycle and the public finances 378 The gains from trade based on comparative The fiscal stance 378 advantage 422 13.2 The Use of Fiscal Policy 379 Other reasons for gains from trade 423 382 The terms of trade 423 The effectiveness of fiscal policy
xii DETAILED CONTENTS 14.3 Arguments for Restricting Trade Arguments in favour of restricting trade Problems with protection 424 The capital account 455 424 The financial account 456 427 14.4 The World Trading System and the WTO 428 14.5 Trading Blocs 431 Types of preferential trading arrangement 431 15.2 Exchange Rates free market 15.3 Exchange Rates and the Balance of Payments The direct effects of a customs union: trade Exchange rates and the balance of payments: creation and trade diversion 432 no government or central bank intervention Longer-term effects of a customs union 432 Exchange rates and the balance of payments: Preferential trading in practice 433 with government or central bank intervention 14.6 The European Union 435 15.4 Fixed Versus Floating Exchange Rates 464 464 The benefits and costs of the single market 436 Disadvantages of fixed exchange rates 464 Completing the internal market 437 Advantages of a free-floating exchange rate 465 The effect of the new member states 438 Disadvantages of a free-floating exchange rate 466 439 Exchange rates in practice 467 15.5 The Origins of the Euro Alternative trading arrangements 439 Long-term growth, trade and Brexit 439 The ERM 442 The Maastricht Treaty and the road to the single currency development 442 Trade strategies 443 comparative advantage 443 Approach 2: Import-substituting industrialisation (ISI) 446 Approach 3: Exporting manufactures - a possible way forward? 447 Trade Imbalance in the USA and China: An illustration 416 14.2 Trading Places: Partners in trade 420 14.3 Do we Exploit Foreign Workers by
Buying Cheap 426 15.1 472 Birth of the euro 472 Advantages ofthe single currency 472 Opposition to EMU 473 Future ofthe euro 475 479 Dealing with the debt 481 Nominal and Real Exchange Rates: Searchingfor a real advantage 459 Dealing in Foreign Currencies: A dailyjuggling act 462 15.3 The Importance of International Financial The Doha Development Agenda: A new direction Movements: How a current account deficit can 430 Features of The Single Market 436 15.4 448 15.5 coincide with an appreciating exchange rate The Evolving Comparative Advantage of China: currency market The current account 453 466 The Euro/DollarSee-Saw: Ups and downs in the 468 Optimal Currency Areas: When it pays to pay in the same currency 15.1 The Balance of Payments Account 479 The oilshocks ofthe 1970s 15.2 forthe WTO? 15 Balance of payments and exchange rates 471 Chapter 15 Boxes of economic andfinancial interdependencies Riding the dragon 470 in Europe 15.7 Debt and Developing Countries Chapter 14 Boxes Foreign Imports? 470 15.6 Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) Approach 1: Exporting primaries - exploiting 14.6 463 Advantages of fixed exchange rates The relationship between trade and 14.5 462 435 14.8 Trade and Developing Countries 14.4 460 462 From customs union to common market 14.7 The UK and Brexit 14.1 457 Determination of the rate of exchange in a 474 Websites appendix W:1 454 Key ideas and glossary K:1 454 Index 1:1
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Brief contents About the authors V Preface xiii Student and lecturer resources xvii xix Acknowledgements 1 2 Economic issues ( iUÄ!» ) 2 Markets, demand and supply 30 3 Markets in action 48 A The demand decision 71 5 The supply decision 93 6 Market structures 121 7 Wages and the distribution of income 162 8 Market failures and government policy 193 9 Aggregate demand and the business cycle 232 10 Aggregate supply and economic growth 273 11 The financial system, money and interest rates 301 12 Output, unemployment and inflation 341 13 Macroeconomic policy 374 1 . . J 14 Globalisation andinternationaltrade 414 15 Balance of payments and exchange rates 453 Websites appendix W:1 Key ideas and glossary K:1 Index 1:1
Detailed contents About the authors V Preface xlii 2.2 Student and lecturer resources xvii Acknowledgements / l»w xix J ~ 2.3 1 2 Economic issues 1.1 1.2 1.3 34 Supply and price 34 The supply curve 34 Other determinants of supply 35 Movements along and shifts in the supply curve 36 The Determination of Price 36 Equilibrium price and output 36 Movement to a new equilibrium 43 3 The Free-Market Economy 45 3 Advantages of a free-market economy 45 Globalinflation 4 Problems with a free-market economy 45 The environment and the global climate emergency 4 The Core of Economics 5 The problem of scarcity 5 Demand and supply 6 Dividing Up the Subject 6 Microeconomics 7 Macroeconomics 9 2.4 Chapter 2 Boxes 2.1 UK House Prices: Unearthing thefoundations of house price patterns 38 2.2 Stock Market Prices: Taking stock of share prices 40 2.3 Commodity Prices: Riding the commodities Big Dipper 42 12 3 Mar ketsin action The production possibility curve 13 The circular flow of goods and incomes 15 Price Elasticity of Demand 49 Models and data 16 The price elasticity of demand 49 Economic Systems 19 Measuring the price elasticity of demand 50 The command economy 20 Interpreting the figure for elasticity 50 The free-market economy 22 Determinants of price elasticity of demand 51 The price mechanism 22 The mixed market economy 26 3.1 3.2 3.3 The Opportunity Costs of Studying: What are you sacrificing? 3.4 8 1.2 Business Cycles: Theinherentvolatilityof economies 1.3 Nominal and Real House Prices: Going through the roof 18 1.4 Command Economies: Rise andfall ofplanning in Russia 11 3.5 22 3.6 2
Markets, demand and supply 2.1 33 Supply COVID-19 and the global health emergency Chapter 1 Boxes 1.1 32 Movements along and shifts in the demand curve Global Economic Issues 1.4 Modelling Economic Relationships 1.5 Other determinants of demand 30 48 Price Elasticity of Demand and Consumer Expenditure 52 Price Elasticity of Supply (Pes) 55 The determinants of price elasticity of supply 57 Other Elasticities 57 Income elasticity of demand 57 Cross-price elasticity of demand 58 Markets and Adjustment over Time 60 Short-run and long-run adjustment 60 Price expectations and speculation 60 Markets Where Prices are Controlled 63 Setting a minimum (high) price 63 Setting a maximum (low) price 64 Chapter 3 Boxes Demand 31 3.1 The Measurement of Elasticity The relationship between demand and price 31 3.2 Advertising and its Effect on Demand Curves: How to The demand curve 31 increase sales and price 52 56
viii DETAILED CONTENTS Elasticities and Relationships: Where there's a 3.3 Long-run cost curves in practice relationship, there's an elasticity 59 3.4 Short Selling: Gambling on a fall in share prices 63 3.5 A Minimum Unit Price for Alcohol: A way of reducing alcohol consumption 3.6 5.3 65 credit 4 The demand decision 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 68 5.4 71 price varies with output 110 Shifts in revenue curves 112 Profit Maximisation 112 Some qualifications 113 Problems with TraditionalTheory 115 Utility and the rational consumer 72 Explaining actual producer behaviour 115 The rational consumer's optimal combination of goods 75 Alternative aims 117 The Timing of Costs and Benefits 77 Intertemporal choices 77 Maximising utility with intertemporal choices 77 Uncertainty and Risk 78 Choice under risk and uncertainty 78 Attitudes towards risk 80 Insurance: a way of removing risks 81 Choices under asymmetricinformation 83 Behavioural Economics 85 What is behavioural economics? 85 Processing limited information 85 Taking other people into account 87 Biased behaviour 88 Implications for economic policy 89 5.5 Chapter 5 Boxes 5.1 73 Population growth + diminishing returns = starvation 97 5.3 The Relationship Between Averages and Marginals 99 5.4 Costs and the Economic Vulnerability of Firms: The behaviour of costs and firms'financial well-being 5.5 Futures Markets: A way of reducing uncertainty 82 4.5 Problems with Insurance Markets: Adverse selection 121 The Degree of Competition 122 6.2 Perfect Competition 123 Assumptions 123 6.3 84 Nudging People: How to change behaviour without taking away
choice 108 6.1 Intertemporal Decision Making and the 4.4 105 Minimum Efficient Scale: The extent of economies ofscale in practice 76 79 100 The Optimum Combinations ofInputs: Equi-marginal principle in production 5.6 Optimal Consumption Bundles: Equi-marginalprinciple models of consumer choice 95 Malthus and the Dismal Science of Economics: 6 Market structures Satisfaction and Consumer Demand: Identifying the and moral hazard Diminishing Returns in the Bread Shop: Is the baker using his loaf? 5.2 Rational Consumer: Incorporating impatience into 4.6 110 72 in consumption 4.3 108 Consumer Choice benefit drivers 4.2 108 Total, average and marginal revenue Average and marginal revenue curves when Chapter 4 Boxes 4.1 106 Revenue price is not affected by the firm's output 66 The Effect of Imposing Taxes on Goods: Who ends up paying? time periods Average and marginal revenue curves when UK Payday Loan Cap: Capping the cost of short-term 3.7 106 Postscript: decision- making in different The short-run equilibrium of the firm 124 The short-run supply curve 125 The long-run equilibrium of the firm 125 Monopoly 127 What is a monopoly? 127 Barriers to entry 127 Equilibrium price and output 131 Monopoly versus perfect competition: which 90 best serves the public interest? 132 Potential competition or potential monopoly? 5 The supply decision 5.1 The theory of contestable markets 133 Monopolistic Competition 136 Assumptions 136 Production in the short run: the law of Equilibrium of the firm 137 diminishing returns Non-price competition 138 Monopolistic competition and the public interest
138 Oligopoly 139 The two key features of oligopoly 140 Production and Costs: Short Run Short-run and long-run changes in production 5.2 93 94 94 94 Measuring costs of production 95 Costs and output 96 Production and Costs: Long Run 102 The scale of production 102 Long-run average cost 104 6.5 Competition and collusion 140 Collusive oligopoly 140 Non-collusive oligopoly: the breakdown The relationship between long-run and short-run average cost curves 6.4 106 of collusion 145
DETAILED CONTENTS ix Non-collusive oligopoly: assumptions about 6.6 6.7 rivals’ behaviour 145 Oligopoly and the consumer 147 Game Theory 149 Simultaneous single-move games 149 7.4 Minimum Wage Legislation: A way of helping 7.5 Inequality and Economic Growth: Macroeconomic the poor? 7.6 152 Price Discrimination 155 Advantages to the firm 157 8.1 Social Efficiency 194 Price discrimination and the public interest 157 8.2 Market Failures: Externalities and Public Goods 196 Externalities 196 E-Commerce: Has technology shifted market 8 Market failures and government policy 134 8.4 142 Buying Power: What s being served up by the UK grocery 148 The Prisoners' Dilemma: Choosing whether to deny or confess 6.6 128 OPEC: The history of the world's most famous sector? 6.5 8.3 Breaking the Monopoly on live Premier League Football: cartel 6.4 153 8.5 Third-Degree Price Discriminating Firm: Identifying 159 8.6 7 Wages and the distribution of income 7.3 7.4 Public goods 199 Market Failures: Monopoly Power 201 Deadweight loss under monopoly 201 Conclusions 202 Other Market Failures 202 Imperfect information 202 Immobility of factors and time lags in response 203 Protecting people’s interests 203 Other objectives 204 governments? 205 Government Intervention: Taxes and Subsidies 206 The use of taxes and subsidies 206 Assessing the use of taxes and subsidies 208 Government Intervention: Laws and Regulation 209 Laws prohibiting or regulating undesirable 162 Wage Determination in a Perfect Market 163 Perfect labour markets 163 The supply of labour 163 8.7 The demand for labour: the marginal
productivity 7.2 193 How far can economists go in advising Profit-Maximising Prices and Output Fora different prices in different markets 7.1 188 151 The sky is the limit for the English Premier League 6.3 184 Uk Tax Credits: An escape from the poverty trap? Repeated simultaneous-move games power? 6.2 implications of income inequality Sequential-move games Chapter 6 Boxes 6.1 182 structures or behaviour 209 Regulatory bodies 209 Other Forms of Government Intervention 212 Changes in property rights 212 Provision of information 213 theory 164 The direct provision of goods and services 213 Wages and profits under perfect competition 167 Nationalisation and privatisation 214 Wage Determination in Imperfect Markets 168 More or Less Intervention? 216 Firms with power 168 Drawbacks of government intervention 216 The role of trade unions 169 Advantages of the free market 216 Bilateral monopoly 169 Should there be more or less intervention in the The efficiency wage hypothesis 171 Inequality 172 Types of inequality 8.8 market? 217 The Environment: A Case Study in Market Failure 217 172 The environmental problem 217 Measuring the size distribution of income 174 Market failures 218 The functional distribution of income 176 Policy alternatives 218 The distribution of wealth 180 How much can we rely on governments? 226 Causes ofinequality 181 The Redistribution of Income 185 Taxation 185 Benefits 186 Chapter 8 Boxes 8.1 Labour Market Trends: Patterns in employment 164 7.2 Wages under Bilateral Monopoly: All to playfor? 170 7.3 The Gender Pay Gap: Wage inequalities between 8.4 178 220
Trading our Way out of Climate Change: The EU carbon trading system 8.5 204 Green Taxes: Are they the answer to the problem of pollution? Chapter 7 Boxes 7.1 200 Should Health-Care Provision be Left to the Market?: A case of multiple marketfailures 188 8.3 men and women The Tragedy of the Commons: The depletion of common resources 8.2 The tax/benefit system and the problem of disincentives: the 'poverty trap' 8.9 222 The Problem of Urban Traffic Congestion: Does Singapore have the answer? 224
x DETAILED CONTENTS 10.2 Alternative Perspectives on Aggregate Supply ' . . 9 Aggregate demand and the business cycle 9.1 9.2 9.3 232 284 233 Long-run growth and the AD/AS model 284 Government macroeconomic policy 239 Comparing the growth performance of different Economic Volatility and the Business Cycle 240 countries 285 The hypothetical business cycle 240 The causes of economic growth 286 The business cycle in practice 241 10.4 Economic Growth without Technological Progress 287 Spending, output and the business cycle 241 Capital accumulation and capital deepening 287 The Circular Flow of Income Model 244 Asimple model of growth 291 The inner flow, withdrawals and injections 245 The neoclassical growth model 292 10.5 Economic Growth with Technological Progress 247 Technological progress and the neoclassical model 295 Equilibrium in the circular flow 248 Endogenous growth theory 296 Simple Keynesian Model of National Income Showing equilibrium with a Keynesian diagram 249 The withdrawals and injections approach 249 The income and expenditure approach 250 The Multiplier 252 The withdrawals and injections approach 253 The income and expenditure approach 254 255 nationalincome 255 The Volatility of Private-Sector Spending 258 Consumption cycles 258 Instability of investment 261 The role ofthe financial sector 263 Short-run Aggregate Supply: The importance of micro foundations 10.2 productivity gap 10.3 288 Getting Intensive with Physical Capital: Capital intensity and labour productivity 10.4 278 Measuring Labour Productivity: Mind the UK 290 UK Human Capital: Estimating
the capabilities ofthe 11 The financial system, money and interest rates 11.1 The Meaning and Functions of Money 298 301 302 The functions of money 302 What should count as money? 303 What determines the turning points? 264 Appendix Measuring National Income and Output 266 The banking system 303 The product method 266 Deposit taking and lending 305 The income method 267 Profitability, liquidity and capital adequacy 310 The expenditure method 267 Strengthening international regulation of From GDP to national income 269 capital adequacy and liquidity 313 Households' disposable income 269 The central bank 317 Taking account of inflation 270 The role of the money markets 319 242 The Consumption Function: The relationship between 252 Confidence and Spending: Does confidence help to forecast spending? 254 270 303 321 The creation of credit 322 The creation of credit: the real world 323 What causes money supply to rise? 325 The flow of funds equation 326 Credit cycles 328 The relationship between money supply and the rate of interest Making Sense of Nominal and Real GDP: The interesting case of nominal and realJapanese GDP 11.2 The Financial System 11.3 The Supply of Money Output Gaps and the Business Cycle: An alternative consumption and income 9.4 10.1 labourforce measure of excess or deficient demand 9.3 Chapter 10 Boxes 248 Chapter 9 Boxes 9.2 295 injections Why do booms and recessions come to an end? 9.1 283 Key macroeconomic issues The multiplier and the full-employment level of 9.7 Areas of general agreement 10.3 Introduction to Long-Term Economic Growth The multiplier: a
numerical illustration 9.6 281 233 Determination 9.5 278 The long-run aggregate supply curve Introduction to Macroeconomics The relationship between withdrawals and 9.4 278 The short-run aggregate supply curve 11.4 The Demand for Money 328 331 What determines the size ofthe demand for 10 Aggregate supply and economic growth 10.1 The AD/AS Model money? 213 11.5 Equilibrium 331 333 274 Equilibrium in the money market 333 The aggregate demand curve 274 The link between the money and goods markets 334 The aggregate supply curve 275 Equilibrium 276 11.6 Money Supply, Aggregate Demand and Inflation 336
DETAILED CONTENTS xi The equation of exchange 336 Problems of magnitude 382 Money and aggregate demand 337 The problem of timing 384 Fiscal rules 385 13.3 Monetary Policy 386 Chapter 11 Boxes 11.1 Financial Intermediation: What is it that banks do? 11.2 The Growth of Banks' Balance Sheets: The rise of wholesale funding 11.3 The policy setting 314 Minsky's Financial Instability Hypothesis: Are credit cycles inevitable? 329 Output, unemployment and inflation 341 12.1 Unemployment 342 Measuring unemployment 342 Unemployment trends 342 Unemployment and the labour market 344 Types of disequilibrium unemployment 346 Types of equilibrium unemployment (or natural unemployment) 348 Long-term changes in unemployment 349 12.2 Inflation Introduction to the causes of inflation Techniques to controlthe money supply 390 Techniques to control interest rates 391 Using monetary policy 396 398 398 399 The case for discretion Central banks and a Taylor rule 401 Conclusions 401 13.5 Supply-Side Policy 402 Market-orientated supply-side policies 402 Interventionist supply-side policies 405 The link between demand-side and supply-side 352 policies 352 407 Chapter 13 Boxes The AD/AS model 357 The Phillips curve 359 13.2 Unemployment: Introducing Expectations 363 13.3 The expectations-augmented Phillips curve 363 Natural rate hypothesis 363 The accelerationist hypothesis 365 New classical perspective 365 Keynesian views 368 13.1 Primary Surpluses and Sustainable Public Finances: The fiscal arithmetic of government debt 369 The Costs of Unemployment: Is itjustthe 344 12.2 The Duration of
Unemployment: Taking a dip in the 12.3 Inflation and Living Standards: The return of inflation 353 394 Quantitative Easing: Rethinking monetary policy in hard times 13.7 392 Monetary Policy in the Eurozone: The role of the ECB 13.6 386 The Operation ofMonetary Policy in the UK: Managing the reserves 13.5 382 The Evolution of the Stability and Growth Pact in the EU: A supranationalfiscal framework 13.4 380 The Fiscal Impulse: Assessing a country's fiscal stance Chapter 12 Boxes 12.4 389 400 357 unemployment pool Short-term monetary measures The case for rules and policy frameworks Unemployment and Inflation: The Short Run unemployed who suffer? 388 Attitudes towards demand management 12.4 The Relationship Between Inflation and 12.1 and long term 13.4 Demand-Side Policy 12.3 The Relationship Between Output, 12.5 Inflation Rate Targeting 387 Control of the money supply over the medium 308 The Rise of Securitisation: Spreading the risk or promoting a crisis? 11.4 304 396 Public Funding ofApprenticeships: Reforms to apprenticeships in England 408 347 Cost-push Inflation: Cost-push inflation and supply shocks 356 12.5 Mind the Gap: Do output gaps explain inflation? 360 12.6 The Accelerationist Hypothesis: The race to outpace inflationary expectations • Macroeconomic policy 13.1 Fiscal Policy and the Public Finances 366 374 375 14 Globalisation and international trade 14.1 Global Interdependence 414 415 Interdependence through trade 415 Financialinterdependence 417 International business cycles 418 Global policy response 14.2 The Advantages of Trade 418 418 Roles for fiscal policy
375 Trading patterns 418 Public-sector finances 375 Specialisation as the basis for trade 421 Sustainability of public finances 378 The law of comparative advantage 421 The business cycle and the public finances 378 The gains from trade based on comparative The fiscal stance 378 advantage 422 13.2 The Use of Fiscal Policy 379 Other reasons for gains from trade 423 382 The terms of trade 423 The effectiveness of fiscal policy
xii DETAILED CONTENTS 14.3 Arguments for Restricting Trade Arguments in favour of restricting trade Problems with protection 424 The capital account 455 424 The financial account 456 427 14.4 The World Trading System and the WTO 428 14.5 Trading Blocs 431 Types of preferential trading arrangement 431 15.2 Exchange Rates free market 15.3 Exchange Rates and the Balance of Payments The direct effects of a customs union: trade Exchange rates and the balance of payments: creation and trade diversion 432 no government or central bank intervention Longer-term effects of a customs union 432 Exchange rates and the balance of payments: Preferential trading in practice 433 with government or central bank intervention 14.6 The European Union 435 15.4 Fixed Versus Floating Exchange Rates 464 464 The benefits and costs of the single market 436 Disadvantages of fixed exchange rates 464 Completing the internal market 437 Advantages of a free-floating exchange rate 465 The effect of the new member states 438 Disadvantages of a free-floating exchange rate 466 439 Exchange rates in practice 467 15.5 The Origins of the Euro Alternative trading arrangements 439 Long-term growth, trade and Brexit 439 The ERM 442 The Maastricht Treaty and the road to the single currency development 442 Trade strategies 443 comparative advantage 443 Approach 2: Import-substituting industrialisation (ISI) 446 Approach 3: Exporting manufactures - a possible way forward? 447 Trade Imbalance in the USA and China: An illustration 416 14.2 Trading Places: Partners in trade 420 14.3 Do we Exploit Foreign Workers by
Buying Cheap 426 15.1 472 Birth of the euro 472 Advantages ofthe single currency 472 Opposition to EMU 473 Future ofthe euro 475 479 Dealing with the debt 481 Nominal and Real Exchange Rates: Searchingfor a real advantage 459 Dealing in Foreign Currencies: A dailyjuggling act 462 15.3 The Importance of International Financial The Doha Development Agenda: A new direction Movements: How a current account deficit can 430 Features of The Single Market 436 15.4 448 15.5 coincide with an appreciating exchange rate The Evolving Comparative Advantage of China: currency market The current account 453 466 The Euro/DollarSee-Saw: Ups and downs in the 468 Optimal Currency Areas: When it pays to pay in the same currency 15.1 The Balance of Payments Account 479 The oilshocks ofthe 1970s 15.2 forthe WTO? 15 Balance of payments and exchange rates 471 Chapter 15 Boxes of economic andfinancial interdependencies Riding the dragon 470 in Europe 15.7 Debt and Developing Countries Chapter 14 Boxes Foreign Imports? 470 15.6 Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) Approach 1: Exporting primaries - exploiting 14.6 463 Advantages of fixed exchange rates The relationship between trade and 14.5 462 435 14.8 Trade and Developing Countries 14.4 460 462 From customs union to common market 14.7 The UK and Brexit 14.1 457 Determination of the rate of exchange in a 474 Websites appendix W:1 454 Key ideas and glossary K:1 454 Index 1:1 |
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| title | Essentials of economics |
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Inhaltsverzeichnis
THWS Schweinfurt Zentralbibliothek Lesesaal
| Signatur: |
2000 QC 072 S634 E7(9) |
|---|---|
| Exemplar 1 | ausleihbar Verfügbar Bestellen |