Boom and bust in Bronze Age Britain: the Great Orme copper mine and European trade
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford
Archaeopress Archaeology
2022
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xii, 343 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten, Pläne (teilweise farbig), Porträt (des Verfassers) 29 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781803273785 |
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| 653 | 0 | |a Bronze age / Wales / Great Ormes Head | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents List of Figures................................................................................................................................................................ iv List of Tables.................................................................................................................................................................. viii Summary............................................................................................................................................................................ix About the Author............................................................................................................................................................. x Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................................... ................. xi Chapter 1: Introduction................................................................................................................................................... 1 Setting the scene........................................................................................................................................................... 1 Research questions....................................................................................................................................................... 3 Book outline................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter 2: The Bronze Age research context................................................................................................................6 Development of British Bronze Age studies................................................................................................................ 6 Bronze Age chronology................................................................................................................................................. 8 Earlier Bronze Age.......................................................................................................................................................10 Later Bronze Age..........................................................................................................................................................10 Bronze Age context..................................................................................................................................................... 16 Beaker phenomenon............................................................................................................................................. 16 Burials, social differentiation and communities................................................................................................. 16 Settlement and agriculture................................................................................................................................... 17 Metal, metalwork, deposition and non-metallic prestige materials..................................................................18
Exchange/trade networks.....................................................................................................................................21 Chapter 3: Bronze Age mining and smelting............................................................................................................... 24 Geological and mineralogical background................................................................................................................ 24 Geological age and rock types.............................................................................................................................. 24 Ores and ore grades............................................................................................................................................... 27 Ore deposits and their classification................................................................................................................... 29 Supergene ores.................................................. 29 Copper ore minerals and associated minerals. 33 Links between copper ore mineralogy and smelting.......................................................................................... 33 Geochemistry of minor and trace elements in ores............................................................................................ 38 British and Irish Bronze Age copper mining review.................................................................................................40 Development of British and Irish Bronze Age copper mining
studies...............................................................40 The European Bronze Age copper mining context............................................................................................. 46 Ross Island Mine, Co. Kerry, Ireland.................................................................................................................... 50 Mount Gabriel mine and Derrycarhoon mine, Co. Cork, Ireland...................................................................... 53 Undiscovered Irish Bronze Age copper mines?...................................................... ....................................55 Cwmystwyth and other Mid Wales mines........................................................................................................... 56 Mynydd Parys mine, Anglesey............................................................................................................................. 57 Alderley Edge mine............................................................................................................................................... 59 Ecton mine......................................................... ..-59 Undiscovered British Bronze Age copper mines?............................................................................................... 61 The Cornish/Devonian tin question................ ...64 Chapter 4: Great Orme mine site and Pentrwyn smelting site................................................................................. 65 The Great Orme mine
site........................................................................................................................................... 65 General setting and site history........................................................................................................................... 65 Archaeological setting and previous archaeological work................................................................................. 69 Mine site dating........................................................... ...80 Geological setting and mineralisation........................ ...83 Copper output in the Bronze Age............................... ...90 Bronze Age copper smelting: archaeometallurgical context................................................................................... 91 Pentrwyn Bronze Age copper smelting site..................... ...96
Background............................................................................................................................................................. 96 Previous research from the 1998 excavation....................................................................................................... 96 Summary ofthe 1998,2005 and 2011 excavations...............................................................................................97 Chapter 5: Review of metal characterisation and provenance techniques.........................................................101 Definitions and assumptions......................................................................................................................................101 Development of trace/minor element studies of Bronze Age metals and ores....................................................101 British and Irish Bronze Age metalwork - artefact-based metal groups based on key trace/minor element analyses...................................................................................................................................................................... 106 British and Irish Bronze Age mines - ore analyses...................................................................................................116 Trace/minor element partitioning during smelting..............................................................................................119 Development of lead isotope studies of Bronze Age metal and ores.....................................................................
123 Application of lead isotope analysis to British-Irish Bronze Age metalwork and mines...................................... 126 Recycling or remelting................................................................................................................................................130 Chapter 6: Methodology, materials and analytical methods.................................................................................. 132 Development of a mine-based metal group methodology..................................................................................... 132 Materials analysed...................................................................................................................................................... 134 Ores from the Great Orme mine...........................................................................................................................134 Bronze fragments from the mine.........................................................................................................................143 Copper prills from the Pentrwyn smelting site.................................................................................................. 150 Copper prills from smelting experiments.......................................................................................................... 150 Other metalwork samples.................................................................................................................................... 153 Analytical
techniques.................................................................................................................................................. 153 Optical spectrometry and mass spectrometry analysis (AAS, MP-AES, ICP-AES, LA-ICP-MS and MC-ICP-MS)...........................................................................................................................................................156 X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (WD-XRF, XRF-ED, pXRF)..............................................................................160 X-ray diffraction (XRD)......................................................................................................................................... 163 Optical microscopy and electron microscopy.....................................................................................................163 Sample preparation............................................................................................................................................... 163 Data quality............................................................................................................................................................ 165 Chapter 7: Results: Defining the Great Orme mine-based metal group................................................................ 167 Ores and metals: chemical analysis datasets............................................................................................................ 167 Statistical
considerations........................................................................................................................................... 167 Great Orme mine-based metal group: chemical component.................................................................................. 175 Arsenic and nickel................................................................................................................................................. 175 Antimony and silver.............................................................................................................................................. 175 Lead, cobalt, bismuth, gold and iron................................................................................................................... 178 Other trace elements............................................................................................................................................. 182 Smelting experiments: partitioning results....................................................................................................... 184 Defining the chemical component of the mine-based metal group................................................................. 185 Applying the chemical component of the mine-based metal group................................................................ 188 Acton Park metalwork assemblage...................................................................................................................... 197 Links between Great Orme mine-based metal group composition and artefact-based
metal groups.......... 209 Great Orme mine-based metal group: lead isotope component............................................................................ 209 Understanding and defining the Great Orme metal lead isotope field............................................................ 209 Comparison with Acton Park metalwork assemblage lead isotope data..........................................................212 Comparison with lead isotope data from other Bronze Age mines................................................................. 214 Comparison with other Bronze Age metalwork assemblages...........................................................................216 Combining the Great Orme chemical and lead isotope data.................................................................................. 231 Chapter 8: Results: Great Orme ore mineralogy and Pentrwyn slag studies........................................................232 Ore mineralogy and analysis studies........................................................................................................................ 232 Pentrwyn slag studies................................................................................................................................................ 239 Experimental smelting slags..................................................................................................................................... 244 Pentrwyn copper prill iron
levels............................................................................................................................. 245 Interpretation of the Pentrwyn smelting process................................................................................................... 246
Chapter 9: Discussion and interpretation................................................................................................................. 248 Temporal distribution of Great Orme copper......................................................................................................... 248 Developing the Acton Park assemblage chronology...............................................................................................249 The invention and development of the palstave in north Wales......................................................................... 249 identifying Great Orme metal within palstave, spearhead and dirk/rapier groups.............................................256 Spatial distribution maps and their interpretation.............................................................................................. 257 Irish connertions..................................................................................................................................................... 270 Continental connections and trade/exchange networks................................................................... ....................272 Implications for the social organisation and control of mining, smelting and casting...................................... 284 An emerging narrative of the Great Orme mine in the Bronze Age...................................................................... 291 Chapter 10: Conclusions and future work................................................................................................................
297 Mine-based metal group.......................................................................................................................................... 297 Distribution and exchange/trade networks........................................................ ...... ,............................................ 297 Mine organisation..................................................................................................................................................... 298 Bronze Age copper ores............................................................................................................................................ 298 Bronze Age smelting..................................................................................................................................................299 Analytical techniques................................................................................................................................................299 Future work............................................................................................................................................................... 299 Conclusions: Summary.............................................................................................................................................. 300 Bibliography...................................................................................................................................................................302 Appendix I: Compilation of published chemical analyses of ores from the British
and Irish Bronze Age copper mines................................................................................................................................................................. 324 Appendix II: Compilation of Cornish copper ore analyses..................................................................................... 327 Appendix III: Histograms and correlation coefficients on the chemical analyses of Great Orme copper ores.................................................................................................................................................................... 329 Appendix IV: Chemical analyses of Group I palstaves (extracted from OXSAM database)...............................330 Appendix V: Compilation of published lead isotope analyses from the British and Irish Bronze Age copper mines not included in Table 7.11.................................................................................................................. 333 Index............................................................................................................................ ................ iii 339
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| adam_txt |
Contents List of Figures. iv List of Tables. viii Summary.ix About the Author. x Acknowledgements. . xi Chapter 1: Introduction. 1 Setting the scene. 1 Research questions. 3 Book outline. 4
Chapter 2: The Bronze Age research context.6 Development of British Bronze Age studies. 6 Bronze Age chronology. 8 Earlier Bronze Age.10 Later Bronze Age.10 Bronze Age context. 16 Beaker phenomenon. 16 Burials, social differentiation and communities. 16 Settlement and agriculture. 17 Metal, metalwork, deposition and non-metallic prestige materials.18
Exchange/trade networks.21 Chapter 3: Bronze Age mining and smelting. 24 Geological and mineralogical background. 24 Geological age and rock types. 24 Ores and ore grades. 27 Ore deposits and their classification. 29 Supergene ores. 29 Copper ore minerals and associated minerals. 33 Links between copper ore mineralogy and smelting. 33 Geochemistry of minor and trace elements in ores. 38 British and Irish Bronze Age copper mining review.40 Development of British and Irish Bronze Age copper mining
studies.40 The European Bronze Age copper mining context. 46 Ross Island Mine, Co. Kerry, Ireland. 50 Mount Gabriel mine and Derrycarhoon mine, Co. Cork, Ireland. 53 Undiscovered Irish Bronze Age copper mines?. .55 Cwmystwyth and other Mid Wales mines. 56 Mynydd Parys mine, Anglesey. 57 Alderley Edge mine. 59 Ecton mine. .-59 Undiscovered British Bronze Age copper mines?. 61 The Cornish/Devonian tin question. .64 Chapter 4: Great Orme mine site and Pentrwyn smelting site. 65 The Great Orme mine
site. 65 General setting and site history. 65 Archaeological setting and previous archaeological work. 69 Mine site dating. .80 Geological setting and mineralisation. .83 Copper output in the Bronze Age. .90 Bronze Age copper smelting: archaeometallurgical context. 91 Pentrwyn Bronze Age copper smelting site. .96
Background. 96 Previous research from the 1998 excavation. 96 Summary ofthe 1998,2005 and 2011 excavations.97 Chapter 5: Review of metal characterisation and provenance techniques.101 Definitions and assumptions.101 Development of trace/minor element studies of Bronze Age metals and ores.101 British and Irish Bronze Age metalwork - artefact-based metal groups based on key trace/minor element analyses. 106 British and Irish Bronze Age mines - ore analyses.116 Trace/minor element partitioning during smelting.119 Development of lead isotope studies of Bronze Age metal and ores.
123 Application of lead isotope analysis to British-Irish Bronze Age metalwork and mines. 126 Recycling or remelting.130 Chapter 6: Methodology, materials and analytical methods. 132 Development of a mine-based metal group methodology. 132 Materials analysed. 134 Ores from the Great Orme mine.134 Bronze fragments from the mine.143 Copper prills from the Pentrwyn smelting site. 150 Copper prills from smelting experiments. 150 Other metalwork samples. 153 Analytical
techniques. 153 Optical spectrometry and mass spectrometry analysis (AAS, MP-AES, ICP-AES, LA-ICP-MS and MC-ICP-MS).156 X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (WD-XRF, XRF-ED, pXRF).160 X-ray diffraction (XRD). 163 Optical microscopy and electron microscopy.163 Sample preparation. 163 Data quality. 165 Chapter 7: Results: Defining the Great Orme mine-based metal group. 167 Ores and metals: chemical analysis datasets. 167 Statistical
considerations. 167 Great Orme mine-based metal group: chemical component. 175 Arsenic and nickel. 175 Antimony and silver. 175 Lead, cobalt, bismuth, gold and iron. 178 Other trace elements. 182 Smelting experiments: partitioning results. 184 Defining the chemical component of the mine-based metal group. 185 Applying the chemical component of the mine-based metal group. 188 Acton Park metalwork assemblage. 197 Links between Great Orme mine-based metal group composition and artefact-based
metal groups. 209 Great Orme mine-based metal group: lead isotope component. 209 Understanding and defining the Great Orme metal lead isotope field. 209 Comparison with Acton Park metalwork assemblage lead isotope data.212 Comparison with lead isotope data from other Bronze Age mines. 214 Comparison with other Bronze Age metalwork assemblages.216 Combining the Great Orme chemical and lead isotope data. 231 Chapter 8: Results: Great Orme ore mineralogy and Pentrwyn slag studies.232 Ore mineralogy and analysis studies. 232 Pentrwyn slag studies. 239 Experimental smelting slags. 244 Pentrwyn copper prill iron
levels. 245 Interpretation of the Pentrwyn smelting process. 246
Chapter 9: Discussion and interpretation. 248 Temporal distribution of Great Orme copper. 248 Developing the Acton Park assemblage chronology.249 The invention and development of the palstave in north Wales. 249 identifying Great Orme metal within palstave, spearhead and dirk/rapier groups.256 Spatial distribution maps and their interpretation. 257 Irish connertions. 270 Continental connections and trade/exchange networks. .272 Implications for the social organisation and control of mining, smelting and casting. 284 An emerging narrative of the Great Orme mine in the Bronze Age. 291 Chapter 10: Conclusions and future work.
297 Mine-based metal group. 297 Distribution and exchange/trade networks. . ,. 297 Mine organisation. 298 Bronze Age copper ores. 298 Bronze Age smelting.299 Analytical techniques.299 Future work. 299 Conclusions: Summary. 300 Bibliography.302 Appendix I: Compilation of published chemical analyses of ores from the British
and Irish Bronze Age copper mines. 324 Appendix II: Compilation of Cornish copper ore analyses. 327 Appendix III: Histograms and correlation coefficients on the chemical analyses of Great Orme copper ores. 329 Appendix IV: Chemical analyses of Group I palstaves (extracted from OXSAM database).330 Appendix V: Compilation of published lead isotope analyses from the British and Irish Bronze Age copper mines not included in Table 7.11. 333 Index. . iii 339 |
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| publisher | Archaeopress Archaeology |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Williams, R. Alan Verfasser (DE-588)1286265967 aut Boom and bust in Bronze Age Britain the Great Orme copper mine and European trade R. Alan Williams Oxford Archaeopress Archaeology 2022 xii, 343 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten, Pläne (teilweise farbig), Porträt (des Verfassers) 29 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Dissertation basiert auf einer Dissertation Geschichte 1700 v. Chr.- 800 v. Chr. gnd rswk-swf Handel (DE-588)4023222-0 gnd rswk-swf Kupferbergwerk (DE-588)4166092-4 gnd rswk-swf Wales (DE-588)4064435-2 gnd rswk-swf Copper mines and mining, Prehistoric / Wales / Great Ormes Head Bronze age / Wales / Great Ormes Head Excavations (Archaeology) / Wales / Great Ormes Head Great Ormes Head (Wales) / Antiquities (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Wales (DE-588)4064435-2 g Kupferbergwerk (DE-588)4166092-4 s Handel (DE-588)4023222-0 s Geschichte 1700 v. Chr.- 800 v. Chr. z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-80327-379-2 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034162748&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Williams, R. Alan Boom and bust in Bronze Age Britain the Great Orme copper mine and European trade Handel (DE-588)4023222-0 gnd Kupferbergwerk (DE-588)4166092-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4023222-0 (DE-588)4166092-4 (DE-588)4064435-2 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Boom and bust in Bronze Age Britain the Great Orme copper mine and European trade |
| title_auth | Boom and bust in Bronze Age Britain the Great Orme copper mine and European trade |
| title_exact_search | Boom and bust in Bronze Age Britain the Great Orme copper mine and European trade |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Boom and bust in Bronze Age Britain the Great Orme copper mine and European trade |
| title_full | Boom and bust in Bronze Age Britain the Great Orme copper mine and European trade R. Alan Williams |
| title_fullStr | Boom and bust in Bronze Age Britain the Great Orme copper mine and European trade R. Alan Williams |
| title_full_unstemmed | Boom and bust in Bronze Age Britain the Great Orme copper mine and European trade R. Alan Williams |
| title_short | Boom and bust in Bronze Age Britain |
| title_sort | boom and bust in bronze age britain the great orme copper mine and european trade |
| title_sub | the Great Orme copper mine and European trade |
| topic | Handel (DE-588)4023222-0 gnd Kupferbergwerk (DE-588)4166092-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Handel Kupferbergwerk Wales Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034162748&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT williamsralan boomandbustinbronzeagebritainthegreatormecoppermineandeuropeantrade |