UNIDROIT principles of International Commercial Contracts: an article-by-article commentary
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Baden-Baden
Nomos
2023
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| Ausgabe: | Second edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | CLIII, 676 Seiten 22.7 cm x 15.3 cm |
| ISBN: | 9783756002436 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Brödermann, Eckart |d 1958- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)141946288 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a UNIDROIT principles of International Commercial Contracts |b an article-by-article commentary |c Eckart J. Brödermann |
| 250 | |a Second edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Baden-Baden |b Nomos |c 2023 | |
| 300 | |a CLIII, 676 Seiten |c 22.7 cm x 15.3 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 610 | 2 | 7 | |a International Institute for the Unification of Private Law |t Unidroit principles of international commercial contracts |0 (DE-588)4538841-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 653 | |a Internationales Wirtschaftsrecht | ||
| 653 | |a Internationale Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit | ||
| 653 | |a PICC | ||
| 653 | |a Schiedsregeln | ||
| 653 | |a Arbitration | ||
| 653 | |a International Institute for the Unification of Private Law | ||
| 653 | |a Trade Law | ||
| 653 | |a Commercial Law | ||
| 653 | |a Harmonisierung des Zivilrechts | ||
| 653 | |a Principles of Transnational Civil Procedure | ||
| 653 | |a Rules of private Law | ||
| 653 | |a UNIDROIT | ||
| 653 | |a International Commercial Contracts | ||
| 653 | |a Internationales Handelsrecht | ||
| 653 | |a Internationales Vertragsrecht | ||
| 653 | |a Wirtschaftsrecht | ||
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4136710-8 |a Kommentar |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a International Institute for the Unification of Private Law |t Unidroit principles of international commercial contracts |0 (DE-588)4538841-6 |D u |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m X:MVB |q text/html |u http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=5be0e75085834a3598fd7ad39f7577cb&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm |3 Inhaltstext |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m DNB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034162563&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034162563 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1825759204084809728 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
SUMMARY
OF
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
TO
THE
2ND
EDITION
BY
THE
AUTHOR
VII
PREFACE
TO
THE
1ST
EDITION
2018
BY
THE
CHAIRMAN
OF
THE
WORKING
GROUP
XIII
THANK
YOU
XV
ABBREVIATIONS
LV
DEFINITIONS
IN
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
LVIII
GLOSSARY
OF
LATIN
TERMS
LIX
GLOSSARY
OF
FRENCH
TERMS
LXII
RELEVANT
SUPPLEMENTARY
SOFT
LAW
&
DOCUMENTS
LXIII
MATERIALS:
PREPARATORY
WORK
OF
U
NIDROIT
(LEGISLATIVE
HISTORY)
LXIV
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CIV
RELEVANT
WEBSITES
CXIII
WORKING
GROUPS
CXIV
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
OF
INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL
CONTRACTS
2016
CXXI
TABLE
OF
CORRESPONDENCE
OF
THE
ARTICLES
OF
THE
1994,
2004,
2010
AND
2016
EDITIONS
OF
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
CXLVII
INTRODUCTION
TO
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
OF
INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL
CONTRACTS
(
"
PICC
"
)
1
PREAMBLE
(PURPOSE
OF
THE
PRINCIPLES)
ANNEX
TO
PREAMBLE
-
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
AS
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
OF
INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL
CONTRACT
LAW
25
41
CHAPTER
1
GENERAL
PROVISIONS
75
CHAPTER
2
FORMATION
AND
AUTHORITY
OF
AGENTS
103
SECTION
1
FORMATION
SECTION
2
AUTHORITY
OF
AGENTS
103
145
XVII
CHAPTER
3
VALIDITY
163
SECTION
1
SECTION
2
SECTION
3
GENERAL
PROVISIONS
163
GROUNDS
FOR
AVOIDANCE
168
ILLEGALITY
197
CHAPTER
4
INTERPRETATION
207
CHAPTER
5
CONTENT,
THIRD
PARTY
RIGHTS
AND
CONDITIONS
227
SECTION
1
SECTION
2
SECTION
3
CONTENT
227
THIRD
PARTY
RIGHTS
260
CONDITIONS
268
CHAPTER
6
PERFORMANCE
281
SECTION
1
SECTION
2
PERFORMANCE
IN
GENERAL
281
HARDSHIP
313
CHAPTER
7
NON-PERFORMANCE
325
SECTION
1
SECTION
2
SECTION
3
SECTION
4
NON-PERFORMANCE
IN
GENERAL
331
RIGHT
TO
PERFORMANCE
363
TERMINATION
383
DAMAGES
415
CHAPTER
8
SET-OFF
453
CHAPTER
9
ASSIGNMENT
OF
RIGHTS,
TRANSFER
OF
OBLIGATIONS,
ASSIGNMENT
OF
CONTRACTS
479
SECTION
1
SECTION
2
SECTION
3
ASSIGNMENT
OF
RIGHTS
481
TRANSFER
OF
OBLIGATIONS
52
1
ASSIGNMENT
OF
CONTRACTS
537
XVIII
CHAPTER
10
LIMITATION
PERIODS
551
CHAPTER
11
PLURALITY
OF
OBLIGORS
AND
OF
OBLIGEES
587
SECTION
1
PLURALITY
OF
OBLIGORS
SECTION
2
PLURALITY
OF
OBLIGEES
589
625
INDEX
647
XIX
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
TO
THE
2ND
EDITION
BY
THE
AUTHOR
_
VII
PREFACE
TO
THE
1ST
EDITION
2018
BY
THE
CHAIRMAN
OF
THE
WORKING
GROUP
XIII
THANK
YOU
XV
ABBREVIATIONS
LV
DEFINITIONS
IN
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
LVIII
GLOSSARY
OF
LATIN
TERMS
LIX
GLOSSARY
OF
FRENCH
TERMS
LXII
RELEVANT
SUPPLEMENTARY
SOFT
LAW
&
DOCUMENTS
LXIII
MATERIALS:
PREPARATORY
WORK
OF
U
NIDROIT
(LEGISLATIVE
HISTORY)
LXIV
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CIV
RELEVANT
WEBSITES
CXIII
WORKING
GROUPS
CXIV
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
OF
INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL
CONTRACTS
2016
CXXI
TABLE
OF
CORRESPONDENCE
OF
THE
ARTICLES
OF
THE
1994,
2004,
2010
AND
2016
EDITIONS
OF
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
CXLVII
INTRODUCTION
TO
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
OF
INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL
CONTRACTS
("PICC")
1
A.
A
WAKE-UP
CALL
1
B.
CONCEPTION
5
C.
A
PRACTITIONER
'
S
PERSPECTIVE
8
D.
WORDING
OF
THE
CHOICE
OF
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
CLAUSE
11
E.
CROSS-CULTURAL
BACKGROUND
14
F.
TWELVE
AND
MORE
LANGUAGES
16
G.
STRUCTURE
17
H.
INTERPRETATION
AND
CASE
LAW
17
I.
LIMITS
OF
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
18
J.
A
GENERAL
NOTE
OF
CAUTION
ON
CONTRACT
PERCEPTION
19
K.
ON
THIS
PICC-COMMENTARY:
BACKGROUND,
GOALS,
LANGUAGE,
METHOD
AND
MATERIALS
19
1.
BACKGROUND
19
2.
GOALS
20
XXI
3.
LANGUAGE
21
4.
METHOD
AND
MATERIALS
21
L.
BURDEN
OF
PROOF
23
M.
A
RECOMMENDATION
AND
AN
INVITATION
23
PREAMBLE
(PURPOSE
OF
THE
PRINCIPLES)
25
A.
PURPOSES
DEFINED
IN
THE
PREAMBLE
25
1.
PARA.
1:
GENERAL
RULES
FOR
INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL
CONTRACTS
25
2.
PARA.
2:
CHOICE
OF
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
AS
GOVERNING
CONTRACTUAL
REGIME
26
3.
PARA.
3:
APPLICATION
OF
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
TO
SUPPLEMENT
A
MORE
GENERAL
CHOICE
OF
THE
PARTIES
29
4.
PARA.
4:
APPLICATION
OF
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
IN
THE
ABSENCE
OF
ANY
CHOICE
OF
LAW
30
5.
PARA.
5:
USE
OF
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
TO
INTERPRET
OR
SUPPLEMENT
INTERNATIONAL
UNIFORM
LAW
INSTRUMENTS
31
6.
PARA.
6:
USE
OF
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
TO
INTERPRET
OR
SUPPLEMENT
DOMESTIC
LAW
33
7.
PARA.
7:
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
AS
A
MODEL
FOR
LEGISLATORS
36
B.
OTHER
PURPOSES
37
1.
INCORPORATION
37
2.
A
TOOL
FOR
CONTRACT
DRAFTING
38
3.
A
CONTRIBUTION
TO
HARMONISATION
OF
PRIVATE
CONTRACT
LAW
39
ANNEX
TO
PREAMBLE
-
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
AS
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
OF
INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL
CONTRACT
LAW
41
A.
INTRODUCTION
41
B.
WORDING
AND
PURPOSE
OF
THE
PREAMBLE
41
C.
UNIVERSALLY
COMPATIBLE
CONTENTS
42
D.
A
HISTORY
OF
COMPARATIVE
LEGAL
RESEARCH
AND
COMPROMISE
44
E.
INTERNATIONAL
PRACTICE
45
I.
INTERNATIONAL
ARBITRATION
45
1.
ARBITRAL
AWARDS
USING
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
AS
AN
EXPRESSION
OF
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
OF
CONTRACT
LAW
46
2.
AN
ARBITRAL
AWARD
USING
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
AS
ANGLO-SAXON
PRINCIPLES
OF
LAW
51
3.
ARBITRAL
AWARDS
USING
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
AS
A
TOOL
TO
SUPPLEMENT
THE
APPLICATION
OF
INTERNATIONAL
UNIFORM
LAW
INSTRUMENTS
51
4.
ARBITRAL
AWARDS
USING
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
AS
A
TOOL
TO
CONFIRM
OR
SUPPLEMENT
THE
INTERPRETATION
OR
APPLICATION
OF
A
NATIONAL
LAW
52
5.
ARBITRAL
AWARDS
USING
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
AS
AN
EXPRESSION
OF
CUSTOMS
OR
USAGES
OF
INTERNATIONAL
TRADE
OR
LEX
MERCATORIA
55
6.
ARBITRAL
AWARDS
APPLYING
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
BY
PARTY
AGREEMENT
58
II.
APPLICATION
BY
NATIONAL
COURTS
58
1.
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
AS
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
OF
LAW
BEFORE
NATIONAL
COURTS
59
2.
NATIONAL
COURTS
USING
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
TO
SUPPLEMENT
INTERNATIONAL
INSTRUMENTS
60
XXII
3.
NATIONAL
COURTS
USING
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
AS
A
TOOL
TO
CONFIRM
OR
SUPPLEMENT
THE
INTERPRETATION
OR
APPLICATION
OF
A
NATIONAL
LAW
60
F.
AN
EMERGING
OPINIO
JURIS
65
I.
UNCITRAL
RESOLUTIONS
66
II.
ENDORSEMENTS
BY
INTERNATIONAL
LAWYERS
'
ORGANISATIONS
67
III.
ACADEMIC
WRITING
68
G.
ASSESSMENT
69
H.
OPTIONS
FOR
PRACTITIONERS
70
I.
INTERNATIONAL
ARBITRATION
70
IL
INTERNATIONAL
LITIGATION
71
II
I.
INTERNATIONAL
CONTRACTING:
USE
OF
A
DESCRIPTIVE
CHOICE
OF
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
CLAUSE
EMPHASISING
THEIR
CHARACTER
AS
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
OF
LAW
72
CHAPTER
1
GENERAL
PROVISIONS
75
ARTICLE
1.1
(FREEDOM
OF
CONTRACT)
75
A.
THE
FIRST
OF
A
SERIES
OF
FUNDAMENTAL
PRINCIPLES
75
B.
FREEDOM
OF
CONTRACT
76
C.
LIMITS
77
ARTICLE
1.2
(NO
FORM
REQUIRED)
77
A.
PRINCIPLE
OF
INFORMALITY
77
B.
LIMITS
77
C.
OPTIONS
78
ARTICLE
1.3
(BINDING
CHARACTER
OF
CONTRACT)
78
A.
PACTA
SUNT
SERVANDA
78
B.
LIMITS
79
C.
OPTIONS
79
ARTICLE
1.4
(MANDATORY
RULES)
80
A.
PRIORITY
OF
PRIVATE
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
WITH
RESPECT
TO
MANDATORY
LAW
80
B.
APPLICABILITY
OF
DIFFERENT
KINDS
OF
MANDATORY
LAW
DEPENDING
ON
THE
DISPUTE
RESOLUTION
FORUM
81
1.
RESTRICTION
OF
THE
SCOPE
OF
MANDATORY
LAWS
IN
CASE
OF
COMBINATION
OF
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
WITH
AN
ARBITRATION
CLAUSE
81
2.
MORE
MANDATORY
LAW
IN
CASE
OF
COMBINATION
OF
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
WITH
A
CHOICE
OF
COURT
CLAUSE
83
C.
EFFECTS
84
ARTICLE
1.5
(EXCLUSION
OR
MODIFICATION
BY
THE
PARTIES)
84
A.
PARTY
AUTONOMY
EMPHASISED
84
B.
LIMITS
OF
MANDATORY
PRINCIPLES
85
XXIII
ARTICLE
1.6
(INTERPRETATION
AND
SUPPLEMENTATION
OF
THE
PRINCIPLES)
85
A.
A
MODERN
STANDARD
RULE
ON
INTERPRETATION
(PARA.
1)
85
1.
A
GLOBAL
APPROACH
TO
INTERPRETATION
85
2.
ON
INTERPRETATION
86
B.
SUPPLEMENTATION
OF
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
WITH
DUE
REGARD
TO
THE
UNDERLYING
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
(PARA.
2)
87
1.
ON
SUPPLEMENTATION
87
2.
THE
UNDERLYING
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
88
ARTICLE
1.7
(GOOD
FAITH
AND
FAIR
DEALING)
88
A.
GOOD
FAITH
AND
FAIR
DEALING
AS
A
MANDATORY
CORE
OF
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
PURSUANT
TO
ART.
1.5
AND
1.6
(2)
89
B.
STANDARD
AND
OPTIONS
91
C.
LIMITED
PRACTICAL
RELEVANCE
92
ARTICLE
1.8
(INCONSISTENT
BEHAVIOUR)
94
A.
PART
OF
THE
MANDATORY
CORE
OF
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
PURSUANT
TO
ART.
1.5
94
B.
PRIORITY
OF
MORE
DETAILED
PRINCIPLES
95
C.
EXAMPLES
95
D.
REMEDIES:
ART.
1.8
AS
A
SWORD
95
E.
OPTIONS
95
ARTICLE
1.9
(USAGES
AND
PRACTICES)
95
A.
TWO
KINDS
OF
USAGES
AND
A
LIMIT
96
B.
HIERARCHY
97
C.
PROOF
AND
OPTIONS
97
ARTICLE
1.10
(NOTICE)
97
A.
RISK
ALLOCATION
TO
THE
SENDER
98
B.
ABUSIVE
PREVENTION
OF
GIVING
NOTICE
99
C.
WITHDRAWAL
OF
A
NOTICE
99
ARTICLEL.IL
(DEFINITIONS)
99
A.
A
FEW
KEY
DEFINITIONS
100
B.
FURTHER
DEFINITIONS
IN
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
101
ARTICLE
1.12
(COMPUTATION
OF
TIME
SET
BY
PARTIES)
101
A.
IMPACT
OF
HOLIDAYS
ETC.
101
B.
RELEVANT
TIME
ZONE
101
C.
OPTIONS
AND
INTERPRETATION
102
XXIV
CHAPTER
2
FORMATION
AND
AUTHORITY
OF
AGENTS
103
SECTION
1
FORMATION
103
ARTICLE
2.1.1
(MANNER
OF
FORMATION)
103
A.
BEYOND
THE
TRADITIONAL
APPROACH
TO
CONTRACT
FORMATION
103
1.
THE
CLASSICAL
OFFER-AND
ACCEPTANCE
TEST
103
2.
CONDUCT
SUFFICIENT
TO
SHOW
AGREEMENT
104
B.
A
'
RELAXED
'
APPROACH
TOWARDS
CONTRACT
NEGOTIATION
105
C.
OPTIONS:
FORM
105
D.
'
SHAM
'
OR
'
SIMULATION
'
106
ARTICLE
2.1.2
(DEFINITION
OF
OFFER)
106
A.
SUFFICIENT
'
DEFINITENESS
'
PLUS
'
INTENTION
'
106
B.
INTERRELATIONSHIP
OF
THE
TWO
CRITERIA
107
ARTICLE
2.1.3
(WITHDRAWAL
OF
OFFER)
108
A.
PARA.
1
IS
DECLARATORY
108
B.
ANY
WITHDRAWAL
MUST
BE
CLEAR
108
ARTICLE
2.1.4
(REVOCATION
OF
OFFER)
108
A.
AN
INTERNATIONAL
MIDDLE
GROUND
108
B.
A
SELF-EXPLANATORY
PRINCIPLE
WITH
TWO
EXCEPTIONS
109
ARTICLE
2.1.5
(REJECTION
OF
OFFER)
109
A.
INTERPRETATION
OF
POSSIBLY
IMPLICIT
REJECTIONS
109
B.
TERMINATION
OF
AN
OFFER
BY
OTHER
MEANS
110
ARTICLE
2.1.6
(MODE
OF
ACCEPTANCE)
110
A.
FUNCTION
AND
SYSTEMATIC
PLACE
OF
THE
PRINCIPLE
110
B.
WHEN
DOES
THE
OFFEREE
'
S
EXPRESSION
OF
ASSENT
AMOUNT
TO
ACCEPTANCE?
111
1.
THE
BASIC
PRINCIPLE
IN
PARA.
1
SENTENCE
1
111
2.
CONDUCT
WITHOUT
NOTICE
(PARA.
3)
111
3.
POSSIBLE
IMPACT
OF
SILENCE
(PARA.
1
SENTENCE
2)
112
C.
WHEN
DOES
THE
OFFEREE
'
S
EXPRESSION
OF
ASSENT
BECOME
EFFECTIVE
TO
ESTABLISH
A
BINDING
CONTRACT?
112
D.
OPTIONS
113
ARTICLE
2.1.7
(TIME
OF
ACCEPTANCE)
113
A.
IMPACT
OF
TIME
113
B.
'
ORAL
'
OFFER
114
C.
RISK
ALLOCATION
114
ARTICLE
2.1.8
(ACCEPTANCE
WITHIN
A
FIXED
PERIOD
OF
TIME)
115
A.
CALCULATION
OF
RELATIVE
TIME
PERIODS
115
B.
UNCERTAINTY
OF
TIME
OF
DISPATCH
115
XXV
ARTICLE
2.1.9
(LATE
ACCEPTANCE.
DELAY
IN
TRANSMISSION)
116
A.
PRINCIPLE
(PARA.
1)
116
B.
EXCEPTION
(PARA.
2)
117
ARTICLE
2.1.10
(WITHDRAWAL
OF
ACCEPTANCE)
117
A
SELF-EXPLANATORY
ADDENDUM
TO
2.1.6(2)
117
ARTICLE
2.1.11
(MODIFIED
ACCEPTANCE)
118
A.
MODIFICATIONS
IN
THE
ACCEPTANCE
NOTICE
GENERATE
A
COUNTER-OFFER
118
B.
BUT
NON-MATERIAL
ALTERATIONS
GENERATE
A
DUTY
ON
THE
OFFEROR
TO
SPEAK
UP
118
C.
OPTIONS
FOR
THE
OFFEROR
120
D.
SPECIAL
RULE
FOR
STANDARD
TERMS
120
ARTICLE
2.1.12
(WRITINGS
IN
CONFIRMATION)
120
A.
EXCEPTION:
CHANGES
CONTAINED
IN
WRITTEN
'
CONFIRMATIONS
OF
THE
CONTRACT
'
MIGHT
ALTER
A
CONTRACT
120
B.
BURDEN
OF
PROOF
AND
TEST
121
C.
AN
INTERNATIONAL
COMPROMISE
122
D.
OPTIONS
122
ARTICLE
2.1.13
(CONCLUSION
OF
CONTRACT
DEPENDENT
ON
AGREEMENT
ON
SPECIFIC
MATTERS
OR
IN
A
PARTICULAR
FORM)
122
A.
FREEDOM
TO
INSIST
ON
SUBSTANTIVE
OR
FORMAL
SPECIFICS
122
B.
WAIVER
123
ARTICLE
2.1.14
(CONTRACT
WITH
TERMS
DELIBERATELY
LEFT
OPEN)
123
A.
POSSIBLE
CONTRACT
CONCLUSION
DESPITE
A
TERM
DELIBERATELY
LEFT
OPEN
123
B.
THREE
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
CONTRACT
CONCLUSION
124
C.
THREE
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
(PARA.
1)
125
D.
ALTERNATIVE
MEANS
(PARA.
2)
125
1.
ALTERNATIVE
MEANS
CONTAINED
IN
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
125
2.
SPECIAL
CIRCUMSTANCES
(LONG-TERM
CONTRACTS)
126
3.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
126
4.
ARBITRATION
126
ARTICLE
2.1.15
(NEGOTIATIONS
IN
BAD
FAITH)
127
A.
AVOIDING
A
CULTURAL
CLASH,
FUNCTIONS
OF
ART.
2.1.15
127
B.
BAD
FAITH
EXAMPLES
129
C.
DAMAGE
CALCULATION,
BURDEN
OF
PROOF
130
D.
OPTIONS
130
ARTICLE
2.1.16
(DUTY
OF
CONFIDENTIALITY)
131
A.
IMPLIED
OR
EXPRESS
DUTY
OF
CONFIDENTIALITY
(SENTENCE
1)
131
B.
REMEDIES
(SENTENCE
2)
132
XXVI
ARTICLE
2.1.17
(MERGER
CLAUSES)
132
A.
ANOTHER
CONTRIBUTION
TO
CROSS
CULTURAL
UNDERSTANDING
133
B.
LIMITS
133
ARTICLE
2.1.18
(MODIFICATION
IN
A
PARTICULAR
FORM)
134
A.
'
NO
ORAL
MODIFICATIONS
'
CLAUSES
134
B.
LIMITS
135
C.
OPTIONS
135
ARTICLE
2.1.19
(CONTRACTING
UNDER
STANDARD
TERMS)
135
A.
A
STRAIGHTFORWARD
REGIME
ON
STANDARD
TERMS
IN
FOUR
ARTICLES
136
B.
DEFINITION
(PARA.
2)
136
C.
INCORPORATION
(PARA.
1)
137
ARTICLE
2.1.20
(SURPRISING
TERMS)
139
A.
SAFEGUARD
OF
BASIC
FAIRNESS
139
B.
TEST
139
ARTICLE
2.1.21
(CONFLICT
BETWEEN
STANDARD
TERMS
AND
NON-STANDARD
TERMS)
141
PRIORITY
OF
THE
INDIVIDUAL
TERM
141
ARTICLE
2.1.22
(BATTLE
OF
FORMS)
141
A.
A
FAVOR
CONTRACTUS
APPROACH
TO
COMPETING
STANDARD
TERMS
141
B.
LIMITS
143
C.
FILLING
THE
GAPS
143
D.
OPTIONS
IN
VIEW
OF
PARAMOUNT
PRACTICAL
IMPORTANCE
OF
THE
ISSUE
143
SECTION
2
AUTHORITY
OF
AGENTS
145
ARTICLE
2.2.1
(SCOPE
OF
THE
SECTION)
145
A.
ONLY
AGENCY
IN
THE
CONTRACT
FORMATION
PROCESS
145
B.
LARGE
CONCEPT
OF
AGENCY
147
ARTICLE
2.2.2
(ESTABLISHMENT
AND
SCOPE
OF
THE
AUTHORITY
OF
THE
AGENT)
147
A.
AUTHORITY
GRANTED
BY
THE
PRINCIPAL
(PARA.
1)
147
B.
INCIDENTAL
AUTHORITY
(PARA.
2)
148
ARTICLE
2.2.3
(AGENCY
DISCLOSED)
148
A.
'
ACTUAL
DISCLOSED
AGENCY
'
148
B.
'
CLASSICAL
'
CONSEQUENCES
149
C.
'
INDIRECT
'
OR
'
COMMISSION
AGENCY
'
149
ARTICLE
2.2.4
(AGENCY
UNDISCLOSED)
149
A.
ANOTHER
COMPROMISE
150
B.
ONLY
A
RELATION
WITH
THE
'
AGENT
'
150
XXVII
C.
ONE
NARROW
EXCEPTION
(PARA.
2)
151
D.
OPTION
FOR
THE
PRINCIPAL
151
ARTICLE
2.2.5
(AGENT
ACTING
WITHOUT
OR
EXCEEDING
ITS
AUTHORITY)
151
A.
PRINCIPLE:
NO
DIRECT
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
FOR
THE
PRINCIPAL
(PARA.
1)
152
B.
EXCEPTION
BY
THE
PRINCIPAL
'
S
OWN
ACTION
(PARA.
2)
152
C.
OPTIONS
153
D.
CHERRY
PICKING
UNDER
OVERRIDING
MANDATORY
NON-CONTRACTUAL
LAW
153
ARTICLE
2.2.6
(LIABILITY
OF
AGENT
ACTING
WITHOUT
OR
EXCEEDING
ITS
AUTHORITY)
154
A.
STRICT
LIABILITY
(PARA.
1)
154
B.
DEFENCES
(INCL.
PARA.
2)
155
ARTICLE
2.2.7
(CONFLICT
OF
INTERESTS)
155
A.
COPING
WITH
A
RANGE
OF
CONFLICTS
(PARA.
1
SENTENCE
1)
156
B.
DISTINCTION
TO
EXCESS
OF
AUTHORITY
CASES
156
C.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
AND
OPTIONS:
AVOIDANCE
OR
CONFIRMATION
157
D.
AVOIDANCE
EXCLUDED
(PARA.
2)
157
E.
APPLICABILITY
BEYOND
CONTRACT
CONCLUSION
157
ARTICLE
2.2.8
(SUB-AGENCY)
157
A.
SUB-AGENCY
WHEN
'
REASONABLE
'
158
B.
DETAILS
AND
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
158
ARTICLE
2.2.9
(RATIFICATION)
159
A.
RATIFICATION
WITH
RETROACTIVE
EFFECT
(PARA.
1)
159
B.
TIMING;
A
FIRST
OPTION
FOR
THIRD
PARTY
(PARA.
2)
160
C.
A
SECOND
OPTION:
ESCAPE
CLAUSE
FOR
THE
THIRD
PARTY
(PARA.
3)
160
ARTICLE
2.2.10
(TERMINATION
OF
AUTHORITY)
160
A.
A
CLARIFICATION
161
B.
SOME
SUBSISTING
ACTUAL
AUTHORITY
161
CHAPTER
3
VALIDITY
163
SECTION
1
GENERAL
PROVISIONS
163
ARTICLE
3.1.1
(MATTERS
NOT
COVERED)
163
A.
A
SELF-EXPLANATORY
DISTINCTION
163
B.
PRACTICAL
CONSEQUENCES
164
ARTICLE
3.1.2
(VALIDITY
OF
MERE
AGREEMENT)
164
A.
MERELY
CONSENSUAL
CONTRACTS
164
B.
LIMITS
165
XXVIII
ARTICLE
3.1.3
(INITIAL
IMPOSSIBILITY)
165
A.
A
COMPROMISE
FOLLOWING
THE
CISG
165
B.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES:
CLAIM
FOR
DAMAGES
166
ARTICLE
3.1.4
(MANDATORY
CHARACTER
OF
THE
PROVISIONS)
166
A.
PART
OF
THE
MANDATORY
CORE
OF
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
PURSUANT
TO
ART.
1.5
166
B.
LIMITS
167
1.
BY
CONTRACT
167
2.
BY
LAW
168
SECTION
2
GROUNDS
FOR
AVOIDANCE
168
ARTICLE
3.2.1
(DEFINITION
OF
MISTAKE)
168
A.
A
BROAD
CONCEPT
OF
MISTAKE
.
168
B.
.
WITH
NUMEROUS
BOUNDARIES
(TEST
SCHEME)
169
C.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
AND
OPTIONS
170
ARTICLE
3.2.2
(RELEVANT
MISTAKE)
170
A.
TWO-PRONG
'
REASONABLENESS-TEST
'
(PARA.
1)
171
B.
EXCEPTION
FOR
GROSS
NEGLIGENCE
AND
ASSUMED
OR
ALLOCATED
RISKS
(PARA.
2)
172
C.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
173
ARTICLE
3.2.3
(ERROR
IN
EXPRESSION
OR
TRANSMISSION)
173
A.
ERRORS
IN
EXPRESSION
OR
TRANSMISSION
AS
MISTAKES
173
B.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
174
ARTICLE
3.2.4
(REMEDIES
FOR
NON-PERFORMANCE)
174
A.
REMEDIES
FOR
NON-PERFORMANCE
TRUMP
AVOIDANCE
175
B.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
175
ARTICLE
3.2.5
(FRAUD)
175
A.
INTENDED
LEADING
INTO
ERROR
AND
THEREBY
GAINING
AN
ADVANTAGE
176
B.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
AND
OPTION
177
ARTICLE
3.2.6
(THREAT)
177
A.
TWO
KINDS
OF
UNJUSTIFIED
THREATS
178
B.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
179
ARTICLE
3.2.7
(GROSS
DISPARITY)
180
A.
AVOIDANCE
IN
CASE
OF
EXCESSIVE
ADVANTAGE
180
B.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
181
1.
THE
'
TRIPLET
'
OF
CONSEQUENCES
(AVOIDANCE,
RESTITUTION
AND
RELIANCE
DAMAGES)
181
2.
ALTERNATIVE
OPTION
OF
ADAPTATION
182
C.
LIQUIDATED
DAMAGES
AND
PENALTY
CLAUSES
182
XXIX
ARTICLE
3.2.8
(THIRD
PERSONS)
182
A.
THIRD
PARTY
FROM
THE
SPHERE
OF
A
CONTRACTING
PARTY
182
B.
AVOIDANCE
EVEN
WITHOUT
'
RESPONSIBILITY
'
IF
THE
OTHER
PARTY
NEEDS
NO
PROTECTION
183
C.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
184
ARTICLE
3.2.9
(CONFIRMATION)
184
A.
A
LOGICAL
CONSEQUENCE
OF
FREEDOM
OF
CONTRACT
(AND
OF
THE
GOOD
FAITH
PRINCIPLE)
185
B.
CONFIRMATION
REQUIRES
.
185
ARTICLE
3.2.10
(LOSS
OF
RIGHT
TO
AVOID)
185
A.
FUNCTION:
PART
OF
THE
REGIME
FOR
MISTAKES
186
B.
RIGHT
OF
THE
OTHER
PARTY
TO
UPHOLD
THE
CONTRACT
IN
AN
AMENDED
VERSION
186
C.
REQUIREMENTS
186
ARTICLE
3.2.11
(NOTICE
OF
AVOIDANCE)
187
A.
AVOIDING
A
CULTURAL
CLASH
187
B.
REQUIREMENT
187
ARTICLE
3.2.12
(TIME
LIMITS)
188
A.
A
'
REASONABLE
'
TIME
LIMIT
188
B.
A
SPECIAL
RULE
FOR
AVOIDANCE
OF
INDIVIDUAL
TERMS
189
ARTICLE
3.2.13
(PARTIAL
AVOIDANCE)
189
ARTICLE
3.2.14
(RETROACTIVE
EFFECT
OF
AVOIDANCE)
190
A.
RETROACTIVITY
190
B.
LIMITS
190
ARTICLE
3.2.15
(RESTITUTION)
191
A.
PRINCIPLE
OF
CONCURRENT
RESTITUTION
IN
KIND
(PARA.
1)
191
B.
'
IMPOSSIBLE
'
OR
'
INAPPROPRIATE
'
RESTITUTION
IN
KIND
(PARA.
2-3)
192
1.
FIRST
STEP:
DETERMINATION
OF
'
IMPOSSIBLE
'
OR
'
INAPPROPRIATE
'
RESTITUTION
IN
KIND
192
2.
SECOND
STEP:
DETERMINATION
OF
AN
ALLOWANCE
IN
MONEY
'
WHENEVER
REASONABLE
'
193
C.
COMPENSATION
FOR
EXPENSES
(PARA.
4)
194
D.
APPLICATION
OF
GENERAL
RULES
194
E.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
195
F.
LIMITS
OF
THE
RESTITUTION
REGIME
195
ARTICLE
3.2.16
(DAMAGES)
195
A.
COMPENSATION
OF
THE
'
RELIANCE
INTEREST
'
196
B.
SUPPLEMENTAL
APPLICATION
OF
GENERAL
RULES
ON
DAMAGES
196
XXX
ARTICLE
3.2.17
(UNILATERAL
DECLARATIONS)
197
VALIDITY
RULES
APPLY
MUTATIS
MUTANDIS
TO
ALL
COMMUNICATIONS
OF
INTENTION
197
SECTION
3
ILLEGALITY
197
ARTICLE
3.3.1
(CONTRACTS
INFRINGING
MANDATORY
RULES)
197
A.
THE
SECOND
LEG
TO
ART.
1.4
198
B.
PRIORITY
OF
EFFECTS
PROVIDED
FOR
IN
THE
MANDATORY
RULE
(PARA.
1)
200
1.
KINDS
OF
INFRINGEMENT
200
2.
CONSEQUENCES
PROVIDED
FOR
IN
THE
APPLICABLE
MANDATORY
RULES
201
C.
THE
SUPPLEMENTARY
REGIME
OF
PARA.
2-3
201
ARTICLE
3.3.2
(RESTITUTION)
204
A.
ART.
3.3.1
(1)
TRUMPS
ART.
3.3.2
204
B.
A
REASONABLENESS
TEST
FOR
RESTITUTION
205
C.
APPLICATION
OF
ART.
3.2.15
206
CHAPTER
4
INTERPRETATION
207
INTRODUCTION
TO
CHAPTER
4
207
A.
CHAPTER
4:
ONE
OF
THE
MOST
IMPORTANT
CHAPTERS
OF
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
207
B.
OVERCOMING
NATIONAL
DISTINCTIONS
208
C.
STRUCTURE
209
D.
AN
IMPORTANT
TEMPLATE
210
ARTICLE
4.1
(INTENTION
OF
THE
PARTIES)
210
A.
STEP
1:
DETERMINATION
OF
A
JOINT
INTENTION,
IF
POSSIBLE
(PARA.
1)
210
B.
STEP
2
IN
CASE
OF
DEFAULT:
INTERPRETATION
UNDER
AN
INDIVIDUALISED
AND
CONTEXTUALISED
'
REASONABLE
PERSON
'
TEST
(PARA.
2)
212
ARTICLE
4.2
(INTERPRETATION
OF
STATEMENTS
AND
OTHER
CONDUCT)
213
A.
A
RULE
WHICH
IS
OFTEN
INCORPORATED
IMPLICITLY
213
B.
AGAIN
A
TWO
STEP
APPROACH
TO
INTERPRETATION
214
ARTICLE
4.3
(RELEVANT
CIRCUMSTANCES)
215
A.
TWO
GROUPS
OF
CRITERIA
215
B.
.
WHICH
ARE
NON-EXHAUSTIVE
216
C.
LONG-TERM
CONTRACTS
217
D.
OPTIONS
218
ARTICLE
4.4
(REFERENCE
TO
CONTRACT
OR
STATEMENT
AS
A
WHOLE)
218
A.
A
SUPPLEMENT
TO
ART.
4.3:
REFERENCE
TO
THE
(CONTRACTUAL)
CONTEXT
OF
THE
TERM
TO
BE
INTERPRETED
218
B.
THE
ROLE
OF
ART.
4.3
IN
APPLYING
ART.
4.4
219
XXXI
ARTICLE
4.5
(ALL
TERMS
TO
BE
GIVEN
EFFECT)
220
A.
AVOIDING
TO
DEPRIVE
ANY
CLAUSE
OF
AN
EFFECT
220
B.
STANDARD
TERMS
(ART.
2.1.19
(2))
220
ARTICLE
4.6
(CONTRA
PROFERENTEM
RULE)
221
INTERPRETATION
AGAINST
THE
SUPPLIER,
AS
A
RULE
OF
LAST
RESORT
221
ARTICLE
4.7
(LINGUISTIC
DISCREPANCIES)
222
A.
A
DEFAULT
RULE
TO
A
MISSING
OR
TO
AN
EXTREME
EQUAL
LANGUAGE
CLAUSE
222
B.
OPTIONS
223
ARTICLE
4.8
(SUPPLYING
AN
OMITTED
TERM)
224
A.
AT
THE
EDGE
OF
'
INTERPRETATION
'
224
B.
RELATIONSHIP
TO
'
INTERPRETATION
'
225
C.
RELATIONSHIP
TO
ART.
5.1.1-5.1.2
225
CHAPTER
5
CONTENT,
THIRD
PARTY
RIGHTS
AND
CONDITIONS
227
SECTION
1
CONTENT
227
ARTICLE
5.1.1
(EXPRESS
AND
IMPLIED
OBLIGATIONS)
227
A.
A
CULTURAL
BRIDGE
TO
COMMON
LAW
227
B.
THE
ARBITRATOR
'
S
PERSPECTIVE
228
ARTICLE
5.1.2
(IMPLIED
OBLIGATIONS)
229
LIST
OF
CRITERIA
229
ARTICLE
5.1.3
(CO-OPERATION
BETWEEN
THE
PARTIES)
229
A.
CONSEQUENCE
OF
A
'
COMMON
PROJECT
'
230
B.
LIMITS
231
C.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
OF
A
VIOLATION
232
D.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
232
ARTICLE
5.1.4
(DUTY
TO
ACHIEVE
A
SPECIFIC
RESULT.
DUTY
OF
BEST
EFFORTS)
233
A.
A
CULTURAL
BRIDGE
TO
THE
FRENCH
LAW
FAMILY
233
B.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
233
C.
LIMITATION
OF
LIABILITY
(CONTRACTUAL
OPTION)
234
ARTICLE
5.1.5
(DETERMINATION
OF
KIND
OF
DUTY
INVOLVED)
23
5
ASSISTANCE
IN
THE
CLASSIFICATION
OF
AN
OBLIGATION
235
ARTICLE
5.1.6
(DETERMINATION
OF
QUALITY
OF
PERFORMANCE)
235
A.
A
SYSTEM
OF
DEFAULT
RULES
235
B.
AN
AUTONOMOUS
STANDARD
CHARACTERISED
BY
'
REASONABLENESS
'
236
XXXII
C.
LIMITS
237
D.
OPTIONS
237
ARTICLE
5.1.7
(PRICE
DETERMINATION)
238
A.
PART
OF
A
SYSTEM
OF
DEFAULT
RULES
238
B.
GENERAL
DEFAULT
RULE
(PARA.
1),
CONTRACTUAL
OPTION
239
C.
SPECIFIC
DEFAULT
RULES
(PARA.
3-4)
240
1.
PARAGRAPH
3
(NON
PERFORMANCE
OF
A
PRICE
DETERMINATION)
240
2.
PARAGRAPH
4
(NON
EXISTING
FACTORS)
241
D.
A
MANDATORY
BOUNDARY
TO
UNREASONABLE
UNILATERAL
PRICE
DETERMINATION
(PARA.
2)
241
1.
THE
RULE
241
2.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
242
E.
UNREASONABLE
PRICE
DETERMINATION
BY
A
THIRD
PARTY
(PARA.
3),
CONTRACTUAL
OPTION
242
ARTICLE
5.1.8
(TERMINATION
OF
A
CONTRACT
FOR
AN
INDEFINITE
PERIOD)
243
A.
CONTRACTS
FOR
AN
INDEFINITE
PERIOD
OF
TIME
243
B.
FUNCTION
OF
ART.
5.1.8
243
C.
REASONABLE
TIME
IN
ADVANCE
245
D.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
246
E.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
246
ARTICLE
5.1.9
(RELEASE
BY
AGREEMENT)
246
A.
A
CLARIFICATION
TO
AVOID
CULTURAL
MISUNDERSTANDING
246
B.
ACTION
REQUIRED;
SILENCE
CAN
CONSTITUTE
CONSENT
247
C.
DISTINCTION
247
ANNEX
TO
SECTION
5.1
-
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
FOR
SPECIFIC
KINDS
OF
CONTRACTS
(SALES,
SERVICES,
CONSTRUCTION)
U
NIDROIT
247
A.
PARTY
AUTONOMY
247
B.
CONTRACTS
OF
SALE
(CHECKLIST)
248
C.
SERVICE
CONTRACTS
(CHECKLIST)
255
D.
CONSTRUCTION
CONTRACTS
259
SECTION
2
THIRD
PARTY
RIGHTS
260
INTRODUCTION
TO
SECTION
5.2
260
ARTICLE
5.2.1
(CONTRACTS
IN
FAVOUR
OF
THIRD
PARTIES)
261
A.
CONCENTRATION
ON
CONTRACTS
IN
FAVOUR
OF
THIRD
PARTIES
(PARA.
1)
261
B.
SHAPING
THE
CONTENT
(PARA.
2)
263
ARTICLE
5.2.2
(THIRD
PARTY
IDENTIFIABLE)
264
A.
INVALIDITY
IN
CASE
OF
IMPOSSIBILITY
OF
IDENTIFICATION
264
B.
FUTURE
BENEFICIARIES
264
XXXIII
ARTICLE
5.2.3
(EXCLUSION
AND
LIMITATION
CLAUSES)
265
A.
FUNCTION
OF
ART.
5.2.3-5.2.5
265
B.
A
'
SHIELD
'
TO
THE
BENEFICIARY
265
ARTICLE
5.2.4
(DEFENCES)
266
A
SHIELD
'
TO
THE
PROMISOR
266
ARTICLE
5.2.5
(REVOCATION)
266
A.
MODIFICATION
OR
REVOCATION
266
B.
LIMITS
267
C.
OPTIONS
267
ARTICLE
5.2.6
(RENUNCIATION)
267
RIGHT
OF
REFUSAL
268
SECTION
3
CONDITIONS
268
ARTICLE
5.3.1
(TYPES
OF
CONDITION)
269
A.
FUNCTION
269
B.
TYPES
270
C.
DISTINCTIONS
271
D.
OPTION
272
ARTICLE
5.3.2
(EFFECT
OF
CONDITIONS)
273
A.
A
SYSTEM
OF
DEFAULT
RULES
273
B.
SUSPENSIVE
CONDITION
(LIT.
A):
SPECIAL
CHARACTERISTICS
273
C.
RESOLUTIVE
CONDITION
(LIT.
B):
SPECIAL
CHARACTERISTICS
274
D.
JOINT
FEATURES
274
E.
OPTIONS
275
ARTICLE
5.3.3
(INTERFERENCE
WITH
CONDITIONS)
275
A.
THE
WATCH-DOG
FOR
THE
CONDITION
276
B.
THE
DEVIL
LIES
IN
THE
DETAIL
276
ARTICLE
5.3.4
(DUTY
TO
PRESERVE
RIGHTS)
278
A.
THE
WATCH-DOG
FOR
THE
CONDITIONED
RIGHT
278
B.
OPTIONS
279
ARTICLE
5.3.5
(RESTITUTION
IN
CASE
OF
FULFILMENT
OF
A
RESOLUTIVE
CONDITION)
279
A.
DETAILS
ON
THE
EFFECTS
OF
RESOLUTIVE
CONDITIONS
279
B.
OPTIONAL:
A
RULE
OF
RELEVANCE
IF
PARTIES
CHOSE
RETROACTIVITY
279
XXXIV
CHAPTER
6
PERFORMANCE
281
SECTION
1
PERFORMANCE
IN
GENERAL
281
INTRODUCTION
TO
SECTION
6.1
281
ARTICLE
6.1.1
(TIME
OF
PERFORMANCE)
282
A.
NOTION
OF
AND
RESTRICTIONS
ON
PERFORMANCE
282
B.
A
'
FIXED
'
TIME
OR
PERIOD
OF
TIME
283
C.
A
REASONABLENESS-TEST
AS
DEFAULT
RULE
284
D.
OPTION:
SPECIAL
EXEMPTION
CLAUSE
FOR
DELAY
285
ARTICLE
6.1.2
(PERFORMANCE
AT
ONE
TIME
OR
IN
INSTALMENTS)
285
PARTIAL
PERFORMANCE
IS
PRINCIPALLY
NON-PERFORMANCE
285
ARTICLE
6.1.3
(PARTIAL
PERFORMANCE)
286
A.
PROTECTION
OF
THE
OBLIGEE
AGAINST
IMPOSED
PARTIAL
PERFORMANCE
OF
THE
OBLIGOR
286
B.
LIMITS
287
C.
FURTHER
OPTIONS
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE
IF
PARTIAL
PERFORMANCE
AMOUNTS
TO
NON
PERFORMANCE
288
ARTICLE
6.1.4
(ORDER
OF
PERFORMANCE)
288
A.
PRINCIPLE
OF
SIMULTANEOUS
PERFORMANCE
288
B.
LIMITS
289
ARTICLE
6.1.5
(EARLIER
PERFORMANCE)
290
A.
PROTECTION
OF
THE
OBLIGEE
AGAINST
EARLIER
PERFORMANCE
290
B.
THE
GOOD
FAITH
EXCEPTION;
ADDITIONAL
COSTS
291
C.
OTHER
REMEDIES
292
ARTICLE
6.1.6
(PLACE
OF
PERFORMANCE)
292
A.
EXPECTATION
MANAGEMENT
292
B.
DEFAULT
RULE
FAVOURING
THE
OBLIGOR
.
294
C.
.
EXCEPT
FOR
MONETARY
OBLIGATIONS
294
D.
CHANGE
OF
PLACE
OF
BUSINESS
295
ARTICLE
6.1.7
(PAYMENT
BY
CHEQUE
OR
OTHER
INSTRUMENT)
295
A.
CORE
PRINCIPLES
ON
PAYMENT
295
B.
A
CHOICE
OF
THE
OBLIGOR
296
C.
PROTECTION
OF
THE
OBLIGEE
IN
CASE
OF
'
PULL-ORDERS
'
297
ARTICLE
6.1.8
(PAYMENT
BY
FUNDS
TRANSFER)
297
A.
A
REGIME
FOR
PUSH-ORDERS
297
B.
OPTIONS
OF
THE
OBLIGOR
AS
CONTROLLED
BY
THE
OBLIGEE
298
C.
MOMENT
OF
DISCHARGE
OF
THE
OBLIGOR
298
XXXV
ARTICLE
6.1.9
(CURRENCY
OF
PAYMENT)
299
A.
TWO
ARTICLES
ON
CURRENCY
ISSUES
299
B.
IMPORTANCE
OF
THE
PLACE
OF
PAYMENT
300
C.
SOME
PROTECTION
OF
THE
OBLIGEE
AGAINST
CURRENCY
FLUCTUATION
301
ARTICLE
6.1.10
(CURRENCY
NOT
EXPRESSED)
301
A.
CURRENCY
OF
PLACE
OF
PAYMENT
AS
A
DEFAULT
RULE
301
B.
LIMITS
302
ARTICLE
6.1.11
(COSTS
OF
PERFORMANCE)
302
EACH
PARTY
BEARS
ITS
OWN
COSTS
AS
A
DEFAULT
RULE
302
ARTICLE
6.1.12
(IMPUTATION
OF
PAYMENTS)
303
A.
A
BALANCED
INTERNATIONAL
COMPROMISE
304
B.
A
THREE-LAYERED
ORDER
OF
DECISION
304
1.
LAYER
1:
DECISION
OF
THE
OBLIGOR
(PARA.
1)
304
2.
LAYER
2:
DECISION
OF
THE
OBLIGEE
(PARA.
2)
305
3.
LAYER
3:
DEFAULT
SYSTEM
OF
PARA.
3
305
C.
LIMITS
306
ARTICLE
6.1.13
(IMPUTATION
OF
NON-MONETARY
OBLIGATIONS)
306
EXTENSION
TO
NON-MONETARY
OBLIGATIONS
306
ARTICLE
6.1.14
(APPLICATION
FOR
PUBLIC
PERMISSION)
307
A.
A
DEFAULT
SYSTEM
TO
COPE
WITH
PUBLIC
PERMISSION
307
B.
DETERMINATION
OF
THE
'
WHO
'
307
ARTICLE
6.1.15
(PROCEDURE
IN
APPLYING
FOR
PERMISSION)
308
A.
REGULATING
THE
'
HOW
'
309
B.
INFORMATION
OF
THE
OTHER
PARTY
309
ARTICLE
6.1.16
(PERMISSION
NEITHER
GRANTED
NOR
REFUSED)
310
A.
RIGHT
AND
EFFECT
OF
TERMINATION
IN
CASE
OF
A
'
STUCK
PROCESS
'
310
B.
EXCEPTION:
ONLY
PART
OF
THE
CONTRACT
IS
AFFECTED
311
ARTICLE
6.1.17
(PERMISSION
REFUSED)
311
A.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
OF
A
REFUSAL
311
1.
A
REFUSAL
AFFECTING
THE
VALIDITY
OF
THE
CONTRACT
311
2.
A
REFUSAL
WHICH
MERELY
RENDERS
THE
PERFORMANCE
IMPOSSIBLE
312
3.
USUALLY
NO
DAMAGES
312
B.
PERMISSION
WITH
EXTREMELY
BURDENSOME
CONDITIONS
312
XXXVI
SECTION
2
HARDSHIP
313
INTRODUCTION
TO
HARDSHIP
313
ARTICLE
6.2.1
(CONTRACT
TO
BE
OBSERVED)
315
A.
INSPIRED
BY
INTERNATIONAL
CONTRACT
PRACTICE
315
B.
A
REMINDER
TO
PACTA
SUNT
SERVANDA
AS
A
'
MISSION
STATEMENT
'
317
C.
OPTION
IN
CASE
OF
A
DETERIORATING
FINANCIAL
ABILITY
OF
THE
OBLIGEE
317
ARTICLE
6.2.2
(DEFINITION
OF
HARDSHIP)
317
A.
A
FUNDAMENTAL
ALTERATION
FOR
THE
EQUILIBRIUM
OF
THE
CONTRACT
318
B.
PLUS
FOUR
FACTORS
RELATING
TO
THE
SPHERE
OF
THE
DISADVANTAGED
PARTY
319
1.
KNOWLEDGE
AFTER
CONTRACT
CONCLUSION
(LIT.
A)
319
2.
ANTICIPATION
REASONABLY
IMPOSSIBLE
(LIT.
B)
319
3.
BEYOND
CONTROL
(LIT.
C)
319
4.
NO
RISK
ALLOCATION
TO
THE
DISADVANTAGED
PARTY
(LIT.
D)
320
C.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
(CORONA
CLAUSE)
320
ARTICLE
6.2.3
(EFFECTS
OF
HARDSHIP)
321
A.
RENEGOTIATION
321
B.
CONTINUED
PERFORMANCE
OF
THE
CONTRACT
322
C.
APPLICATION
BY
THE
COURT
322
D.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
(CORONA
CLAUSE)
323
CHAPTER
7
NON-PERFORMANCE
325
INTRODUCTION
TO
CHAPTER
7
325
A.
OVERVIEW
325
B.
A
CONCEPT
BASED
ON
'
SPHERES
'
,
NOT
ON
FAULT
326
C.
SIX
KINDS
OF
RIGHTS
AND
REMEDIES
IN
FOUR
SECTIONS,
WITH
LIMITATIONS
AND
EXCLUSIONS
326
D.
OFTEN
A
CHOICE
BETWEEN
SEVERAL
OPTIONS
327
E.
OPTIONS
AT
THE
CONTRACT
DRAFTING
STAGE
328
F.
A
NOTE
ON
COMPARATIVE
LAW
329
SECTION
1
NON-PERFORMANCE
IN
GENERAL
331
ARTICLE
7.1.1
(NON-PERFORMANCE
DEFINED)
332
A.
A
UNITARY
CONCEPT
.
332
B.
.
BASED
ON
'
SPHERES
'
AS
DEFINED
IN
THE
CONTRACT,
NOT
ON
FAULT
332
C.
IMPACT
ON
CONTRACT
DRAFTING
333
ARTICLE
7.1.2
(INTERFERENCE
BY
THE
OTHER
PARTY)
333
A.
A
SHIELD
FOR
THE
OBLIGOR
333
B.
PARTIAL
RELEVANCE
OF
THE
INTERFERENCE
335
C.
MOST
RELEVANT
FOR
DUTIES
TO
ACHIEVE
A
SPECIFIC
RESULT
335
XXXVII
ARTICLE
7.1.3
(WITHHOLDING
PERFORMANCE)
335
A.
A
SHIELD
FOR
BOTH
PARTIES
BASED
ON
TIMING
336
B.
REQUIREMENTS
337
1.
NON-PERFORMANCE
OF
THE
OTHER
PARTY
OF
AN
OBLIGATION
WITH
SUFFICIENT
CONNECTION
TO
THE
DUTY
UNDERLYING
THE
WITHHELD
PERFORMANCE
337
2.
ANTICIPATORY
SUSPENSION
338
3.
'
CLEAN
HANDS
'
339
4.
PROCEDURAL
CONSIDERATION
339
C.
OPTIONS
339
ARTICLE
7.1.4
(CURE
BY
NON-PERFORMING
PARTY)
340
A.
A
RIGHT
TO
CURE
FOR
THE
OBLIGOR
340
B.
PARALLEL
OPTIONS
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE
(SUBJECT
TO
MEETING
THE
INDIVIDUAL
REQUIREMENTS
OF
THE
OTHER
PROVISIONS)
343
ARTICLE
7.1.5
(ADDITIONAL
PERIOD
FOR
PERFORMANCE)
345
A.
A
PROACTIVE
WAY
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE
TO
COPE
WITH
NON-PERFORMANCE
345
B.
A
PRIVILEGED
WAY
TO
TERMINATION
IN
CASE
OF
DELAY
(PARA.
3)
347
C.
PARALLEL
OPTIONS
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE
(PARA.
2)
347
ARTICLE
7.1.6
(EXEMPTION
CLAUSES)
348
A.
THE
IMPORTANCE
IN
PRACTICE
349
B.
A
BASIC
ASSUMPTION
THAT
EXEMPTION
CLAUSES
ARE
VALID
350
C.
A
PROHIBITION
TO
RELY
ON
GROSSLY
UNFAIR
EXEMPTION
CLAUSES
IS
PART
OF
THE
MANDATORY
CORE
OF
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
350
D.
A
TEST
OF
SEVERITY
351
E.
LIMITS
AND
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
353
ARTICLE
7.1.7
(FORCE
MAJEURE)
355
A.
A
SHIELD
FOR
THE
OBLIGOR
356
B.
CONDITIONS
356
C.
MANAGEMENT
OF
FORCE
MAJEURE
BY
THE
OBLIGOR
359
D.
OPTIONS
AND
OBLIGATIONS
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE,
INCLUDING
TERMINATION
360
E.
FORCE
MAJEURE
CLAUSES
360
1.
GENERAL
FUNCTION
(DRAFTING)
360
2.
LONG-TERM
CONTRACTS,
COMBINATION
WITH
HARDSHIP
361
3.
IMPACT
OF
PRACTICE
AND
USAGES
362
SECTION
2
RIGHT
TO
PERFORMANCE
363
AN
INTRODUCTORY
COMPARATIVE
REMARK
ON
SECTION
2:
RIGHT
TO
PERFORMANCE
363
ARTICLE
7.2.1
(PERFORMANCE
OF
MONETARY
OBLIGATION)
364
A.
ACTION
FOR
AN
AGREED
SUM
AS
'
SPECIFIC
PERFORMANCE
'
364
B.
PARALLEL
OPTIONS
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE
(SUBJECT
TO
MEETING
THE
INDIVIDUAL
REQUIREMENTS
OF
THE
OTHER
PROVISIONS)
366
XXXVIII
ARTICLE
7.2.2
(PERFORMANCE
OF
NON-MONETARY
OBLIGATION)
366
A.
A
PRAGMATIC
COMPROMISE
BETWEEN
CIVIL
AND
COMMON
LAW
366
B.
THE
EXCEPTIONS
(FOR
THE
BENEFIT
OF
THE
OBLIGOR)
368
C.
FURTHER
OPTIONS
FOR
THE
OBLIGOR
375
D.
PARALLEL
OPTIONS
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE
375
ARTICLE
7.2.3
(REPAIR
AND
REPLACEMENT
OF
DEFECTIVE
PERFORMANCE)
377
A.
A
REMINDER
377
B.
RESTITUTION
379
C.
PARALLEL
OPTIONS
379
ARTICLE
7.2.4
(JUDICIAL
PENALTY)
379
A.
A
CONTRIBUTION
TO
THE
FRENCH
LEGAL
FAMILY
(PARA.
1)
379
B.
TACTICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
(PARA.
2
SENTENCE
1)
380
C.
REFUSAL
TO
OBEY
381
D.
PARALLEL
OPTIONS
(PARA.
2
SENTENCE
2)
382
ARTICLE
7.2.5
(CHANGE
OF
REMEDY)
382
LIMITED
FREEDOM
TO
CHANGE
THE
MIND
382
SECTION
3
TERMINATION
383
OVERVIEW
384
ARTICLE
7.3.1
(RIGHT
TO
TERMINATE
THE
CONTRACT)
385
A.
TERMINATION
AS
A
LAST
RESORT
(PARA.
1)
385
B.
FUNDAMENTAL
NON-PERFORMANCE
(PARA.
2)
387
1.
FACTORS
FOCUSSING
ON
THE
CONTRACT
FROM
THE
PERSPECTIVE
OF
THE
OBLIGEE
(LIT.
A-B)
388
2.
FACTORS
FOCUSSING
ON
THE
ACTION
OF
THE
OBLIGOR
(LIT.
C-D)
391
3.
ONE
FACTOR
FOCUSSING
ON
THE
ECONOMIC
IMPACT
TO
THE
OBLIGOR
(LIT.
E)
392
C.
NACHFRIST-PROCEDURE
AS
AN
ALTERNATIVE
IN
CASE
OF
DELAY
(PARA.
3)
392
D.
PARTIAL
TERMINATION
393
E.
PARALLEL
OPTIONS
FOR
OBLIGEES
AND
OBLIGORS
394
F.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
395
ARTICLE
7.3.2
(NOTICE
OF
TERMINATION)
395
A.
A
CONCEPT
OFCLARITY
BY
NOTICE
(PARA.
1)
395
B.
BALANCED
BY
A
'
REASONABLE
TIME
'
-
CONSTRAINT
(PARA.
2)
396
C.
OPTIONS
398
ARTICLE
7.3.3
(ANTICIPATORY
NON-PERFORMANCE)
398
A.
'
CLEAR
'
CASES
OF
ANTICIPATORY
NON-PERFORMANCE
398
B.
NOTICE
400
C.
EFFECTS
400
D.
ALTERNATIVE
OPTIONS
400
XXXIX
ARTICLE
7.3.4
(ADEQUATE
ASSURANCE
OF
DUE
PERFORMANCE)
400
A.
AVOIDING
A
'
DILEMMA
'
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE
400
B.
THREE
TOOLS
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE
401
1.
TOOL
1:
REQUEST
FOR
ADEQUATE
ASSURANCE
OF
DUE
PERFORMANCE
401
2.
TOOL
2:
A
WITHHOLDING
RIGHT
403
3.
TOOL
3
(WHICH
MAY
FOLLOW
THE
USE
OF
TOOL
1
OR
2):
AN
EXTRAORDINARY
RIGHT
TO
TERMINATION
403
C.
POSSIBLE
ALTERNATIVE
OPTIONS
404
ARTICLE
7.3.5
(EFFECTS
OF
TERMINATION
IN
GENERAL)
404
A.
A
COMPROMISE
BETWEEN
DIFFERENT
APPROACHES
404
B.
LIMITATION
OF
THE
EFFECT
OF
TERMINATION
TO
THE
FUTURE
405
C.
SUBSISTING
RIGHTS
AND
CONTRACT
PROVISIONS
405
I
.
IN
CASE
OF
A
LAWFUL
CONTRACT
TERMINATION
405
2.
IN
CASE
OF
AN
UNFOUNDED
CONTRACT
TERMINATION
(UNLAWFUL
TERMINATION)
406
ARTICLE
7.3.6
(RESTITUTION
WITH
RESPECT
TO
CONTRACTS
TO
BE
PERFORMED
AT
ONE
TIME)
407
A.
PRINCIPLE
OF
CONCURRENT
RESTITUTION
IN
KIND
(PARA.
1)
407
B.
'
IMPOSSIBLE
'
OR
'
INAPPROPRIATE
'
RESTITUTION
IN
KIND
(PARA.
2)
408
C.
RISK
ALLOCATION,
OPTIONS
409
D.
COMPENSATION
FOR
EXPENSES
(PARA.
4)
AND
OTHER
OPTIONS
410
E.
GENERAL
RULES
GOVERNING
THE
OBLIGATIONS
UNDER
ART.
7.3.6
411
F.
IMPACT
OF
ART.
7.3.6:
A
QUASI-UNIFIED
APPROACH
TO
RESTITUTION
411
ARTICLE
7.3.7
(RESTITUTION
WITH
RESPECT
TO
LONG-TERM
CONTRACTS)
413
A.
LIMITATION
OF
RESTITUTION
RIGHTS
413
B.
CONDITIONS
413
1.
PRINCIPLE
RULE
413
2.
EXCEPTION
414
C.
REFERENCE
TO
ART.
7.3.6
414
D.
OTHER
OPTIONS
414
SECTION
4
DAMAGES
415
INTRODUCTORY
REMARKS
415
ARTICLE
7.4.1
(RIGHT
TO
DAMAGES)
416
A.
DAMAGES
FOR
NON-PERFORMANCE
UNLESS
EXCUSED
416
B.
APPLICATION
IN
ADDITION
TO
PARALLEL
OPTIONS
417
C.
ANALOGICAL
APPLICATION,
SPECIAL
RULES
WITH
PRIORITY
417
ARTICLE
7.4.2
(FULL
COMPENSATION)
418
A.
PRINCIPLE
OF
FULL
COMPENSATION
418
B.
ADAPTATION
IN
CASES
OF
ANALOGICAL
APPLICATION
421
XL
ARTICLE
7.4.3
(CERTAINTY
OF
HARM)
421
A.
CERTAINTY,
PROBABILITY
OR
ASSESSMENT
OF
THE
COURT
421
1.
HARMS
ESTABLISHED
BY
A
REASONABLE
DEGREE
OF
CERTAINTY
(PARA.
1)
422
2.
LOSS
OF
A
CHANCE
DEPENDING
ON
PROBABILITY
OF
ITS
OCCURRENCE
(PARA.
2)
422
3.
ASSESSMENT
AT
THE
DISCRETION
OF
THE
COURT
(PARA.
3)
423
B.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
424
ARTICLE
7.4.4
(FORESEEABILITY
OF
HARM)
424
A.
AN
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
MEETING
COMPARATIVE
LEGAL
BENCHMARKS
424
B.
SPECIFICS
OF
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
'
FORESEEABILITY
TEST
425
C.
IMPACT
ON
RISK
MANAGEMENT
AT
THE
CONTRACT
DRAFTING
STAGE
426
ARTICLE
7.4.5
(PROOF
OF
HARM
IN
CASE
OF
REPLACEMENT
TRANSACTION)
427
A.
FUNCTION
OF
ART.
7.4.5 427
B.
FOUR
REQUIREMENTS
428
C.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
429
D.
OPTIONS
430
ARTICLE
7.4.6
(PROOF
OF
HARM
BY
CURRENT
PRICE)
430
A.
FUNCTION
OF
ART.
7.4.6
430
B.
THREE
REQUIREMENTS
431
C.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
431
D.
OPTIONS
432
ARTICLE
7.4.7
(HARM
DUE
IN
PART
TO
AGGRIEVED
PARTY)
432
A.
FUNCTION
OF
THE
CONCEPT
OF
CONTRIBUTORY
CAUSATION
432
B.
REQUIREMENTS
433
C.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
434
D.
OPTIONS
434
ARTICLE
7.4.8
(MITIGATION
OF
HARM)
435
A.
FUNCTION
OF
MITIGATION
435
B.
TWO
FORMS
OF
APPLICATION
435
1.
A
PARTIAL
SHIELD
FOR
THE
OBLIGOR
436
2.
A
BASIS
FOR
A
CLAIM
BY
THE
AGGRIEVED
PARTY
437
C.
OPTIONS
437
ARTICLE
7.4.9
(INTEREST
FOR
FAILURE
TO
PAY
MONEY)
437
A.
FUNCTION
AND
PRACTICAL
IMPORTANCE,
RELATION
TO
THE
CISG
438
B.
TWO
REQUIREMENTS
AND
ONE
CLARIFICATION
440
C.
INTEREST
RATE
441
D.
ADDITIONAL
DAMAGES,
COMPOUND
INTEREST
441
E.
OPTIONS
442
XLI
ARTICLE
7.4.10
(INTEREST
ON
DAMAGES)
443
A.
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
AND
FUNCTION
443
B.
APPLICATION
443
C.
AVOIDANCE
OF
DOUBLE
COMPENSATION
444
ARTICLE
7.4.11
(MANNER
OF
MONETARY
REDRESS)
444
A.
FLEXIBILITY
TO
THE
COURT
444
B.
INDEXATION
445
ARTICLE
7.4.12
(CURRENCY
IN
WHICH
TO
ASSESS
DAMAGES)
445
A.
AN
OPTION
FOR
THE
AGGRIEVED
PARTY
445
B.
ALTERNATIVE
AND
DISTINCTION
446
ARTICLE
7.4.13
(AGREED
PAYMENT
FOR
NON-PERFORMANCE)
446
A.
FUNCTION
446
B.
FREEDOM
TO
NEGOTIATE
AN
AGREED
PAYMENT
FOR
NON-PERFORMANCE
448
C.
JUDICIAL
CONTROL
OF
GROSSLY
EXCESSIVE
CLAUSES
AS
PART
OF
THE
MANDATORY
CORE
OF
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
450
D.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTION
451
CHAPTER
8
SET-OFF
453
INTRODUCTION
453
A.
DEFINITION
AND
RELEVANCE
453
B.
A
NEUTRAL
COMPROMISE
ON
SET-OFF
454
C.
A
LIBERAL
APPROACH
456
ARTICLE
8.1
(CONDITIONS
OF
SET-OFF)
456
A.
FUNCTION
OF
ART.
8.
1
WITHIN
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES-SYSTEM
OF
SET-OFF
456
1.
RELATION
TO
ART.
8.2-8.5
456
2.
SPECIAL
RULES
WITH
PRIORITY
457
B.
REQUIREMENTS
457
1.
MUTUALITY
(OR
RECIPROCITY)
457
2.
'
MONEY
OR
OTHER
PERFORMANCE
OF
THE
SAME
KIND
'
458
3.
PRINCIPLE
CLAIM:
ENTITLEMENT
TO
PERFORMANCE
BY
THE
FIRST
PARTY
((L)LIT.
A)
459
4.
CROSS-CLAIM:
AN
'
ASCERTAINED
'
AND
'
DUE
'
OBLIGATION
OF
THE
OTHER
PARTY
((1)
LIT.
B)
460
5.
EXCEPTION
TO
THE
'
ASCERTAINABILITY
'
REQUIREMENT
462
C.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
AND
TERMINOLOGY
463
D.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
AND/OR
RESTRICTIONS
AND
OTHER
RESTRICTIONS
463
1.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
AND/OR
RESTRICTIONS
463
2.
OTHER
RESTRICTIONS
464
XLII
ARTICLE
8.2
(FOREIGN
CURRENCY
SET-OFF)
465
A.
FUNCTION
AND
PRINCIPLE
465
B.
A
RACE
TO
BECOME
THE
'
FIRST
PARTY
'
466
1.
CURRENCY
467
2.
EXCHANGE
RATE
467
C.
RESTRICTIONS
468
1.
NO
'
FREELY
CONVERTIBLE
CURRENCIES
'
468
2.
CURRENCY
IMPOSED
BY
AGREEMENT
468
D.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
469
ARTICLE
8.3
(SET-OFF
BY
NOTICE)
470
A.
A
STRAIGHTFORWARD
INSTRUCTION
TO
THE
FIRST
PARTY
470
B.
FORM
470
C.
LIMITS
471
D.
OPTIONS
471
ARTICLE
8.4
(CONTENT
OF
NOTICE)
471
A.
SPECIFICATION
OF
THE
OBLIGATIONS
472
1.
THE
BASIC
RULE
OF
PARA.
1
472
2.
FURTHER
CONTENTS
OF
THE
NOTICE
472
B.
MULTIPLE
OBLIGATIONS
1.
THE
DEFAULT
RULE
FOR
MISSING
SPECIFICATIONS
IN
CASE
OF
MULTIPLE
473
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
OTHER
PARTY
2.
MISSING
SPECIFICATIONS
IN
CASE
OF
MULTIPLE
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
FIRST
473
PARTY
474
3.
MULTIPLE
OBLIGATIONS
ON
BOTH
SIDES
474
ARTICLE
8.5
(EFFECT
OF
SET-OFF)
475
A.
DEFINED
SUBSTANTIVE
EFFECT
FOR
THE
FUTURE
475
1.
SUBSTANTIVE
EFFECT
OF
SET-OFF
(PARA.
1)
475
2.
DIFFERENT
AMOUNTS
(PARA.
2)
475
3.
PROSPECTIVE
EFFECT
(PARA.
3)
476
4.
LIMITS
477
B.
PRACTICAL
CONSEQUENCES,
OPTIONS
477
CHAPTER
9
ASSIGNMENT
OF
RIGHTS,
TRANSFER
OF
OBLIGATIONS,
ASSIGNMENT
OF
CONTRACTS
479
INTRODUCTION
479
SECTION
1
ASSIGNMENT
OF
RIGHTS
481
ARTICLE
9.1.1
(DEFINITIONS)
481
A.
PERSPECTIVE
AND
SCOPE
481
B.
BEYOND
'
DEFINITIONS
'
:
MERE
AGREEMENT,
NO
CONSENT
FOR
ASSIGNMENTS
OF
MONETARY
RIGHTS
482
C.
LIMITS
484
XLIII
ARTICLE
9.1.2
(EXCLUSIONS)
484
A.
A
REMINDER
OF
PRIORITY
OF
CERTAIN
LAWS
484
B.
LIT.
A
485
C.
LIT.
B
485
ARTICLE
9.1.3
(ASSIGNABILITY
OF
NON-MONETARY
RIGHTS)
485
A.
PURPOSE
486
B.
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
AN
EFFECTIVE
ASSIGNMENT
OF
NON-MONETARY
OBLIGATIONS
486
C.
EFFECTS
487
D.
OPTIONS
488
ARTICLE
9.1.4
(PARTIAL
ASSIGNMENT)
488
A.
PRINCIPLE
488
B.
REQUIREMENTS
489
1.
RIGHTS
TO
THE
PAYMENT
OF
A
MONETARY
SUM
(PARA.
1)
489
2.
RIGHTS
TO
OTHER
PERFORMANCE
THAN
THE
PAYMENT
OF
A
MONETARY
SUM
(PARA.
2)
489
C.
OPTIONS
490
ARTICLE
9.1.5
(FUTURE
RIGHTS)
490
A.
PRINCIPLE
490
B.
IDENTIFICATION
AS
REQUIREMENT
491
C.
EFFECT
492
D.
OPTIONS
492
ARTICLE
9.1.6
(RIGHTS
ASSIGNED
WITHOUT
INDIVIDUAL
SPECIFICATION)
493
A.
ASSIGNMENT
OF
A
BUNDLE
OF
RIGHTS
493
B.
REQUIREMENTS
493
1.
IDENTIFIABILITY
AT
THE
RELEVANT
TIME
493
2.
PARTIAL
VALIDITY
494
ARTICLE
9.1.7
(AGREEMENT
BETWEEN
ASSIGNOR
AND
ASSIGNEE
SUFFICIENT)
494
A.
MERE
AGREEMENT
494
1.
ASSIGNMENT
OF
RIGHTS
TO
RECEIVE
PAYMENT
OF
A
SUM
OF
MONEY
494
2.
ASSIGNMENT
OF
RIGHTS
TO
NON-MONETARY
PERFORMANCE
495
B.
OPTIONS
495
C.
LIMITS
496
ARTICLE
9.1.8
(OBLIGOR
'
S
ADDITIONAL
COSTS)
496
A.
AN
INNOVATIVE
CONCEPT
496
B.
REQUIREMENTS
497
C.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE:
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
LIABILITY
497
D.
OPTIONS
498
XLIV
ARTICLE
9.1.9
(NON-ASSIGNMENT
CLAUSES)
498
A.
A
BALANCE
BETWEEN
CONFLICTING
INTERESTS
498
B.
THE
SYSTEM
499
C.
OPTIONS
501
ARTICLE
9.1.10
(NOTICE
TO
THE
OBLIGOR)
502
A.
FUNCTION
AND
FUNCTIONING
502
1.
UNTIL
RECEIPT
OF
NOTICE
503
2.
AFTER
RECEIPT
OF
NOTICE
503
B.
NOTICE
504
1.
SILENT
ASSIGNMENTS
504
2.
REQUIREMENTS
IF
NOTICE
IS
GIVEN
504
3.
REVOCATION
OF
NOTICE
505
C.
LIMITED
OPTIONS
505
ARTICLE
9.1.11
(SUCCESSIVE
ASSIGNMENTS)
506
A.
RARE
RELEVANCE
506
B.
PURPOSE
AND
FUNCTIONING
OF
THE
RULE
507
C.
OPEN
ISSUES
507
D.
OPTIONS
508
ARTICLE
9.1.12
(ADEQUATE
PROOF
OF
ASSIGNMENT)
508
A.
PROTECTION
OF
THE
OBLIGOR
509
B.
INADEQUATE
PROOF
SANCTIONED
BY
INEFFECTIVENESS
OF
THE
NOTICE
509
1.
REQUEST
FOR
PROOF
509
2.
RISK
ALLOCATION
510
3.
CONSEQUENCES
OF
INSUFFICIENT
PROOF
AND
WITHHOLDING
RIGHT
511
C.
OPTIONS
511
ARTICLE
9.1.13
(DEFENCES
AND
RIGHTS
OF
SET-OFF)
511
A.
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
512
B.
'
IN
THE
ASSIGNOR
'
S
SHOES
'
(PARA.
1)
512
1.
PRINCIPLE
512
2.
EXAMPLES
FOR
AVAILABLE
DEFENCES
513
3.
RIGHTS
OF
THE
ASSIGNEE
CONFRONTED
WITH
SUCH
AN
OBJECTION
514
C.
SET-OFF
(PARA.
2)
514
1.
PRINCIPLE
(UNTIL
RECEIPT
OF
A
NOTICE
OF
ASSIGNMENT)
514
2.
RESTRICTIONS
515
D.
OPTIONS
516
ARTICLE
9.1.14
(RIGHTS
RELATED
TO
THE
RIGHT
ASSIGNED)
516
A.
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
516
B.
ANOTHER
USEFUL
COMPROMISE
BETWEEN
CIVIL
AND
COMMON
LAW
517
C.
LIMITS
518
D.
OPTIONS
518
XLV
ARTICLE
9.1.15
(UNDERTAKINGS
OF
THE
ASSIGNOR)
519
A.
SELF-EXPLANATORY
UNDERTAKINGS
519
B.
EFFECT
520
C.
LIMITS
AND
OPTIONS
520
SECTION
2
TRANSFER
OF
OBLIGATIONS
521
ARTICLE
9.2.1
(MODES
OF
TRANSFER)
521
A.
ONE
OPTION
FOR
EACH
CONTRACT
PARTNER
522
B.
AGREEMENT
BETWEEN
THE
ORIGINAL
OBLIGOR
AND
THE
NEW
OBLIGOR
(LIT.
A)
523
1.
AGREEMENT
BETWEEN
THE
ORIGINAL
OBLIGOR
AND
THE
NEW
OBLIGOR
523
2.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
523
C.
AGREEMENT
BETWEEN
THE
OBLIGEE
AND
THE
NEW
OBLIGOR
(LIT.
B)
524
D.
LIMITS
525
E.
OPTIONS
525
ARTICLE
9.2.2
(EXCLUSION)
525
A.
PRINCIPLE
525
B.
EXCEPTION
526
ARTICLE
9.2.3
(REQUIREMENT
OF
OBLIGEE
'
S
CONSENT
TO
TRANSFER)
526
A.
A
SUPPLEMENT
TO
ART.
9.2.1
(A)
526
B.
CONTENTS
AND
COMMUNICATION
OF
THE
CONSENT
OF
THE
OBLIGEE
526
1.
CONTENTS
526
2.
COMMUNICATION
527
ARTICLE
9.2.4
(ADVANCE
CONSENT
OF
OBLIGEE)
527
A.
A
USEFUL
TOOL
IN
PRACTICE
527
B.
APPLICATION
OF
THE
RULE
528
C.
OPTIONS
529
ARTICLE
9.2.5
(DISCHARGE
OF
ORIGINAL
OBLIGOR)
529
A.
OPTIONS
FOR
THE
AFFECTED
THIRD
PARTY
529
B.
OPTIONS
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE
UNDER
PARA.
1
AND
2
529
C.
DEFAULT
RULE
IN
PARA.
3
530
D.
ADDITIONAL
OPTION
BY
THE
OBLIGEE
530
E.
OPTION
FOR
THE
ORIGINAL
OBLIGOR
530
ARTICLE
9.2.6
(THIRD
PARTY
PERFORMANCE)
530
A.
FREEDOM
FOR
THE
OBLIGOR
AS
A
RULE
531
B.
EXTENSIVE
INTERPRETATION
532
C.
LIMITS
532
ARTICLE
9.2.7
(DEFENCES
AND
RIGHTS
OF
SET-OFF)
532
A.
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
533
B.
NO
CUT
OFF
OF
OBLIGOR
'
S
DEFENCES
THROUGH
THE
TRANSFER
(PARA.
1)
533
XLVI
C.
RESTRICTION
REGARDING
SET-OFF
(PARA.
2)
534
1.
NO
TRANSFER
OF
SET-OFF
RIGHTS
534
2.
LIMITS
535
ARTICLE
9.2.8
(RIGHTS
RELATED
TO
THE
OBLIGATION
TRANSFERRED)
535
A.
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
535
B.
RIGHTS
TO
PERFORMANCE
535
C.
SECURITY
RIGHTS
536
1.
SECURITIES
GIVEN
BY
THE
ORIGINAL
OBLIGOR
536
2.
SECURITIES
GIVEN
BY
A
THIRD
PARTY
536
3.
SECURITIES
GIVEN
BY
THE
NEW
OBLIGOR
537
D.
LIMITS
537
SECTION
3
ASSIGNMENT
OF
CONTRACTS
537
ARTICLE
9.3.1
(DEFINITIONS)
537
A.
A
USEFUL
TOOL
538
B.
DEFINITIONS
539
C.
OVERVIEW
539
D.
OPTIONS
539
ARTICLE
9.3.2
(EXCLUSION)
540
LIMITATION
OF
THE
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
540
ARTICLE
9.3.3
(REQUIREMENT
OF
CONSENT
OF
THE
OTHER
PARTY)
540
A.
COPING
WITH
A
NEED
FOR
CONSENT
540
B.
MODALITIES
OF
CONSENT
541
C.
OPTIONS
542
ARTICLE
9.3.4
(ADVANCE
CONSENT
OF
THE
OTHER
PARTY)
542
A.
A
USEFUL
TOOL
IN
PRACTICE
542
B.
ADVANCE
CONSENT
543
C.
EFFECT
UPON
THE
TRANSFER
OF
CONTRACT
543
D.
OPTION
543
ARTICLE
9.3.5
(DISCHARGE
OF
THE
ASSIGNOR)
544
A.
THREE
OPTIONS
FOR
THE
OTHER
PARTY
544
B.
MODALITIES
OF
EXECUTION
544
C.
ADVANCE
DISCHARGE
545
ARTICLE
9.3.6
(DEFENCES
AND
RIGHTS
OF
SET-OFF)
545
A.
OVERVIEW
545
B.
DEFENCES
AND
RIGHTS
OF
SET-OFF
WITH
RESPECT
TO
RIGHTS
ASSIGNED
IN
THE
CONTEXT
OF
ASSIGNMENT
OF
CONTRACT
546
1.
DEFENCES
546
2.
SET-OFF
546
XLVII
C.
DEFENCES
AND
RIGHTS
OF
SET-OFF
WITH
RESPECT
TO
OBLIGATIONS
TRANSFERRED
IN
THE
CONTEXT
OF
ASSIGNMENT
OF
CONTRACT
547
1.
DEFENCES
547
2.
SET-OFF
547
D.
REFERRAL
547
ARTICLE
9.3.7
(RIGHTS
TRANSFERRED
WITH
THE
CONTRACT)
548
A.
OVERVIEW
AND
DISTINCTION
TO
RIGHTS
OF
PERFORMANCE
548
B.
RIGHTS
RELATED
TO
THE
RIGHTS
ASSIGNED
IN
THE
CONTEXT
OF
ASSIGNMENT
OF
CONTRACT
548
C.
RIGHTS
RELATED
TO
THE
OBLIGATIONS
TRANSFERRED
IN
THE
CONTEXT
OF
ASSIGNMENT
OF
CONTRACT
549
1.
SECURITY
RIGHTS
REGARDING
A
TRANSFERRED
OBLIGATION
GIVEN
BY
THE
ORIGINAL
OBLIGOR
549
2.
SECURITIES
GIVEN
BY
A
THIRD
PARTY
549
3.
SECURITIES
GIVEN
BY
THE
NEW
OBLIGOR
550
D.
REFERRAL
550
CHAPTER
10
LIMITATION
PERIODS
551
INTRODUCTION
551
A.
A
BALANCE
BETWEEN
COMPETING
INTERESTS
OF
THE
PARTIES
551
B.
ISSUES
551
ARTICLE
10.1
(SCOPE
OF
THE
CHAPTER)
552
A.
A
USEFUL
COMPROMISE
BETWEEN
DIFFERENT
SYSTEMS
552
B.
SCOPE
OF
APPLICABILITY
(BASED
ON
THE
SCRUTINY
BY
WINTGEN)
554
1.
EXAMPLES
OF
APPLICABILITY
554
2.
COUNTER-EXAMPLES
TO
WHICH
LIMITATION
PERIODS
UNDER
CHAPTER
10
DO
NOT
APPLY
555
3.
AN
OBSERVATION
ON
THE
APPLICATION
OF
CHAPTER
10
FROM
A
PRIVATE
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
PERSPECTIVE
556
4.
OPTIONS
557
ARTICLE
10.2
(LIMITATION
PERIODS)
558
A.
GENERAL
AND
UNDERLYING
PRINCIPLES
REGARDING
LIMITATION
PERIODS
558
1.
A
TWO-TIER
SYSTEM
558
2.
STARTING
POINT
ON
'
THE
DAY
AFTER
'
559
3.
GREGORIAN
CALENDAR
559
4.
OFFICIAL
HOLIDAYS
OR
NON-BUSINESS
DAYS
559
B.
BEGINNING
OF
THE
LIMITATION
PERIOD
560
1.
GENERAL
LIMITATION
PERIOD
(3
YEARS)
560
2.
MAXIMUM
LIMITATION
PERIOD
(10
YEARS)
562
C.
OPTIONS
563
ARTICLE
10.3
(MODIFICATION
OF
LIMITATION
PERIODS
BY
THE
PARTIES)
563
A.
PRINCIPLE
OF
PARTY
AUTONOMY
AS
A
STARTING
POINT
563
B.
MODALITIES
564
XLVIII
C.
LIMITS
AS
PART
OFTHE
MANDATORY
CORE
OF
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
564
1.
LIMITS
FOR
THE
GENERAL
LIMITATION
PERIOD
564
2.
LIMITS
FOR
THE
MAXIMUM
LIMITATION
PERIOD
564
3.
VIOLATIONS
565
D.
OPTIONS
565
1.
PRINCIPLE:
NO
DEVIATION
565
2.
EXCEPTION
BY
D^PE^AGE
566
3.
ARBITRATION
CLAUSES
567
ARTICLE
10.4
(NEW
LIMITATION
PERIOD
BY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT)
567
A.
PRINCIPLE,
TIMING
AND
EFFECT
568
B.
FORM
OF
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
569
ARTICLE
10.5
(SUSPENSION
BY
JUDICIAL
PROCEEDINGS)
569
A.
A
CONCEPT
OF
SUSPENSION
569
B.
DETAILS
571
1.
REFERENCE
TO
THE
LAW
OF
THE
COURT
FOR
THE
BEGINNING
OF
SUSPENSION
571
2.
END
OF
SUSPENSION
571
C.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS:
SUSPENSION
BY
NEGOTIATION
572
D.
EFFECT
OF
THE
JUDICIAL
PROCEEDINGS
ON
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
OBLIGORS
573
ARTICLE
10.6
(SUSPENSION
BY
ARBITRAL
PROCEEDINGS)
573
A.
ADAPTATION
OF
THE
CONCEPT
OF
SUSPENSION
TO
ARBITRATION
573
B.
DETAILS
574
1.
BEGINNING
OF
SUSPENSION
574
2.
END
OF
SUSPENSION
574
C.
EFFECT
OF
THE
ARBITRAL
PROCEEDINGS
ON
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
OBLIGORS
575
ARTICLE
10.7
(ALTERNATIVE
DISPUTE
RESOLUTION)
575
A.
FORMAL
MEDIATION
AND
CONCILIATION
AS
SUSPENDING
EVENT
575
B.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE:
APPLICATION
OF
ART.
10.5
AND
10.6
576
1.
COMMENCEMENT
OF
SUSPENSION
576
2.
END
OF
SUSPENSION
576
C.
EFFECT
OF
THE
ALTERNATIVE
DISPUTE
RESOLUTION
ON
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
OBLIGORS
577
D.
OPTION:
THIRD
PARTY
INVOLVEMENT
TO
DETERMINE
CONTRACTUAL
TERMS
577
ARTICLE
10.8
(SUSPENSION
IN
CASE
OF
FORCE
MAJEURE,
DEATH
OR
INCAPACITY)
577
A.
FORCE
MAJEURE
AS
AN
EXCUSE
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE
WITH
REGARD
TO
THE
GENERAL
LIMITATION
PERIOD
578
B.
DETAILS
578
1.
DEFINITION
OF
FORCE
MAJEURE
578
2.
EFFECTS
OF
FORCE
MAJEURE
579
3.
DEATH
AND
INCAPACITY
580
XLIX
ARTICLE
10.9
(EFFECTS
OF
EXPIRATION
OF
LIMITATION
PERIOD)
581
A.
THE
FIRST
OF
THREE
ARTICLES
ON
THE
EFFECTS
OF
THE
EXPIRATION
OF
THE
LIMITATION
PERIOD
581
B.
RIGHTS
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE
AND
FOR
THE
OBLIGOR
581
1.
INTRODUCTION
581
2.
A
REQUIREMENT
TO
ACTUALLY
ASSERT
THE
RIGHT
581
3.
A
REMAINING
RIGHT
TO
DEFEND
582
C.
NO
EFFECT
ON
COLLATERALS
582
D.
OPTIONS
582
ARTICLE
10.10
(RIGHT
OF
SET-OFF)
583
A.
SUPPLEMENTTO
ART.
10.9
583
B.
SUPPLEMENT
TO
ART.
8.1
ET
SEQ.
584
C.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
584
ARTICLE
10.11
(RESTITUTION)
584
A.
TIME-BARRED
CLAIMS
AS
A
VALID
BASIS
FOR
PERFORMANCE
584
B.
RESTITUTION
BASED
ON
OTHER
GROUNDS
585
CHAPTER
11
PLURALITY
OF
OBLIGORS
AND
OF
OBLIGEES
587
INTRODUCTION
587
A.
OVERVIEW
587
B.
LANGUAGE
588
C.
SCOPE
588
SECTION
1
PLURALITY
OF
OBLIGORS
589
ARTICLE
11.1.1
(DEFINITIONS)
589
A.
TWO
KINDS
OF
OBLIGATIONS
590
B.
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
OBLIGATIONS
(LIT.
A)
590
C.
SEPARATE
OBLIGATIONS
(LIT.
B)
591
D.
OPTIONS
592
ARTICLE
11.1.2
(PRESUMPTION
OF
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
OBLIGATIONS)
593
A.
A
DEFAULT
RULE
593
B.
CONTRACTUAL
INTERPRETATION
594
C.
OPTIONS
595
ARTICLE
11.1.3
(OBLIGEE
'
S
RIGHTS
AGAINST
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
OBLIGORS)
595
A.
A
CHOICE
OF
THE
OBLIGEE
595
B.
NON-PERFORMANCE
595
C.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTION
596
L
ARTICLE
11.1.4
(AVAILABILITY
OF
DEFENCES
AND
RIGHTS
OF
SET-OFF)
596
A.
A
CLEAR
DISTINCTION
BETWEEN
COMMON
AND
PERSONAL
DEFENCES
597
B.
COMMON
DEFENCES
597
1.
THE
PRINCIPLE
AND
EXAMPLES
597
2.
ASSERTION
598
C.
PERSONAL
DEFENCES
598
1.
THE
PRINCIPLE
598
2.
LEGAL
IMPACT
ON
CONTRIBUTORY
ACTION
599
D.
SET-OFF
600
E.
COMMUNICATION
600
F.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
601
ARTICLE
11.1.5
(EFFECT
OF
PERFORMANCE
OR
SET-OFF)
601
A.
A
GENERALLY
ACCEPTED
RULE
ON
DISCHARGE
BY
PERFORMANCE
OR
PERFORMANCE
SUBSTITUTE
601
B.
MERGER
602
C.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTION
602
ARTICLE
11.1.6
(EFFECT
OF
RELEASE
OR
SETTLEMENT)
603
A.
PRINCIPLE
OF
PARTIAL
DISCHARGE
OF
REMAINING
OBLIGORS
603
B.
IMPACT
ON
CONTRIBUTORY
CLAIM
604
1.
GENERAL
IMPACT
604
2.
INCREASE
OF
CONTRIBUTORY
SHARES
SUBSEQUENT
TO
THE
RELEASE
604
C.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
605
ARTICLE
11.1.7
(EFFECT
OF
EXPIRATION
OR
SUSPENSION
OF
LIMITATION
PERIOD)
606
A.
INDIVIDUAL
EFFECT
OF
AN
EXPIRATION
OF
A
LIMITATION
PERIOD
606
B.
EFFECT
OF
PROCEEDINGS
AGAINST
ONE
OBLIGOR
607
1.
THE
EFFECT
OF
PARA.
2
607
2.
LIMITS
608
C.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
608
1.
REGARDING
THE
CONTRACT
BETWEEN
OBLIGEE
AND
OBLIGORS
608
2.
REGARDING
THE
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
CO-OBLIGORS
609
ARTICLE
11.1.8
(EFFECT
OF
JUDGMENT)
609
A.
PRINCIPLE
609
1.
NO
BINDING
EFFECT
ON
CO-OBLIGORS
609
2.
FREEDOM
OF
THE
OBLIGEE
610
B.
EXCEPTION
IN
CASE
OF
PERSONAL
DEFENCES
610
ARTICLE
11.1.9
(APPORTIONMENT
AMONG
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
OBLIGORS)
612
A.
THE
FOUNDATION
FOR
CONTRIBUTORY
CLAIMS
AND
SUBROGATION
612
B.
A
DEFAULT
RULE
612
ARTICLE
11.1.10
(EXTENT
OF
CONTRIBUTORY
CLAIM)
613
A.
CONTRIBUTORY
CLAIM
OF
AN
OBLIGOR
613
B.
DETAILS
614
1.
QUALIFICATION
OF
CONTRIBUTORY
CLAIMS
AS
SEPARATE
614
LI
2.
EXTENT
OF
THE
CONTRIBUTORY
CLAIM
-
CALCULATION
EXAMPLE
614
3.
COST
AND
INTEREST
615
4.
CONTRIBUTION
IN
MONEY
615
5.
PRESCRIPTION
615
C.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
615
ARTICLE
11.1.11
(RIGHTS
OF
THE
OBLIGEE)
616
A.
AN
ADDITIONAL
TOOL
FOR
THE
OBLIGOR
616
1.
CONDITIONS
617
2.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
617
B.
PRIORITY
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE
618
ARTICLE
11.1.12
(DEFENCES
IN
CONTRIBUTORY
CLAIMS)
619
A.
A
STRAIGHTFORWARD
RULE
619
B.
A
CLEAR
DISTINCTION
BETWEEN
COMMON
AND
PERSONAL
DEFENCES
620
1.
COMMON
DEFENCES
620
2.
PERSONAL
DEFENCES
IN
GENERAL
621
3.
SPECIAL
PERSONAL
DEFENCES
622
4.
SET-OFF
622
C.
OPTIONS
623
ARTICLE
11.1.13
(INABILITY
TO
RECOVER)
624
A.
A
POSSIBLE
CHANGE
OF
THE
APPORTIONMENT
624
B.
CONDITIONS
624
C.
CALCULATION
625
SECTION
2
PLURALITY
OF
OBLIGEES
625
ARTICLE
11.2.1
(DEFINITIONS)
625
A.
THREE
KINDS
OF
OBLIGATIONS
OFFERED
BY
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES,
NO
PRESUMPTION
626
B.
SEPARATE
CLAIMS
(LIT.
A)
627
1.
PRINCIPLE
627
2.
SELECTED
ADVANTAGES
OR
DISADVANTAGES
628
3.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
WITHIN
THIS
KIND
OF
OBLIGATION
628
C.
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
CLAIMS
(LIT.
B)
628
1.
PRINCIPLE
628
2.
SELECTED
ADVANTAGES
OR
DISADVANTAGES
629
3.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
WITHIN
THIS
KIND
OF
OBLIGATION
630
D.
JOINT
CLAIMS
(LIT.
C)
630
1.
PRINCIPLE
630
2.
SELECTED
ADVANTAGES
OR
DISADVANTAGES
631
3.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
WITHIN
THIS
KIND
OF
OBLIGATION
631
E.
ABSENCE
OF
AN
EXPLICIT
CHOICE
632
F.
OPTIONS
TO
AGREE
ON
OTHER
CONCEPTS
633
LII
ARTICLE
11.2.2
(EFFECTS
OF
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
CLAIMS)
634
A.
A
SUPPLEMENT
TO
ART.
11.2.1
LIT.
B
634
B.
DETAILS
634
1.
FORMAL
PROCEDURES
WITH
ONE
OBLIGEE
634
2.
PERFORMANCE
IN
CIRCUMSTANCES
GOVERNED
BY
CHAPTER
7
635
3.
MERGER
635
C.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
636
ARTICLE
11.2.3
(AVAILABILITY
OF
DEFENCES
AGAINST
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
OBLIGEES)
636
A.
FUNCTION
AND
PRINCIPLE
636
B.
DEFENCES
AND
SET-OFF
UNDER
PARA.
1
637
1.
DEFENCES
WHICH
ARE
COMMON
TO
THE
OBLIGOR
'
S
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
ALL
OBLIGEES
637
2.
DEFENCES
WHICH
ARE
PERSONAL
TO
THE
OBLIGOR
'
S
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
ONE
OBLIGEE
637
3.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
638
4.
SET-OFF
638
C.
DEFENCES
AND
SET-OFF
UNDER
PARA.
2
639
1.
PERFORMANCE
AND
RIGHTS
OF
SET-OFF
639
2.
EFFECT
OF
RELEASE
AND
SETTLEMENT
639
3.
EFFECT
OF
EXPIRATION
AND
SUSPENSION
OF
LIMITATION
PERIOD
640
4.
SPECIAL
RULES
ON
EFFECT
OF
JUDGEMENT
641
ARTICLE
11.2.4
(ALLOCATION
BETWEEN
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
OBLIGEES)
642
A.
PURPOSE
642
B.
APPORTIONMENT
643
C.
TRANSFER
OF
EXCESS
RECEIVED
FROM
THE
OBLIGOR
643
1.
OBLIGATION
TO
TRANSFER
THE
EXCESS
643
2.
SET-OFF
WITH
EXPENSES
644
3.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
644
D.
MERGER
OF
THE
OBLIGOR
WITH
ONE
OBLIGEE
644
INDEX
647
LIII |
| adam_txt |
SUMMARY
OF
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
TO
THE
2ND
EDITION
BY
THE
AUTHOR
VII
PREFACE
TO
THE
1ST
EDITION
2018
BY
THE
CHAIRMAN
OF
THE
WORKING
GROUP
XIII
THANK
YOU
XV
ABBREVIATIONS
LV
DEFINITIONS
IN
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
LVIII
GLOSSARY
OF
LATIN
TERMS
LIX
GLOSSARY
OF
FRENCH
TERMS
LXII
RELEVANT
SUPPLEMENTARY
SOFT
LAW
&
DOCUMENTS
LXIII
MATERIALS:
PREPARATORY
WORK
OF
U
NIDROIT
(LEGISLATIVE
HISTORY)
LXIV
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CIV
RELEVANT
WEBSITES
CXIII
WORKING
GROUPS
CXIV
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
OF
INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL
CONTRACTS
2016
CXXI
TABLE
OF
CORRESPONDENCE
OF
THE
ARTICLES
OF
THE
1994,
2004,
2010
AND
2016
EDITIONS
OF
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
CXLVII
INTRODUCTION
TO
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
OF
INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL
CONTRACTS
(
"
PICC
"
)
1
PREAMBLE
(PURPOSE
OF
THE
PRINCIPLES)
ANNEX
TO
PREAMBLE
-
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
AS
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
OF
INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL
CONTRACT
LAW
25
41
CHAPTER
1
GENERAL
PROVISIONS
75
CHAPTER
2
FORMATION
AND
AUTHORITY
OF
AGENTS
103
SECTION
1
FORMATION
SECTION
2
AUTHORITY
OF
AGENTS
103
145
XVII
CHAPTER
3
VALIDITY
163
SECTION
1
SECTION
2
SECTION
3
GENERAL
PROVISIONS
163
GROUNDS
FOR
AVOIDANCE
168
ILLEGALITY
197
CHAPTER
4
INTERPRETATION
207
CHAPTER
5
CONTENT,
THIRD
PARTY
RIGHTS
AND
CONDITIONS
227
SECTION
1
SECTION
2
SECTION
3
CONTENT
227
THIRD
PARTY
RIGHTS
260
CONDITIONS
268
CHAPTER
6
PERFORMANCE
281
SECTION
1
SECTION
2
PERFORMANCE
IN
GENERAL
281
HARDSHIP
313
CHAPTER
7
NON-PERFORMANCE
325
SECTION
1
SECTION
2
SECTION
3
SECTION
4
NON-PERFORMANCE
IN
GENERAL
331
RIGHT
TO
PERFORMANCE
363
TERMINATION
383
DAMAGES
415
CHAPTER
8
SET-OFF
453
CHAPTER
9
ASSIGNMENT
OF
RIGHTS,
TRANSFER
OF
OBLIGATIONS,
ASSIGNMENT
OF
CONTRACTS
479
SECTION
1
SECTION
2
SECTION
3
ASSIGNMENT
OF
RIGHTS
481
TRANSFER
OF
OBLIGATIONS
52
1
ASSIGNMENT
OF
CONTRACTS
537
XVIII
CHAPTER
10
LIMITATION
PERIODS
551
CHAPTER
11
PLURALITY
OF
OBLIGORS
AND
OF
OBLIGEES
587
SECTION
1
PLURALITY
OF
OBLIGORS
SECTION
2
PLURALITY
OF
OBLIGEES
589
625
INDEX
647
XIX
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
TO
THE
2ND
EDITION
BY
THE
AUTHOR
_
VII
PREFACE
TO
THE
1ST
EDITION
2018
BY
THE
CHAIRMAN
OF
THE
WORKING
GROUP
XIII
THANK
YOU
XV
ABBREVIATIONS
LV
DEFINITIONS
IN
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
LVIII
GLOSSARY
OF
LATIN
TERMS
LIX
GLOSSARY
OF
FRENCH
TERMS
LXII
RELEVANT
SUPPLEMENTARY
SOFT
LAW
&
DOCUMENTS
LXIII
MATERIALS:
PREPARATORY
WORK
OF
U
NIDROIT
(LEGISLATIVE
HISTORY)
LXIV
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CIV
RELEVANT
WEBSITES
CXIII
WORKING
GROUPS
CXIV
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
OF
INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL
CONTRACTS
2016
CXXI
TABLE
OF
CORRESPONDENCE
OF
THE
ARTICLES
OF
THE
1994,
2004,
2010
AND
2016
EDITIONS
OF
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
CXLVII
INTRODUCTION
TO
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
OF
INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL
CONTRACTS
("PICC")
1
A.
A
WAKE-UP
CALL
1
B.
CONCEPTION
5
C.
A
PRACTITIONER
'
S
PERSPECTIVE
8
D.
WORDING
OF
THE
CHOICE
OF
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
CLAUSE
11
E.
CROSS-CULTURAL
BACKGROUND
14
F.
TWELVE
AND
MORE
LANGUAGES
16
G.
STRUCTURE
17
H.
INTERPRETATION
AND
CASE
LAW
17
I.
LIMITS
OF
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
18
J.
A
GENERAL
NOTE
OF
CAUTION
ON
CONTRACT
PERCEPTION
19
K.
ON
THIS
PICC-COMMENTARY:
BACKGROUND,
GOALS,
LANGUAGE,
METHOD
AND
MATERIALS
19
1.
BACKGROUND
19
2.
GOALS
20
XXI
3.
LANGUAGE
21
4.
METHOD
AND
MATERIALS
21
L.
BURDEN
OF
PROOF
23
M.
A
RECOMMENDATION
AND
AN
INVITATION
23
PREAMBLE
(PURPOSE
OF
THE
PRINCIPLES)
25
A.
PURPOSES
DEFINED
IN
THE
PREAMBLE
25
1.
PARA.
1:
GENERAL
RULES
FOR
INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL
CONTRACTS
25
2.
PARA.
2:
CHOICE
OF
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
AS
GOVERNING
CONTRACTUAL
REGIME
26
3.
PARA.
3:
APPLICATION
OF
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
TO
SUPPLEMENT
A
MORE
GENERAL
CHOICE
OF
THE
PARTIES
29
4.
PARA.
4:
APPLICATION
OF
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
IN
THE
ABSENCE
OF
ANY
CHOICE
OF
LAW
30
5.
PARA.
5:
USE
OF
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
TO
INTERPRET
OR
SUPPLEMENT
INTERNATIONAL
UNIFORM
LAW
INSTRUMENTS
31
6.
PARA.
6:
USE
OF
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
TO
INTERPRET
OR
SUPPLEMENT
DOMESTIC
LAW
33
7.
PARA.
7:
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
AS
A
MODEL
FOR
LEGISLATORS
36
B.
OTHER
PURPOSES
37
1.
INCORPORATION
37
2.
A
TOOL
FOR
CONTRACT
DRAFTING
38
3.
A
CONTRIBUTION
TO
HARMONISATION
OF
PRIVATE
CONTRACT
LAW
39
ANNEX
TO
PREAMBLE
-
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
AS
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
OF
INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL
CONTRACT
LAW
41
A.
INTRODUCTION
41
B.
WORDING
AND
PURPOSE
OF
THE
PREAMBLE
41
C.
UNIVERSALLY
COMPATIBLE
CONTENTS
42
D.
A
HISTORY
OF
COMPARATIVE
LEGAL
RESEARCH
AND
COMPROMISE
44
E.
INTERNATIONAL
PRACTICE
45
I.
INTERNATIONAL
ARBITRATION
45
1.
ARBITRAL
AWARDS
USING
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
AS
AN
EXPRESSION
OF
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
OF
CONTRACT
LAW
46
2.
AN
ARBITRAL
AWARD
USING
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
AS
ANGLO-SAXON
PRINCIPLES
OF
LAW
51
3.
ARBITRAL
AWARDS
USING
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
AS
A
TOOL
TO
SUPPLEMENT
THE
APPLICATION
OF
INTERNATIONAL
UNIFORM
LAW
INSTRUMENTS
51
4.
ARBITRAL
AWARDS
USING
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
AS
A
TOOL
TO
CONFIRM
OR
SUPPLEMENT
THE
INTERPRETATION
OR
APPLICATION
OF
A
NATIONAL
LAW
52
5.
ARBITRAL
AWARDS
USING
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
AS
AN
EXPRESSION
OF
CUSTOMS
OR
USAGES
OF
INTERNATIONAL
TRADE
OR
LEX
MERCATORIA
55
6.
ARBITRAL
AWARDS
APPLYING
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
BY
PARTY
AGREEMENT
58
II.
APPLICATION
BY
NATIONAL
COURTS
58
1.
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
AS
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
OF
LAW
BEFORE
NATIONAL
COURTS
59
2.
NATIONAL
COURTS
USING
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
TO
SUPPLEMENT
INTERNATIONAL
INSTRUMENTS
60
XXII
3.
NATIONAL
COURTS
USING
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
AS
A
TOOL
TO
CONFIRM
OR
SUPPLEMENT
THE
INTERPRETATION
OR
APPLICATION
OF
A
NATIONAL
LAW
60
F.
AN
EMERGING
OPINIO
JURIS
65
I.
UNCITRAL
RESOLUTIONS
66
II.
ENDORSEMENTS
BY
INTERNATIONAL
LAWYERS
'
ORGANISATIONS
67
III.
ACADEMIC
WRITING
68
G.
ASSESSMENT
69
H.
OPTIONS
FOR
PRACTITIONERS
70
I.
INTERNATIONAL
ARBITRATION
70
IL
INTERNATIONAL
LITIGATION
71
II
I.
INTERNATIONAL
CONTRACTING:
USE
OF
A
DESCRIPTIVE
CHOICE
OF
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
CLAUSE
EMPHASISING
THEIR
CHARACTER
AS
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
OF
LAW
72
CHAPTER
1
GENERAL
PROVISIONS
75
ARTICLE
1.1
(FREEDOM
OF
CONTRACT)
75
A.
THE
FIRST
OF
A
SERIES
OF
FUNDAMENTAL
PRINCIPLES
75
B.
FREEDOM
OF
CONTRACT
76
C.
LIMITS
77
ARTICLE
1.2
(NO
FORM
REQUIRED)
77
A.
PRINCIPLE
OF
INFORMALITY
77
B.
LIMITS
77
C.
OPTIONS
78
ARTICLE
1.3
(BINDING
CHARACTER
OF
CONTRACT)
78
A.
PACTA
SUNT
SERVANDA
78
B.
LIMITS
79
C.
OPTIONS
79
ARTICLE
1.4
(MANDATORY
RULES)
80
A.
PRIORITY
OF
PRIVATE
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
WITH
RESPECT
TO
MANDATORY
LAW
80
B.
APPLICABILITY
OF
DIFFERENT
KINDS
OF
MANDATORY
LAW
DEPENDING
ON
THE
DISPUTE
RESOLUTION
FORUM
81
1.
RESTRICTION
OF
THE
SCOPE
OF
MANDATORY
LAWS
IN
CASE
OF
COMBINATION
OF
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
WITH
AN
ARBITRATION
CLAUSE
81
2.
MORE
MANDATORY
LAW
IN
CASE
OF
COMBINATION
OF
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
WITH
A
CHOICE
OF
COURT
CLAUSE
83
C.
EFFECTS
84
ARTICLE
1.5
(EXCLUSION
OR
MODIFICATION
BY
THE
PARTIES)
84
A.
PARTY
AUTONOMY
EMPHASISED
84
B.
LIMITS
OF
MANDATORY
PRINCIPLES
85
XXIII
ARTICLE
1.6
(INTERPRETATION
AND
SUPPLEMENTATION
OF
THE
PRINCIPLES)
85
A.
A
MODERN
STANDARD
RULE
ON
INTERPRETATION
(PARA.
1)
85
1.
A
GLOBAL
APPROACH
TO
INTERPRETATION
85
2.
ON
INTERPRETATION
86
B.
SUPPLEMENTATION
OF
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
WITH
DUE
REGARD
TO
THE
UNDERLYING
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
(PARA.
2)
87
1.
ON
SUPPLEMENTATION
87
2.
THE
UNDERLYING
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
88
ARTICLE
1.7
(GOOD
FAITH
AND
FAIR
DEALING)
88
A.
GOOD
FAITH
AND
FAIR
DEALING
AS
A
MANDATORY
CORE
OF
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
PURSUANT
TO
ART.
1.5
AND
1.6
(2)
89
B.
STANDARD
AND
OPTIONS
91
C.
LIMITED
PRACTICAL
RELEVANCE
92
ARTICLE
1.8
(INCONSISTENT
BEHAVIOUR)
94
A.
PART
OF
THE
MANDATORY
CORE
OF
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
PURSUANT
TO
ART.
1.5
94
B.
PRIORITY
OF
MORE
DETAILED
PRINCIPLES
95
C.
EXAMPLES
95
D.
REMEDIES:
ART.
1.8
AS
A
SWORD
95
E.
OPTIONS
95
ARTICLE
1.9
(USAGES
AND
PRACTICES)
95
A.
TWO
KINDS
OF
USAGES
AND
A
LIMIT
96
B.
HIERARCHY
97
C.
PROOF
AND
OPTIONS
97
ARTICLE
1.10
(NOTICE)
97
A.
RISK
ALLOCATION
TO
THE
SENDER
98
B.
ABUSIVE
PREVENTION
OF
GIVING
NOTICE
99
C.
WITHDRAWAL
OF
A
NOTICE
99
ARTICLEL.IL
(DEFINITIONS)
99
A.
A
FEW
KEY
DEFINITIONS
100
B.
FURTHER
DEFINITIONS
IN
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
101
ARTICLE
1.12
(COMPUTATION
OF
TIME
SET
BY
PARTIES)
101
A.
IMPACT
OF
HOLIDAYS
ETC.
101
B.
RELEVANT
TIME
ZONE
101
C.
OPTIONS
AND
INTERPRETATION
102
XXIV
CHAPTER
2
FORMATION
AND
AUTHORITY
OF
AGENTS
103
SECTION
1
FORMATION
103
ARTICLE
2.1.1
(MANNER
OF
FORMATION)
103
A.
BEYOND
THE
TRADITIONAL
APPROACH
TO
CONTRACT
FORMATION
103
1.
THE
CLASSICAL
OFFER-AND
ACCEPTANCE
TEST
103
2.
CONDUCT
SUFFICIENT
TO
SHOW
AGREEMENT
104
B.
A
'
RELAXED
'
APPROACH
TOWARDS
CONTRACT
NEGOTIATION
105
C.
OPTIONS:
FORM
105
D.
'
SHAM
'
OR
'
SIMULATION
'
106
ARTICLE
2.1.2
(DEFINITION
OF
OFFER)
106
A.
SUFFICIENT
'
DEFINITENESS
'
PLUS
'
INTENTION
'
106
B.
INTERRELATIONSHIP
OF
THE
TWO
CRITERIA
107
ARTICLE
2.1.3
(WITHDRAWAL
OF
OFFER)
108
A.
PARA.
1
IS
DECLARATORY
108
B.
ANY
WITHDRAWAL
MUST
BE
CLEAR
108
ARTICLE
2.1.4
(REVOCATION
OF
OFFER)
108
A.
AN
INTERNATIONAL
MIDDLE
GROUND
108
B.
A
SELF-EXPLANATORY
PRINCIPLE
WITH
TWO
EXCEPTIONS
109
ARTICLE
2.1.5
(REJECTION
OF
OFFER)
109
A.
INTERPRETATION
OF
POSSIBLY
IMPLICIT
REJECTIONS
109
B.
TERMINATION
OF
AN
OFFER
BY
OTHER
MEANS
110
ARTICLE
2.1.6
(MODE
OF
ACCEPTANCE)
110
A.
FUNCTION
AND
SYSTEMATIC
PLACE
OF
THE
PRINCIPLE
110
B.
WHEN
DOES
THE
OFFEREE
'
S
EXPRESSION
OF
ASSENT
AMOUNT
TO
ACCEPTANCE?
111
1.
THE
BASIC
PRINCIPLE
IN
PARA.
1
SENTENCE
1
111
2.
CONDUCT
WITHOUT
NOTICE
(PARA.
3)
111
3.
POSSIBLE
IMPACT
OF
SILENCE
(PARA.
1
SENTENCE
2)
112
C.
WHEN
DOES
THE
OFFEREE
'
S
EXPRESSION
OF
ASSENT
BECOME
EFFECTIVE
TO
ESTABLISH
A
BINDING
CONTRACT?
112
D.
OPTIONS
113
ARTICLE
2.1.7
(TIME
OF
ACCEPTANCE)
113
A.
IMPACT
OF
TIME
113
B.
'
ORAL
'
OFFER
114
C.
RISK
ALLOCATION
114
ARTICLE
2.1.8
(ACCEPTANCE
WITHIN
A
FIXED
PERIOD
OF
TIME)
115
A.
CALCULATION
OF
RELATIVE
TIME
PERIODS
115
B.
UNCERTAINTY
OF
TIME
OF
DISPATCH
115
XXV
ARTICLE
2.1.9
(LATE
ACCEPTANCE.
DELAY
IN
TRANSMISSION)
116
A.
PRINCIPLE
(PARA.
1)
116
B.
EXCEPTION
(PARA.
2)
117
ARTICLE
2.1.10
(WITHDRAWAL
OF
ACCEPTANCE)
117
A
SELF-EXPLANATORY
ADDENDUM
TO
2.1.6(2)
117
ARTICLE
2.1.11
(MODIFIED
ACCEPTANCE)
118
A.
MODIFICATIONS
IN
THE
ACCEPTANCE
NOTICE
GENERATE
A
COUNTER-OFFER
118
B.
BUT
NON-MATERIAL
ALTERATIONS
GENERATE
A
DUTY
ON
THE
OFFEROR
TO
SPEAK
UP
118
C.
OPTIONS
FOR
THE
OFFEROR
120
D.
SPECIAL
RULE
FOR
STANDARD
TERMS
120
ARTICLE
2.1.12
(WRITINGS
IN
CONFIRMATION)
120
A.
EXCEPTION:
CHANGES
CONTAINED
IN
WRITTEN
'
CONFIRMATIONS
OF
THE
CONTRACT
'
MIGHT
ALTER
A
CONTRACT
120
B.
BURDEN
OF
PROOF
AND
TEST
121
C.
AN
INTERNATIONAL
COMPROMISE
122
D.
OPTIONS
122
ARTICLE
2.1.13
(CONCLUSION
OF
CONTRACT
DEPENDENT
ON
AGREEMENT
ON
SPECIFIC
MATTERS
OR
IN
A
PARTICULAR
FORM)
122
A.
FREEDOM
TO
INSIST
ON
SUBSTANTIVE
OR
FORMAL
SPECIFICS
122
B.
WAIVER
123
ARTICLE
2.1.14
(CONTRACT
WITH
TERMS
DELIBERATELY
LEFT
OPEN)
123
A.
POSSIBLE
CONTRACT
CONCLUSION
DESPITE
A
TERM
DELIBERATELY
LEFT
OPEN
123
B.
THREE
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
CONTRACT
CONCLUSION
124
C.
THREE
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
(PARA.
1)
125
D.
ALTERNATIVE
MEANS
(PARA.
2)
125
1.
ALTERNATIVE
MEANS
CONTAINED
IN
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
125
2.
SPECIAL
CIRCUMSTANCES
(LONG-TERM
CONTRACTS)
126
3.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
126
4.
ARBITRATION
126
ARTICLE
2.1.15
(NEGOTIATIONS
IN
BAD
FAITH)
127
A.
AVOIDING
A
CULTURAL
CLASH,
FUNCTIONS
OF
ART.
2.1.15
127
B.
BAD
FAITH
EXAMPLES
129
C.
DAMAGE
CALCULATION,
BURDEN
OF
PROOF
130
D.
OPTIONS
130
ARTICLE
2.1.16
(DUTY
OF
CONFIDENTIALITY)
131
A.
IMPLIED
OR
EXPRESS
DUTY
OF
CONFIDENTIALITY
(SENTENCE
1)
131
B.
REMEDIES
(SENTENCE
2)
132
XXVI
ARTICLE
2.1.17
(MERGER
CLAUSES)
132
A.
ANOTHER
CONTRIBUTION
TO
CROSS
CULTURAL
UNDERSTANDING
133
B.
LIMITS
133
ARTICLE
2.1.18
(MODIFICATION
IN
A
PARTICULAR
FORM)
134
A.
'
NO
ORAL
MODIFICATIONS
'
CLAUSES
134
B.
LIMITS
135
C.
OPTIONS
135
ARTICLE
2.1.19
(CONTRACTING
UNDER
STANDARD
TERMS)
135
A.
A
STRAIGHTFORWARD
REGIME
ON
STANDARD
TERMS
IN
FOUR
ARTICLES
136
B.
DEFINITION
(PARA.
2)
136
C.
INCORPORATION
(PARA.
1)
137
ARTICLE
2.1.20
(SURPRISING
TERMS)
139
A.
SAFEGUARD
OF
BASIC
FAIRNESS
139
B.
TEST
139
ARTICLE
2.1.21
(CONFLICT
BETWEEN
STANDARD
TERMS
AND
NON-STANDARD
TERMS)
141
PRIORITY
OF
THE
INDIVIDUAL
TERM
141
ARTICLE
2.1.22
(BATTLE
OF
FORMS)
141
A.
A
FAVOR
CONTRACTUS
APPROACH
TO
COMPETING
STANDARD
TERMS
141
B.
LIMITS
143
C.
FILLING
THE
GAPS
143
D.
OPTIONS
IN
VIEW
OF
PARAMOUNT
PRACTICAL
IMPORTANCE
OF
THE
ISSUE
143
SECTION
2
AUTHORITY
OF
AGENTS
145
ARTICLE
2.2.1
(SCOPE
OF
THE
SECTION)
145
A.
ONLY
AGENCY
IN
THE
CONTRACT
FORMATION
PROCESS
145
B.
LARGE
CONCEPT
OF
AGENCY
147
ARTICLE
2.2.2
(ESTABLISHMENT
AND
SCOPE
OF
THE
AUTHORITY
OF
THE
AGENT)
147
A.
AUTHORITY
GRANTED
BY
THE
PRINCIPAL
(PARA.
1)
147
B.
INCIDENTAL
AUTHORITY
(PARA.
2)
148
ARTICLE
2.2.3
(AGENCY
DISCLOSED)
148
A.
'
ACTUAL
DISCLOSED
AGENCY
'
148
B.
'
CLASSICAL
'
CONSEQUENCES
149
C.
'
INDIRECT
'
OR
'
COMMISSION
AGENCY
'
149
ARTICLE
2.2.4
(AGENCY
UNDISCLOSED)
149
A.
ANOTHER
COMPROMISE
150
B.
ONLY
A
RELATION
WITH
THE
'
AGENT
'
150
XXVII
C.
ONE
NARROW
EXCEPTION
(PARA.
2)
151
D.
OPTION
FOR
THE
PRINCIPAL
151
ARTICLE
2.2.5
(AGENT
ACTING
WITHOUT
OR
EXCEEDING
ITS
AUTHORITY)
151
A.
PRINCIPLE:
NO
DIRECT
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
FOR
THE
PRINCIPAL
(PARA.
1)
152
B.
EXCEPTION
BY
THE
PRINCIPAL
'
S
OWN
ACTION
(PARA.
2)
152
C.
OPTIONS
153
D.
CHERRY
PICKING
UNDER
OVERRIDING
MANDATORY
NON-CONTRACTUAL
LAW
153
ARTICLE
2.2.6
(LIABILITY
OF
AGENT
ACTING
WITHOUT
OR
EXCEEDING
ITS
AUTHORITY)
154
A.
STRICT
LIABILITY
(PARA.
1)
154
B.
DEFENCES
(INCL.
PARA.
2)
155
ARTICLE
2.2.7
(CONFLICT
OF
INTERESTS)
155
A.
COPING
WITH
A
RANGE
OF
CONFLICTS
(PARA.
1
SENTENCE
1)
156
B.
DISTINCTION
TO
EXCESS
OF
AUTHORITY
CASES
156
C.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
AND
OPTIONS:
AVOIDANCE
OR
CONFIRMATION
157
D.
AVOIDANCE
EXCLUDED
(PARA.
2)
157
E.
APPLICABILITY
BEYOND
CONTRACT
CONCLUSION
157
ARTICLE
2.2.8
(SUB-AGENCY)
157
A.
SUB-AGENCY
WHEN
'
REASONABLE
'
158
B.
DETAILS
AND
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
158
ARTICLE
2.2.9
(RATIFICATION)
159
A.
RATIFICATION
WITH
RETROACTIVE
EFFECT
(PARA.
1)
159
B.
TIMING;
A
FIRST
OPTION
FOR
THIRD
PARTY
(PARA.
2)
160
C.
A
SECOND
OPTION:
ESCAPE
CLAUSE
FOR
THE
THIRD
PARTY
(PARA.
3)
160
ARTICLE
2.2.10
(TERMINATION
OF
AUTHORITY)
160
A.
A
CLARIFICATION
161
B.
SOME
SUBSISTING
ACTUAL
AUTHORITY
161
CHAPTER
3
VALIDITY
163
SECTION
1
GENERAL
PROVISIONS
163
ARTICLE
3.1.1
(MATTERS
NOT
COVERED)
163
A.
A
SELF-EXPLANATORY
DISTINCTION
163
B.
PRACTICAL
CONSEQUENCES
164
ARTICLE
3.1.2
(VALIDITY
OF
MERE
AGREEMENT)
164
A.
MERELY
CONSENSUAL
CONTRACTS
164
B.
LIMITS
165
XXVIII
ARTICLE
3.1.3
(INITIAL
IMPOSSIBILITY)
165
A.
A
COMPROMISE
FOLLOWING
THE
CISG
165
B.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES:
CLAIM
FOR
DAMAGES
166
ARTICLE
3.1.4
(MANDATORY
CHARACTER
OF
THE
PROVISIONS)
166
A.
PART
OF
THE
MANDATORY
CORE
OF
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
PURSUANT
TO
ART.
1.5
166
B.
LIMITS
167
1.
BY
CONTRACT
167
2.
BY
LAW
168
SECTION
2
GROUNDS
FOR
AVOIDANCE
168
ARTICLE
3.2.1
(DEFINITION
OF
MISTAKE)
168
A.
A
BROAD
CONCEPT
OF
MISTAKE
.
168
B.
.
WITH
NUMEROUS
BOUNDARIES
(TEST
SCHEME)
169
C.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
AND
OPTIONS
170
ARTICLE
3.2.2
(RELEVANT
MISTAKE)
170
A.
TWO-PRONG
'
REASONABLENESS-TEST
'
(PARA.
1)
171
B.
EXCEPTION
FOR
GROSS
NEGLIGENCE
AND
ASSUMED
OR
ALLOCATED
RISKS
(PARA.
2)
172
C.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
173
ARTICLE
3.2.3
(ERROR
IN
EXPRESSION
OR
TRANSMISSION)
173
A.
ERRORS
IN
EXPRESSION
OR
TRANSMISSION
AS
MISTAKES
173
B.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
174
ARTICLE
3.2.4
(REMEDIES
FOR
NON-PERFORMANCE)
174
A.
REMEDIES
FOR
NON-PERFORMANCE
TRUMP
AVOIDANCE
175
B.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
175
ARTICLE
3.2.5
(FRAUD)
175
A.
INTENDED
LEADING
INTO
ERROR
AND
THEREBY
GAINING
AN
ADVANTAGE
176
B.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
AND
OPTION
177
ARTICLE
3.2.6
(THREAT)
177
A.
TWO
KINDS
OF
UNJUSTIFIED
THREATS
178
B.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
179
ARTICLE
3.2.7
(GROSS
DISPARITY)
180
A.
AVOIDANCE
IN
CASE
OF
EXCESSIVE
ADVANTAGE
180
B.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
181
1.
THE
'
TRIPLET
'
OF
CONSEQUENCES
(AVOIDANCE,
RESTITUTION
AND
RELIANCE
DAMAGES)
181
2.
ALTERNATIVE
OPTION
OF
ADAPTATION
182
C.
LIQUIDATED
DAMAGES
AND
PENALTY
CLAUSES
182
XXIX
ARTICLE
3.2.8
(THIRD
PERSONS)
182
A.
THIRD
PARTY
FROM
THE
SPHERE
OF
A
CONTRACTING
PARTY
182
B.
AVOIDANCE
EVEN
WITHOUT
'
RESPONSIBILITY
'
IF
THE
OTHER
PARTY
NEEDS
NO
PROTECTION
183
C.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
184
ARTICLE
3.2.9
(CONFIRMATION)
184
A.
A
LOGICAL
CONSEQUENCE
OF
FREEDOM
OF
CONTRACT
(AND
OF
THE
GOOD
FAITH
PRINCIPLE)
185
B.
CONFIRMATION
REQUIRES
.
185
ARTICLE
3.2.10
(LOSS
OF
RIGHT
TO
AVOID)
185
A.
FUNCTION:
PART
OF
THE
REGIME
FOR
MISTAKES
186
B.
RIGHT
OF
THE
OTHER
PARTY
TO
UPHOLD
THE
CONTRACT
IN
AN
AMENDED
VERSION
186
C.
REQUIREMENTS
186
ARTICLE
3.2.11
(NOTICE
OF
AVOIDANCE)
187
A.
AVOIDING
A
CULTURAL
CLASH
187
B.
REQUIREMENT
187
ARTICLE
3.2.12
(TIME
LIMITS)
188
A.
A
'
REASONABLE
'
TIME
LIMIT
188
B.
A
SPECIAL
RULE
FOR
AVOIDANCE
OF
INDIVIDUAL
TERMS
189
ARTICLE
3.2.13
(PARTIAL
AVOIDANCE)
189
ARTICLE
3.2.14
(RETROACTIVE
EFFECT
OF
AVOIDANCE)
190
A.
RETROACTIVITY
190
B.
LIMITS
190
ARTICLE
3.2.15
(RESTITUTION)
191
A.
PRINCIPLE
OF
CONCURRENT
RESTITUTION
IN
KIND
(PARA.
1)
191
B.
'
IMPOSSIBLE
'
OR
'
INAPPROPRIATE
'
RESTITUTION
IN
KIND
(PARA.
2-3)
192
1.
FIRST
STEP:
DETERMINATION
OF
'
IMPOSSIBLE
'
OR
'
INAPPROPRIATE
'
RESTITUTION
IN
KIND
192
2.
SECOND
STEP:
DETERMINATION
OF
AN
ALLOWANCE
IN
MONEY
'
WHENEVER
REASONABLE
'
193
C.
COMPENSATION
FOR
EXPENSES
(PARA.
4)
194
D.
APPLICATION
OF
GENERAL
RULES
194
E.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
195
F.
LIMITS
OF
THE
RESTITUTION
REGIME
195
ARTICLE
3.2.16
(DAMAGES)
195
A.
COMPENSATION
OF
THE
'
RELIANCE
INTEREST
'
196
B.
SUPPLEMENTAL
APPLICATION
OF
GENERAL
RULES
ON
DAMAGES
196
XXX
ARTICLE
3.2.17
(UNILATERAL
DECLARATIONS)
197
VALIDITY
RULES
APPLY
MUTATIS
MUTANDIS
TO
ALL
COMMUNICATIONS
OF
INTENTION
197
SECTION
3
ILLEGALITY
197
ARTICLE
3.3.1
(CONTRACTS
INFRINGING
MANDATORY
RULES)
197
A.
THE
SECOND
LEG
TO
ART.
1.4
198
B.
PRIORITY
OF
EFFECTS
PROVIDED
FOR
IN
THE
MANDATORY
RULE
(PARA.
1)
200
1.
KINDS
OF
INFRINGEMENT
200
2.
CONSEQUENCES
PROVIDED
FOR
IN
THE
APPLICABLE
MANDATORY
RULES
201
C.
THE
SUPPLEMENTARY
REGIME
OF
PARA.
2-3
201
ARTICLE
3.3.2
(RESTITUTION)
204
A.
ART.
3.3.1
(1)
TRUMPS
ART.
3.3.2
204
B.
A
REASONABLENESS
TEST
FOR
RESTITUTION
205
C.
APPLICATION
OF
ART.
3.2.15
206
CHAPTER
4
INTERPRETATION
207
INTRODUCTION
TO
CHAPTER
4
207
A.
CHAPTER
4:
ONE
OF
THE
MOST
IMPORTANT
CHAPTERS
OF
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
207
B.
OVERCOMING
NATIONAL
DISTINCTIONS
208
C.
STRUCTURE
209
D.
AN
IMPORTANT
TEMPLATE
210
ARTICLE
4.1
(INTENTION
OF
THE
PARTIES)
210
A.
STEP
1:
DETERMINATION
OF
A
JOINT
INTENTION,
IF
POSSIBLE
(PARA.
1)
210
B.
STEP
2
IN
CASE
OF
DEFAULT:
INTERPRETATION
UNDER
AN
INDIVIDUALISED
AND
CONTEXTUALISED
'
REASONABLE
PERSON
'
TEST
(PARA.
2)
212
ARTICLE
4.2
(INTERPRETATION
OF
STATEMENTS
AND
OTHER
CONDUCT)
213
A.
A
RULE
WHICH
IS
OFTEN
INCORPORATED
IMPLICITLY
213
B.
AGAIN
A
TWO
STEP
APPROACH
TO
INTERPRETATION
214
ARTICLE
4.3
(RELEVANT
CIRCUMSTANCES)
215
A.
TWO
GROUPS
OF
CRITERIA
215
B.
.
WHICH
ARE
NON-EXHAUSTIVE
216
C.
LONG-TERM
CONTRACTS
217
D.
OPTIONS
218
ARTICLE
4.4
(REFERENCE
TO
CONTRACT
OR
STATEMENT
AS
A
WHOLE)
218
A.
A
SUPPLEMENT
TO
ART.
4.3:
REFERENCE
TO
THE
(CONTRACTUAL)
CONTEXT
OF
THE
TERM
TO
BE
INTERPRETED
218
B.
THE
ROLE
OF
ART.
4.3
IN
APPLYING
ART.
4.4
219
XXXI
ARTICLE
4.5
(ALL
TERMS
TO
BE
GIVEN
EFFECT)
220
A.
AVOIDING
TO
DEPRIVE
ANY
CLAUSE
OF
AN
EFFECT
220
B.
STANDARD
TERMS
(ART.
2.1.19
(2))
220
ARTICLE
4.6
(CONTRA
PROFERENTEM
RULE)
221
INTERPRETATION
AGAINST
THE
SUPPLIER,
AS
A
RULE
OF
LAST
RESORT
221
ARTICLE
4.7
(LINGUISTIC
DISCREPANCIES)
222
A.
A
DEFAULT
RULE
TO
A
MISSING
OR
TO
AN
EXTREME
EQUAL
LANGUAGE
CLAUSE
222
B.
OPTIONS
223
ARTICLE
4.8
(SUPPLYING
AN
OMITTED
TERM)
224
A.
AT
THE
EDGE
OF
'
INTERPRETATION
'
224
B.
RELATIONSHIP
TO
'
INTERPRETATION
'
225
C.
RELATIONSHIP
TO
ART.
5.1.1-5.1.2
225
CHAPTER
5
CONTENT,
THIRD
PARTY
RIGHTS
AND
CONDITIONS
227
SECTION
1
CONTENT
227
ARTICLE
5.1.1
(EXPRESS
AND
IMPLIED
OBLIGATIONS)
227
A.
A
CULTURAL
BRIDGE
TO
COMMON
LAW
227
B.
THE
ARBITRATOR
'
S
PERSPECTIVE
228
ARTICLE
5.1.2
(IMPLIED
OBLIGATIONS)
229
LIST
OF
CRITERIA
229
ARTICLE
5.1.3
(CO-OPERATION
BETWEEN
THE
PARTIES)
229
A.
CONSEQUENCE
OF
A
'
COMMON
PROJECT
'
230
B.
LIMITS
231
C.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
OF
A
VIOLATION
232
D.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
232
ARTICLE
5.1.4
(DUTY
TO
ACHIEVE
A
SPECIFIC
RESULT.
DUTY
OF
BEST
EFFORTS)
233
A.
A
CULTURAL
BRIDGE
TO
THE
FRENCH
LAW
FAMILY
233
B.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
233
C.
LIMITATION
OF
LIABILITY
(CONTRACTUAL
OPTION)
234
ARTICLE
5.1.5
(DETERMINATION
OF
KIND
OF
DUTY
INVOLVED)
23
5
ASSISTANCE
IN
THE
CLASSIFICATION
OF
AN
OBLIGATION
235
ARTICLE
5.1.6
(DETERMINATION
OF
QUALITY
OF
PERFORMANCE)
235
A.
A
SYSTEM
OF
DEFAULT
RULES
235
B.
AN
AUTONOMOUS
STANDARD
CHARACTERISED
BY
'
REASONABLENESS
'
236
XXXII
C.
LIMITS
237
D.
OPTIONS
237
ARTICLE
5.1.7
(PRICE
DETERMINATION)
238
A.
PART
OF
A
SYSTEM
OF
DEFAULT
RULES
238
B.
GENERAL
DEFAULT
RULE
(PARA.
1),
CONTRACTUAL
OPTION
239
C.
SPECIFIC
DEFAULT
RULES
(PARA.
3-4)
240
1.
PARAGRAPH
3
(NON
PERFORMANCE
OF
A
PRICE
DETERMINATION)
240
2.
PARAGRAPH
4
(NON
EXISTING
FACTORS)
241
D.
A
MANDATORY
BOUNDARY
TO
UNREASONABLE
UNILATERAL
PRICE
DETERMINATION
(PARA.
2)
241
1.
THE
RULE
241
2.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
242
E.
UNREASONABLE
PRICE
DETERMINATION
BY
A
THIRD
PARTY
(PARA.
3),
CONTRACTUAL
OPTION
242
ARTICLE
5.1.8
(TERMINATION
OF
A
CONTRACT
FOR
AN
INDEFINITE
PERIOD)
243
A.
CONTRACTS
FOR
AN
INDEFINITE
PERIOD
OF
TIME
243
B.
FUNCTION
OF
ART.
5.1.8
243
C.
REASONABLE
TIME
IN
ADVANCE
245
D.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
246
E.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
246
ARTICLE
5.1.9
(RELEASE
BY
AGREEMENT)
246
A.
A
CLARIFICATION
TO
AVOID
CULTURAL
MISUNDERSTANDING
246
B.
ACTION
REQUIRED;
SILENCE
CAN
CONSTITUTE
CONSENT
247
C.
DISTINCTION
247
ANNEX
TO
SECTION
5.1
-
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
FOR
SPECIFIC
KINDS
OF
CONTRACTS
(SALES,
SERVICES,
CONSTRUCTION)
U
NIDROIT
247
A.
PARTY
AUTONOMY
247
B.
CONTRACTS
OF
SALE
(CHECKLIST)
248
C.
SERVICE
CONTRACTS
(CHECKLIST)
255
D.
CONSTRUCTION
CONTRACTS
259
SECTION
2
THIRD
PARTY
RIGHTS
260
INTRODUCTION
TO
SECTION
5.2
260
ARTICLE
5.2.1
(CONTRACTS
IN
FAVOUR
OF
THIRD
PARTIES)
261
A.
CONCENTRATION
ON
CONTRACTS
IN
FAVOUR
OF
THIRD
PARTIES
(PARA.
1)
261
B.
SHAPING
THE
CONTENT
(PARA.
2)
263
ARTICLE
5.2.2
(THIRD
PARTY
IDENTIFIABLE)
264
A.
INVALIDITY
IN
CASE
OF
IMPOSSIBILITY
OF
IDENTIFICATION
264
B.
FUTURE
BENEFICIARIES
264
XXXIII
ARTICLE
5.2.3
(EXCLUSION
AND
LIMITATION
CLAUSES)
265
A.
FUNCTION
OF
ART.
5.2.3-5.2.5
265
B.
A
'
SHIELD
'
TO
THE
BENEFICIARY
265
ARTICLE
5.2.4
(DEFENCES)
266
A
SHIELD
'
TO
THE
PROMISOR
266
ARTICLE
5.2.5
(REVOCATION)
266
A.
MODIFICATION
OR
REVOCATION
266
B.
LIMITS
267
C.
OPTIONS
267
ARTICLE
5.2.6
(RENUNCIATION)
267
RIGHT
OF
REFUSAL
268
SECTION
3
CONDITIONS
268
ARTICLE
5.3.1
(TYPES
OF
CONDITION)
269
A.
FUNCTION
269
B.
TYPES
270
C.
DISTINCTIONS
271
D.
OPTION
272
ARTICLE
5.3.2
(EFFECT
OF
CONDITIONS)
273
A.
A
SYSTEM
OF
DEFAULT
RULES
273
B.
SUSPENSIVE
CONDITION
(LIT.
A):
SPECIAL
CHARACTERISTICS
273
C.
RESOLUTIVE
CONDITION
(LIT.
B):
SPECIAL
CHARACTERISTICS
274
D.
JOINT
FEATURES
274
E.
OPTIONS
275
ARTICLE
5.3.3
(INTERFERENCE
WITH
CONDITIONS)
275
A.
THE
WATCH-DOG
FOR
THE
CONDITION
276
B.
THE
DEVIL
LIES
IN
THE
DETAIL
276
ARTICLE
5.3.4
(DUTY
TO
PRESERVE
RIGHTS)
278
A.
THE
WATCH-DOG
FOR
THE
CONDITIONED
RIGHT
278
B.
OPTIONS
279
ARTICLE
5.3.5
(RESTITUTION
IN
CASE
OF
FULFILMENT
OF
A
RESOLUTIVE
CONDITION)
279
A.
DETAILS
ON
THE
EFFECTS
OF
RESOLUTIVE
CONDITIONS
279
B.
OPTIONAL:
A
RULE
OF
RELEVANCE
IF
PARTIES
CHOSE
RETROACTIVITY
279
XXXIV
CHAPTER
6
PERFORMANCE
281
SECTION
1
PERFORMANCE
IN
GENERAL
281
INTRODUCTION
TO
SECTION
6.1
281
ARTICLE
6.1.1
(TIME
OF
PERFORMANCE)
282
A.
NOTION
OF
AND
RESTRICTIONS
ON
PERFORMANCE
282
B.
A
'
FIXED
'
TIME
OR
PERIOD
OF
TIME
283
C.
A
REASONABLENESS-TEST
AS
DEFAULT
RULE
284
D.
OPTION:
SPECIAL
EXEMPTION
CLAUSE
FOR
DELAY
285
ARTICLE
6.1.2
(PERFORMANCE
AT
ONE
TIME
OR
IN
INSTALMENTS)
285
PARTIAL
PERFORMANCE
IS
PRINCIPALLY
NON-PERFORMANCE
285
ARTICLE
6.1.3
(PARTIAL
PERFORMANCE)
286
A.
PROTECTION
OF
THE
OBLIGEE
AGAINST
IMPOSED
PARTIAL
PERFORMANCE
OF
THE
OBLIGOR
286
B.
LIMITS
287
C.
FURTHER
OPTIONS
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE
IF
PARTIAL
PERFORMANCE
AMOUNTS
TO
NON
PERFORMANCE
288
ARTICLE
6.1.4
(ORDER
OF
PERFORMANCE)
288
A.
PRINCIPLE
OF
SIMULTANEOUS
PERFORMANCE
288
B.
LIMITS
289
ARTICLE
6.1.5
(EARLIER
PERFORMANCE)
290
A.
PROTECTION
OF
THE
OBLIGEE
AGAINST
EARLIER
PERFORMANCE
290
B.
THE
GOOD
FAITH
EXCEPTION;
ADDITIONAL
COSTS
291
C.
OTHER
REMEDIES
292
ARTICLE
6.1.6
(PLACE
OF
PERFORMANCE)
292
A.
EXPECTATION
MANAGEMENT
292
B.
DEFAULT
RULE
FAVOURING
THE
OBLIGOR
.
294
C.
.
EXCEPT
FOR
MONETARY
OBLIGATIONS
294
D.
CHANGE
OF
PLACE
OF
BUSINESS
295
ARTICLE
6.1.7
(PAYMENT
BY
CHEQUE
OR
OTHER
INSTRUMENT)
295
A.
CORE
PRINCIPLES
ON
PAYMENT
295
B.
A
CHOICE
OF
THE
OBLIGOR
296
C.
PROTECTION
OF
THE
OBLIGEE
IN
CASE
OF
'
PULL-ORDERS
'
297
ARTICLE
6.1.8
(PAYMENT
BY
FUNDS
TRANSFER)
297
A.
A
REGIME
FOR
PUSH-ORDERS
297
B.
OPTIONS
OF
THE
OBLIGOR
AS
CONTROLLED
BY
THE
OBLIGEE
298
C.
MOMENT
OF
DISCHARGE
OF
THE
OBLIGOR
298
XXXV
ARTICLE
6.1.9
(CURRENCY
OF
PAYMENT)
299
A.
TWO
ARTICLES
ON
CURRENCY
ISSUES
299
B.
IMPORTANCE
OF
THE
PLACE
OF
PAYMENT
300
C.
SOME
PROTECTION
OF
THE
OBLIGEE
AGAINST
CURRENCY
FLUCTUATION
301
ARTICLE
6.1.10
(CURRENCY
NOT
EXPRESSED)
301
A.
CURRENCY
OF
PLACE
OF
PAYMENT
AS
A
DEFAULT
RULE
301
B.
LIMITS
302
ARTICLE
6.1.11
(COSTS
OF
PERFORMANCE)
302
EACH
PARTY
BEARS
ITS
OWN
COSTS
AS
A
DEFAULT
RULE
302
ARTICLE
6.1.12
(IMPUTATION
OF
PAYMENTS)
303
A.
A
BALANCED
INTERNATIONAL
COMPROMISE
304
B.
A
THREE-LAYERED
ORDER
OF
DECISION
304
1.
LAYER
1:
DECISION
OF
THE
OBLIGOR
(PARA.
1)
304
2.
LAYER
2:
DECISION
OF
THE
OBLIGEE
(PARA.
2)
305
3.
LAYER
3:
DEFAULT
SYSTEM
OF
PARA.
3
305
C.
LIMITS
306
ARTICLE
6.1.13
(IMPUTATION
OF
NON-MONETARY
OBLIGATIONS)
306
EXTENSION
TO
NON-MONETARY
OBLIGATIONS
306
ARTICLE
6.1.14
(APPLICATION
FOR
PUBLIC
PERMISSION)
307
A.
A
DEFAULT
SYSTEM
TO
COPE
WITH
PUBLIC
PERMISSION
307
B.
DETERMINATION
OF
THE
'
WHO
'
307
ARTICLE
6.1.15
(PROCEDURE
IN
APPLYING
FOR
PERMISSION)
308
A.
REGULATING
THE
'
HOW
'
309
B.
INFORMATION
OF
THE
OTHER
PARTY
309
ARTICLE
6.1.16
(PERMISSION
NEITHER
GRANTED
NOR
REFUSED)
310
A.
RIGHT
AND
EFFECT
OF
TERMINATION
IN
CASE
OF
A
'
STUCK
PROCESS
'
310
B.
EXCEPTION:
ONLY
PART
OF
THE
CONTRACT
IS
AFFECTED
311
ARTICLE
6.1.17
(PERMISSION
REFUSED)
311
A.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
OF
A
REFUSAL
311
1.
A
REFUSAL
AFFECTING
THE
VALIDITY
OF
THE
CONTRACT
311
2.
A
REFUSAL
WHICH
MERELY
RENDERS
THE
PERFORMANCE
IMPOSSIBLE
312
3.
USUALLY
NO
DAMAGES
312
B.
PERMISSION
WITH
EXTREMELY
BURDENSOME
CONDITIONS
312
XXXVI
SECTION
2
HARDSHIP
313
INTRODUCTION
TO
HARDSHIP
313
ARTICLE
6.2.1
(CONTRACT
TO
BE
OBSERVED)
315
A.
INSPIRED
BY
INTERNATIONAL
CONTRACT
PRACTICE
315
B.
A
REMINDER
TO
PACTA
SUNT
SERVANDA
AS
A
'
MISSION
STATEMENT
'
317
C.
OPTION
IN
CASE
OF
A
DETERIORATING
FINANCIAL
ABILITY
OF
THE
OBLIGEE
317
ARTICLE
6.2.2
(DEFINITION
OF
HARDSHIP)
317
A.
A
FUNDAMENTAL
ALTERATION
FOR
THE
EQUILIBRIUM
OF
THE
CONTRACT
318
B.
PLUS
FOUR
FACTORS
RELATING
TO
THE
SPHERE
OF
THE
DISADVANTAGED
PARTY
319
1.
KNOWLEDGE
AFTER
CONTRACT
CONCLUSION
(LIT.
A)
319
2.
ANTICIPATION
REASONABLY
IMPOSSIBLE
(LIT.
B)
319
3.
BEYOND
CONTROL
(LIT.
C)
319
4.
NO
RISK
ALLOCATION
TO
THE
DISADVANTAGED
PARTY
(LIT.
D)
320
C.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
(CORONA
CLAUSE)
320
ARTICLE
6.2.3
(EFFECTS
OF
HARDSHIP)
321
A.
RENEGOTIATION
321
B.
CONTINUED
PERFORMANCE
OF
THE
CONTRACT
322
C.
APPLICATION
BY
THE
COURT
322
D.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
(CORONA
CLAUSE)
323
CHAPTER
7
NON-PERFORMANCE
325
INTRODUCTION
TO
CHAPTER
7
325
A.
OVERVIEW
325
B.
A
CONCEPT
BASED
ON
'
SPHERES
'
,
NOT
ON
FAULT
326
C.
SIX
KINDS
OF
RIGHTS
AND
REMEDIES
IN
FOUR
SECTIONS,
WITH
LIMITATIONS
AND
EXCLUSIONS
326
D.
OFTEN
A
CHOICE
BETWEEN
SEVERAL
OPTIONS
327
E.
OPTIONS
AT
THE
CONTRACT
DRAFTING
STAGE
328
F.
A
NOTE
ON
COMPARATIVE
LAW
329
SECTION
1
NON-PERFORMANCE
IN
GENERAL
331
ARTICLE
7.1.1
(NON-PERFORMANCE
DEFINED)
332
A.
A
UNITARY
CONCEPT
.
332
B.
.
BASED
ON
'
SPHERES
'
AS
DEFINED
IN
THE
CONTRACT,
NOT
ON
FAULT
332
C.
IMPACT
ON
CONTRACT
DRAFTING
333
ARTICLE
7.1.2
(INTERFERENCE
BY
THE
OTHER
PARTY)
333
A.
A
SHIELD
FOR
THE
OBLIGOR
333
B.
PARTIAL
RELEVANCE
OF
THE
INTERFERENCE
335
C.
MOST
RELEVANT
FOR
DUTIES
TO
ACHIEVE
A
SPECIFIC
RESULT
335
XXXVII
ARTICLE
7.1.3
(WITHHOLDING
PERFORMANCE)
335
A.
A
SHIELD
FOR
BOTH
PARTIES
BASED
ON
TIMING
336
B.
REQUIREMENTS
337
1.
NON-PERFORMANCE
OF
THE
OTHER
PARTY
OF
AN
OBLIGATION
WITH
SUFFICIENT
CONNECTION
TO
THE
DUTY
UNDERLYING
THE
WITHHELD
PERFORMANCE
337
2.
ANTICIPATORY
SUSPENSION
338
3.
'
CLEAN
HANDS
'
339
4.
PROCEDURAL
CONSIDERATION
339
C.
OPTIONS
339
ARTICLE
7.1.4
(CURE
BY
NON-PERFORMING
PARTY)
340
A.
A
RIGHT
TO
CURE
FOR
THE
OBLIGOR
340
B.
PARALLEL
OPTIONS
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE
(SUBJECT
TO
MEETING
THE
INDIVIDUAL
REQUIREMENTS
OF
THE
OTHER
PROVISIONS)
343
ARTICLE
7.1.5
(ADDITIONAL
PERIOD
FOR
PERFORMANCE)
345
A.
A
PROACTIVE
WAY
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE
TO
COPE
WITH
NON-PERFORMANCE
345
B.
A
PRIVILEGED
WAY
TO
TERMINATION
IN
CASE
OF
DELAY
(PARA.
3)
347
C.
PARALLEL
OPTIONS
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE
(PARA.
2)
347
ARTICLE
7.1.6
(EXEMPTION
CLAUSES)
348
A.
THE
IMPORTANCE
IN
PRACTICE
349
B.
A
BASIC
ASSUMPTION
THAT
EXEMPTION
CLAUSES
ARE
VALID
350
C.
A
PROHIBITION
TO
RELY
ON
GROSSLY
UNFAIR
EXEMPTION
CLAUSES
IS
PART
OF
THE
MANDATORY
CORE
OF
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
350
D.
A
TEST
OF
SEVERITY
351
E.
LIMITS
AND
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
353
ARTICLE
7.1.7
(FORCE
MAJEURE)
355
A.
A
SHIELD
FOR
THE
OBLIGOR
356
B.
CONDITIONS
356
C.
MANAGEMENT
OF
FORCE
MAJEURE
BY
THE
OBLIGOR
359
D.
OPTIONS
AND
OBLIGATIONS
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE,
INCLUDING
TERMINATION
360
E.
FORCE
MAJEURE
CLAUSES
360
1.
GENERAL
FUNCTION
(DRAFTING)
360
2.
LONG-TERM
CONTRACTS,
COMBINATION
WITH
HARDSHIP
361
3.
IMPACT
OF
PRACTICE
AND
USAGES
362
SECTION
2
RIGHT
TO
PERFORMANCE
363
AN
INTRODUCTORY
COMPARATIVE
REMARK
ON
SECTION
2:
RIGHT
TO
PERFORMANCE
363
ARTICLE
7.2.1
(PERFORMANCE
OF
MONETARY
OBLIGATION)
364
A.
ACTION
FOR
AN
AGREED
SUM
AS
'
SPECIFIC
PERFORMANCE
'
364
B.
PARALLEL
OPTIONS
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE
(SUBJECT
TO
MEETING
THE
INDIVIDUAL
REQUIREMENTS
OF
THE
OTHER
PROVISIONS)
366
XXXVIII
ARTICLE
7.2.2
(PERFORMANCE
OF
NON-MONETARY
OBLIGATION)
366
A.
A
PRAGMATIC
COMPROMISE
BETWEEN
CIVIL
AND
COMMON
LAW
366
B.
THE
EXCEPTIONS
(FOR
THE
BENEFIT
OF
THE
OBLIGOR)
368
C.
FURTHER
OPTIONS
FOR
THE
OBLIGOR
375
D.
PARALLEL
OPTIONS
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE
375
ARTICLE
7.2.3
(REPAIR
AND
REPLACEMENT
OF
DEFECTIVE
PERFORMANCE)
377
A.
A
REMINDER
377
B.
RESTITUTION
379
C.
PARALLEL
OPTIONS
379
ARTICLE
7.2.4
(JUDICIAL
PENALTY)
379
A.
A
CONTRIBUTION
TO
THE
FRENCH
LEGAL
FAMILY
(PARA.
1)
379
B.
TACTICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
(PARA.
2
SENTENCE
1)
380
C.
REFUSAL
TO
OBEY
381
D.
PARALLEL
OPTIONS
(PARA.
2
SENTENCE
2)
382
ARTICLE
7.2.5
(CHANGE
OF
REMEDY)
382
LIMITED
FREEDOM
TO
CHANGE
THE
MIND
382
SECTION
3
TERMINATION
383
OVERVIEW
384
ARTICLE
7.3.1
(RIGHT
TO
TERMINATE
THE
CONTRACT)
385
A.
TERMINATION
AS
A
LAST
RESORT
(PARA.
1)
385
B.
FUNDAMENTAL
NON-PERFORMANCE
(PARA.
2)
387
1.
FACTORS
FOCUSSING
ON
THE
CONTRACT
FROM
THE
PERSPECTIVE
OF
THE
OBLIGEE
(LIT.
A-B)
388
2.
FACTORS
FOCUSSING
ON
THE
ACTION
OF
THE
OBLIGOR
(LIT.
C-D)
391
3.
ONE
FACTOR
FOCUSSING
ON
THE
ECONOMIC
IMPACT
TO
THE
OBLIGOR
(LIT.
E)
392
C.
NACHFRIST-PROCEDURE
AS
AN
ALTERNATIVE
IN
CASE
OF
DELAY
(PARA.
3)
392
D.
PARTIAL
TERMINATION
393
E.
PARALLEL
OPTIONS
FOR
OBLIGEES
AND
OBLIGORS
394
F.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
395
ARTICLE
7.3.2
(NOTICE
OF
TERMINATION)
395
A.
A
CONCEPT
OFCLARITY
BY
NOTICE
(PARA.
1)
395
B.
BALANCED
BY
A
'
REASONABLE
TIME
'
-
CONSTRAINT
(PARA.
2)
396
C.
OPTIONS
398
ARTICLE
7.3.3
(ANTICIPATORY
NON-PERFORMANCE)
398
A.
'
CLEAR
'
CASES
OF
ANTICIPATORY
NON-PERFORMANCE
398
B.
NOTICE
400
C.
EFFECTS
400
D.
ALTERNATIVE
OPTIONS
400
XXXIX
ARTICLE
7.3.4
(ADEQUATE
ASSURANCE
OF
DUE
PERFORMANCE)
400
A.
AVOIDING
A
'
DILEMMA
'
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE
400
B.
THREE
TOOLS
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE
401
1.
TOOL
1:
REQUEST
FOR
ADEQUATE
ASSURANCE
OF
DUE
PERFORMANCE
401
2.
TOOL
2:
A
WITHHOLDING
RIGHT
403
3.
TOOL
3
(WHICH
MAY
FOLLOW
THE
USE
OF
TOOL
1
OR
2):
AN
EXTRAORDINARY
RIGHT
TO
TERMINATION
403
C.
POSSIBLE
ALTERNATIVE
OPTIONS
404
ARTICLE
7.3.5
(EFFECTS
OF
TERMINATION
IN
GENERAL)
404
A.
A
COMPROMISE
BETWEEN
DIFFERENT
APPROACHES
404
B.
LIMITATION
OF
THE
EFFECT
OF
TERMINATION
TO
THE
FUTURE
405
C.
SUBSISTING
RIGHTS
AND
CONTRACT
PROVISIONS
405
I
.
IN
CASE
OF
A
LAWFUL
CONTRACT
TERMINATION
405
2.
IN
CASE
OF
AN
UNFOUNDED
CONTRACT
TERMINATION
(UNLAWFUL
TERMINATION)
406
ARTICLE
7.3.6
(RESTITUTION
WITH
RESPECT
TO
CONTRACTS
TO
BE
PERFORMED
AT
ONE
TIME)
407
A.
PRINCIPLE
OF
CONCURRENT
RESTITUTION
IN
KIND
(PARA.
1)
407
B.
'
IMPOSSIBLE
'
OR
'
INAPPROPRIATE
'
RESTITUTION
IN
KIND
(PARA.
2)
408
C.
RISK
ALLOCATION,
OPTIONS
409
D.
COMPENSATION
FOR
EXPENSES
(PARA.
4)
AND
OTHER
OPTIONS
410
E.
GENERAL
RULES
GOVERNING
THE
OBLIGATIONS
UNDER
ART.
7.3.6
411
F.
IMPACT
OF
ART.
7.3.6:
A
QUASI-UNIFIED
APPROACH
TO
RESTITUTION
411
ARTICLE
7.3.7
(RESTITUTION
WITH
RESPECT
TO
LONG-TERM
CONTRACTS)
413
A.
LIMITATION
OF
RESTITUTION
RIGHTS
413
B.
CONDITIONS
413
1.
PRINCIPLE
RULE
413
2.
EXCEPTION
414
C.
REFERENCE
TO
ART.
7.3.6
414
D.
OTHER
OPTIONS
414
SECTION
4
DAMAGES
415
INTRODUCTORY
REMARKS
415
ARTICLE
7.4.1
(RIGHT
TO
DAMAGES)
416
A.
DAMAGES
FOR
NON-PERFORMANCE
UNLESS
EXCUSED
416
B.
APPLICATION
IN
ADDITION
TO
PARALLEL
OPTIONS
417
C.
ANALOGICAL
APPLICATION,
SPECIAL
RULES
WITH
PRIORITY
417
ARTICLE
7.4.2
(FULL
COMPENSATION)
418
A.
PRINCIPLE
OF
FULL
COMPENSATION
418
B.
ADAPTATION
IN
CASES
OF
ANALOGICAL
APPLICATION
421
XL
ARTICLE
7.4.3
(CERTAINTY
OF
HARM)
421
A.
CERTAINTY,
PROBABILITY
OR
ASSESSMENT
OF
THE
COURT
421
1.
HARMS
ESTABLISHED
BY
A
REASONABLE
DEGREE
OF
CERTAINTY
(PARA.
1)
422
2.
LOSS
OF
A
CHANCE
DEPENDING
ON
PROBABILITY
OF
ITS
OCCURRENCE
(PARA.
2)
422
3.
ASSESSMENT
AT
THE
DISCRETION
OF
THE
COURT
(PARA.
3)
423
B.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
424
ARTICLE
7.4.4
(FORESEEABILITY
OF
HARM)
424
A.
AN
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
MEETING
COMPARATIVE
LEGAL
BENCHMARKS
424
B.
SPECIFICS
OF
THE
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
'
FORESEEABILITY
TEST
425
C.
IMPACT
ON
RISK
MANAGEMENT
AT
THE
CONTRACT
DRAFTING
STAGE
426
ARTICLE
7.4.5
(PROOF
OF
HARM
IN
CASE
OF
REPLACEMENT
TRANSACTION)
427
A.
FUNCTION
OF
ART.
7.4.5 427
B.
FOUR
REQUIREMENTS
428
C.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
429
D.
OPTIONS
430
ARTICLE
7.4.6
(PROOF
OF
HARM
BY
CURRENT
PRICE)
430
A.
FUNCTION
OF
ART.
7.4.6
430
B.
THREE
REQUIREMENTS
431
C.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
431
D.
OPTIONS
432
ARTICLE
7.4.7
(HARM
DUE
IN
PART
TO
AGGRIEVED
PARTY)
432
A.
FUNCTION
OF
THE
CONCEPT
OF
CONTRIBUTORY
CAUSATION
432
B.
REQUIREMENTS
433
C.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
434
D.
OPTIONS
434
ARTICLE
7.4.8
(MITIGATION
OF
HARM)
435
A.
FUNCTION
OF
MITIGATION
435
B.
TWO
FORMS
OF
APPLICATION
435
1.
A
PARTIAL
SHIELD
FOR
THE
OBLIGOR
436
2.
A
BASIS
FOR
A
CLAIM
BY
THE
AGGRIEVED
PARTY
437
C.
OPTIONS
437
ARTICLE
7.4.9
(INTEREST
FOR
FAILURE
TO
PAY
MONEY)
437
A.
FUNCTION
AND
PRACTICAL
IMPORTANCE,
RELATION
TO
THE
CISG
438
B.
TWO
REQUIREMENTS
AND
ONE
CLARIFICATION
440
C.
INTEREST
RATE
441
D.
ADDITIONAL
DAMAGES,
COMPOUND
INTEREST
441
E.
OPTIONS
442
XLI
ARTICLE
7.4.10
(INTEREST
ON
DAMAGES)
443
A.
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
AND
FUNCTION
443
B.
APPLICATION
443
C.
AVOIDANCE
OF
DOUBLE
COMPENSATION
444
ARTICLE
7.4.11
(MANNER
OF
MONETARY
REDRESS)
444
A.
FLEXIBILITY
TO
THE
COURT
444
B.
INDEXATION
445
ARTICLE
7.4.12
(CURRENCY
IN
WHICH
TO
ASSESS
DAMAGES)
445
A.
AN
OPTION
FOR
THE
AGGRIEVED
PARTY
445
B.
ALTERNATIVE
AND
DISTINCTION
446
ARTICLE
7.4.13
(AGREED
PAYMENT
FOR
NON-PERFORMANCE)
446
A.
FUNCTION
446
B.
FREEDOM
TO
NEGOTIATE
AN
AGREED
PAYMENT
FOR
NON-PERFORMANCE
448
C.
JUDICIAL
CONTROL
OF
GROSSLY
EXCESSIVE
CLAUSES
AS
PART
OF
THE
MANDATORY
CORE
OF
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
450
D.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTION
451
CHAPTER
8
SET-OFF
453
INTRODUCTION
453
A.
DEFINITION
AND
RELEVANCE
453
B.
A
NEUTRAL
COMPROMISE
ON
SET-OFF
454
C.
A
LIBERAL
APPROACH
456
ARTICLE
8.1
(CONDITIONS
OF
SET-OFF)
456
A.
FUNCTION
OF
ART.
8.
1
WITHIN
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES-SYSTEM
OF
SET-OFF
456
1.
RELATION
TO
ART.
8.2-8.5
456
2.
SPECIAL
RULES
WITH
PRIORITY
457
B.
REQUIREMENTS
457
1.
MUTUALITY
(OR
RECIPROCITY)
457
2.
'
MONEY
OR
OTHER
PERFORMANCE
OF
THE
SAME
KIND
'
458
3.
PRINCIPLE
CLAIM:
ENTITLEMENT
TO
PERFORMANCE
BY
THE
FIRST
PARTY
((L)LIT.
A)
459
4.
CROSS-CLAIM:
AN
'
ASCERTAINED
'
AND
'
DUE
'
OBLIGATION
OF
THE
OTHER
PARTY
((1)
LIT.
B)
460
5.
EXCEPTION
TO
THE
'
ASCERTAINABILITY
'
REQUIREMENT
462
C.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
AND
TERMINOLOGY
463
D.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
AND/OR
RESTRICTIONS
AND
OTHER
RESTRICTIONS
463
1.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
AND/OR
RESTRICTIONS
463
2.
OTHER
RESTRICTIONS
464
XLII
ARTICLE
8.2
(FOREIGN
CURRENCY
SET-OFF)
465
A.
FUNCTION
AND
PRINCIPLE
465
B.
A
RACE
TO
BECOME
THE
'
FIRST
PARTY
'
466
1.
CURRENCY
467
2.
EXCHANGE
RATE
467
C.
RESTRICTIONS
468
1.
NO
'
FREELY
CONVERTIBLE
CURRENCIES
'
468
2.
CURRENCY
IMPOSED
BY
AGREEMENT
468
D.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
469
ARTICLE
8.3
(SET-OFF
BY
NOTICE)
470
A.
A
STRAIGHTFORWARD
INSTRUCTION
TO
THE
FIRST
PARTY
470
B.
FORM
470
C.
LIMITS
471
D.
OPTIONS
471
ARTICLE
8.4
(CONTENT
OF
NOTICE)
471
A.
SPECIFICATION
OF
THE
OBLIGATIONS
472
1.
THE
BASIC
RULE
OF
PARA.
1
472
2.
FURTHER
CONTENTS
OF
THE
NOTICE
472
B.
MULTIPLE
OBLIGATIONS
1.
THE
DEFAULT
RULE
FOR
MISSING
SPECIFICATIONS
IN
CASE
OF
MULTIPLE
473
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
OTHER
PARTY
2.
MISSING
SPECIFICATIONS
IN
CASE
OF
MULTIPLE
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
FIRST
473
PARTY
474
3.
MULTIPLE
OBLIGATIONS
ON
BOTH
SIDES
474
ARTICLE
8.5
(EFFECT
OF
SET-OFF)
475
A.
DEFINED
SUBSTANTIVE
EFFECT
FOR
THE
FUTURE
475
1.
SUBSTANTIVE
EFFECT
OF
SET-OFF
(PARA.
1)
475
2.
DIFFERENT
AMOUNTS
(PARA.
2)
475
3.
PROSPECTIVE
EFFECT
(PARA.
3)
476
4.
LIMITS
477
B.
PRACTICAL
CONSEQUENCES,
OPTIONS
477
CHAPTER
9
ASSIGNMENT
OF
RIGHTS,
TRANSFER
OF
OBLIGATIONS,
ASSIGNMENT
OF
CONTRACTS
479
INTRODUCTION
479
SECTION
1
ASSIGNMENT
OF
RIGHTS
481
ARTICLE
9.1.1
(DEFINITIONS)
481
A.
PERSPECTIVE
AND
SCOPE
481
B.
BEYOND
'
DEFINITIONS
'
:
MERE
AGREEMENT,
NO
CONSENT
FOR
ASSIGNMENTS
OF
MONETARY
RIGHTS
482
C.
LIMITS
484
XLIII
ARTICLE
9.1.2
(EXCLUSIONS)
484
A.
A
REMINDER
OF
PRIORITY
OF
CERTAIN
LAWS
484
B.
LIT.
A
485
C.
LIT.
B
485
ARTICLE
9.1.3
(ASSIGNABILITY
OF
NON-MONETARY
RIGHTS)
485
A.
PURPOSE
486
B.
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
AN
EFFECTIVE
ASSIGNMENT
OF
NON-MONETARY
OBLIGATIONS
486
C.
EFFECTS
487
D.
OPTIONS
488
ARTICLE
9.1.4
(PARTIAL
ASSIGNMENT)
488
A.
PRINCIPLE
488
B.
REQUIREMENTS
489
1.
RIGHTS
TO
THE
PAYMENT
OF
A
MONETARY
SUM
(PARA.
1)
489
2.
RIGHTS
TO
OTHER
PERFORMANCE
THAN
THE
PAYMENT
OF
A
MONETARY
SUM
(PARA.
2)
489
C.
OPTIONS
490
ARTICLE
9.1.5
(FUTURE
RIGHTS)
490
A.
PRINCIPLE
490
B.
IDENTIFICATION
AS
REQUIREMENT
491
C.
EFFECT
492
D.
OPTIONS
492
ARTICLE
9.1.6
(RIGHTS
ASSIGNED
WITHOUT
INDIVIDUAL
SPECIFICATION)
493
A.
ASSIGNMENT
OF
A
BUNDLE
OF
RIGHTS
493
B.
REQUIREMENTS
493
1.
IDENTIFIABILITY
AT
THE
RELEVANT
TIME
493
2.
PARTIAL
VALIDITY
494
ARTICLE
9.1.7
(AGREEMENT
BETWEEN
ASSIGNOR
AND
ASSIGNEE
SUFFICIENT)
494
A.
MERE
AGREEMENT
494
1.
ASSIGNMENT
OF
RIGHTS
TO
RECEIVE
PAYMENT
OF
A
SUM
OF
MONEY
494
2.
ASSIGNMENT
OF
RIGHTS
TO
NON-MONETARY
PERFORMANCE
495
B.
OPTIONS
495
C.
LIMITS
496
ARTICLE
9.1.8
(OBLIGOR
'
S
ADDITIONAL
COSTS)
496
A.
AN
INNOVATIVE
CONCEPT
496
B.
REQUIREMENTS
497
C.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE:
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
LIABILITY
497
D.
OPTIONS
498
XLIV
ARTICLE
9.1.9
(NON-ASSIGNMENT
CLAUSES)
498
A.
A
BALANCE
BETWEEN
CONFLICTING
INTERESTS
498
B.
THE
SYSTEM
499
C.
OPTIONS
501
ARTICLE
9.1.10
(NOTICE
TO
THE
OBLIGOR)
502
A.
FUNCTION
AND
FUNCTIONING
502
1.
UNTIL
RECEIPT
OF
NOTICE
503
2.
AFTER
RECEIPT
OF
NOTICE
503
B.
NOTICE
504
1.
SILENT
ASSIGNMENTS
504
2.
REQUIREMENTS
IF
NOTICE
IS
GIVEN
504
3.
REVOCATION
OF
NOTICE
505
C.
LIMITED
OPTIONS
505
ARTICLE
9.1.11
(SUCCESSIVE
ASSIGNMENTS)
506
A.
RARE
RELEVANCE
506
B.
PURPOSE
AND
FUNCTIONING
OF
THE
RULE
507
C.
OPEN
ISSUES
507
D.
OPTIONS
508
ARTICLE
9.1.12
(ADEQUATE
PROOF
OF
ASSIGNMENT)
508
A.
PROTECTION
OF
THE
OBLIGOR
509
B.
INADEQUATE
PROOF
SANCTIONED
BY
INEFFECTIVENESS
OF
THE
NOTICE
509
1.
REQUEST
FOR
PROOF
509
2.
RISK
ALLOCATION
510
3.
CONSEQUENCES
OF
INSUFFICIENT
PROOF
AND
WITHHOLDING
RIGHT
511
C.
OPTIONS
511
ARTICLE
9.1.13
(DEFENCES
AND
RIGHTS
OF
SET-OFF)
511
A.
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
512
B.
'
IN
THE
ASSIGNOR
'
S
SHOES
'
(PARA.
1)
512
1.
PRINCIPLE
512
2.
EXAMPLES
FOR
AVAILABLE
DEFENCES
513
3.
RIGHTS
OF
THE
ASSIGNEE
CONFRONTED
WITH
SUCH
AN
OBJECTION
514
C.
SET-OFF
(PARA.
2)
514
1.
PRINCIPLE
(UNTIL
RECEIPT
OF
A
NOTICE
OF
ASSIGNMENT)
514
2.
RESTRICTIONS
515
D.
OPTIONS
516
ARTICLE
9.1.14
(RIGHTS
RELATED
TO
THE
RIGHT
ASSIGNED)
516
A.
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
516
B.
ANOTHER
USEFUL
COMPROMISE
BETWEEN
CIVIL
AND
COMMON
LAW
517
C.
LIMITS
518
D.
OPTIONS
518
XLV
ARTICLE
9.1.15
(UNDERTAKINGS
OF
THE
ASSIGNOR)
519
A.
SELF-EXPLANATORY
UNDERTAKINGS
519
B.
EFFECT
520
C.
LIMITS
AND
OPTIONS
520
SECTION
2
TRANSFER
OF
OBLIGATIONS
521
ARTICLE
9.2.1
(MODES
OF
TRANSFER)
521
A.
ONE
OPTION
FOR
EACH
CONTRACT
PARTNER
522
B.
AGREEMENT
BETWEEN
THE
ORIGINAL
OBLIGOR
AND
THE
NEW
OBLIGOR
(LIT.
A)
523
1.
AGREEMENT
BETWEEN
THE
ORIGINAL
OBLIGOR
AND
THE
NEW
OBLIGOR
523
2.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE
523
C.
AGREEMENT
BETWEEN
THE
OBLIGEE
AND
THE
NEW
OBLIGOR
(LIT.
B)
524
D.
LIMITS
525
E.
OPTIONS
525
ARTICLE
9.2.2
(EXCLUSION)
525
A.
PRINCIPLE
525
B.
EXCEPTION
526
ARTICLE
9.2.3
(REQUIREMENT
OF
OBLIGEE
'
S
CONSENT
TO
TRANSFER)
526
A.
A
SUPPLEMENT
TO
ART.
9.2.1
(A)
526
B.
CONTENTS
AND
COMMUNICATION
OF
THE
CONSENT
OF
THE
OBLIGEE
526
1.
CONTENTS
526
2.
COMMUNICATION
527
ARTICLE
9.2.4
(ADVANCE
CONSENT
OF
OBLIGEE)
527
A.
A
USEFUL
TOOL
IN
PRACTICE
527
B.
APPLICATION
OF
THE
RULE
528
C.
OPTIONS
529
ARTICLE
9.2.5
(DISCHARGE
OF
ORIGINAL
OBLIGOR)
529
A.
OPTIONS
FOR
THE
AFFECTED
THIRD
PARTY
529
B.
OPTIONS
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE
UNDER
PARA.
1
AND
2
529
C.
DEFAULT
RULE
IN
PARA.
3
530
D.
ADDITIONAL
OPTION
BY
THE
OBLIGEE
530
E.
OPTION
FOR
THE
ORIGINAL
OBLIGOR
530
ARTICLE
9.2.6
(THIRD
PARTY
PERFORMANCE)
530
A.
FREEDOM
FOR
THE
OBLIGOR
AS
A
RULE
531
B.
EXTENSIVE
INTERPRETATION
532
C.
LIMITS
532
ARTICLE
9.2.7
(DEFENCES
AND
RIGHTS
OF
SET-OFF)
532
A.
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
533
B.
NO
CUT
OFF
OF
OBLIGOR
'
S
DEFENCES
THROUGH
THE
TRANSFER
(PARA.
1)
533
XLVI
C.
RESTRICTION
REGARDING
SET-OFF
(PARA.
2)
534
1.
NO
TRANSFER
OF
SET-OFF
RIGHTS
534
2.
LIMITS
535
ARTICLE
9.2.8
(RIGHTS
RELATED
TO
THE
OBLIGATION
TRANSFERRED)
535
A.
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
535
B.
RIGHTS
TO
PERFORMANCE
535
C.
SECURITY
RIGHTS
536
1.
SECURITIES
GIVEN
BY
THE
ORIGINAL
OBLIGOR
536
2.
SECURITIES
GIVEN
BY
A
THIRD
PARTY
536
3.
SECURITIES
GIVEN
BY
THE
NEW
OBLIGOR
537
D.
LIMITS
537
SECTION
3
ASSIGNMENT
OF
CONTRACTS
537
ARTICLE
9.3.1
(DEFINITIONS)
537
A.
A
USEFUL
TOOL
538
B.
DEFINITIONS
539
C.
OVERVIEW
539
D.
OPTIONS
539
ARTICLE
9.3.2
(EXCLUSION)
540
LIMITATION
OF
THE
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
540
ARTICLE
9.3.3
(REQUIREMENT
OF
CONSENT
OF
THE
OTHER
PARTY)
540
A.
COPING
WITH
A
NEED
FOR
CONSENT
540
B.
MODALITIES
OF
CONSENT
541
C.
OPTIONS
542
ARTICLE
9.3.4
(ADVANCE
CONSENT
OF
THE
OTHER
PARTY)
542
A.
A
USEFUL
TOOL
IN
PRACTICE
542
B.
ADVANCE
CONSENT
543
C.
EFFECT
UPON
THE
TRANSFER
OF
CONTRACT
543
D.
OPTION
543
ARTICLE
9.3.5
(DISCHARGE
OF
THE
ASSIGNOR)
544
A.
THREE
OPTIONS
FOR
THE
OTHER
PARTY
544
B.
MODALITIES
OF
EXECUTION
544
C.
ADVANCE
DISCHARGE
545
ARTICLE
9.3.6
(DEFENCES
AND
RIGHTS
OF
SET-OFF)
545
A.
OVERVIEW
545
B.
DEFENCES
AND
RIGHTS
OF
SET-OFF
WITH
RESPECT
TO
RIGHTS
ASSIGNED
IN
THE
CONTEXT
OF
ASSIGNMENT
OF
CONTRACT
546
1.
DEFENCES
546
2.
SET-OFF
546
XLVII
C.
DEFENCES
AND
RIGHTS
OF
SET-OFF
WITH
RESPECT
TO
OBLIGATIONS
TRANSFERRED
IN
THE
CONTEXT
OF
ASSIGNMENT
OF
CONTRACT
547
1.
DEFENCES
547
2.
SET-OFF
547
D.
REFERRAL
547
ARTICLE
9.3.7
(RIGHTS
TRANSFERRED
WITH
THE
CONTRACT)
548
A.
OVERVIEW
AND
DISTINCTION
TO
RIGHTS
OF
PERFORMANCE
548
B.
RIGHTS
RELATED
TO
THE
RIGHTS
ASSIGNED
IN
THE
CONTEXT
OF
ASSIGNMENT
OF
CONTRACT
548
C.
RIGHTS
RELATED
TO
THE
OBLIGATIONS
TRANSFERRED
IN
THE
CONTEXT
OF
ASSIGNMENT
OF
CONTRACT
549
1.
SECURITY
RIGHTS
REGARDING
A
TRANSFERRED
OBLIGATION
GIVEN
BY
THE
ORIGINAL
OBLIGOR
549
2.
SECURITIES
GIVEN
BY
A
THIRD
PARTY
549
3.
SECURITIES
GIVEN
BY
THE
NEW
OBLIGOR
550
D.
REFERRAL
550
CHAPTER
10
LIMITATION
PERIODS
551
INTRODUCTION
551
A.
A
BALANCE
BETWEEN
COMPETING
INTERESTS
OF
THE
PARTIES
551
B.
ISSUES
551
ARTICLE
10.1
(SCOPE
OF
THE
CHAPTER)
552
A.
A
USEFUL
COMPROMISE
BETWEEN
DIFFERENT
SYSTEMS
552
B.
SCOPE
OF
APPLICABILITY
(BASED
ON
THE
SCRUTINY
BY
WINTGEN)
554
1.
EXAMPLES
OF
APPLICABILITY
554
2.
COUNTER-EXAMPLES
TO
WHICH
LIMITATION
PERIODS
UNDER
CHAPTER
10
DO
NOT
APPLY
555
3.
AN
OBSERVATION
ON
THE
APPLICATION
OF
CHAPTER
10
FROM
A
PRIVATE
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
PERSPECTIVE
556
4.
OPTIONS
557
ARTICLE
10.2
(LIMITATION
PERIODS)
558
A.
GENERAL
AND
UNDERLYING
PRINCIPLES
REGARDING
LIMITATION
PERIODS
558
1.
A
TWO-TIER
SYSTEM
558
2.
STARTING
POINT
ON
'
THE
DAY
AFTER
'
559
3.
GREGORIAN
CALENDAR
559
4.
OFFICIAL
HOLIDAYS
OR
NON-BUSINESS
DAYS
559
B.
BEGINNING
OF
THE
LIMITATION
PERIOD
560
1.
GENERAL
LIMITATION
PERIOD
(3
YEARS)
560
2.
MAXIMUM
LIMITATION
PERIOD
(10
YEARS)
562
C.
OPTIONS
563
ARTICLE
10.3
(MODIFICATION
OF
LIMITATION
PERIODS
BY
THE
PARTIES)
563
A.
PRINCIPLE
OF
PARTY
AUTONOMY
AS
A
STARTING
POINT
563
B.
MODALITIES
564
XLVIII
C.
LIMITS
AS
PART
OFTHE
MANDATORY
CORE
OF
U
NIDROIT
PRINCIPLES
564
1.
LIMITS
FOR
THE
GENERAL
LIMITATION
PERIOD
564
2.
LIMITS
FOR
THE
MAXIMUM
LIMITATION
PERIOD
564
3.
VIOLATIONS
565
D.
OPTIONS
565
1.
PRINCIPLE:
NO
DEVIATION
565
2.
EXCEPTION
BY
D^PE^AGE
566
3.
ARBITRATION
CLAUSES
567
ARTICLE
10.4
(NEW
LIMITATION
PERIOD
BY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT)
567
A.
PRINCIPLE,
TIMING
AND
EFFECT
568
B.
FORM
OF
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
569
ARTICLE
10.5
(SUSPENSION
BY
JUDICIAL
PROCEEDINGS)
569
A.
A
CONCEPT
OF
SUSPENSION
569
B.
DETAILS
571
1.
REFERENCE
TO
THE
LAW
OF
THE
COURT
FOR
THE
BEGINNING
OF
SUSPENSION
571
2.
END
OF
SUSPENSION
571
C.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS:
SUSPENSION
BY
NEGOTIATION
572
D.
EFFECT
OF
THE
JUDICIAL
PROCEEDINGS
ON
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
OBLIGORS
573
ARTICLE
10.6
(SUSPENSION
BY
ARBITRAL
PROCEEDINGS)
573
A.
ADAPTATION
OF
THE
CONCEPT
OF
SUSPENSION
TO
ARBITRATION
573
B.
DETAILS
574
1.
BEGINNING
OF
SUSPENSION
574
2.
END
OF
SUSPENSION
574
C.
EFFECT
OF
THE
ARBITRAL
PROCEEDINGS
ON
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
OBLIGORS
575
ARTICLE
10.7
(ALTERNATIVE
DISPUTE
RESOLUTION)
575
A.
FORMAL
MEDIATION
AND
CONCILIATION
AS
SUSPENDING
EVENT
575
B.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCE:
APPLICATION
OF
ART.
10.5
AND
10.6
576
1.
COMMENCEMENT
OF
SUSPENSION
576
2.
END
OF
SUSPENSION
576
C.
EFFECT
OF
THE
ALTERNATIVE
DISPUTE
RESOLUTION
ON
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
OBLIGORS
577
D.
OPTION:
THIRD
PARTY
INVOLVEMENT
TO
DETERMINE
CONTRACTUAL
TERMS
577
ARTICLE
10.8
(SUSPENSION
IN
CASE
OF
FORCE
MAJEURE,
DEATH
OR
INCAPACITY)
577
A.
FORCE
MAJEURE
AS
AN
EXCUSE
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE
WITH
REGARD
TO
THE
GENERAL
LIMITATION
PERIOD
578
B.
DETAILS
578
1.
DEFINITION
OF
FORCE
MAJEURE
578
2.
EFFECTS
OF
FORCE
MAJEURE
579
3.
DEATH
AND
INCAPACITY
580
XLIX
ARTICLE
10.9
(EFFECTS
OF
EXPIRATION
OF
LIMITATION
PERIOD)
581
A.
THE
FIRST
OF
THREE
ARTICLES
ON
THE
EFFECTS
OF
THE
EXPIRATION
OF
THE
LIMITATION
PERIOD
581
B.
RIGHTS
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE
AND
FOR
THE
OBLIGOR
581
1.
INTRODUCTION
581
2.
A
REQUIREMENT
TO
ACTUALLY
ASSERT
THE
RIGHT
581
3.
A
REMAINING
RIGHT
TO
DEFEND
582
C.
NO
EFFECT
ON
COLLATERALS
582
D.
OPTIONS
582
ARTICLE
10.10
(RIGHT
OF
SET-OFF)
583
A.
SUPPLEMENTTO
ART.
10.9
583
B.
SUPPLEMENT
TO
ART.
8.1
ET
SEQ.
584
C.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
584
ARTICLE
10.11
(RESTITUTION)
584
A.
TIME-BARRED
CLAIMS
AS
A
VALID
BASIS
FOR
PERFORMANCE
584
B.
RESTITUTION
BASED
ON
OTHER
GROUNDS
585
CHAPTER
11
PLURALITY
OF
OBLIGORS
AND
OF
OBLIGEES
587
INTRODUCTION
587
A.
OVERVIEW
587
B.
LANGUAGE
588
C.
SCOPE
588
SECTION
1
PLURALITY
OF
OBLIGORS
589
ARTICLE
11.1.1
(DEFINITIONS)
589
A.
TWO
KINDS
OF
OBLIGATIONS
590
B.
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
OBLIGATIONS
(LIT.
A)
590
C.
SEPARATE
OBLIGATIONS
(LIT.
B)
591
D.
OPTIONS
592
ARTICLE
11.1.2
(PRESUMPTION
OF
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
OBLIGATIONS)
593
A.
A
DEFAULT
RULE
593
B.
CONTRACTUAL
INTERPRETATION
594
C.
OPTIONS
595
ARTICLE
11.1.3
(OBLIGEE
'
S
RIGHTS
AGAINST
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
OBLIGORS)
595
A.
A
CHOICE
OF
THE
OBLIGEE
595
B.
NON-PERFORMANCE
595
C.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTION
596
L
ARTICLE
11.1.4
(AVAILABILITY
OF
DEFENCES
AND
RIGHTS
OF
SET-OFF)
596
A.
A
CLEAR
DISTINCTION
BETWEEN
COMMON
AND
PERSONAL
DEFENCES
597
B.
COMMON
DEFENCES
597
1.
THE
PRINCIPLE
AND
EXAMPLES
597
2.
ASSERTION
598
C.
PERSONAL
DEFENCES
598
1.
THE
PRINCIPLE
598
2.
LEGAL
IMPACT
ON
CONTRIBUTORY
ACTION
599
D.
SET-OFF
600
E.
COMMUNICATION
600
F.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
601
ARTICLE
11.1.5
(EFFECT
OF
PERFORMANCE
OR
SET-OFF)
601
A.
A
GENERALLY
ACCEPTED
RULE
ON
DISCHARGE
BY
PERFORMANCE
OR
PERFORMANCE
SUBSTITUTE
601
B.
MERGER
602
C.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTION
602
ARTICLE
11.1.6
(EFFECT
OF
RELEASE
OR
SETTLEMENT)
603
A.
PRINCIPLE
OF
PARTIAL
DISCHARGE
OF
REMAINING
OBLIGORS
603
B.
IMPACT
ON
CONTRIBUTORY
CLAIM
604
1.
GENERAL
IMPACT
604
2.
INCREASE
OF
CONTRIBUTORY
SHARES
SUBSEQUENT
TO
THE
RELEASE
604
C.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
605
ARTICLE
11.1.7
(EFFECT
OF
EXPIRATION
OR
SUSPENSION
OF
LIMITATION
PERIOD)
606
A.
INDIVIDUAL
EFFECT
OF
AN
EXPIRATION
OF
A
LIMITATION
PERIOD
606
B.
EFFECT
OF
PROCEEDINGS
AGAINST
ONE
OBLIGOR
607
1.
THE
EFFECT
OF
PARA.
2
607
2.
LIMITS
608
C.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
608
1.
REGARDING
THE
CONTRACT
BETWEEN
OBLIGEE
AND
OBLIGORS
608
2.
REGARDING
THE
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
CO-OBLIGORS
609
ARTICLE
11.1.8
(EFFECT
OF
JUDGMENT)
609
A.
PRINCIPLE
609
1.
NO
BINDING
EFFECT
ON
CO-OBLIGORS
609
2.
FREEDOM
OF
THE
OBLIGEE
610
B.
EXCEPTION
IN
CASE
OF
PERSONAL
DEFENCES
610
ARTICLE
11.1.9
(APPORTIONMENT
AMONG
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
OBLIGORS)
612
A.
THE
FOUNDATION
FOR
CONTRIBUTORY
CLAIMS
AND
SUBROGATION
612
B.
A
DEFAULT
RULE
612
ARTICLE
11.1.10
(EXTENT
OF
CONTRIBUTORY
CLAIM)
613
A.
CONTRIBUTORY
CLAIM
OF
AN
OBLIGOR
613
B.
DETAILS
614
1.
QUALIFICATION
OF
CONTRIBUTORY
CLAIMS
AS
SEPARATE
614
LI
2.
EXTENT
OF
THE
CONTRIBUTORY
CLAIM
-
CALCULATION
EXAMPLE
614
3.
COST
AND
INTEREST
615
4.
CONTRIBUTION
IN
MONEY
615
5.
PRESCRIPTION
615
C.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
615
ARTICLE
11.1.11
(RIGHTS
OF
THE
OBLIGEE)
616
A.
AN
ADDITIONAL
TOOL
FOR
THE
OBLIGOR
616
1.
CONDITIONS
617
2.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
617
B.
PRIORITY
FOR
THE
OBLIGEE
618
ARTICLE
11.1.12
(DEFENCES
IN
CONTRIBUTORY
CLAIMS)
619
A.
A
STRAIGHTFORWARD
RULE
619
B.
A
CLEAR
DISTINCTION
BETWEEN
COMMON
AND
PERSONAL
DEFENCES
620
1.
COMMON
DEFENCES
620
2.
PERSONAL
DEFENCES
IN
GENERAL
621
3.
SPECIAL
PERSONAL
DEFENCES
622
4.
SET-OFF
622
C.
OPTIONS
623
ARTICLE
11.1.13
(INABILITY
TO
RECOVER)
624
A.
A
POSSIBLE
CHANGE
OF
THE
APPORTIONMENT
624
B.
CONDITIONS
624
C.
CALCULATION
625
SECTION
2
PLURALITY
OF
OBLIGEES
625
ARTICLE
11.2.1
(DEFINITIONS)
625
A.
THREE
KINDS
OF
OBLIGATIONS
OFFERED
BY
THE
UNIDROIT
PRINCIPLES,
NO
PRESUMPTION
626
B.
SEPARATE
CLAIMS
(LIT.
A)
627
1.
PRINCIPLE
627
2.
SELECTED
ADVANTAGES
OR
DISADVANTAGES
628
3.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
WITHIN
THIS
KIND
OF
OBLIGATION
628
C.
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
CLAIMS
(LIT.
B)
628
1.
PRINCIPLE
628
2.
SELECTED
ADVANTAGES
OR
DISADVANTAGES
629
3.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
WITHIN
THIS
KIND
OF
OBLIGATION
630
D.
JOINT
CLAIMS
(LIT.
C)
630
1.
PRINCIPLE
630
2.
SELECTED
ADVANTAGES
OR
DISADVANTAGES
631
3.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
WITHIN
THIS
KIND
OF
OBLIGATION
631
E.
ABSENCE
OF
AN
EXPLICIT
CHOICE
632
F.
OPTIONS
TO
AGREE
ON
OTHER
CONCEPTS
633
LII
ARTICLE
11.2.2
(EFFECTS
OF
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
CLAIMS)
634
A.
A
SUPPLEMENT
TO
ART.
11.2.1
LIT.
B
634
B.
DETAILS
634
1.
FORMAL
PROCEDURES
WITH
ONE
OBLIGEE
634
2.
PERFORMANCE
IN
CIRCUMSTANCES
GOVERNED
BY
CHAPTER
7
635
3.
MERGER
635
C.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
636
ARTICLE
11.2.3
(AVAILABILITY
OF
DEFENCES
AGAINST
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
OBLIGEES)
636
A.
FUNCTION
AND
PRINCIPLE
636
B.
DEFENCES
AND
SET-OFF
UNDER
PARA.
1
637
1.
DEFENCES
WHICH
ARE
COMMON
TO
THE
OBLIGOR
'
S
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
ALL
OBLIGEES
637
2.
DEFENCES
WHICH
ARE
PERSONAL
TO
THE
OBLIGOR
'
S
RELATIONSHIP
WITH
ONE
OBLIGEE
637
3.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
638
4.
SET-OFF
638
C.
DEFENCES
AND
SET-OFF
UNDER
PARA.
2
639
1.
PERFORMANCE
AND
RIGHTS
OF
SET-OFF
639
2.
EFFECT
OF
RELEASE
AND
SETTLEMENT
639
3.
EFFECT
OF
EXPIRATION
AND
SUSPENSION
OF
LIMITATION
PERIOD
640
4.
SPECIAL
RULES
ON
EFFECT
OF
JUDGEMENT
641
ARTICLE
11.2.4
(ALLOCATION
BETWEEN
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
OBLIGEES)
642
A.
PURPOSE
642
B.
APPORTIONMENT
643
C.
TRANSFER
OF
EXCESS
RECEIVED
FROM
THE
OBLIGOR
643
1.
OBLIGATION
TO
TRANSFER
THE
EXCESS
643
2.
SET-OFF
WITH
EXPENSES
644
3.
CONTRACTUAL
OPTIONS
644
D.
MERGER
OF
THE
OBLIGOR
WITH
ONE
OBLIGEE
644
INDEX
647
LIII |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Brödermann, Eckart 1958- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)141946288 |
| author_facet | Brödermann, Eckart 1958- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Brödermann, Eckart 1958- |
| author_variant | e b eb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048898104 |
| classification_rvk | PU 1540 PU 1532 PT 334 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1492126831 (DE-599)DNB1279859997 |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | Second edition |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4136710-8 Kommentar gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Kommentar |
| id | DE-604.BV048898104 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:50:03Z |
| indexdate | 2025-03-05T13:01:00Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)117513-0 |
| isbn | 9783756002436 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034162563 |
| oclc_num | 1492126831 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M382 DE-29 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-M382 DE-29 DE-188 |
| physical | CLIII, 676 Seiten 22.7 cm x 15.3 cm |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Nomos |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Brödermann, Eckart 1958- Verfasser (DE-588)141946288 aut UNIDROIT principles of International Commercial Contracts an article-by-article commentary Eckart J. Brödermann Second edition Baden-Baden Nomos 2023 CLIII, 676 Seiten 22.7 cm x 15.3 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier International Institute for the Unification of Private Law Unidroit principles of international commercial contracts (DE-588)4538841-6 gnd rswk-swf Internationales Wirtschaftsrecht Internationale Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit PICC Schiedsregeln Arbitration International Institute for the Unification of Private Law Trade Law Commercial Law Harmonisierung des Zivilrechts Principles of Transnational Civil Procedure Rules of private Law UNIDROIT International Commercial Contracts Internationales Handelsrecht Internationales Vertragsrecht Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4136710-8 Kommentar gnd-content International Institute for the Unification of Private Law Unidroit principles of international commercial contracts (DE-588)4538841-6 u DE-604 Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft (DE-588)117513-0 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-3-74893770-8 X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=5be0e75085834a3598fd7ad39f7577cb&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034162563&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p vlb 20230202 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#vlb |
| spellingShingle | Brödermann, Eckart 1958- UNIDROIT principles of International Commercial Contracts an article-by-article commentary International Institute for the Unification of Private Law Unidroit principles of international commercial contracts (DE-588)4538841-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4538841-6 (DE-588)4136710-8 |
| title | UNIDROIT principles of International Commercial Contracts an article-by-article commentary |
| title_auth | UNIDROIT principles of International Commercial Contracts an article-by-article commentary |
| title_exact_search | UNIDROIT principles of International Commercial Contracts an article-by-article commentary |
| title_exact_search_txtP | UNIDROIT principles of International Commercial Contracts an article-by-article commentary |
| title_full | UNIDROIT principles of International Commercial Contracts an article-by-article commentary Eckart J. Brödermann |
| title_fullStr | UNIDROIT principles of International Commercial Contracts an article-by-article commentary Eckart J. Brödermann |
| title_full_unstemmed | UNIDROIT principles of International Commercial Contracts an article-by-article commentary Eckart J. Brödermann |
| title_short | UNIDROIT principles of International Commercial Contracts |
| title_sort | unidroit principles of international commercial contracts an article by article commentary |
| title_sub | an article-by-article commentary |
| topic | International Institute for the Unification of Private Law Unidroit principles of international commercial contracts (DE-588)4538841-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | International Institute for the Unification of Private Law Unidroit principles of international commercial contracts Kommentar |
| url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=5be0e75085834a3598fd7ad39f7577cb&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034162563&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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