Red America: Greek communists in the United States, 1920-1950
"Historians of immigration and ethnicity in the United States have typically devoted little attention to Greek Americans compared to the extensive historical literature produced about their Irish, Italian, and German counterparts. From acclaimed historian Kostis Karpozilos, Red America provides...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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New York ; Oxford
Berghahn Books
2023
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "Historians of immigration and ethnicity in the United States have typically devoted little attention to Greek Americans compared to the extensive historical literature produced about their Irish, Italian, and German counterparts. From acclaimed historian Kostis Karpozilos, Red America provides a deeply researched correction to Western perspectives on Greek American interaction with social, political, and economic change. Focusing on the history of the Greek American Left from the beginning of the twentieth century to the Cold War, this volume uncovers the threads that bound notions of radical social change to the everyday experiences of immigrants, tracing ethnic radicalism from the boundaries of a specific community to the epicenter of American social and political history"-- |
| Beschreibung: | "This book was originally published in Greek in 2017. |
| Beschreibung: | IX, 201 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781800738553 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Acknowledgments vii List of Abbreviations viii Introduction 1 Chapter 1. Radicals of Two Worlds Workers of the World 11 11 Workers of the World, Unite! 16 Tsars, Slaves, and American Flags Radical Diaspora 19 22 Organõsis: Socialism as Education 24 E Phone ton Ergatow. Waiting for the Revolution 27 Great Expectations, Lost Illusions 30 Chapter 2. Americanizing Communism “Be American!” 38 38 Diasporic Communism 41 Party Life 43 “Taxisyneidesia”: Greek American Class Consciousness 46 Organizing the Unorganizable 51 Fur Workers or Greek Fur Workers? 55 Nonrevolutionary Times 59 Chapter 3. Crisis and Revolution 63 The Arthritis Doctrine 63 Community Troubles 65 Drachmas, Dollars, and Bank Panics 69
VI I CONTENTS Hungry Revolutionaries: The Unemployed Councils 73 Workers’ Mutual Aid 76 Soviet America The New Deal 79 84 The Great Turmoil 89 Chapter 4. Turmoil and Compromise 99 Red, American, and Greek Flags 99 The Greek American Popular Front 103 Working-Class Stories Furs: A Greek American Story 110 116 A Bitter End 121 Chapter 5. Planning the Future 126 I Need America, America Needs Me 126 Visions of a New World 130 Remnants of the “Old World” Double Ambassadors 133 136 The Unpredictability of History 141 Chapter 6. Cold War Nation 154 The Great Transition 154 Liberals in Crisis Under Surveillance 157 164 Anti-Communist International Greek American Anti-Communism 168 173 The Last Page 175 Conclusion 183 Bibliography 185 Index 196
BlBLIOĞRAPHY Archival Sources Special Collections and University Archives, California State University, Sacramento (CSUS). Oral History Collection, Special Collections, Columbia University. Diplomatic and Historical Archives of the Hellenic Ministry of Foreign Affairs (YDIA/MFA). Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI). Immigration History Research Center, University of Minnesota. Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive Society (ELIA). Historical Society of Pennsylvania (HSP). National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library. Russian State Archive of Social and Political History (RGASPI). Manuscripts and Archives Division, The New York Public Library (NYPL). The Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University (Tamiment). Newspapers, Bulletins, and Reviews American Relief for Greek Democracy (1946) Atlantis (1909, 1925-26, 1934-35) Bulletin of the Greek American Committee for National Unity (1944-46) Christian Science Monitor (1912) £ Phone tou Ergatou [Voice of the worker] (1917, 1919, 1922-23) Ellēnoamerikanon Vēma [Greek American tribune] (1942,1944-46) Empros [Forward] (1925-27, 1931,1937-38) Ereuna [Inquiry] (1910-12) Ethnikē Allelengyi [National solidarity] (1941-46) Ethnikos Keryx [National herald] (1925-26,1926-36) Evening Independent (1949) Portune (1936) Free World (1941-46) Industrial Pioneer (1921-23) Labor Defender (1926-40) New Europe (1944-45) New Masses (1940) O Demokrates [The democrat] (1937) Organösis [Organization] (1922-24) Philhellene (1945)
Politics (1945)
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INDEX Adamic, Louis, 101, 129, 138 Alfange, Dean (Alfantzis, Konstantinos), 130, 132, 135, 159 All-American Slav Congress, 138 American Business Consultants, 168 American Committee for the Protection of Foreign Born (ACPFB), 170 American Council for a Democratic Greece (ACGD), 169, 172 American embassy (in Athens), 41,148 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 13, 29, 57-58, 89, 94-95, 112, 121 American Friends of Greece, 144 American Fur Lining Contractors Association, 119 American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association (AHEPA), 69, 72, 107, 114, 132, 135-36, 145, 148, 160, 162, 173-74 American Labor Party (ALP), 130, 147, 159 American Pan-Hellenic Federation, 136-37 American Polish Labor Council, 138 American Relief for Greek Democracy, 164-69 Amter, Israel, 87, 101 Anderson, Perry, 28 anti-Semitism, 57, 100, 107,118 Asia Minor, 41, 52, 56,103 Athens, 18, 26-27, 34, 35nl3, 41, 70, 104, 132, 134, 162-63, 165,167, 171, 174 Battle of (December 1944), 8,141-51, 157-60, 162,165, 173 Trust, 70-71 Axis, 123, 127,136-37 Ayers, Eben A., 162 Baharas, Giannis, 170 Balkans, 26, 101,104, 130-31, 145-46, 158, 161, 172-73 Balkan Wars (1912-1913), 20, 23-24 Bank of Athens, 70-71 Barber, Stephen, 144 Berlin, 149, 161 Bolshevization, 38, 43, 59 Bordoise, Nick, 92 Boudin, Louis, 28 Bouras, Harris J., 173 Brotherhood of Greek Fur Workers, 57-58 Browder, Earl, 87, 99-100, 141-42, 150-51 Brown, Fred, 101 Brown, Montgomery William, 49 Bukharin, Nikolai, 28, 60 Burnham, James, 158 Cairo, 139—40 Caldis, Aristodimos, 77, 90 Capell, Richard, 146 Caskey, John L., 142-43 Central and Eastern
European Planning Board, 134 Cermák, Anton, 85 Chriss, Louis, 42, 49, 60 Christophorides, Dimitrios, 105,107-9, 136, 139, 141, 148 Chrysovergis, Christos, 49 Chryssos, Ellis, 83 Churchill, Winston, 144, 146, 149, 162 civil wars Greek, 140, 143-45, 157-58,160-61, 164, 167-68, 170-74 Spanish, 9, 100,105, 108, 145, 166, 169 Colorado, 11-13, 16, 20, 22 National Guard, 11 Mine and Fuel Company, 11-12 Congress, 19, 39, 80,155, 168, 174 Committee of Industrial Organization. See Congress of Industrial Organization. Communist International (Comintern), 28, 30, 32, 38, 42, 59-60, 73, 84, 87, 100, 104,106,122, 131 Communist Labor Party, 31
INDEX I 1 97 Communist Party of America, 31 Communist Party of France, 150 Communist Party of Greece (KKE), 41-42, 103-4, 122, 147-48, 158, 163, 168 Communist Party of Japan, 28 Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 60, 151 Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA), 38-40, 43, 47, 59-60, 73, 77, 79, 81-84, 87-89, 99-101, 106-7, 121-22, 137, 141, 150-51, 154-55, 169, 172, 184 German Bureau, 42 Greek Bureau, 42-45, 49, 51-52, 60, 76-78, 88-89, 98nlO5, 105, 107 Jewish Bureau, 42 Language Bureaus, 40, 42, 88, 101-2 Language Federations, 38-40, 155 Communist Political Association (CPA), 141-42 Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO), 95, 111-17, 121, 141, 160, 176-77 Cooperative for American Remittances to Europe (CARE), 167 Darwin, Charles, 49 Debs, Eugene V., 23 December 1944 in Athens. See under Athens De Leon, Daniel, 27, 36n55 Democratic Army of Greece, 169 Democratic Party, 85-86, 116, 141-42,177 Dēmokratikē Enösë Ellinõn Gallias Democratie Association of Greeks in France (DEEG), 104 Dies, Martin, 162 Dies Committee, 106, 121. See also House Un-American Activities Committee Dimitratos, Aristidis, 134 Dodge, Luhan Mabel, 15 Dos Passos, John, 84 Draper, Theodore, 31 Duclos, Jacques, 150 Eastman, Max, 158 Eisler, Gerhart, 171 Eliel, Paul, 92 Ellēnikos Laikos Apelephtherõtikos Stratos - Greek People’s Liberation Army (ELAS), 143-44,165 Ellis Island, 1, 93,170 Eniaia Panelladiké Organõsê Neon - United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (EPON), 165 Erga tiko Vivliopõleio (Greek Workers Bookshop), 41, 44, 48-49 Ethnikê Allêlengyi - National Solidarity (EA), 165-67
Ethnikē Organõsis Neoleas - National Youth Organization (EON), 107, 135 Ethniko Apelephtherõtiko Metõpo National Liberation Front (EAM), 131-33, 137-150, 158-60, 162, 164-65, 167-68, 172 Evert, Aggelos, 144 Fairchild, Henry Pratt, 13 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 155, 162, 164, 168, 170 Fish Committee, 80 Fodor, Marcel W, 146 Food workers, 52, 60, 93, 113 Union, 78, 94 Ford, Henry, 100 Ford, James, 84 Ford Motor Company, 12, 100,127 Foreign Language Division (FLD), 129 Foreign Nationalities Branch (FNB), 128 Forrestal, James, 163 Foster, William Z., 83-84 Fraina, Louis, 19, 28, 32 Fur Workers (Local 70), 57-58, 68, 117-21 Fur Workers Joint Board (New York), 53-59, 117, 119 Greek Committee, 53, 56, 58, 59 Fur Workers Joint Council, 119-20 Galanopoulos, Spyros, 141 Gatsis, Peter, 93 Gdynia (Poland), 172 General Motors, 115-16 Georgalas, Georgios, 165 German Americans, 16, 127 German American Committee to Defeat Hitler, 138 German Language Federation, 25 Germany, 22, 81,100-1,106-7,122,131, 133,147-48 Treaty of Non-Aggression with Soviet Union. See Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact Gervasi, Frank, 144,147 Gitlow, Benjamin, 54-55, 57 Goebbels, Joseph, 134 Gold, Ben, 54, 58, 117, 119 Golden Griffin, 164 Goldman, Emma, 32, 46 Grays Harbor, 16
198 1 INDEX Great Britain, 8, 145 policy in Greece, 129, 139, 143—46, 148, 158, 162, 165, 167 Greco-Italian War (1940-1941), 22, 129, 132, 135-36 Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922), 45, 88 Greek American Committee for National Unity, 138, 140-41, 147-48 Greek American Council for National Unity, 147-49 Greek American Labor Committee, 137-38, 140-41 Greek American Progressive Association (GAPA), 114 Greek American Union for Democracy, 105-7 Greek Federation of the Socialist Party, 33 Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 41, 70, 76 Greek Orthodox Church, 4, 17, 43, 49, 114,135 Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America, 72,106,110 Greek Socialist Union, 28-30, 32-33, 45 Greek War of Independence (1821), 104, 140, 173 Greek War Relief Association, 135 Greek Workers Educational Associations/ Federation, 42-45, 48-49, 52, 57, 76-77, 88, 93,102,104,109, 113 Canton, 113 Detroit, 40 Gary, 93,113 McKeesport, 113 New York, 94 Philadelphia, 94, 110 Pittsburgh, 48, 113 San Francisco, 110 See also United States cities Harisiades, Petros (or Panos) / Pete Harisson, 88, 138, 147, 170-71 Havel, Hippolyte, 16 Helis, Vasilios, 107,160, 163 Hellenic Bank Trust Company, 70-71 Hellenic Spectator, 128-29 Herodotus, 46 Hillquit, Morris, 13 Hitler, Adolf, 86, 130, 134, 136-37,145 Hook, Sidney, 84 Hoover, Herbert, 64-65, 85 Hoover, J. Edgar, 168 Hotel workers, 26, 78, 89-90, 93-94, 113 House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 154, 162, 168-69,171-72 Indiana Harbor, 113 Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), 16-20, 22, 46, 114 International Brigades Abraham Lincoln Brigade, 9, 99,169 Rigas Feraios
(battalion), 104 International Fur Workers Union, 53, 117-18 International Labor Defense (ILD), 46, 73, 83 International Labor Office, 134 International Socialist Review, 11,13, 17, 20, 25 International Workers Order (IWO), 78, 88, 175 Italian Americans, 3, 17, 19, 85, 102, 104, 126 Italian Language Federation, 25 Italy, 99, 102, 106-7, 131, 134, 145-46 Japan, invasion of Manchuria, 79, 99 Japanese Americans, 127 Japanese Socialist Group, 28 Jewish immigration, 3, 21, 88,162 fur workers, 53-58, 118 Jewish Language Federation, 25 Jews in Greece, 148 John, Robert St., 166 Kallimachos, Dimitrios, 57-58, 88,108, 139, 160-61 Karagiorgis, Kostas, 148-50 Karr, David, 162 Karr, Madeline, 161-63 Karvounis, Nikos, 165 Kastoria, 4, 26-27, 52, 55-56 Katayama, Sen, 28 Katovis, Stefanos, 73-74 Katz, Hyman, 104 Kautsky, Karl, 13 Kazavis, lakovos, 33 Kechagias, Evripidis, 69 Kert; Charles H., 2 Kessel, Dmitri, 143-44, 148 Keynes, John Μ., 87 King, Carol, 170 kings (Greece) George I, 15 George II, 108, 138 Paul, 174-75 Kivistö, Peter, 49
INDEX I 199 Klehr, Harvey, 42 Kollontai, Alexandra, 28 Kotsonis, D. S., 26 Kotzias, Kostas G., 133-34 Kountourakis, Nikos. See Bordoise, Nick. Koutoumanos, Georgios, 109, 122 Kouvaras, Kostas, 165 Labor Non-Partisan League, 116 Lagañas Shoe Company, 93 Lazarus, Emma, 1-2 Lenin, Vladimir, 14, 38, 43-44, 47-48, 73 Liberal Party (Greece), 43, 103 Liberal Party (New York), 159 Life (magazine), 122, 139, 143,148 Little Steel, 115-16 Livas, Georgios, 27, 30-31 London, Jack, 14 Lovestone, Jay, 51-52, 60, 77, 93 Malafouris, Babis, 136 Maragon, John, 162-63 Margari-Papazoglou, Theano, 45, 109 Marx, Karl, 2, 22, 49, 76 McCarran, Pat, 169-70 act, 174 McCarthy, Joseph, 156-57 Metaxas, Ioannis, 8, 102-10, 118, 120-23, 132-37, 160, 171, 173 Metaxas, Spyridon, 22-23 Michigan, 16, 100 Minnesota, 13 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 121-22, 136-37 Moscow, 30, 59, 73, 82, 87, 100, 104, 122, 150, 158, 168, 184 Mussolini, Benito, 102 National Bank of Greece, 71-72 National Committee for the Restoration of Greece, 136 National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), 91-92, 95,114 National Labor Relations Board, 111 National Recovery Administration (NRA), 91-93 Nazi(s), 81, 99, 107,121, 136, 165-66 Nelson, Steve, 28, 76-77 New Deal, 8, 84-89, 90, 99, 101,107, 110-12, 114, 116, 121,128-30,133, 137, 142, 147,150,156-57,162, 177-78, 183-84 New England, 17-20 strikes, 172 newspapers (in Greek) Atlantis, 29, 70-71, 89, 110,140,160 È Phone tou Ergatou (Voice of the worker), 3, 7, 27-30, 32-34, 39, 45, 48, 50-51 Eleutheria (Freedom), 3, 122 Eleutheros Typos (Free press), 139-40, 149, 160 Ellēnoamerikanikon Vēma (Greek
American tribune), 3, 136-40, 147, 157, 160, 170 Empros (Forward), 3, 34, 41-45, 47-48, 50-52, 54, 60, 75, 77, 83, 88-89, 94, 102-9, 114-15, 119, 121-22 Ereuna (Inquiry), 18, 23-24 Ethnikos Kêryx (National herald), 50, 54, 64, 65-69, 71-72, 75, 85-86, 88-91, 98nl05, 105-9, 118-19, 125n92, 132-33, 137, 139-40, 147, 150, 159-63 Organõsis (Organization), 24-27, 33, 36n55 Rizospastēs (Radical), 42,148-49 Nikas, Demosthenes, 94, 113-15 October Revolution, 28, 32, 34, 80, 169 Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 128, 130, 134, 142-43, 146 Balkan Bureau, 172 Office of War Information (OWI), 129, 162 Ohio, 25-26, 64, 76, 113. See also United States cities Ottoman Empire, 3—4, 12, 15, 26, 52, 104 Overseas News Agency (ONA), 129 Palmer Raids, 32-33 Palmer-Sikelianos, Eva, 148 Pancyprian Brotherhood, 78-79, 88 Pan-Macedonian Association (PMA), 173 Papadakis, Vasileios, 106-7 Papagiannis, Giannis, 60, 93 Paris, 103-5,132 Pearson, Drew, 148, 162-63, 180n32 Pepper; John (Jozseph Pogány), 38, 43 Poland, 101, 127, 138 refugees in, 171-72 Popular Front, 100-102, 115, 136-39, 141, 151, 154-55, 178-79, 183-84 in Greece, 122 Greek American Popular Front, 103-5, 108-9,120-21 Poulos, Constantine (Connie), 128-30, 143,146-47,158,161-64. See also Hellenic Spectator
200 I INDEX Poulos, John, 113,129 Progressive Party, 177 Proletarian Party, 31 Prõtoporos, 102, 105, 109,113 Rabelais Press, 15-16 Republic Steel, 112-13, 116 Republican Party, 85, 116, 121 Rompapas, Ioannis, 15-16, 35nl3, 55-56, 118, 125n92 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 166,168 Roosevelt, Franklin, 85-87, 95, 111, 116, 127,131,134,137, 144-45, 148, 156,176 Russia(n),21,23,26, 45, 148 in the US, 30, 32-33, 162 Revolution, 27-28, 81 Ruthenberg, Charles, 42, 57 Sanger, Margaret, 15-16 Savvides, Michalis, 78-79,122 Socialist International, 14 Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP), 26-28, 36n55 Socialist Party, 13, 19, 23-25, 39, 43, 59, 83 Greek Federation, 27-28, 33, 45 {see also Greek Socialist Union) Language Federations, 24-25, 28, 30 split (1919), 30-31 Socialist Workers Party, 113 Solounias, Karolos (Charles Solon), 43, 88-89, 98nl05, 169 Soviet Union (USSR), 30, 32-33, 41, 82-84, 103-4,130-31, 136, 138, 142, 146-47,149, 155-58,161, 163-64, 169, 178 Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich, 45, 59-60, 149,158 anti-stalinist Left, 150,158 Stalinist(s), 77, 83, 130, 158, 165 Steel and Metal Workers Industrial Union, 94 Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC), 112-14 Steele, Walter S., 168-69 Stowe, Leland, 144-47,165 Supreme Court, 119, 130, 171 Tehran Conference, 141-42,144,149-50 The Nation, 133, 159, 163 The New York Times, 126-27, 146 Trotsky, Leon, 28, 49-50 Trotskyite group, 77, 90, 93,129 Trotskyites in Athens, 158 Truman, Harry, 149, 155-56,159,162-63, 168,174, 176-77 Truman Doctrine, 145, 155-56, 159-60, 163, 167, 177 Tserepis, Nikolaos, 102, 105 Tsimbidis, Vasilios, 69, 107
Tsistinas, Petros, 25-27 Unemployed Councils, 73-77, 80, 85 United Communist Party, 31 United Fur Manufacturers Association (UFMA), 53, 55-58,117-18 United Nations, 148-49 United States cities Akron, Ohio, 44 Baltimore, 91-92 Boston, 69, 91 Canton, Ohio, 44, 113 Chicago, 2, 25-27, 30, 41-42, 44, 63, 66, 68, 74-78, 85, 102, 113,115-16, 150, 159, 170 Cincinnati, Ohio, 25-26, 136 Cleveland, 44, 66, 74, 113, 115 Detroit, 26, 40, 44, 76-78, 85, 93 Gary, Indiana, 76, 93,113 Los Angeles, 66 Lowell, 16-17,19, 93 Ludlow, 11, 16, 19-20, 22 McKeesport, Pennsylvania, 25, 44, 110, 113 Milwaukee, 31, 76 Minneapolis, 92 Newark, 44, 51 New York, 6, 15-16, 18, 20,24-25, 27, 29-30, 32-33, 42, 44, 48, 51-53, 55, 59-60, 68, 71-74, 76-79, 83, 85, 89-90, 93-94, 102, 104-5, 109,117, 119, 122, 126, 130, 132-34, 138-39, 141, 147-48, 150, 158, 164-66, 171 Patterson, New Jersey, 16 Philadelphia, 67, 94,110 Pittsburgh, 44, 48, 94, 101-2,113, 116 San Francisco, 18, 44, 66, 79, 92,110, 148,159 Seattle, 16, 31-32 Toledo, Ohio, 44, 64, 74, 92 Washington, DC, 80, 163, 171 Weirton, West Virginia. See Weirton Steel Yorkville, Ohio, 64,113 Youngstown, Ohio, 26, 44 Utah, 17,21 Vaughan, Harry, 162-63, 180n32 Velouchiotis, Aris, 144
INDEX I 201 Venizelos, Eleftherios, 69, 108, 133 Vlavianos, Basil, 131-33, 137, 139, 141, 145, 148, 150, 159-60, 162-64 Vournas, George C., 132, 135, 148, 162-63, 173 Wall Street crash (1929), 7, 60, 63, 68, 70-71, 80, 84 Weirton Steel, 91-92, 110-11, 114,116 White House, 87, 159, 161-63, 177 Workers (Communist) Party, 33, 38, 40, 42, 48, 51 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
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Contents Acknowledgments vii List of Abbreviations viii Introduction 1 Chapter 1. Radicals of Two Worlds Workers of the World 11 11 Workers of the World, Unite! 16 Tsars, Slaves, and American Flags Radical Diaspora 19 22 Organõsis: Socialism as Education 24 E Phone ton Ergatow. Waiting for the Revolution 27 Great Expectations, Lost Illusions 30 Chapter 2. Americanizing Communism “Be American!” 38 38 Diasporic Communism 41 Party Life 43 “Taxisyneidesia”: Greek American Class Consciousness 46 Organizing the Unorganizable 51 Fur Workers or Greek Fur Workers? 55 Nonrevolutionary Times 59 Chapter 3. Crisis and Revolution 63 The Arthritis Doctrine 63 Community Troubles 65 Drachmas, Dollars, and Bank Panics 69
VI I CONTENTS Hungry Revolutionaries: The Unemployed Councils 73 Workers’ Mutual Aid 76 Soviet America The New Deal 79 84 The Great Turmoil 89 Chapter 4. Turmoil and Compromise 99 Red, American, and Greek Flags 99 The Greek American Popular Front 103 Working-Class Stories Furs: A Greek American Story 110 116 A Bitter End 121 Chapter 5. Planning the Future 126 I Need America, America Needs Me 126 Visions of a New World 130 Remnants of the “Old World” Double Ambassadors 133 136 The Unpredictability of History 141 Chapter 6. Cold War Nation 154 The Great Transition 154 Liberals in Crisis Under Surveillance 157 164 Anti-Communist International Greek American Anti-Communism 168 173 The Last Page 175 Conclusion 183 Bibliography 185 Index 196
BlBLIOĞRAPHY Archival Sources Special Collections and University Archives, California State University, Sacramento (CSUS). Oral History Collection, Special Collections, Columbia University. Diplomatic and Historical Archives of the Hellenic Ministry of Foreign Affairs (YDIA/MFA). Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI). Immigration History Research Center, University of Minnesota. Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive Society (ELIA). Historical Society of Pennsylvania (HSP). National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library. Russian State Archive of Social and Political History (RGASPI). Manuscripts and Archives Division, The New York Public Library (NYPL). The Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University (Tamiment). Newspapers, Bulletins, and Reviews American Relief for Greek Democracy (1946) Atlantis (1909, 1925-26, 1934-35) Bulletin of the Greek American Committee for National Unity (1944-46) Christian Science Monitor (1912) £ Phone tou Ergatou [Voice of the worker] (1917, 1919, 1922-23) Ellēnoamerikanon Vēma [Greek American tribune] (1942,1944-46) Empros [Forward] (1925-27, 1931,1937-38) Ereuna [Inquiry] (1910-12) Ethnikē Allelengyi [National solidarity] (1941-46) Ethnikos Keryx [National herald] (1925-26,1926-36) Evening Independent (1949) Portune (1936) Free World (1941-46) Industrial Pioneer (1921-23) Labor Defender (1926-40) New Europe (1944-45) New Masses (1940) O Demokrates [The democrat] (1937) Organösis [Organization] (1922-24) Philhellene (1945)
Politics (1945)
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INDEX Adamic, Louis, 101, 129, 138 Alfange, Dean (Alfantzis, Konstantinos), 130, 132, 135, 159 All-American Slav Congress, 138 American Business Consultants, 168 American Committee for the Protection of Foreign Born (ACPFB), 170 American Council for a Democratic Greece (ACGD), 169, 172 American embassy (in Athens), 41,148 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 13, 29, 57-58, 89, 94-95, 112, 121 American Friends of Greece, 144 American Fur Lining Contractors Association, 119 American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association (AHEPA), 69, 72, 107, 114, 132, 135-36, 145, 148, 160, 162, 173-74 American Labor Party (ALP), 130, 147, 159 American Pan-Hellenic Federation, 136-37 American Polish Labor Council, 138 American Relief for Greek Democracy, 164-69 Amter, Israel, 87, 101 Anderson, Perry, 28 anti-Semitism, 57, 100, 107,118 Asia Minor, 41, 52, 56,103 Athens, 18, 26-27, 34, 35nl3, 41, 70, 104, 132, 134, 162-63, 165,167, 171, 174 Battle of (December 1944), 8,141-51, 157-60, 162,165, 173 Trust, 70-71 Axis, 123, 127,136-37 Ayers, Eben A., 162 Baharas, Giannis, 170 Balkans, 26, 101,104, 130-31, 145-46, 158, 161, 172-73 Balkan Wars (1912-1913), 20, 23-24 Bank of Athens, 70-71 Barber, Stephen, 144 Berlin, 149, 161 Bolshevization, 38, 43, 59 Bordoise, Nick, 92 Boudin, Louis, 28 Bouras, Harris J., 173 Brotherhood of Greek Fur Workers, 57-58 Browder, Earl, 87, 99-100, 141-42, 150-51 Brown, Fred, 101 Brown, Montgomery William, 49 Bukharin, Nikolai, 28, 60 Burnham, James, 158 Cairo, 139—40 Caldis, Aristodimos, 77, 90 Capell, Richard, 146 Caskey, John L., 142-43 Central and Eastern
European Planning Board, 134 Cermák, Anton, 85 Chriss, Louis, 42, 49, 60 Christophorides, Dimitrios, 105,107-9, 136, 139, 141, 148 Chrysovergis, Christos, 49 Chryssos, Ellis, 83 Churchill, Winston, 144, 146, 149, 162 civil wars Greek, 140, 143-45, 157-58,160-61, 164, 167-68, 170-74 Spanish, 9, 100,105, 108, 145, 166, 169 Colorado, 11-13, 16, 20, 22 National Guard, 11 Mine and Fuel Company, 11-12 Congress, 19, 39, 80,155, 168, 174 Committee of Industrial Organization. See Congress of Industrial Organization. Communist International (Comintern), 28, 30, 32, 38, 42, 59-60, 73, 84, 87, 100, 104,106,122, 131 Communist Labor Party, 31
INDEX I 1 97 Communist Party of America, 31 Communist Party of France, 150 Communist Party of Greece (KKE), 41-42, 103-4, 122, 147-48, 158, 163, 168 Communist Party of Japan, 28 Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 60, 151 Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA), 38-40, 43, 47, 59-60, 73, 77, 79, 81-84, 87-89, 99-101, 106-7, 121-22, 137, 141, 150-51, 154-55, 169, 172, 184 German Bureau, 42 Greek Bureau, 42-45, 49, 51-52, 60, 76-78, 88-89, 98nlO5, 105, 107 Jewish Bureau, 42 Language Bureaus, 40, 42, 88, 101-2 Language Federations, 38-40, 155 Communist Political Association (CPA), 141-42 Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO), 95, 111-17, 121, 141, 160, 176-77 Cooperative for American Remittances to Europe (CARE), 167 Darwin, Charles, 49 Debs, Eugene V., 23 December 1944 in Athens. See under Athens De Leon, Daniel, 27, 36n55 Democratic Army of Greece, 169 Democratic Party, 85-86, 116, 141-42,177 Dēmokratikē Enösë Ellinõn Gallias Democratie Association of Greeks in France (DEEG), 104 Dies, Martin, 162 Dies Committee, 106, 121. See also House Un-American Activities Committee Dimitratos, Aristidis, 134 Dodge, Luhan Mabel, 15 Dos Passos, John, 84 Draper, Theodore, 31 Duclos, Jacques, 150 Eastman, Max, 158 Eisler, Gerhart, 171 Eliel, Paul, 92 Ellēnikos Laikos Apelephtherõtikos Stratos - Greek People’s Liberation Army (ELAS), 143-44,165 Ellis Island, 1, 93,170 Eniaia Panelladiké Organõsê Neon - United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (EPON), 165 Erga tiko Vivliopõleio (Greek Workers Bookshop), 41, 44, 48-49 Ethnikê Allêlengyi - National Solidarity (EA), 165-67
Ethnikē Organõsis Neoleas - National Youth Organization (EON), 107, 135 Ethniko Apelephtherõtiko Metõpo National Liberation Front (EAM), 131-33, 137-150, 158-60, 162, 164-65, 167-68, 172 Evert, Aggelos, 144 Fairchild, Henry Pratt, 13 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 155, 162, 164, 168, 170 Fish Committee, 80 Fodor, Marcel W, 146 Food workers, 52, 60, 93, 113 Union, 78, 94 Ford, Henry, 100 Ford, James, 84 Ford Motor Company, 12, 100,127 Foreign Language Division (FLD), 129 Foreign Nationalities Branch (FNB), 128 Forrestal, James, 163 Foster, William Z., 83-84 Fraina, Louis, 19, 28, 32 Fur Workers (Local 70), 57-58, 68, 117-21 Fur Workers Joint Board (New York), 53-59, 117, 119 Greek Committee, 53, 56, 58, 59 Fur Workers Joint Council, 119-20 Galanopoulos, Spyros, 141 Gatsis, Peter, 93 Gdynia (Poland), 172 General Motors, 115-16 Georgalas, Georgios, 165 German Americans, 16, 127 German American Committee to Defeat Hitler, 138 German Language Federation, 25 Germany, 22, 81,100-1,106-7,122,131, 133,147-48 Treaty of Non-Aggression with Soviet Union. See Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact Gervasi, Frank, 144,147 Gitlow, Benjamin, 54-55, 57 Goebbels, Joseph, 134 Gold, Ben, 54, 58, 117, 119 Golden Griffin, 164 Goldman, Emma, 32, 46 Grays Harbor, 16
198 1 INDEX Great Britain, 8, 145 policy in Greece, 129, 139, 143—46, 148, 158, 162, 165, 167 Greco-Italian War (1940-1941), 22, 129, 132, 135-36 Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922), 45, 88 Greek American Committee for National Unity, 138, 140-41, 147-48 Greek American Council for National Unity, 147-49 Greek American Labor Committee, 137-38, 140-41 Greek American Progressive Association (GAPA), 114 Greek American Union for Democracy, 105-7 Greek Federation of the Socialist Party, 33 Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 41, 70, 76 Greek Orthodox Church, 4, 17, 43, 49, 114,135 Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America, 72,106,110 Greek Socialist Union, 28-30, 32-33, 45 Greek War of Independence (1821), 104, 140, 173 Greek War Relief Association, 135 Greek Workers Educational Associations/ Federation, 42-45, 48-49, 52, 57, 76-77, 88, 93,102,104,109, 113 Canton, 113 Detroit, 40 Gary, 93,113 McKeesport, 113 New York, 94 Philadelphia, 94, 110 Pittsburgh, 48, 113 San Francisco, 110 See also United States cities Harisiades, Petros (or Panos) / Pete Harisson, 88, 138, 147, 170-71 Havel, Hippolyte, 16 Helis, Vasilios, 107,160, 163 Hellenic Bank Trust Company, 70-71 Hellenic Spectator, 128-29 Herodotus, 46 Hillquit, Morris, 13 Hitler, Adolf, 86, 130, 134, 136-37,145 Hook, Sidney, 84 Hoover, Herbert, 64-65, 85 Hoover, J. Edgar, 168 Hotel workers, 26, 78, 89-90, 93-94, 113 House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 154, 162, 168-69,171-72 Indiana Harbor, 113 Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), 16-20, 22, 46, 114 International Brigades Abraham Lincoln Brigade, 9, 99,169 Rigas Feraios
(battalion), 104 International Fur Workers Union, 53, 117-18 International Labor Defense (ILD), 46, 73, 83 International Labor Office, 134 International Socialist Review, 11,13, 17, 20, 25 International Workers Order (IWO), 78, 88, 175 Italian Americans, 3, 17, 19, 85, 102, 104, 126 Italian Language Federation, 25 Italy, 99, 102, 106-7, 131, 134, 145-46 Japan, invasion of Manchuria, 79, 99 Japanese Americans, 127 Japanese Socialist Group, 28 Jewish immigration, 3, 21, 88,162 fur workers, 53-58, 118 Jewish Language Federation, 25 Jews in Greece, 148 John, Robert St., 166 Kallimachos, Dimitrios, 57-58, 88,108, 139, 160-61 Karagiorgis, Kostas, 148-50 Karr, David, 162 Karr, Madeline, 161-63 Karvounis, Nikos, 165 Kastoria, 4, 26-27, 52, 55-56 Katayama, Sen, 28 Katovis, Stefanos, 73-74 Katz, Hyman, 104 Kautsky, Karl, 13 Kazavis, lakovos, 33 Kechagias, Evripidis, 69 Kert; Charles H., 2 Kessel, Dmitri, 143-44, 148 Keynes, John Μ., 87 King, Carol, 170 kings (Greece) George I, 15 George II, 108, 138 Paul, 174-75 Kivistö, Peter, 49
INDEX I 199 Klehr, Harvey, 42 Kollontai, Alexandra, 28 Kotsonis, D. S., 26 Kotzias, Kostas G., 133-34 Kountourakis, Nikos. See Bordoise, Nick. Koutoumanos, Georgios, 109, 122 Kouvaras, Kostas, 165 Labor Non-Partisan League, 116 Lagañas Shoe Company, 93 Lazarus, Emma, 1-2 Lenin, Vladimir, 14, 38, 43-44, 47-48, 73 Liberal Party (Greece), 43, 103 Liberal Party (New York), 159 Life (magazine), 122, 139, 143,148 Little Steel, 115-16 Livas, Georgios, 27, 30-31 London, Jack, 14 Lovestone, Jay, 51-52, 60, 77, 93 Malafouris, Babis, 136 Maragon, John, 162-63 Margari-Papazoglou, Theano, 45, 109 Marx, Karl, 2, 22, 49, 76 McCarran, Pat, 169-70 act, 174 McCarthy, Joseph, 156-57 Metaxas, Ioannis, 8, 102-10, 118, 120-23, 132-37, 160, 171, 173 Metaxas, Spyridon, 22-23 Michigan, 16, 100 Minnesota, 13 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 121-22, 136-37 Moscow, 30, 59, 73, 82, 87, 100, 104, 122, 150, 158, 168, 184 Mussolini, Benito, 102 National Bank of Greece, 71-72 National Committee for the Restoration of Greece, 136 National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), 91-92, 95,114 National Labor Relations Board, 111 National Recovery Administration (NRA), 91-93 Nazi(s), 81, 99, 107,121, 136, 165-66 Nelson, Steve, 28, 76-77 New Deal, 8, 84-89, 90, 99, 101,107, 110-12, 114, 116, 121,128-30,133, 137, 142, 147,150,156-57,162, 177-78, 183-84 New England, 17-20 strikes, 172 newspapers (in Greek) Atlantis, 29, 70-71, 89, 110,140,160 È Phone tou Ergatou (Voice of the worker), 3, 7, 27-30, 32-34, 39, 45, 48, 50-51 Eleutheria (Freedom), 3, 122 Eleutheros Typos (Free press), 139-40, 149, 160 Ellēnoamerikanikon Vēma (Greek
American tribune), 3, 136-40, 147, 157, 160, 170 Empros (Forward), 3, 34, 41-45, 47-48, 50-52, 54, 60, 75, 77, 83, 88-89, 94, 102-9, 114-15, 119, 121-22 Ereuna (Inquiry), 18, 23-24 Ethnikos Kêryx (National herald), 50, 54, 64, 65-69, 71-72, 75, 85-86, 88-91, 98nl05, 105-9, 118-19, 125n92, 132-33, 137, 139-40, 147, 150, 159-63 Organõsis (Organization), 24-27, 33, 36n55 Rizospastēs (Radical), 42,148-49 Nikas, Demosthenes, 94, 113-15 October Revolution, 28, 32, 34, 80, 169 Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 128, 130, 134, 142-43, 146 Balkan Bureau, 172 Office of War Information (OWI), 129, 162 Ohio, 25-26, 64, 76, 113. See also United States cities Ottoman Empire, 3—4, 12, 15, 26, 52, 104 Overseas News Agency (ONA), 129 Palmer Raids, 32-33 Palmer-Sikelianos, Eva, 148 Pancyprian Brotherhood, 78-79, 88 Pan-Macedonian Association (PMA), 173 Papadakis, Vasileios, 106-7 Papagiannis, Giannis, 60, 93 Paris, 103-5,132 Pearson, Drew, 148, 162-63, 180n32 Pepper; John (Jozseph Pogány), 38, 43 Poland, 101, 127, 138 refugees in, 171-72 Popular Front, 100-102, 115, 136-39, 141, 151, 154-55, 178-79, 183-84 in Greece, 122 Greek American Popular Front, 103-5, 108-9,120-21 Poulos, Constantine (Connie), 128-30, 143,146-47,158,161-64. See also Hellenic Spectator
200 I INDEX Poulos, John, 113,129 Progressive Party, 177 Proletarian Party, 31 Prõtoporos, 102, 105, 109,113 Rabelais Press, 15-16 Republic Steel, 112-13, 116 Republican Party, 85, 116, 121 Rompapas, Ioannis, 15-16, 35nl3, 55-56, 118, 125n92 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 166,168 Roosevelt, Franklin, 85-87, 95, 111, 116, 127,131,134,137, 144-45, 148, 156,176 Russia(n),21,23,26, 45, 148 in the US, 30, 32-33, 162 Revolution, 27-28, 81 Ruthenberg, Charles, 42, 57 Sanger, Margaret, 15-16 Savvides, Michalis, 78-79,122 Socialist International, 14 Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP), 26-28, 36n55 Socialist Party, 13, 19, 23-25, 39, 43, 59, 83 Greek Federation, 27-28, 33, 45 {see also Greek Socialist Union) Language Federations, 24-25, 28, 30 split (1919), 30-31 Socialist Workers Party, 113 Solounias, Karolos (Charles Solon), 43, 88-89, 98nl05, 169 Soviet Union (USSR), 30, 32-33, 41, 82-84, 103-4,130-31, 136, 138, 142, 146-47,149, 155-58,161, 163-64, 169, 178 Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich, 45, 59-60, 149,158 anti-stalinist Left, 150,158 Stalinist(s), 77, 83, 130, 158, 165 Steel and Metal Workers Industrial Union, 94 Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC), 112-14 Steele, Walter S., 168-69 Stowe, Leland, 144-47,165 Supreme Court, 119, 130, 171 Tehran Conference, 141-42,144,149-50 The Nation, 133, 159, 163 The New York Times, 126-27, 146 Trotsky, Leon, 28, 49-50 Trotskyite group, 77, 90, 93,129 Trotskyites in Athens, 158 Truman, Harry, 149, 155-56,159,162-63, 168,174, 176-77 Truman Doctrine, 145, 155-56, 159-60, 163, 167, 177 Tserepis, Nikolaos, 102, 105 Tsimbidis, Vasilios, 69, 107
Tsistinas, Petros, 25-27 Unemployed Councils, 73-77, 80, 85 United Communist Party, 31 United Fur Manufacturers Association (UFMA), 53, 55-58,117-18 United Nations, 148-49 United States cities Akron, Ohio, 44 Baltimore, 91-92 Boston, 69, 91 Canton, Ohio, 44, 113 Chicago, 2, 25-27, 30, 41-42, 44, 63, 66, 68, 74-78, 85, 102, 113,115-16, 150, 159, 170 Cincinnati, Ohio, 25-26, 136 Cleveland, 44, 66, 74, 113, 115 Detroit, 26, 40, 44, 76-78, 85, 93 Gary, Indiana, 76, 93,113 Los Angeles, 66 Lowell, 16-17,19, 93 Ludlow, 11, 16, 19-20, 22 McKeesport, Pennsylvania, 25, 44, 110, 113 Milwaukee, 31, 76 Minneapolis, 92 Newark, 44, 51 New York, 6, 15-16, 18, 20,24-25, 27, 29-30, 32-33, 42, 44, 48, 51-53, 55, 59-60, 68, 71-74, 76-79, 83, 85, 89-90, 93-94, 102, 104-5, 109,117, 119, 122, 126, 130, 132-34, 138-39, 141, 147-48, 150, 158, 164-66, 171 Patterson, New Jersey, 16 Philadelphia, 67, 94,110 Pittsburgh, 44, 48, 94, 101-2,113, 116 San Francisco, 18, 44, 66, 79, 92,110, 148,159 Seattle, 16, 31-32 Toledo, Ohio, 44, 64, 74, 92 Washington, DC, 80, 163, 171 Weirton, West Virginia. See Weirton Steel Yorkville, Ohio, 64,113 Youngstown, Ohio, 26, 44 Utah, 17,21 Vaughan, Harry, 162-63, 180n32 Velouchiotis, Aris, 144
INDEX I 201 Venizelos, Eleftherios, 69, 108, 133 Vlavianos, Basil, 131-33, 137, 139, 141, 145, 148, 150, 159-60, 162-64 Vournas, George C., 132, 135, 148, 162-63, 173 Wall Street crash (1929), 7, 60, 63, 68, 70-71, 80, 84 Weirton Steel, 91-92, 110-11, 114,116 White House, 87, 159, 161-63, 177 Workers (Communist) Party, 33, 38, 40, 42, 48, 51 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| author | Karpozēlos, Kōstēs 1978- |
| author2 | Kechagias, Panagiōtēs 1978- |
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| author_sort | Karpozēlos, Kōstēs 1978- |
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| bvnumber | BV048879482 |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1380367050 (DE-599)BVBBV048879482 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1920-1950 gnd |
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| id | DE-604.BV048879482 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:45:47Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:48:39Z |
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| isbn | 9781800738553 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Karpozēlos, Kōstēs 1978- Verfasser (DE-588)104351676X aut Kókkinī Amerikī́ Red America Greek communists in the United States, 1920-1950 Kostis Karpozilos ; translated by Panagiotis Kechagias Greek Communists in the United States, 1920-1950 New York ; Oxford Berghahn Books 2023 IX, 201 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "This book was originally published in Greek in 2017. "Historians of immigration and ethnicity in the United States have typically devoted little attention to Greek Americans compared to the extensive historical literature produced about their Irish, Italian, and German counterparts. From acclaimed historian Kostis Karpozilos, Red America provides a deeply researched correction to Western perspectives on Greek American interaction with social, political, and economic change. Focusing on the history of the Greek American Left from the beginning of the twentieth century to the Cold War, this volume uncovers the threads that bound notions of radical social change to the everyday experiences of immigrants, tracing ethnic radicalism from the boundaries of a specific community to the epicenter of American social and political history"-- Geschichte 1920-1950 gnd rswk-swf Kommunismus (DE-588)4031892-8 gnd rswk-swf Griechen (DE-588)4022046-1 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Greeks / United States / Politics and government / 20th century Immigrants / Political activity / United States / History / 20th century Communism / United States / History / 20th century Greeks / United States / 20th century Communists / Greece / 20th century Greek Americans / United States / Politics and government / 20th century Communism Communists Greek Americans / Politics and government Greeks Greeks / Politics and government Immigrants / Political activity Greece United States 1900-1999 History (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Griechen (DE-588)4022046-1 s Kommunismus (DE-588)4031892-8 s Geschichte 1920-1950 z DE-604 Kechagias, Panagiōtēs 1978- trl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-80073-856-0 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034144250&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034144250&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034144250&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Karpozēlos, Kōstēs 1978- Red America Greek communists in the United States, 1920-1950 Kommunismus (DE-588)4031892-8 gnd Griechen (DE-588)4022046-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4031892-8 (DE-588)4022046-1 (DE-588)4078704-7 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Red America Greek communists in the United States, 1920-1950 |
| title_alt | Kókkinī Amerikī́ Greek Communists in the United States, 1920-1950 |
| title_auth | Red America Greek communists in the United States, 1920-1950 |
| title_exact_search | Red America Greek communists in the United States, 1920-1950 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Red America Greek communists in the United States, 1920-1950 |
| title_full | Red America Greek communists in the United States, 1920-1950 Kostis Karpozilos ; translated by Panagiotis Kechagias |
| title_fullStr | Red America Greek communists in the United States, 1920-1950 Kostis Karpozilos ; translated by Panagiotis Kechagias |
| title_full_unstemmed | Red America Greek communists in the United States, 1920-1950 Kostis Karpozilos ; translated by Panagiotis Kechagias |
| title_short | Red America |
| title_sort | red america greek communists in the united states 1920 1950 |
| title_sub | Greek communists in the United States, 1920-1950 |
| topic | Kommunismus (DE-588)4031892-8 gnd Griechen (DE-588)4022046-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kommunismus Griechen USA Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034144250&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034144250&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034144250&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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