The Warsaw Pact, 1985-1991: disintegration and dissolution
"This book analyzes the last phase of the Warsaw Pact, based on unusually large-scale archival research conducted in many countries. Focussing on the changes in the organization's functioning after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union, the author examines the role played by...
Gespeichert in:
| Vorheriger Titel: | Bílý, Matěj, 1986- The Warsaw Pact, 1969-1985 |
|---|---|
| 1. Verfasser: | |
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London ; New York
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
2023
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Routledge studies in the history of Russia and Eastern Europe
40 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "This book analyzes the last phase of the Warsaw Pact, based on unusually large-scale archival research conducted in many countries. Focussing on the changes in the organization's functioning after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union, the author examines the role played by the Warsaw Pact in the final stages of the Cold War, as well as exploring the deepening conflicts between individual member states which resulted from the changing international situation and Gorbachev's initiatives to reform the East European state-socialist dictatorships. The book argues that the causes of the rapid dissolution of the Warsaw Pact in the early 1990s were due to many complicated factors, not simply the collapse of communist power in Eastern Europe, factors such as the loss from early in the second half of the 1980s of important internal ties and the failure to create new ties, disputes between individual member states, and the questioning of the overall legitimacy of the organization, which was indispensable for its effective functioning. The book also highlights the impact of external pressures and developments on the international scene. Overall, the book reveals how an apparently robust and solid multilateral organization can so quickly and unexpectedly disappear." |
| Beschreibung: | Die Übersetzerin ist im Impressum genannt |
| Beschreibung: | ix, 478 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781032367163 |
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| 505 | 8 | |a The Warsaw Treaty Organization from 1955 until 1985 -- Part I: Changes of the Warsaw Pact in the Gorbachev Era -- New Vision for the Warsaw Pact and Changes in Its Mechanisms -- The Romanian Issue After 1985 -- Military Framework of the Warsaw Pact Between 1985 and 1989 -- Attempts at an Institutional Reform -- Part II: The Warsaw Pact in International Relations -- Discussion on Economic Cooperation Under the Aegis of the Alliance -- Role of the Warsaw Pact on International Scene -- Reconsidering of Armament Policy -- Changes of Military Doctrine in the Second Half of the 1980s -- The Warsaw Pact and Disarmament Talks -- Part III: Disintegration of the Alliance -- Gorbachev's Reforms and Disruption of Cohesion -- Discussion on the Human Rights -- The End of the Warsaw Pact | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "This book analyzes the last phase of the Warsaw Pact, based on unusually large-scale archival research conducted in many countries. Focussing on the changes in the organization's functioning after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union, the author examines the role played by the Warsaw Pact in the final stages of the Cold War, as well as exploring the deepening conflicts between individual member states which resulted from the changing international situation and Gorbachev's initiatives to reform the East European state-socialist dictatorships. The book argues that the causes of the rapid dissolution of the Warsaw Pact in the early 1990s were due to many complicated factors, not simply the collapse of communist power in Eastern Europe, factors such as the loss from early in the second half of the 1980s of important internal ties and the failure to create new ties, disputes between individual member states, and the questioning of the overall legitimacy of the organization, which was indispensable for its effective functioning. The book also highlights the impact of external pressures and developments on the international scene. Overall, the book reveals how an apparently robust and solid multilateral organization can so quickly and unexpectedly disappear." | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents List of Tables List of Abbreviations vii viii Introduction 1 The Warsaw Treaty Organization From 1955 Until 1985 16 PARTI Changes in the Warsaw Pact in the Gorbachev Era 1. New Vision for the Warsaw Pact and Changes in Its Mechanisms 27 29 2. The Romanian Issue After1985 3. Military Framework of the Warsaw Pact Between 1985 and 1989 67 80 4. Attempts at an InstitutionalReform 100 PART II The Warsaw Pact in International Relations 5. Discussion on Economic Cooperation Under the Aegis of the Alliance 127 129 6. Role of the Warsaw Pact on International Scene 140 7. Reconsidering of Armament Policy 184 8. Changes of Military Doctrine in the Second Half of the 1980s 9. The Warsaw Pact and Disarmament Talks 215 253
vi Contents PART III Disintegration of the Alliance 313 10. Gorbachev’s Reforms and Disruption of Cohesion 315 11. Discussion on the Human Rights 366 12. The End of the Warsaw Pact 388 Epilogue 446 Conclusion 449 Bibliography and Sources 461 Index 468
Bibliography and Sources Archival Sources Archiwum Akt Nowych, Warszawa (Archive ofModern Records, Warsaw) Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza - komitet centralny (PZPR КС). Archiwum Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, Warszawa (Archive of the Institute ofNational Rememberance, Warsaw) Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych w Warszawie [1944] 1954-1990 (BU 01791). Zarząd II Sztabu Generalnego Wojska Polskiego w Warszawie [1945] 1951-1990 [1991] (BU 2602). Zbiór dokumentów dotyczących Układu Warszawskiego (BU 02958). Archiv ministerstva zahraničních věcí, Praha (Archive of the Foreign Ministry, Prague) Dokumentace teritoriálních odborů (DTO) 1953-1989. Porady kolegia (PK) 1953-1989. Základní politické otázky (ZPO) - KBSE 1980-1991 (unsorted). Bundesarchiv, Berlin (Federal Archive, Berlin) Büro Hermann Axen (DY 30IV 2/2.035). Informationen des Sekretärs für internationale Verbindungen des ZK der SED, Hermann Axen, an Erich Honecker, 1986-1989 (DY 30/2346). Ministerrat der DDR (DC 20). SED, Protokolle der Sitzungen des Politbüros (DY 30/JIV 2/2). Tagungen der Außenminister der Teilnehmerstaaten der Warschauer Vertrages in Berlin, Sofia 1988-1989 (DY 30/2356). Tagungen des Politischen Beratenden Ausschusses der Teilnehmerstaaten des Warschauer Vertrages (DY 30/2352). Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Dmitrii Antonovich Volkogonov Papers (DAVP).
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Index 15Zh45 Pioner, missile 181, 255, 270 “23” talks 294,295,297, 300, 303, 305, 401-403 “35” talks 294,297, 300, 301, 303, 305, 401,402,408 9K714 Oka, missile 209,270, 438 9K76 Temp-S, missile 275 ABM Treaty 254,257, 263,270, 309 Aboimov, Ivan 365 Adamec, Ladislav 292 Advance of forces to the West 216-218, 222, 223, 225,228,236, 240, 251 Afghanistan 24,45,46, 59, 78, 164, 169, 175, 177,180-183, 200,206, 368, 371 Africa 75, 178,180 Air Defense 86, 187,191, 197, 224, 239, 247,291, 418,429,430, 431 Air Force 82, 86,116, 187, 205, 208, 220-222,259,290, 291, 296, 300, 301, 303, 305,418,429 Airborne units 244,291 Aircraft carriers 209, 305, 388 Air-Land Battle 223 Akhromeyev, Sergey 149,154,160,166, 167, 185, 195-197,200, 201, 210, 228, 231, 233-235,237, 242, 243, 251, 266, 269, 277, 280,281, 307, 324, 398,427 Albania 16, 20,103, 113, 155 Algeria 178 Andreotti, Guilio 156 Andropov, Yuri 24, 31, 32,45, 140, 175, 185, 243,265, 322, 329,451 Angola 177,178 Ankara 281 Antall, József 426,433,434 Anti-Communism see Anti-Socialism Anti-missile defense 140, 258, 309 Anti-Socialism 98, 130, 326, 349, 351, 354, 382 Anti-Sovietism 147, 161, 166,173, 406,419 Anti-tank weapons 192, 198, 201,202, 247,249, 281, 290, 296 Arbatov, Georgy 261,410 Armored personnel carriers 201,202, 290, 292, 293, 296,299, 300, 302, 304, 404 Armored vehicles 192,202, 289,290, 299,404,407,408 Arms control 116, 266,268,271, 282, 308 Arms race 140, 187, 188,194, 213, 226, 229, 253,255,259,260,265,271,286, 297, 303, 305, 320, 379,453,454 Arms reduction 53, 69-73,147,161, 163, 164, 194-196, 204, 208,212, 227,230, 235,
242,253, 254, 257,259,260,262, 263,266, 267, 269, 271,272,276-280, 282, 283, 285, 287-289, 291-303, 305-310, 376, 377, 383, 388, 395, 398, 401,408,456,457 Artillery 86,190, 192, 199, 201, 202, 204,249,290, 293, 300, 305,407,408 Atanasov, Georgi 138 Attack aircraft 290,299, 301, 302 Austria 225, 298, 336, 343, 356 AWACS 206 Axen, Hermann 327 Baev, Jordan 59,141, 351,423,433 Bahr, Egon 334 Baker, James 310, 365, 393, 396, 398, 421,424,439 Baklanov, Oleg 271, 306 Balance of forces 69, 185, 189,194, 198-202, 209, 212,213, 235,242,252, 278, 280, 283,284,290,297, 298, 357, 371, 393, 395,421 Balkans 149, 155
Index 469 Baltic Sea 223 Baltics 435 Bange, Oliver 218, 229 Baranski, Wojciech 224 Bases: foreign 162, 256,411,418; mili tary 174,268 Beilngries 251 Békés, Csaba 52,102, 320, 332, 381,411 Belgium 299 Berlin 11,19, 39,49, 62, 63, 71,114,134, 137,153,155, 157, 159, 161, 196,177, 188-191,197, 222, 223, 229, 231-233, 235,236,268,271, 272, 277,283, 310, 319, 320, 327, 328, 338, 373, 376, 380, 382, 383,399,421,422 Berlin Crisis, second (1958-1961) 18-19,216 Berlin Wall 364, 391 Bern 160 Bessmertnykh, Alexander 169, 170, 383, 436,441 Boldin, Valery 45 Bolociuch, Edmund 240 Bomber aircraft 149,198, 266,278, 290, 308 Bonn 176 Borders 29,167,176,187, 337, 339, 354, 392,405,439,447 Borsits, László 422 Bratislava 223,412 Brezhnev, Leonid 19, 22, 23-25, 31-35, 37,43,44,48, 50, 53, 61, 66, 68, 74, 80,100, 124, 143, 160, 172,185,196, 372,451 Brezhnev doctrine 114, 333, 344, 345, 352, 358, 365 “Brotherhood in Arms-80”, exercise 218 Brovikov, Vladimir 341 Brown, Harold 200 Brussels 230,445 Brussels declaration (1987) 162, 388 Bucharest 14,44, 51, 55, 115,118,131, 137,147,150, 173-176, 193,224, 249, 262,269,295, 301, 321, 343, 347, 349, 351,353, 359, 369,412,438 Bucharest appeal (1987) 259, 269 Bucharest declaration (1966) 368 Budapest 39-41, 50, 55, 68, 107, 108, 111, 130, 131,144-146, 167, 171, 191, 192,209,220,226, 227, 258,259,288, 295, 304, 326, 329, 338, 379,406,431, 433,435,437 Budapest declaration (1986) 150-152, 157, 260, 262, 277, 278 Budget, military: 69, 73, 157, 256, 293-294, 301; Unified Command of 82, 90, 92-94,118,196, 247,429,432; Soviet Union of 180, 195, 265 Bulgaria
16,49, 57, 61, 77, 92, 93,109, 116-118,121, 131,134,137, 152, 155, 162,164,169,182, 188,199, 204, 209, 221, 257, 280-282, 285,295, 300, 309, 320-322, 324, 326, 327, 340, 345, 356, 359, 361, 364, 379, 382, 385, 393,402, 405-407,410-412,414,426,430, 432, 434, 441,443,452, 458 Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) 70, 327 343 350 Bundeswehr 187, 274, 395, 399,403,407 Bush, George H. W. 300, 308, 310, 328, 359, 388, 390, 393, 396, 398,404,410 Cambodia 177 Canada 63,163, 257, 299, 370, 372 Carlsson, Ingvar 292 Carlucci, Frank 160, 242, 308, 375 CDU (Christian Democratic Union) 334 Ceauşescu, Elena 105,286 Ceauşescu, Nicolae 1, 19, 20, 30, 31, 34, 37,40, 56, 57, 63, 64, 67-71, 73, 75-78, 86, 90, 94, 96, 103-106,108,113,115, 119-121, 130,141,145, 156,165,178, 181, 183, 204,231, 254, 256, 261, 276, 278, 283,285, 293, 294, 319, 321, 322, 346, 348-351, 365, 378, 384, 389,410 Center for reducing the risk of war and averting a sudden attack 170,296 Central America 180 Central Europe 47, 144, 148,153-155, 164, 187,194,196, 200, 201,207, 217, 253, 261, 267, 276-278, 282, 291, 295, 403, 407,434 CFE Treaty (1990) 273, 305, 311, 390, 401-403,406-409,412,415,421,438, 439,443,444,460 Challenger, disaster (1986) 146,147 Charter of Paris for New Europe (1990) 409,444 Charter of the United Nations 17,439 Chebrikov, Viktor 140, 277 Chemical weapons: 295, 309; ban, elimination 72, 256,267, 294, 307-310, 344; free zones 40,47, 144,148, 155, 261 Chernobyl, nuclear accident (1986) 35, 146, 147, 227, 229, 267, 369 Chernyaev, Anatoly 13,45, 124, 195, 371,398, 408,436
470 Index Chernenko, Konstantin 1, 24, 25, 32, 33, 185, 186, 265, 342,451 Chiefs of general staff, meetings China 77, 103,141,177, 323 Chňoupek, Bohuslav 48,49,151,158, 161,180, 269, 369, 379 Civic Forum, movement 415 Civil defense 95, 96, 291 CMEA (Council on Mutual Economic Assistance) 36,40,41, 51, 62, 73, 83, 92, 110,129-137, 147, 171, 176, 332, 341,343, 350, 356, 361,415,419 Cold War 2,4, 6-9,17,18, 21, 23, 25, 30, 32, 33, 36,44, 73,105, 122, 141, 152, 154-156, 159,164,166, 172,173,175, 176,188, 190,194,198, 213, 219,226, 228, 230, 242, 243, 247, 260,264, 276, 320, 338, 345, 359, 366, 367, 369-371, 380, 386, 388, 389, 391, 394-396,401, 409-411, 415,416,419,421,426,430, 439,446,447,450,452-458 Coman, Ion 104 Combat alert 187, 212,224, 230 Commission for human rights (proposed) see Committee on human rights and humanitarian relations Council for Parliamentary Cooperation (proposed) 61-64 Commission for Processing Proposals for Arms Reduction 161 Committee for State Security see KGB Committee of Defense Ministers 20, 44, 80-82, 85, 92, 100,103,106, 107, 111, 112,116-118,173,189,191,194, 199, 203, 206-209,222,223,237,238, 247, 285, 289,290,294, 304, 395,419, 421-423,429,430 Committee of Ministers of Foreign Affairs 22,44-51, 54-57, 62, 63, 70, 71, 74, 100-102, 106, 107,112,114, 115, 117, 118, 120,133, 134, 137, 138, 143, 144,149-153,155, 157,158, 161,167, 169, 171, 176, 210,257, 262, 266-268, 274,276,280,282, 288, 295, 297, 305, 307, 310, 318,319, 321, 325-328, 336, 367, 369, 372-374, 376, 379, 382, 383, 385, 394,423,429, 430 Committee of Parliaments (proposed) 62
Committee of the European countries for cooperation with nuclear powers (proposed) 306 Committee on human rights and humanitarian relations (proposed) 108, 113 Communism 40,142,174, 315, 316 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) 21, 53, 62, 63, 71, 121, 139, 144,149-152, 156, 157, 164,166, 169,171, 257, 267, 272, 276, 283,287, 294,295, 305, 318, 320, 326, 327, 334, 338, 340, 347, 357, 366, 367, 369, 370, 372-378, 380-385, 394, 398,407-409,412,414,426,433, 434, 436,439-441 Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (1949) 89 Conventional forces 18, 257, 275, 277, 283, 290, 296,402,403,406; reduc tion 53, 70-73,163, 164,169,193, 194, 204, 212,230, 242,259, 267, 269,276, 277, 282-288,290,293, 295-297, 302, 304, 305, 310, 311, 338, 376, 377, 379, 455-457; talks 212, 271,278,279, 280, 285, 294,299, 307, 378, 383, 398,401, 418,419 Conventional weapons 184, 189, 194, 209, 212, 219, 249, 256, 271, 275, 288, 308 Coordination Group (proposed) 430 Coordination Commission (proposed) 423 Counter-offensive 223,228, 240, 246,251 Counter-revolution 349, 359, 365 Coup, against Gorbachev (1991) 424,444 CPCz (Communist Party of Czechoslovakia) 116,148,186,188, 260, 292, 345, 348, 351-353, 361 CPSU (Communist Party of the Soviet Union) 12, 40-42,44, 48,49, 85,105, 186, 206, 209,226,243,271, 297, 318, 320, 321, 325, 326, 353, 355, 362, 371, 411,419; 27th Congress 40, 41, 144, 150, 171, 181, 195, 258, 368; Politburo 109, 132, 133, 136,161, 194, 197, 200, 229, 341,371,436 Cruise missiles 223,254, 255, 266, 290, 308 Crowe, William 160,166,167,200, 201, 247 Crump,
Laurien 21 CSFR (Czech and Slovak Federative Republic) see Czechoslovakia CSPA (Czechoslovak Peoples’ Army) 186, 190,191,212,219,221,225,292,304 CSSR (Czechoslovak Socialist republic) see Czechoslovakia
Index 471 Cuba 46,103,132,265 Czechoslovakia 9,16,17,20, 36,48, 74, 87,92, 95, 97,102, 116,118, 121, 131, 144,149,151,153, 168, 163,164, 167,178, 183,188, 200,204, 205, 211, 221, 225,251,258, 268,270,275,279, 282, 288, 289,292, 300, 304, 316, 320, 326, 327, 342, 345, 349, 351, 353, 356, 361, 364, 379, 381, 385, 393, 394, 399, 402,403-411,413-417,419-421,424, 426-432,434,435,437,438,440-444, 452,458 Czechoslovak Front 250,251 Dachowski, Mieczysław 239 Danish Straits 223 Danube, operation 20, 352 Data, exchange 200, 242, 275, 277, 280, 282, 285,287, 290, 291, 308 Defensive approach 232, 252,455,457 Defensive doctrine 212,231,233,234, 239, 247, 249, 251,252, 302,456 Demilitarization 71,167,179,226, 287, 400 Demichev, Pyotr 322 Denmark 153 Deputy foreign ministers, meetings 52-55, 58, 60,101,258,261,299, 372 Deputy Supreme Commanders 82-84, 221,429 Deputy Supreme High Commander 95 Détente 21, 32,49,140,255,258, 265, 371 Deterrence: military 226, 332; nuclear 209, 242, 286, 307 Dienstbier, Jiří 394,413,435,437, 438, 445 Dobroiu, Iuliu 257 Dobrovský, Luboš 438,441,442 Dobrynin, Anatoly 105,277, 323,400 Drills, military see Exercise “Druzhba-86”, exercise 226 “Druzhba-87”, exercise 245 “Druzhba-88”, exercise 245 Dubček, Alexander 342 Durman, Karel 285, 364 Dzebashvili, Boris 190 Dzasokhov, Alexander 436 Eastern Europe 1-3, 9, 16, 51, 65, 97, 109, 110, 120, 121, 123, 138, 152, 159, 168, 174, 213, 241, 251,288, 322, 358, 363, 365, 388, 389, 395,401,411,412, 421,424, 427, 428,433,440, 441,443, 447,448,451,458,460 Echelon: first 247, 249; second 221-223,249 Economic cooperation 40,
113, 117, 129, 131-139,151, 160,166, 169,176, 329, 338, 378,379, 386, 391,452 Economic problems 57, 111, 135,137, 156,169,178,183,188, 229,253,266, 270,281,284,316, 331,353,386, 453,457 EEC (European Economic Community) 37, 51,132, 136,137,139, 171, 368 Electronic warfare 247, 291 English Channel 217, 228 Eppelmann, Rainer 394, 395, 397-399 Esenbach 251 Ethiopia 178 Euromissile crisis 24, 371 European Parliament 61, 63, 320,418 European Parliamentary Council (pro posed) 62 Exercise, military 8, 150, 165, 215-218, 223-225,227, 228,236, 238,245, 246, 248,301,306, 397,417,418 Expert groups, Warsaw Pact 24, 31, 50, 52-56, 60, 69, 70,102, 108,117, 144, 149, 258,269,272, 344, 369, 372, 374, 413,423,438 Fabrikov, Ivan 83 Falin, Valentin 442 Fighter aircraft 192, 205, 220,221, 249, 290, 301 Fighter-bomber aircraft 192,290 Finland 275,421 Finlandization 105, 361,442 First Deputy Supreme High Commander 95 Firyubin, Nikolay 35 Fischer, Oskar 50, 60, 150, 269, 283, 297, 327, 328, 376, 378, 379, 382, 386 Flexible response 241, 242, 301 FRG (Federal Republic of Germany) see Germany, West France 105,164,203, 217, 260, 262,274, 299, 335 Frolov, Ivan 45 Frontal aircraft 290 Für, Lajos 422 Gaddafi, Muammar 228 Ganev, Ivan 74, 257 Gareev, Makhmut 237 GDR (German Democratic Republic) see Germany, East
472 Index General Staff: Czechoslovak 243; Polish 154,239, 250; Soviet 12,18, 32, 70, 85, 93, 95-97,196, 228, 237, 267, 285, 286, 294,299, 300,403,406,417 Geneva 38,49, 76, 142, 143, 146,189, 257,263, 368; disarmament confer ence 35, 37, 53, 62, 76, 158, 253-256, 258, 267, 268, 306, 307, 309 Geneva convention 88 Genscher, Hans-Dietrich 156, 266, 309, 390 Geremek, Bronislaw 341 Germany, East 47, 57, 62-64, 70, 89, 91, 92,102,109, 116, 131, 136,138, 144, 148, 149,152, 154, 155, 163, 164,169, 173,175, 178, 186,188,196, 197,209, 218, 221, 223, 225, 236,240, 245-247, 260,261, 268-270, 275, 276, 278-280, 282, 287, 289, 292,297,298, 300, 309, 310, 322-328, 340, 342, 344, 347, 348, 351, 353, 356, 357, 359, 361, 362, 364, 367, 372, 376-386, 390-400,402-406, 409,410,414,417-419,421,426, 430, 432,438,447,452 Germany, unification 390-401,459 Germany, West 17, 62, 148, 164,175, 187, 197,223,261,323, 337-339, 391-393, 399,435 Gierek, Edward 34 Giosan, Nicolae 61, 63 Glastnost 49, 54 Gomulka, Władysław 153 Gorbachev, Mikhail 1, 5-7, 12,13, 16,24, 25, 29-46,48-52, 56, 58,61, 64-70, 73-78, 80, 81, 84, 87, 90, 92, 94, 98, 100-107,109, 110, 112,114, 116-120, 122-124,129-136,138-152, 154-165, 167-172, 174, 175, 177-185, 188,189,193-198,200, 201, 204, 206, 210,212-215, 219, 222, 223,225, 233, 235,243-245, 251-268, 270, 274, 276֊ 281, 286-290, 294, 297, 298, 302, 306, 307, 310, 315-318, 320-331, 334, 335, 337-341, 344-349, 351, 353, 354, 356, 358-361,363-368,370-375, 377-380, 383, 385-396, 398-400,408-411,420, 423-428, 433,435,436,441-444,446, 447,449,451-457,459,460 “Granit-86”, exercise 223,
224,245 Grätz, Manfred 396, 397 Greece 155, 281 Grechko, Andrei 233 Gribkov, Anatoly 84, 87, 88, 97, 157, 193, 203, 210, 222, 224, 225, 245, 248 Gromyko, Andrei 44,45,140,146, 184, 233, 254 Grósz, Károly 97, 108,110,117,284, 293,298, 332, 334, 343, 378 Halabja 309 Havel, Václav 251, 394,412,418, 425-427,429,434,441,443,445 Helicopters 191,192, 198, 201,202,278, 290, 296, 299, 300, 302, 304,404,407 Helsinki Final Act (1975) 21,22,142,143, 294, 326, 366, 367, 369-371,376,384 Helsinki process see Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe Heuser, Beatrice 8 High-precision weapons 189,194,220 Hoffmann, Theodor 394, 397 Honecker, Erich 1, 30, 34, 38,77,102, 129, 133,142, 149, 154, 156,159,164, 188,205,210, 232, 240, 246,254,261, 265, 279,280,289, 292, 302, 303, 323, 324, 327, 342, 346, 348-351, 359, 377, 378, 380, 382, 384 Horn, Gyula 51,115, 137,298, 330, 344, 380, 385 ΗΡΑ (Hungarian People’s Army) 87, 224, 225, 241, 284,294, 304 HPR (Hungarian People’s Republic) see Hungary HSWP (Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party) 55, 57, 64, 97,108,111-114, 119, 137, 279, 293, 298, 329, 332, 334, 335, 351, 352, 380, 402 Human rights 53, 55, 56,73,108, 112-114, 117, 151, 160, 166, 176, 287, 340, 341, 346, 352, 366-379, 381-387 Hungarian Revolution (1956) 18, 324, 330, 353 Hungary 16, 39,44, 51, 57, 64, 77,79, 92, 97, 102, 108-116, 118-121,131, 138,139,152, 153,169, 170,174, 176, 178, 200, 221, 225,240, 258, 266, 279, 282, 284, 289, 290, 293,298, 300, 303, 304, 318-320, 324, 326, 328-336, 339, 342-345,351, 353, 361, 366,372-375, 377-382, 384, 385, 392,402-407,
409-411,414,415,419,422,430,431, 433-435,440, 443,452,458 Husák, Gustav 1, ЗО, 34,90,130,145,147, 149,155,188,251,315,320,324,348,367 Iliescu, Ion 426 INF Treaty 158,159, 182, 208,209, 274-276, 302 , 305, 307, 374
Index 473 Information and Propaganda Department/Committee (proposed) 98 Intelligence 15,186, 208, 218 Intercontinental ballistic missiles 257, 262, 266, 308, 309 Interparliamentary meetings see Parliamentary cooperation Iran-Iraq war 178 Iraq 265, 309 Ireland, Northern 375 Israel 178, 330, 332 Italy 296, 336,404 Ivanov, Stanislav 204 Ivanovsky, Yevgeny 244 Konev, Ivan 18 Korea, North 103, 228 Kornienko, Georgy 45, 258 Kótai, Géza 332 Kramer, Mark 3, 247 Krenz, Egon 359 Kryuchkov, Vladimir 354, 355, 359, 391, 393 Kulikov, Viktor 71, 83, 84, 94, 98, 186,187,189,191-195,198, 199, 203, 205-211, 219-222,224, 225, 235-239, 241, 244-246, 266, 277, 286, 289, 294,309 Kuiski, Bolesław 350 Kvitsinsky, Yuli 442,443 Jakeš, Miloš 14, 90,120, 164, 182, 183, 278, 292, 302, 325-327, 343, 345, 346, 348, 351, 364, 378 Japan 165, 265, 336 Jaroszek, Henryk 55 Jaruzelski Plan 152-155,162, 231 Jaruzelski, Wojciech 1, 30, 34, 77,102, 124, 129, 130,136, 147,154-156, 165, 177,188,197,203,227,231, 302, 316, 320, 325, 335-339, 341, 345, 347349, 353, 355, 356, 358, 367, 369, 377,405, 416,426 Jarząbek, Wanda 118,152,448 Jeszenszky, Géza 435 Jíloviště 443 Johanes, Jaromír 137,176,273, 379 Joint Secretariat 22, 34, 35,100, 101 Jones, David 200 League of Arab states 37, 178 Lenin, Vladimir 198, 316, 326 Lévesque, Jaques 110 Libya 178, 203, 228, 265 Ligachev, Yegor 135, 175, 209, 270 Lithuania 435,436 Lobov, Vladimir 210, 248,416,418,419, 432, 438 Locher, Anna 52, 261, 383 Losonczi, Pál 330 Luňák, Petr 5,103,115, 244, 246 Lushev, Pyotr 170, 210-212, 249, 397, 399,417,418,420-422,438 Luxembourg report (1970)
368 Lyon 317 Kádár, János 1, 38,108,124,133,170, 284, 316, 324, 329, 330-332, 373, 378 Kapica, Mikhail 177 Karmai, Babrak 181 Kárpáti, Ferenc 87,114,115,293,296,304 Karpov, Viktor 258 Katrich, Alexei 221 Kaufbeuren 251 Kazantsev, Alexander 249 Kessler, Heinz 240, 280, 324, 347, 348, 351, 364, 394 KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti) 32,42, 161,243, 359, 371, 435 Khrushchev, Nikita 17-19, 21,22, 100, 196, 324, 352 Kiszczak, Czeslaw 355 Kohl, Helmut 359, 390, 392-394, 396, 399 Kołobrzeg 223 “Mace-86”, exercise 226 Mamchur, Pyotr 83,192, 199,203, 205, 209,418 Malta 388, 390,410 Maneuvers, military see Exercise Mastný, Vojtech 3,4,43, 65, 78,98,103, 198,213, 219,232,241, 244, 248, 258, 274,278, 302, 316, 342, 358, 360, 364, 381, 396,401,405,409,435,436,440, 442,448 Matějka, Zdeněk 394,401,405,406, 413,414,416,420,421,424,425,429, 432,434,436-438,440, 442-445,448 Matlock, John 381 de Maizière, Lothar 394, 399,426 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz 329, 348, 354-357, 404,405,434, Medium-range missiles 149,152, 187, 209, 228, 253-255,257,260, 262,263, 267-271, 274, 276, 278, 279,281, 306 Medvedev, Vadim 13,45, 76, 104,233, 277, 359
474 Index Mendelevich, Lev 35, 59 Messner, Zbigniew 336 Mi-17, helicopter 191 Mi-24, helicopter 192 Middle East 53,177-179 Mielke, Erich 359 Michnik, Adam 354 MiG-15, aircraft 205,220 MiG-17, aircraft 205 MiG-21, aircraft 192, 292 MiG-23, aircraft 192,220 MiG-29, aircraft 192, 220 Mikhaylov, Vladlen 208 Milea, Vasile 96, 294 Military academies 228, 236, 291 Military Committee (proposed) 103, 107, 116, 117,429,430 Military Council 20, 80, 82, 85, 91, 92, 113, 188, 190,193, 203-206, 209,211, 219, 221,224, 228,236, 245, 248,293, 356, 358, 397,405,416,417, 419,422, 429,431,432 Military doctrine: declaration 197, 215, 225, 229, 230, 232-237, 239, 241, 243, 244, 276; Czechoslovak 236, 250; East-German 236; Hungarian 293; mutual examination 148,153,230, 237, 242,287, 294, 301; national 231, 234, 237; NATO of 209, 223, 232, 233, 241, 242, 247, 286, 301; Polish 236, 239, 249,250; Soviet 194, 201, 212, 226, 228, 233,235, 243, 251; U.S. 220; Warsaw Pact of 98, 112, 123, 207-209, 212, 214, 216, 218, 225, 227, 229, 231, 233-239, 241, 243-252, 302, 454-456 Military expenditures 55, 69, 70, 71, 92, 170, 185,189,195, 207-209, 229, 253, 256, 265, 272,277,280, 284, 285, 291, 297,300,420,451,455,457 Military science 91, 236, 247 Minsk 185 Mitterrand, François 35, 262, 401 Mladenov, Petar 134,162, 269,285, 336, 359, 379,416,426 Moiseyev, Sergei 299, 304 Mongolia 132 Mórocz, Lajos 224, 225, 240 Moscow 1, 13, 36, 38,40,46,48,49, 55, 56-58, 82, 115,116, 131, 134, 151-153, 173, 195, 197, 200, 206, 207, 211, 234, 237, 267-269, 318, 319, 321, 334, 356, 372-376, 383, 388-390, 394, 397-399,
401,413,417,419,423-428,440 Multilateral Group for Current Mutual Information 33, 38, 55-60, 75, 100-102,111,117,160,162,178,180, 182, 339,374, 376, 391,412,431 Nagy, Imré 10, 18 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 2, 3, 8,11,15,17-19, 22, 29, 33, 37,49, 51, 55, 59, 62, 63, 67, 69-72, 75, 76, 91, 98,99, 101, 105,106, 109, 110, 116,119,122-125,140,148, 149, 152,153, 155, 157, 158,162-165, 167, 170-172, 174,184-189,192-196, 198-203, 208-210,212,213, 216-226, 230-239,241, 242, 246, 247,249,251, 254, 255,259, 261,262,264, 266-268, 271,272, 274-279,281-284,286-288, 290, 291,294-305, 310, 311, 323, 331, 332, 334, 335, 338, 340, 350, 353, 356, 362, 369, 372, 376, 388-400,402, 403,405-407,409-411,413-415,417, 418, 421,422,425,426,430,436,437, 439-442, 445,448,456-459 NATO Parliamentary Assembly 62, 63, 157, 331 Natorf, Włodzimierz 350 Navy, military 82, 86, 91, 116, 187,290, 291,295, 300, 301,305, 388,429 Netherlands 170, 299, 300, 404 Németh, Miklós 298 Neutral countries 55, 114, 122, 150, 157, 161-163, 167, 259, 301, 326, 334, 339, 391 New thinking, Gorbachev 114,169,171, 175, 178, 215, 227, 258,277, 326, 371 Nicaragua 177 Nicolescu, Marin 91 Nitze, Paul 307 Nixon, Richard 143 Non-Aligned Movement 37, 53,177, 178, 255 Nordic Council 63 North Atlantic Council 49, 52, 157, 300, 413,440 Nowak, Jerzy 39,48, 59,82,100, 106, 108, 116, 118, 122, 124, 153, 154, 171, 211, 218, 273, 337, 339-341, 377,412, 413,414,422,431, 435,439,441,442, 444,446,447 NPA (National People’s Army) 236, 240, 292, 364, 395, 397, 399,403,406 Nuclear disarmament 55, 72, 140, 143, 147, 164,175, 193, 194,
256, 258-260, 262,263,266, 305-311
Index 475 Nuclear power plants 146,148, 227, 248 Nuclear tests 230, 256,261, 263, 307 Nuclear war 146,167,197, 217, 220, 225-227,235, 246, 250, 306, 309 Nuclear weapons 2, 69, 72,96,140, 148, 149,153,156,169,184,196, 208, 216, 219, 227, 228, 230, 240, 241,243, 246, 248, 250, 254-256,259,262-264, 271, 274, 275, 281, 283,286, 306-311, 331, 418; free zones 55,149,153-155,163, 179,194, 261, 283 Numbers of armed forces 69, 70,192, 195,199-202,207,289, 291, 300,403, 404, 409,419 Nünlist, Christian 91 Nyers, Rezső 114,119,174, 329, 344, 347 Oanca, Constantin 74 Oberaudorf 251 Oder, river 342, 357,405 Olechowski, Tadeusz 339 Olsowski, Stefan 336 On Overcoming Underdevelopment and Establishing a New International Economic Order, appeal (1987) 55, 74,179, 272 Onyszkiewitcz, Janusz 405 Open Skies Treaty 401 Operational plans, military 215,225, 243, 250, 292,397 Opposition, anti-communist 34,110, 130, 172,174, 298, 326, 327, 335, 340, 341, 343, 345, 348-354, 356, 358, 360, 363, 364, 367,415 Orzechowski, Marian 62,153,162, 336,338 OT-810, armored vehicle 292 Pacsek, József 304, 331 Pakistan 181 Palestine 179 Palme, Olof 148 Paris 216, 227; CSCE meeting 305,407, 408, 428,433,434,441 Parity, military 29,153, 184, 193, 195, 196, 199-201,204,208, 212, 213,230, 237, 267, 271,277-279,283, 286,290, 291,296,406,454 Parliamentary cooperation, Warsaw Pact 22, 60-65, 106, 113, 157, 323, 377, 439 PASUV 203 Patriotic Movement of the National Rebirth 336 Pavlov, Alexander 237 Peace movement 148,159, 254 Peace offensive 143,148, 151 Perestroika 25, 39,40,42, 43,49-51, 59, 63, 78,122,132-134,
137,151,161, 168,175, 201, 206, 207, 215, 286, 315, 316, 318, 320-333, 340, 343, 347, 352, 357, 360, 634, 376, 382, 385,400,422, 449,453 Permanent Committee of the CMEA for the Defense Industry 203, 205 Pershing la, missile 271, 274 Pershing II, missile 270 Poklad, Boris 160 Poland 11,12,16,17,44,48, 57, 61, 62, 67,77,78,89,92, 101, 102, 112, 116, 118-121,130,131, 135, 138,144, 152-154,162,167,169,174,178,188, 199, 204,211, 218, 221, 231, 249-251, 259, 282, 289, 290, 293, 296, 300, 304, 316, 320, 324, 326, 328, 329, 333, 335-344, 348-358, 361, 364, 369, 377, 379-381, 384, 385, 392,402-407,409, 410,414,415,417, 419, 426,430-432, 434,435,440,441,443,452,458 Political Consultative Committee 14, 17,18,22, 23, 30, 31, 33-41, 43, 44,47, 49, 51, 52, 54-58, 61-63, 68-71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 81, 83, 85, 86, 92, 94, 96-98, 100,102-105,107,108, 111, 115-122, 129-131,134, 136,137, 141, 142, 144147, 150-153,155-157, 161-163,165, 166,170,173-176, 179,181,182,186, 187,191-193,197,198, 202-209,211, 215, 220,224, 226, 227,229, 231-233, 235, 236,242,244, 245,249,255, 259, 260,269,271-273, 277,283-286,288, 295, 301, 309, 315, 319, 30, 325, 329, 336, 338, 339, 343, 344, 348, 350, 351, 353, 356, 359, 367, 373, 377, 381, 383, 384, 386, 398,413,423-425,427-434, 436-438,443 Political prisoners 349, 371, 375, 376 Postdam 337 Poznan 223 PPA (Polish People’s Army) 224, 239, 250, 353 PPR (Polish People’s Republic) see Poland PRB (People’s Republic of Bulgaria) see Bulgaria Prague 2, 11, 38,49, 55, 107,119,134,143, 151, 157-159,223,285, 374,375, 394, 406,407,414,420,438,442,443-445
ΑΊ6 Index Prague Spring (1968) 2, 20,183, 250, 318, 326, 352, 356,410,460 Primakov, Yevgeny 45 Prisoners of war 89 Puchała, Franciszek 174 PUWP (Polish United Workers’ Party) 34,130, 231, 325, 338, 341, 342, 345, 349, 350, 352, 353, 355, 356 Rakowski, Mieczysław 341, 349, 354 Rapacki, Adam 153 RCP (Romanian Communist Party) 96, 105,169, 285, 384 Reagan, Ronald 35, 38, 48, 49, 140, 142-144, 146, 149-151, 159, 166, 168, 169, 180, 184, 189, 193, 228, 229, 257, 262-266, 270, 296, 308, 368, 370, 374, 376 Reasonable sufficiency 195, 197, 201, 208,226, 228,230, 235, 237, 238, 242, 286, 289, 291, 302, 358, 417 Reforms: Gorbachev’s 25, 32, 39, 50, 65, 77,112,116,120,132,151,160,161, 169,175, 223,228,229,252,264, 279, 302, 315-318, 320, 325-327, 340, 348, 351, 360, 368, 369, 386, 387,446, 449, 452,453,455,457; Warsaw Pact of 19-22, 34,44, 51, 63-65, 97, 100-111, 113,115-119,121-125,174, 241, 333, 339, 343, 362,380, 381,410-415, 423-425,427,428,439,450, 458 Representatives of the Supreme Commander 86-88, 90, 113-115, 118,190 Retegan, Mihai 349 Reykjavik, meeting 48,149,150, 157, 193,194, 228,229,262-266, 268, 270, 307, 370 Rhine, river 225 Rogers, Bernard 198 Roman, Petre 443 Romania 16, 19-21, 23,24, 30, 31, 37-39,44, 47, 51, 54, 56-58, 60, 61, 63, 64, 67-81, 86, 90-94, 96, 100, 102-108,111-122,131,138,139,144, 145,155, 156,164, 165,167, 169, 178, 182,183, 188,199, 204, 211, 221,231, 234,256,257,259, 261,269,273,279, 283-285, 293,294, 300, 306, 307, 309, 310, 318-321, 325-327, 333, 336, 340, 342, 344, 345, 347, 349-351, 362, 363, 365, 372-374, 376-382, 384, 385,405, 407,
410,414,419,430,434,443,451, 452,456, 457 Romanian army 90,285,293,294 Rühe, Volker 334 Ryzhkov, Nikolai 42,133,136, 137, 153, 359 S-75, surface-to-air-missile 418 S-125, surface-to-air-missile 418 S-200, surface-to-air-missile 418 S-300, surface-to-air-missile 418 Savranskaya, Svetlana 15,171,401 Schaefer, Bernd 247, 279 SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative) 140, 142,143, 168,177, 179,229, 254,257, 263, 264, 266, 270, 306-308 Secretary General: NATO 37, 390, 440; Warsaw Pact 9, 18, 35, 100-102, 106, 108, 110, 111, 115, 117,405,413, 429, 434 SED (United Socialist Party of Germany) 148,149,169, 188, 210, 261, 292, 323, 327, 349, 362, 392 “Shchit-88”, exercise 245 Shakhnazarov, Georgy 13,109,172, 174, 175,195-197,207,210, 244,286, 297, 309,428 Sharapov, Viktor 343 Shevardnadze, Eduard 44-51, 55, 57, 59, 62, 75, 101,104, 106, 120, 122,137, 142-144, 150-152, 157-159, 161-162, 167, 169,171, 173,174,176,181, 193, 257, 262, 267,268, 274, 276,277, 280, 285, 289, 303, 305, 307, 310, 319, 322, 323, 325, 338, 354, 359, 369, 370, 373, 375, 376, 378, 379, 383, 385, 396, 398, 400,408,412,439 Shultz, George 49, 266, 269, 308, 340, 375 Simbach 251 Siwicki, Florian 81,210,236,293, 356,405 Six, Warsaw Pact 31, 39,44,47, 58, 67-72, 74, 75, 78, 90, 91, 97, 102, 108, 112, 178,255, 259, 333,451 Skrzypek, Andrzej 58 Skubiszewski, Krysztof 356,357, 392, 405,435 Slimák, Anton 237 Sofia 33-37, 50, 52, 55, 62,129, 130, 141, 161,186, 187, 209, 212,220, 255, 256, 280, 289, 290, 315, 322, 325, 367, 372, 376,431 Solidarity, movement 349, 354, 356, 357 Somalia 357 Soviet Central Group of Forces 251
Index Soviet military command 18, 174,184, 185,196, 197,228,235,238,243, 252, 264,271,280,286,408 Soviet troops withdrawal 78, 174, ISO182, 278, 289, 292, 293,298, 304, 361, 362, 390, 393, 394, 398,400,403-405, 408,411,416,424 Soviet Union 1, 2, 7-9,16-23,25, 31, 32, 34-38,40-47, 50-53, 57, 59-62, 64, 66, 68-70, 72-81, 84, 91-93, 97, 104-110,112,114-118,122-124,131, 133-137,140-151,153,154, 156-162, 164-170,173,174,177-188,184,188, 191,194,196,197,199-202,204, 206, 209, 210, 213,215, 218-220, 223, 227-231, 233, 242-244,251,253-271, 273-277, 279-281,283-285,287-289, 295, 297-300, 303, 305, 307-311, 315, 317, 318, 320-324, 326, 327, 330-335, 337-342, 344, 347, 349-351, 353-355, 358-366, 368-373, 375-383, 385-393, 395, 396, 398-419,421,422,425-430, 432-435,437-456,458-460 “Soyuz-87”, exercise 245 Spáčil, Dušan 35 SPD (Social Democratic Party of Germany) 148, 334 Special Commission for Disarmament 75,117, 295,429,430 SR-71, aircraft 222 SRR (Socialist Republic of Romania) see Romania SS-12 Scaleboard, missile see 9K76 Temp-S SS-20 Saber, missile see 15Zh45 Pioner SS-23 Spider, missile see 9K714 Oka Staff of the Unified Armed Forces: 20, 80-83, 86-88, 92,93, 95, 96, 98, 102, 106, 112, 186, 237, 245,273,285, 420, 432, 434; Chief of 81, 82, 87,107, 116, 157, 193, 203,210, 222, 224,245, 429, 432 Stalin, Joseph 17, 256,297, 316 Statute of the Unified Armed Forces and Unified Command in Peacetime (1955) 80, 88, 94,97, 114, 119 Statute of the Warsaw Pact in Wartime (1980) 23, 24, 80, 91, 94, 96, 97, 114, 119, 422, 430,437 Stockholm Conference (1986) 76,150, 255, 258, 294, 301
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 300 Stoph, Willi 269, 359 477 Strategic arsenal 109, 208, 250, 262, 263, 279, 294, 306-310 Strike aircraft 192, 201, 202,249, 283, 299 Strela-10, surface-to-air missile 191 Streletz, Fritz 364 Su-7, aircraft 292 Su-22, aircraft 192 Su-25, aircraft 192 Submarines 262, 290, 291, 308 Supreme commander, Warsaw Pact 17,18, 20, 23, 71, 80-90, 94, 95, 103, 107-109,112,116-118,170,186, 187, 189-194,198, 202, 203, 205-211,219, 222, 224,235, 238, 241, 244,246,249, 250, 266,277,286, 289, 292, 294, 309, 397, 399,410,413,417,418,420-422, 429,432 Surprise attack 153,216, 225, 283 Świnoujście 342 Sweden 275 Syria 178,265 Szókai, Imre 351 Szűrös, Mátyás 114,115, 334, 380 Šedivý, Jaroslav 412, 424,428 Т-54, tank 292 Т-55, tank 192,204,205, 292 Т-72, tank 191,192, 203,205 Tanks 23,191,192, 196, 198-205,212, 247,278,283, 285, 288-290,292, 293, 296,299, 300, 302, 304,404,407,408, 418,435 Tarasenko, Sergei 122,123,173,174 Taubman, William 13,122,124,150,400 Technical Committee: 20, 80, 83, 95, 203,429; Chief of 82, 84, 192,199, 203,205,209,418 Thatcher, Margaret 151,175, 262,440 Third World 178,180, 265 Timișoara 365 Tomek, Prokop 15, 364 Totu, Ioan 51,106,115,121,176, 319, 321, 349, 376, 378, 379, 382, 386 Tretiak, Ivan 418 Turkey 155, 280-282,285, 295,402,426 Ulm 251 UN (United Nations): 37,70,71,74,75, 144,153,162,179,181,182,289,300, 338,381,382; General Assembly 144, 153,165,167,288,294, 336, 359,367,431 Unified Air Defense System: 82,430, 437; Commander of 429
478 Index Unified Armed Forces 14, 17, 19, 81, 84-86, 88, 89, 91, 95, 96,105, 107, 118, 184, 185, 187,190, 192,193, 196, 198,203-205, 207-209,211, 216-219, 221-224, 230, 235-240, 244, 247-250, 309,417, 420-422,429 Unified Command 7,12,13, 17, 80-84, 86-98, 109, 112,113, 173, 186-188, 192-194, 198,203-207, 210, 211, 215-218, 224, 234,235, 237, 244, 247, 248, 285, 294, 303, 321,417-419,422, 429,432, 435,437,438,455 United Kingdom 170, 187, 254, 260, 262,264, 271, 274,296, 299, 300, 336, 370 Ural, river 295 Urals 259, 267,269, 277, 278, 287, 407,408 U.S, (United States of America) 17,49, 70, 75, 109, 140-143, 146, 158-164, 166,167, 169, 180, 181, 182, 184, 185, 187,189, 192-195, 200, 201, 208,213, 219, 228, 242,253-255,257, 258, 260, 262, 263, 265-271,274-278,281, 282, 300, 306-310, 328, 330, 331, 340, 365, 381, 388, 389, 363, 392, 394, 396, 398, 424,427, 438,439,442, 450,456 USSR (Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics) see Soviet Union Użycki, Józef 239 Vacek, Miroslav 87, 88, 90, 97-99, 109, 204, 212, 220,238,243, 249, 251,423, 427,438 Václavik, Milan 116, 190, 191, 204,208, 304, 364 Várkonyi, Péter 54,114, 150, 282, 328, 376, 380 Vessels, military 72, 91, 167, 223, 278, 290,291,305, 308,342,388 Vienna 301,409; CSCE meeting 53, 71, 139,144, 149, 150,152, 156, 166, 169, 257, 267, 276, 283, 287, 294, 318-320, 326-328, 347, 369, 370, 372-379, 382, 384, 385; talks 53,62,148, 200, 253, 255,256, 267, 269, 276, 278, 287, 295,296 Vietnam 103, 132, 172, 178, 182,265 Vilnius 435 Visegrád group 402,405,409,426, 434-436,439-442,458,459 “Vltava-89”, exercise 248 Vorotnikov, Vitaly 109,
359 Washington 46,167, 274,427 War plans see Operational plans Warsaw 11, 12,15, 16,29, 30, 33,43, 45-48, 51, 58, 61-64, 70, 77, 97,102, 105, 106, 120, 129, 136,138-141,143, 144,163, 165,176,184,194, 202, 206, 207, 244, 254, 257, 258,272, 283-286, 305, 309, 325, 326, 340, 354, 356, 377, 378, 385, 413,414,430-433 Warsaw Treaty (1955) 17,18, 20, 35, 88, 108, 170,253, 357, 399,420,426,429 Wenzke, Rüdiger 299, 399 Whitehead, John 330, 340 Wiemer, Wolfgang 421 Wojna, Ryszard 63 Wolfowitz, Paul 442 World center on debt and development (proposed) 144 World War II41,174,196, 198, 217,220, 240, 243, 390 Wörner, Manfred 390,440 Wroclaw 223 Yalta 337 Yakovlev, Alexander 45,110, 354, 359, 360, 371, 393 Yanayev, Gennady 444,445 Yazov, Dmitry 160,170,197,199,202, 204,206, 207,209,211, 28, 239, 242, 244, 285,289,291, 354, 375, 395, 397, 398, 402,405,417-419,437 Yemen, South 178 Yugoslavia 16, 64, 103, 113, 155, 298, 323, 327,421,444 Zachariáš, Mojmír 199 Zhivkov, Todor 1, 30, 70,130, 133-136, 138, 141, 146, 156, 165, 188, 280, 281, 315, 321, 322, 324, 326, 327, 343-345, 348, 350, 359, 364 Zubok, Vladislav 65, 226, 241, 263, 270, 287, 297, 320, 358, 388,428 Bsyeifeoha ì g^stebibUothak München i |
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Contents List of Tables List of Abbreviations vii viii Introduction 1 The Warsaw Treaty Organization From 1955 Until 1985 16 PARTI Changes in the Warsaw Pact in the Gorbachev Era 1. New Vision for the Warsaw Pact and Changes in Its Mechanisms 27 29 2. The Romanian Issue After1985 3. Military Framework of the Warsaw Pact Between 1985 and 1989 67 80 4. Attempts at an InstitutionalReform 100 PART II The Warsaw Pact in International Relations 5. Discussion on Economic Cooperation Under the Aegis of the Alliance 127 129 6. Role of the Warsaw Pact on International Scene 140 7. Reconsidering of Armament Policy 184 8. Changes of Military Doctrine in the Second Half of the 1980s 9. The Warsaw Pact and Disarmament Talks 215 253
vi Contents PART III Disintegration of the Alliance 313 10. Gorbachev’s Reforms and Disruption of Cohesion 315 11. Discussion on the Human Rights 366 12. The End of the Warsaw Pact 388 Epilogue 446 Conclusion 449 Bibliography and Sources 461 Index 468
Bibliography and Sources Archival Sources Archiwum Akt Nowych, Warszawa (Archive ofModern Records, Warsaw) Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza - komitet centralny (PZPR КС). Archiwum Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, Warszawa (Archive of the Institute ofNational Rememberance, Warsaw) Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych w Warszawie [1944] 1954-1990 (BU 01791). Zarząd II Sztabu Generalnego Wojska Polskiego w Warszawie [1945] 1951-1990 [1991] (BU 2602). Zbiór dokumentów dotyczących Układu Warszawskiego (BU 02958). Archiv ministerstva zahraničních věcí, Praha (Archive of the Foreign Ministry, Prague) Dokumentace teritoriálních odborů (DTO) 1953-1989. Porady kolegia (PK) 1953-1989. Základní politické otázky (ZPO) - KBSE 1980-1991 (unsorted). Bundesarchiv, Berlin (Federal Archive, Berlin) Büro Hermann Axen (DY 30IV 2/2.035). Informationen des Sekretärs für internationale Verbindungen des ZK der SED, Hermann Axen, an Erich Honecker, 1986-1989 (DY 30/2346). Ministerrat der DDR (DC 20). SED, Protokolle der Sitzungen des Politbüros (DY 30/JIV 2/2). Tagungen der Außenminister der Teilnehmerstaaten der Warschauer Vertrages in Berlin, Sofia 1988-1989 (DY 30/2356). Tagungen des Politischen Beratenden Ausschusses der Teilnehmerstaaten des Warschauer Vertrages (DY 30/2352). Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Dmitrii Antonovich Volkogonov Papers (DAVP).
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Index 15Zh45 Pioner, missile 181, 255, 270 “23” talks 294,295,297, 300, 303, 305, 401-403 “35” talks 294,297, 300, 301, 303, 305, 401,402,408 9K714 Oka, missile 209,270, 438 9K76 Temp-S, missile 275 ABM Treaty 254,257, 263,270, 309 Aboimov, Ivan 365 Adamec, Ladislav 292 Advance of forces to the West 216-218, 222, 223, 225,228,236, 240, 251 Afghanistan 24,45,46, 59, 78, 164, 169, 175, 177,180-183, 200,206, 368, 371 Africa 75, 178,180 Air Defense 86, 187,191, 197, 224, 239, 247,291, 418,429,430, 431 Air Force 82, 86,116, 187, 205, 208, 220-222,259,290, 291, 296, 300, 301, 303, 305,418,429 Airborne units 244,291 Aircraft carriers 209, 305, 388 Air-Land Battle 223 Akhromeyev, Sergey 149,154,160,166, 167, 185, 195-197,200, 201, 210, 228, 231, 233-235,237, 242, 243, 251, 266, 269, 277, 280,281, 307, 324, 398,427 Albania 16, 20,103, 113, 155 Algeria 178 Andreotti, Guilio 156 Andropov, Yuri 24, 31, 32,45, 140, 175, 185, 243,265, 322, 329,451 Angola 177,178 Ankara 281 Antall, József 426,433,434 Anti-Communism see Anti-Socialism Anti-missile defense 140, 258, 309 Anti-Socialism 98, 130, 326, 349, 351, 354, 382 Anti-Sovietism 147, 161, 166,173, 406,419 Anti-tank weapons 192, 198, 201,202, 247,249, 281, 290, 296 Arbatov, Georgy 261,410 Armored personnel carriers 201,202, 290, 292, 293, 296,299, 300, 302, 304, 404 Armored vehicles 192,202, 289,290, 299,404,407,408 Arms control 116, 266,268,271, 282, 308 Arms race 140, 187, 188,194, 213, 226, 229, 253,255,259,260,265,271,286, 297, 303, 305, 320, 379,453,454 Arms reduction 53, 69-73,147,161, 163, 164, 194-196, 204, 208,212, 227,230, 235,
242,253, 254, 257,259,260,262, 263,266, 267, 269, 271,272,276-280, 282, 283, 285, 287-289, 291-303, 305-310, 376, 377, 383, 388, 395, 398, 401,408,456,457 Artillery 86,190, 192, 199, 201, 202, 204,249,290, 293, 300, 305,407,408 Atanasov, Georgi 138 Attack aircraft 290,299, 301, 302 Austria 225, 298, 336, 343, 356 AWACS 206 Axen, Hermann 327 Baev, Jordan 59,141, 351,423,433 Bahr, Egon 334 Baker, James 310, 365, 393, 396, 398, 421,424,439 Baklanov, Oleg 271, 306 Balance of forces 69, 185, 189,194, 198-202, 209, 212,213, 235,242,252, 278, 280, 283,284,290,297, 298, 357, 371, 393, 395,421 Balkans 149, 155
Index 469 Baltic Sea 223 Baltics 435 Bange, Oliver 218, 229 Baranski, Wojciech 224 Bases: foreign 162, 256,411,418; mili tary 174,268 Beilngries 251 Békés, Csaba 52,102, 320, 332, 381,411 Belgium 299 Berlin 11,19, 39,49, 62, 63, 71,114,134, 137,153,155, 157, 159, 161, 196,177, 188-191,197, 222, 223, 229, 231-233, 235,236,268,271, 272, 277,283, 310, 319, 320, 327, 328, 338, 373, 376, 380, 382, 383,399,421,422 Berlin Crisis, second (1958-1961) 18-19,216 Berlin Wall 364, 391 Bern 160 Bessmertnykh, Alexander 169, 170, 383, 436,441 Boldin, Valery 45 Bolociuch, Edmund 240 Bomber aircraft 149,198, 266,278, 290, 308 Bonn 176 Borders 29,167,176,187, 337, 339, 354, 392,405,439,447 Borsits, László 422 Bratislava 223,412 Brezhnev, Leonid 19, 22, 23-25, 31-35, 37,43,44,48, 50, 53, 61, 66, 68, 74, 80,100, 124, 143, 160, 172,185,196, 372,451 Brezhnev doctrine 114, 333, 344, 345, 352, 358, 365 “Brotherhood in Arms-80”, exercise 218 Brovikov, Vladimir 341 Brown, Harold 200 Brussels 230,445 Brussels declaration (1987) 162, 388 Bucharest 14,44, 51, 55, 115,118,131, 137,147,150, 173-176, 193,224, 249, 262,269,295, 301, 321, 343, 347, 349, 351,353, 359, 369,412,438 Bucharest appeal (1987) 259, 269 Bucharest declaration (1966) 368 Budapest 39-41, 50, 55, 68, 107, 108, 111, 130, 131,144-146, 167, 171, 191, 192,209,220,226, 227, 258,259,288, 295, 304, 326, 329, 338, 379,406,431, 433,435,437 Budapest declaration (1986) 150-152, 157, 260, 262, 277, 278 Budget, military: 69, 73, 157, 256, 293-294, 301; Unified Command of 82, 90, 92-94,118,196, 247,429,432; Soviet Union of 180, 195, 265 Bulgaria
16,49, 57, 61, 77, 92, 93,109, 116-118,121, 131,134,137, 152, 155, 162,164,169,182, 188,199, 204, 209, 221, 257, 280-282, 285,295, 300, 309, 320-322, 324, 326, 327, 340, 345, 356, 359, 361, 364, 379, 382, 385, 393,402, 405-407,410-412,414,426,430, 432, 434, 441,443,452, 458 Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) 70, 327 343 350 Bundeswehr 187, 274, 395, 399,403,407 Bush, George H. W. 300, 308, 310, 328, 359, 388, 390, 393, 396, 398,404,410 Cambodia 177 Canada 63,163, 257, 299, 370, 372 Carlsson, Ingvar 292 Carlucci, Frank 160, 242, 308, 375 CDU (Christian Democratic Union) 334 Ceauşescu, Elena 105,286 Ceauşescu, Nicolae 1, 19, 20, 30, 31, 34, 37,40, 56, 57, 63, 64, 67-71, 73, 75-78, 86, 90, 94, 96, 103-106,108,113,115, 119-121, 130,141,145, 156,165,178, 181, 183, 204,231, 254, 256, 261, 276, 278, 283,285, 293, 294, 319, 321, 322, 346, 348-351, 365, 378, 384, 389,410 Center for reducing the risk of war and averting a sudden attack 170,296 Central America 180 Central Europe 47, 144, 148,153-155, 164, 187,194,196, 200, 201,207, 217, 253, 261, 267, 276-278, 282, 291, 295, 403, 407,434 CFE Treaty (1990) 273, 305, 311, 390, 401-403,406-409,412,415,421,438, 439,443,444,460 Challenger, disaster (1986) 146,147 Charter of Paris for New Europe (1990) 409,444 Charter of the United Nations 17,439 Chebrikov, Viktor 140, 277 Chemical weapons: 295, 309; ban, elimination 72, 256,267, 294, 307-310, 344; free zones 40,47, 144,148, 155, 261 Chernobyl, nuclear accident (1986) 35, 146, 147, 227, 229, 267, 369 Chernyaev, Anatoly 13,45, 124, 195, 371,398, 408,436
470 Index Chernenko, Konstantin 1, 24, 25, 32, 33, 185, 186, 265, 342,451 Chiefs of general staff, meetings China 77, 103,141,177, 323 Chňoupek, Bohuslav 48,49,151,158, 161,180, 269, 369, 379 Civic Forum, movement 415 Civil defense 95, 96, 291 CMEA (Council on Mutual Economic Assistance) 36,40,41, 51, 62, 73, 83, 92, 110,129-137, 147, 171, 176, 332, 341,343, 350, 356, 361,415,419 Cold War 2,4, 6-9,17,18, 21, 23, 25, 30, 32, 33, 36,44, 73,105, 122, 141, 152, 154-156, 159,164,166, 172,173,175, 176,188, 190,194,198, 213, 219,226, 228, 230, 242, 243, 247, 260,264, 276, 320, 338, 345, 359, 366, 367, 369-371, 380, 386, 388, 389, 391, 394-396,401, 409-411, 415,416,419,421,426,430, 439,446,447,450,452-458 Coman, Ion 104 Combat alert 187, 212,224, 230 Commission for human rights (proposed) see Committee on human rights and humanitarian relations Council for Parliamentary Cooperation (proposed) 61-64 Commission for Processing Proposals for Arms Reduction 161 Committee for State Security see KGB Committee of Defense Ministers 20, 44, 80-82, 85, 92, 100,103,106, 107, 111, 112,116-118,173,189,191,194, 199, 203, 206-209,222,223,237,238, 247, 285, 289,290,294, 304, 395,419, 421-423,429,430 Committee of Ministers of Foreign Affairs 22,44-51, 54-57, 62, 63, 70, 71, 74, 100-102, 106, 107,112,114, 115, 117, 118, 120,133, 134, 137, 138, 143, 144,149-153,155, 157,158, 161,167, 169, 171, 176, 210,257, 262, 266-268, 274,276,280,282, 288, 295, 297, 305, 307, 310, 318,319, 321, 325-328, 336, 367, 369, 372-374, 376, 379, 382, 383, 385, 394,423,429, 430 Committee of Parliaments (proposed) 62
Committee of the European countries for cooperation with nuclear powers (proposed) 306 Committee on human rights and humanitarian relations (proposed) 108, 113 Communism 40,142,174, 315, 316 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) 21, 53, 62, 63, 71, 121, 139, 144,149-152, 156, 157, 164,166, 169,171, 257, 267, 272, 276, 283,287, 294,295, 305, 318, 320, 326, 327, 334, 338, 340, 347, 357, 366, 367, 369, 370, 372-378, 380-385, 394, 398,407-409,412,414,426,433, 434, 436,439-441 Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (1949) 89 Conventional forces 18, 257, 275, 277, 283, 290, 296,402,403,406; reduc tion 53, 70-73,163, 164,169,193, 194, 204, 212,230, 242,259, 267, 269,276, 277, 282-288,290,293, 295-297, 302, 304, 305, 310, 311, 338, 376, 377, 379, 455-457; talks 212, 271,278,279, 280, 285, 294,299, 307, 378, 383, 398,401, 418,419 Conventional weapons 184, 189, 194, 209, 212, 219, 249, 256, 271, 275, 288, 308 Coordination Group (proposed) 430 Coordination Commission (proposed) 423 Counter-offensive 223,228, 240, 246,251 Counter-revolution 349, 359, 365 Coup, against Gorbachev (1991) 424,444 CPCz (Communist Party of Czechoslovakia) 116,148,186,188, 260, 292, 345, 348, 351-353, 361 CPSU (Communist Party of the Soviet Union) 12, 40-42,44, 48,49, 85,105, 186, 206, 209,226,243,271, 297, 318, 320, 321, 325, 326, 353, 355, 362, 371, 411,419; 27th Congress 40, 41, 144, 150, 171, 181, 195, 258, 368; Politburo 109, 132, 133, 136,161, 194, 197, 200, 229, 341,371,436 Cruise missiles 223,254, 255, 266, 290, 308 Crowe, William 160,166,167,200, 201, 247 Crump,
Laurien 21 CSFR (Czech and Slovak Federative Republic) see Czechoslovakia CSPA (Czechoslovak Peoples’ Army) 186, 190,191,212,219,221,225,292,304 CSSR (Czechoslovak Socialist republic) see Czechoslovakia
Index 471 Cuba 46,103,132,265 Czechoslovakia 9,16,17,20, 36,48, 74, 87,92, 95, 97,102, 116,118, 121, 131, 144,149,151,153, 168, 163,164, 167,178, 183,188, 200,204, 205, 211, 221, 225,251,258, 268,270,275,279, 282, 288, 289,292, 300, 304, 316, 320, 326, 327, 342, 345, 349, 351, 353, 356, 361, 364, 379, 381, 385, 393, 394, 399, 402,403-411,413-417,419-421,424, 426-432,434,435,437,438,440-444, 452,458 Czechoslovak Front 250,251 Dachowski, Mieczysław 239 Danish Straits 223 Danube, operation 20, 352 Data, exchange 200, 242, 275, 277, 280, 282, 285,287, 290, 291, 308 Defensive approach 232, 252,455,457 Defensive doctrine 212,231,233,234, 239, 247, 249, 251,252, 302,456 Demilitarization 71,167,179,226, 287, 400 Demichev, Pyotr 322 Denmark 153 Deputy foreign ministers, meetings 52-55, 58, 60,101,258,261,299, 372 Deputy Supreme Commanders 82-84, 221,429 Deputy Supreme High Commander 95 Détente 21, 32,49,140,255,258, 265, 371 Deterrence: military 226, 332; nuclear 209, 242, 286, 307 Dienstbier, Jiří 394,413,435,437, 438, 445 Dobroiu, Iuliu 257 Dobrovský, Luboš 438,441,442 Dobrynin, Anatoly 105,277, 323,400 Drills, military see Exercise “Druzhba-86”, exercise 226 “Druzhba-87”, exercise 245 “Druzhba-88”, exercise 245 Dubček, Alexander 342 Durman, Karel 285, 364 Dzebashvili, Boris 190 Dzasokhov, Alexander 436 Eastern Europe 1-3, 9, 16, 51, 65, 97, 109, 110, 120, 121, 123, 138, 152, 159, 168, 174, 213, 241, 251,288, 322, 358, 363, 365, 388, 389, 395,401,411,412, 421,424, 427, 428,433,440, 441,443, 447,448,451,458,460 Echelon: first 247, 249; second 221-223,249 Economic cooperation 40,
113, 117, 129, 131-139,151, 160,166, 169,176, 329, 338, 378,379, 386, 391,452 Economic problems 57, 111, 135,137, 156,169,178,183,188, 229,253,266, 270,281,284,316, 331,353,386, 453,457 EEC (European Economic Community) 37, 51,132, 136,137,139, 171, 368 Electronic warfare 247, 291 English Channel 217, 228 Eppelmann, Rainer 394, 395, 397-399 Esenbach 251 Ethiopia 178 Euromissile crisis 24, 371 European Parliament 61, 63, 320,418 European Parliamentary Council (pro posed) 62 Exercise, military 8, 150, 165, 215-218, 223-225,227, 228,236, 238,245, 246, 248,301,306, 397,417,418 Expert groups, Warsaw Pact 24, 31, 50, 52-56, 60, 69, 70,102, 108,117, 144, 149, 258,269,272, 344, 369, 372, 374, 413,423,438 Fabrikov, Ivan 83 Falin, Valentin 442 Fighter aircraft 192, 205, 220,221, 249, 290, 301 Fighter-bomber aircraft 192,290 Finland 275,421 Finlandization 105, 361,442 First Deputy Supreme High Commander 95 Firyubin, Nikolay 35 Fischer, Oskar 50, 60, 150, 269, 283, 297, 327, 328, 376, 378, 379, 382, 386 Flexible response 241, 242, 301 FRG (Federal Republic of Germany) see Germany, West France 105,164,203, 217, 260, 262,274, 299, 335 Frolov, Ivan 45 Frontal aircraft 290 Für, Lajos 422 Gaddafi, Muammar 228 Ganev, Ivan 74, 257 Gareev, Makhmut 237 GDR (German Democratic Republic) see Germany, East
472 Index General Staff: Czechoslovak 243; Polish 154,239, 250; Soviet 12,18, 32, 70, 85, 93, 95-97,196, 228, 237, 267, 285, 286, 294,299, 300,403,406,417 Geneva 38,49, 76, 142, 143, 146,189, 257,263, 368; disarmament confer ence 35, 37, 53, 62, 76, 158, 253-256, 258, 267, 268, 306, 307, 309 Geneva convention 88 Genscher, Hans-Dietrich 156, 266, 309, 390 Geremek, Bronislaw 341 Germany, East 47, 57, 62-64, 70, 89, 91, 92,102,109, 116, 131, 136,138, 144, 148, 149,152, 154, 155, 163, 164,169, 173,175, 178, 186,188,196, 197,209, 218, 221, 223, 225, 236,240, 245-247, 260,261, 268-270, 275, 276, 278-280, 282, 287, 289, 292,297,298, 300, 309, 310, 322-328, 340, 342, 344, 347, 348, 351, 353, 356, 357, 359, 361, 362, 364, 367, 372, 376-386, 390-400,402-406, 409,410,414,417-419,421,426, 430, 432,438,447,452 Germany, unification 390-401,459 Germany, West 17, 62, 148, 164,175, 187, 197,223,261,323, 337-339, 391-393, 399,435 Gierek, Edward 34 Giosan, Nicolae 61, 63 Glastnost 49, 54 Gomulka, Władysław 153 Gorbachev, Mikhail 1, 5-7, 12,13, 16,24, 25, 29-46,48-52, 56, 58,61, 64-70, 73-78, 80, 81, 84, 87, 90, 92, 94, 98, 100-107,109, 110, 112,114, 116-120, 122-124,129-136,138-152, 154-165, 167-172, 174, 175, 177-185, 188,189,193-198,200, 201, 204, 206, 210,212-215, 219, 222, 223,225, 233, 235,243-245, 251-268, 270, 274, 276֊ 281, 286-290, 294, 297, 298, 302, 306, 307, 310, 315-318, 320-331, 334, 335, 337-341, 344-349, 351, 353, 354, 356, 358-361,363-368,370-375, 377-380, 383, 385-396, 398-400,408-411,420, 423-428, 433,435,436,441-444,446, 447,449,451-457,459,460 “Granit-86”, exercise 223,
224,245 Grätz, Manfred 396, 397 Greece 155, 281 Grechko, Andrei 233 Gribkov, Anatoly 84, 87, 88, 97, 157, 193, 203, 210, 222, 224, 225, 245, 248 Gromyko, Andrei 44,45,140,146, 184, 233, 254 Grósz, Károly 97, 108,110,117,284, 293,298, 332, 334, 343, 378 Halabja 309 Havel, Václav 251, 394,412,418, 425-427,429,434,441,443,445 Helicopters 191,192, 198, 201,202,278, 290, 296, 299, 300, 302, 304,404,407 Helsinki Final Act (1975) 21,22,142,143, 294, 326, 366, 367, 369-371,376,384 Helsinki process see Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe Heuser, Beatrice 8 High-precision weapons 189,194,220 Hoffmann, Theodor 394, 397 Honecker, Erich 1, 30, 34, 38,77,102, 129, 133,142, 149, 154, 156,159,164, 188,205,210, 232, 240, 246,254,261, 265, 279,280,289, 292, 302, 303, 323, 324, 327, 342, 346, 348-351, 359, 377, 378, 380, 382, 384 Horn, Gyula 51,115, 137,298, 330, 344, 380, 385 ΗΡΑ (Hungarian People’s Army) 87, 224, 225, 241, 284,294, 304 HPR (Hungarian People’s Republic) see Hungary HSWP (Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party) 55, 57, 64, 97,108,111-114, 119, 137, 279, 293, 298, 329, 332, 334, 335, 351, 352, 380, 402 Human rights 53, 55, 56,73,108, 112-114, 117, 151, 160, 166, 176, 287, 340, 341, 346, 352, 366-379, 381-387 Hungarian Revolution (1956) 18, 324, 330, 353 Hungary 16, 39,44, 51, 57, 64, 77,79, 92, 97, 102, 108-116, 118-121,131, 138,139,152, 153,169, 170,174, 176, 178, 200, 221, 225,240, 258, 266, 279, 282, 284, 289, 290, 293,298, 300, 303, 304, 318-320, 324, 326, 328-336, 339, 342-345,351, 353, 361, 366,372-375, 377-382, 384, 385, 392,402-407,
409-411,414,415,419,422,430,431, 433-435,440, 443,452,458 Husák, Gustav 1, ЗО, 34,90,130,145,147, 149,155,188,251,315,320,324,348,367 Iliescu, Ion 426 INF Treaty 158,159, 182, 208,209, 274-276, 302 , 305, 307, 374
Index 473 Information and Propaganda Department/Committee (proposed) 98 Intelligence 15,186, 208, 218 Intercontinental ballistic missiles 257, 262, 266, 308, 309 Interparliamentary meetings see Parliamentary cooperation Iran-Iraq war 178 Iraq 265, 309 Ireland, Northern 375 Israel 178, 330, 332 Italy 296, 336,404 Ivanov, Stanislav 204 Ivanovsky, Yevgeny 244 Konev, Ivan 18 Korea, North 103, 228 Kornienko, Georgy 45, 258 Kótai, Géza 332 Kramer, Mark 3, 247 Krenz, Egon 359 Kryuchkov, Vladimir 354, 355, 359, 391, 393 Kulikov, Viktor 71, 83, 84, 94, 98, 186,187,189,191-195,198, 199, 203, 205-211, 219-222,224, 225, 235-239, 241, 244-246, 266, 277, 286, 289, 294,309 Kuiski, Bolesław 350 Kvitsinsky, Yuli 442,443 Jakeš, Miloš 14, 90,120, 164, 182, 183, 278, 292, 302, 325-327, 343, 345, 346, 348, 351, 364, 378 Japan 165, 265, 336 Jaroszek, Henryk 55 Jaruzelski Plan 152-155,162, 231 Jaruzelski, Wojciech 1, 30, 34, 77,102, 124, 129, 130,136, 147,154-156, 165, 177,188,197,203,227,231, 302, 316, 320, 325, 335-339, 341, 345, 347349, 353, 355, 356, 358, 367, 369, 377,405, 416,426 Jarząbek, Wanda 118,152,448 Jeszenszky, Géza 435 Jíloviště 443 Johanes, Jaromír 137,176,273, 379 Joint Secretariat 22, 34, 35,100, 101 Jones, David 200 League of Arab states 37, 178 Lenin, Vladimir 198, 316, 326 Lévesque, Jaques 110 Libya 178, 203, 228, 265 Ligachev, Yegor 135, 175, 209, 270 Lithuania 435,436 Lobov, Vladimir 210, 248,416,418,419, 432, 438 Locher, Anna 52, 261, 383 Losonczi, Pál 330 Luňák, Petr 5,103,115, 244, 246 Lushev, Pyotr 170, 210-212, 249, 397, 399,417,418,420-422,438 Luxembourg report (1970)
368 Lyon 317 Kádár, János 1, 38,108,124,133,170, 284, 316, 324, 329, 330-332, 373, 378 Kapica, Mikhail 177 Karmai, Babrak 181 Kárpáti, Ferenc 87,114,115,293,296,304 Karpov, Viktor 258 Katrich, Alexei 221 Kaufbeuren 251 Kazantsev, Alexander 249 Kessler, Heinz 240, 280, 324, 347, 348, 351, 364, 394 KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti) 32,42, 161,243, 359, 371, 435 Khrushchev, Nikita 17-19, 21,22, 100, 196, 324, 352 Kiszczak, Czeslaw 355 Kohl, Helmut 359, 390, 392-394, 396, 399 Kołobrzeg 223 “Mace-86”, exercise 226 Mamchur, Pyotr 83,192, 199,203, 205, 209,418 Malta 388, 390,410 Maneuvers, military see Exercise Mastný, Vojtech 3,4,43, 65, 78,98,103, 198,213, 219,232,241, 244, 248, 258, 274,278, 302, 316, 342, 358, 360, 364, 381, 396,401,405,409,435,436,440, 442,448 Matějka, Zdeněk 394,401,405,406, 413,414,416,420,421,424,425,429, 432,434,436-438,440, 442-445,448 Matlock, John 381 de Maizière, Lothar 394, 399,426 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz 329, 348, 354-357, 404,405,434, Medium-range missiles 149,152, 187, 209, 228, 253-255,257,260, 262,263, 267-271, 274, 276, 278, 279,281, 306 Medvedev, Vadim 13,45, 76, 104,233, 277, 359
474 Index Mendelevich, Lev 35, 59 Messner, Zbigniew 336 Mi-17, helicopter 191 Mi-24, helicopter 192 Middle East 53,177-179 Mielke, Erich 359 Michnik, Adam 354 MiG-15, aircraft 205,220 MiG-17, aircraft 205 MiG-21, aircraft 192, 292 MiG-23, aircraft 192,220 MiG-29, aircraft 192, 220 Mikhaylov, Vladlen 208 Milea, Vasile 96, 294 Military academies 228, 236, 291 Military Committee (proposed) 103, 107, 116, 117,429,430 Military Council 20, 80, 82, 85, 91, 92, 113, 188, 190,193, 203-206, 209,211, 219, 221,224, 228,236, 245, 248,293, 356, 358, 397,405,416,417, 419,422, 429,431,432 Military doctrine: declaration 197, 215, 225, 229, 230, 232-237, 239, 241, 243, 244, 276; Czechoslovak 236, 250; East-German 236; Hungarian 293; mutual examination 148,153,230, 237, 242,287, 294, 301; national 231, 234, 237; NATO of 209, 223, 232, 233, 241, 242, 247, 286, 301; Polish 236, 239, 249,250; Soviet 194, 201, 212, 226, 228, 233,235, 243, 251; U.S. 220; Warsaw Pact of 98, 112, 123, 207-209, 212, 214, 216, 218, 225, 227, 229, 231, 233-239, 241, 243-252, 302, 454-456 Military expenditures 55, 69, 70, 71, 92, 170, 185,189,195, 207-209, 229, 253, 256, 265, 272,277,280, 284, 285, 291, 297,300,420,451,455,457 Military science 91, 236, 247 Minsk 185 Mitterrand, François 35, 262, 401 Mladenov, Petar 134,162, 269,285, 336, 359, 379,416,426 Moiseyev, Sergei 299, 304 Mongolia 132 Mórocz, Lajos 224, 225, 240 Moscow 1, 13, 36, 38,40,46,48,49, 55, 56-58, 82, 115,116, 131, 134, 151-153, 173, 195, 197, 200, 206, 207, 211, 234, 237, 267-269, 318, 319, 321, 334, 356, 372-376, 383, 388-390, 394, 397-399,
401,413,417,419,423-428,440 Multilateral Group for Current Mutual Information 33, 38, 55-60, 75, 100-102,111,117,160,162,178,180, 182, 339,374, 376, 391,412,431 Nagy, Imré 10, 18 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 2, 3, 8,11,15,17-19, 22, 29, 33, 37,49, 51, 55, 59, 62, 63, 67, 69-72, 75, 76, 91, 98,99, 101, 105,106, 109, 110, 116,119,122-125,140,148, 149, 152,153, 155, 157, 158,162-165, 167, 170-172, 174,184-189,192-196, 198-203, 208-210,212,213, 216-226, 230-239,241, 242, 246, 247,249,251, 254, 255,259, 261,262,264, 266-268, 271,272, 274-279,281-284,286-288, 290, 291,294-305, 310, 311, 323, 331, 332, 334, 335, 338, 340, 350, 353, 356, 362, 369, 372, 376, 388-400,402, 403,405-407,409-411,413-415,417, 418, 421,422,425,426,430,436,437, 439-442, 445,448,456-459 NATO Parliamentary Assembly 62, 63, 157, 331 Natorf, Włodzimierz 350 Navy, military 82, 86, 91, 116, 187,290, 291,295, 300, 301,305, 388,429 Netherlands 170, 299, 300, 404 Németh, Miklós 298 Neutral countries 55, 114, 122, 150, 157, 161-163, 167, 259, 301, 326, 334, 339, 391 New thinking, Gorbachev 114,169,171, 175, 178, 215, 227, 258,277, 326, 371 Nicaragua 177 Nicolescu, Marin 91 Nitze, Paul 307 Nixon, Richard 143 Non-Aligned Movement 37, 53,177, 178, 255 Nordic Council 63 North Atlantic Council 49, 52, 157, 300, 413,440 Nowak, Jerzy 39,48, 59,82,100, 106, 108, 116, 118, 122, 124, 153, 154, 171, 211, 218, 273, 337, 339-341, 377,412, 413,414,422,431, 435,439,441,442, 444,446,447 NPA (National People’s Army) 236, 240, 292, 364, 395, 397, 399,403,406 Nuclear disarmament 55, 72, 140, 143, 147, 164,175, 193, 194,
256, 258-260, 262,263,266, 305-311
Index 475 Nuclear power plants 146,148, 227, 248 Nuclear tests 230, 256,261, 263, 307 Nuclear war 146,167,197, 217, 220, 225-227,235, 246, 250, 306, 309 Nuclear weapons 2, 69, 72,96,140, 148, 149,153,156,169,184,196, 208, 216, 219, 227, 228, 230, 240, 241,243, 246, 248, 250, 254-256,259,262-264, 271, 274, 275, 281, 283,286, 306-311, 331, 418; free zones 55,149,153-155,163, 179,194, 261, 283 Numbers of armed forces 69, 70,192, 195,199-202,207,289, 291, 300,403, 404, 409,419 Nünlist, Christian 91 Nyers, Rezső 114,119,174, 329, 344, 347 Oanca, Constantin 74 Oberaudorf 251 Oder, river 342, 357,405 Olechowski, Tadeusz 339 Olsowski, Stefan 336 On Overcoming Underdevelopment and Establishing a New International Economic Order, appeal (1987) 55, 74,179, 272 Onyszkiewitcz, Janusz 405 Open Skies Treaty 401 Operational plans, military 215,225, 243, 250, 292,397 Opposition, anti-communist 34,110, 130, 172,174, 298, 326, 327, 335, 340, 341, 343, 345, 348-354, 356, 358, 360, 363, 364, 367,415 Orzechowski, Marian 62,153,162, 336,338 OT-810, armored vehicle 292 Pacsek, József 304, 331 Pakistan 181 Palestine 179 Palme, Olof 148 Paris 216, 227; CSCE meeting 305,407, 408, 428,433,434,441 Parity, military 29,153, 184, 193, 195, 196, 199-201,204,208, 212, 213,230, 237, 267, 271,277-279,283, 286,290, 291,296,406,454 Parliamentary cooperation, Warsaw Pact 22, 60-65, 106, 113, 157, 323, 377, 439 PASUV 203 Patriotic Movement of the National Rebirth 336 Pavlov, Alexander 237 Peace movement 148,159, 254 Peace offensive 143,148, 151 Perestroika 25, 39,40,42, 43,49-51, 59, 63, 78,122,132-134,
137,151,161, 168,175, 201, 206, 207, 215, 286, 315, 316, 318, 320-333, 340, 343, 347, 352, 357, 360, 634, 376, 382, 385,400,422, 449,453 Permanent Committee of the CMEA for the Defense Industry 203, 205 Pershing la, missile 271, 274 Pershing II, missile 270 Poklad, Boris 160 Poland 11,12,16,17,44,48, 57, 61, 62, 67,77,78,89,92, 101, 102, 112, 116, 118-121,130,131, 135, 138,144, 152-154,162,167,169,174,178,188, 199, 204,211, 218, 221, 231, 249-251, 259, 282, 289, 290, 293, 296, 300, 304, 316, 320, 324, 326, 328, 329, 333, 335-344, 348-358, 361, 364, 369, 377, 379-381, 384, 385, 392,402-407,409, 410,414,415,417, 419, 426,430-432, 434,435,440,441,443,452,458 Political Consultative Committee 14, 17,18,22, 23, 30, 31, 33-41, 43, 44,47, 49, 51, 52, 54-58, 61-63, 68-71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 81, 83, 85, 86, 92, 94, 96-98, 100,102-105,107,108, 111, 115-122, 129-131,134, 136,137, 141, 142, 144147, 150-153,155-157, 161-163,165, 166,170,173-176, 179,181,182,186, 187,191-193,197,198, 202-209,211, 215, 220,224, 226, 227,229, 231-233, 235, 236,242,244, 245,249,255, 259, 260,269,271-273, 277,283-286,288, 295, 301, 309, 315, 319, 30, 325, 329, 336, 338, 339, 343, 344, 348, 350, 351, 353, 356, 359, 367, 373, 377, 381, 383, 384, 386, 398,413,423-425,427-434, 436-438,443 Political prisoners 349, 371, 375, 376 Postdam 337 Poznan 223 PPA (Polish People’s Army) 224, 239, 250, 353 PPR (Polish People’s Republic) see Poland PRB (People’s Republic of Bulgaria) see Bulgaria Prague 2, 11, 38,49, 55, 107,119,134,143, 151, 157-159,223,285, 374,375, 394, 406,407,414,420,438,442,443-445
ΑΊ6 Index Prague Spring (1968) 2, 20,183, 250, 318, 326, 352, 356,410,460 Primakov, Yevgeny 45 Prisoners of war 89 Puchała, Franciszek 174 PUWP (Polish United Workers’ Party) 34,130, 231, 325, 338, 341, 342, 345, 349, 350, 352, 353, 355, 356 Rakowski, Mieczysław 341, 349, 354 Rapacki, Adam 153 RCP (Romanian Communist Party) 96, 105,169, 285, 384 Reagan, Ronald 35, 38, 48, 49, 140, 142-144, 146, 149-151, 159, 166, 168, 169, 180, 184, 189, 193, 228, 229, 257, 262-266, 270, 296, 308, 368, 370, 374, 376 Reasonable sufficiency 195, 197, 201, 208,226, 228,230, 235, 237, 238, 242, 286, 289, 291, 302, 358, 417 Reforms: Gorbachev’s 25, 32, 39, 50, 65, 77,112,116,120,132,151,160,161, 169,175, 223,228,229,252,264, 279, 302, 315-318, 320, 325-327, 340, 348, 351, 360, 368, 369, 386, 387,446, 449, 452,453,455,457; Warsaw Pact of 19-22, 34,44, 51, 63-65, 97, 100-111, 113,115-119,121-125,174, 241, 333, 339, 343, 362,380, 381,410-415, 423-425,427,428,439,450, 458 Representatives of the Supreme Commander 86-88, 90, 113-115, 118,190 Retegan, Mihai 349 Reykjavik, meeting 48,149,150, 157, 193,194, 228,229,262-266, 268, 270, 307, 370 Rhine, river 225 Rogers, Bernard 198 Roman, Petre 443 Romania 16, 19-21, 23,24, 30, 31, 37-39,44, 47, 51, 54, 56-58, 60, 61, 63, 64, 67-81, 86, 90-94, 96, 100, 102-108,111-122,131,138,139,144, 145,155, 156,164, 165,167, 169, 178, 182,183, 188,199, 204, 211, 221,231, 234,256,257,259, 261,269,273,279, 283-285, 293,294, 300, 306, 307, 309, 310, 318-321, 325-327, 333, 336, 340, 342, 344, 345, 347, 349-351, 362, 363, 365, 372-374, 376-382, 384, 385,405, 407,
410,414,419,430,434,443,451, 452,456, 457 Romanian army 90,285,293,294 Rühe, Volker 334 Ryzhkov, Nikolai 42,133,136, 137, 153, 359 S-75, surface-to-air-missile 418 S-125, surface-to-air-missile 418 S-200, surface-to-air-missile 418 S-300, surface-to-air-missile 418 Savranskaya, Svetlana 15,171,401 Schaefer, Bernd 247, 279 SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative) 140, 142,143, 168,177, 179,229, 254,257, 263, 264, 266, 270, 306-308 Secretary General: NATO 37, 390, 440; Warsaw Pact 9, 18, 35, 100-102, 106, 108, 110, 111, 115, 117,405,413, 429, 434 SED (United Socialist Party of Germany) 148,149,169, 188, 210, 261, 292, 323, 327, 349, 362, 392 “Shchit-88”, exercise 245 Shakhnazarov, Georgy 13,109,172, 174, 175,195-197,207,210, 244,286, 297, 309,428 Sharapov, Viktor 343 Shevardnadze, Eduard 44-51, 55, 57, 59, 62, 75, 101,104, 106, 120, 122,137, 142-144, 150-152, 157-159, 161-162, 167, 169,171, 173,174,176,181, 193, 257, 262, 267,268, 274, 276,277, 280, 285, 289, 303, 305, 307, 310, 319, 322, 323, 325, 338, 354, 359, 369, 370, 373, 375, 376, 378, 379, 383, 385, 396, 398, 400,408,412,439 Shultz, George 49, 266, 269, 308, 340, 375 Simbach 251 Siwicki, Florian 81,210,236,293, 356,405 Six, Warsaw Pact 31, 39,44,47, 58, 67-72, 74, 75, 78, 90, 91, 97, 102, 108, 112, 178,255, 259, 333,451 Skrzypek, Andrzej 58 Skubiszewski, Krysztof 356,357, 392, 405,435 Slimák, Anton 237 Sofia 33-37, 50, 52, 55, 62,129, 130, 141, 161,186, 187, 209, 212,220, 255, 256, 280, 289, 290, 315, 322, 325, 367, 372, 376,431 Solidarity, movement 349, 354, 356, 357 Somalia 357 Soviet Central Group of Forces 251
Index Soviet military command 18, 174,184, 185,196, 197,228,235,238,243, 252, 264,271,280,286,408 Soviet troops withdrawal 78, 174, ISO182, 278, 289, 292, 293,298, 304, 361, 362, 390, 393, 394, 398,400,403-405, 408,411,416,424 Soviet Union 1, 2, 7-9,16-23,25, 31, 32, 34-38,40-47, 50-53, 57, 59-62, 64, 66, 68-70, 72-81, 84, 91-93, 97, 104-110,112,114-118,122-124,131, 133-137,140-151,153,154, 156-162, 164-170,173,174,177-188,184,188, 191,194,196,197,199-202,204, 206, 209, 210, 213,215, 218-220, 223, 227-231, 233, 242-244,251,253-271, 273-277, 279-281,283-285,287-289, 295, 297-300, 303, 305, 307-311, 315, 317, 318, 320-324, 326, 327, 330-335, 337-342, 344, 347, 349-351, 353-355, 358-366, 368-373, 375-383, 385-393, 395, 396, 398-419,421,422,425-430, 432-435,437-456,458-460 “Soyuz-87”, exercise 245 Spáčil, Dušan 35 SPD (Social Democratic Party of Germany) 148, 334 Special Commission for Disarmament 75,117, 295,429,430 SR-71, aircraft 222 SRR (Socialist Republic of Romania) see Romania SS-12 Scaleboard, missile see 9K76 Temp-S SS-20 Saber, missile see 15Zh45 Pioner SS-23 Spider, missile see 9K714 Oka Staff of the Unified Armed Forces: 20, 80-83, 86-88, 92,93, 95, 96, 98, 102, 106, 112, 186, 237, 245,273,285, 420, 432, 434; Chief of 81, 82, 87,107, 116, 157, 193, 203,210, 222, 224,245, 429, 432 Stalin, Joseph 17, 256,297, 316 Statute of the Unified Armed Forces and Unified Command in Peacetime (1955) 80, 88, 94,97, 114, 119 Statute of the Warsaw Pact in Wartime (1980) 23, 24, 80, 91, 94, 96, 97, 114, 119, 422, 430,437 Stockholm Conference (1986) 76,150, 255, 258, 294, 301
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 300 Stoph, Willi 269, 359 477 Strategic arsenal 109, 208, 250, 262, 263, 279, 294, 306-310 Strike aircraft 192, 201, 202,249, 283, 299 Strela-10, surface-to-air missile 191 Streletz, Fritz 364 Su-7, aircraft 292 Su-22, aircraft 192 Su-25, aircraft 192 Submarines 262, 290, 291, 308 Supreme commander, Warsaw Pact 17,18, 20, 23, 71, 80-90, 94, 95, 103, 107-109,112,116-118,170,186, 187, 189-194,198, 202, 203, 205-211,219, 222, 224,235, 238, 241, 244,246,249, 250, 266,277,286, 289, 292, 294, 309, 397, 399,410,413,417,418,420-422, 429,432 Surprise attack 153,216, 225, 283 Świnoujście 342 Sweden 275 Syria 178,265 Szókai, Imre 351 Szűrös, Mátyás 114,115, 334, 380 Šedivý, Jaroslav 412, 424,428 Т-54, tank 292 Т-55, tank 192,204,205, 292 Т-72, tank 191,192, 203,205 Tanks 23,191,192, 196, 198-205,212, 247,278,283, 285, 288-290,292, 293, 296,299, 300, 302, 304,404,407,408, 418,435 Tarasenko, Sergei 122,123,173,174 Taubman, William 13,122,124,150,400 Technical Committee: 20, 80, 83, 95, 203,429; Chief of 82, 84, 192,199, 203,205,209,418 Thatcher, Margaret 151,175, 262,440 Third World 178,180, 265 Timișoara 365 Tomek, Prokop 15, 364 Totu, Ioan 51,106,115,121,176, 319, 321, 349, 376, 378, 379, 382, 386 Tretiak, Ivan 418 Turkey 155, 280-282,285, 295,402,426 Ulm 251 UN (United Nations): 37,70,71,74,75, 144,153,162,179,181,182,289,300, 338,381,382; General Assembly 144, 153,165,167,288,294, 336, 359,367,431 Unified Air Defense System: 82,430, 437; Commander of 429
478 Index Unified Armed Forces 14, 17, 19, 81, 84-86, 88, 89, 91, 95, 96,105, 107, 118, 184, 185, 187,190, 192,193, 196, 198,203-205, 207-209,211, 216-219, 221-224, 230, 235-240, 244, 247-250, 309,417, 420-422,429 Unified Command 7,12,13, 17, 80-84, 86-98, 109, 112,113, 173, 186-188, 192-194, 198,203-207, 210, 211, 215-218, 224, 234,235, 237, 244, 247, 248, 285, 294, 303, 321,417-419,422, 429,432, 435,437,438,455 United Kingdom 170, 187, 254, 260, 262,264, 271, 274,296, 299, 300, 336, 370 Ural, river 295 Urals 259, 267,269, 277, 278, 287, 407,408 U.S, (United States of America) 17,49, 70, 75, 109, 140-143, 146, 158-164, 166,167, 169, 180, 181, 182, 184, 185, 187,189, 192-195, 200, 201, 208,213, 219, 228, 242,253-255,257, 258, 260, 262, 263, 265-271,274-278,281, 282, 300, 306-310, 328, 330, 331, 340, 365, 381, 388, 389, 363, 392, 394, 396, 398, 424,427, 438,439,442, 450,456 USSR (Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics) see Soviet Union Użycki, Józef 239 Vacek, Miroslav 87, 88, 90, 97-99, 109, 204, 212, 220,238,243, 249, 251,423, 427,438 Václavik, Milan 116, 190, 191, 204,208, 304, 364 Várkonyi, Péter 54,114, 150, 282, 328, 376, 380 Vessels, military 72, 91, 167, 223, 278, 290,291,305, 308,342,388 Vienna 301,409; CSCE meeting 53, 71, 139,144, 149, 150,152, 156, 166, 169, 257, 267, 276, 283, 287, 294, 318-320, 326-328, 347, 369, 370, 372-379, 382, 384, 385; talks 53,62,148, 200, 253, 255,256, 267, 269, 276, 278, 287, 295,296 Vietnam 103, 132, 172, 178, 182,265 Vilnius 435 Visegrád group 402,405,409,426, 434-436,439-442,458,459 “Vltava-89”, exercise 248 Vorotnikov, Vitaly 109,
359 Washington 46,167, 274,427 War plans see Operational plans Warsaw 11, 12,15, 16,29, 30, 33,43, 45-48, 51, 58, 61-64, 70, 77, 97,102, 105, 106, 120, 129, 136,138-141,143, 144,163, 165,176,184,194, 202, 206, 207, 244, 254, 257, 258,272, 283-286, 305, 309, 325, 326, 340, 354, 356, 377, 378, 385, 413,414,430-433 Warsaw Treaty (1955) 17,18, 20, 35, 88, 108, 170,253, 357, 399,420,426,429 Wenzke, Rüdiger 299, 399 Whitehead, John 330, 340 Wiemer, Wolfgang 421 Wojna, Ryszard 63 Wolfowitz, Paul 442 World center on debt and development (proposed) 144 World War II41,174,196, 198, 217,220, 240, 243, 390 Wörner, Manfred 390,440 Wroclaw 223 Yalta 337 Yakovlev, Alexander 45,110, 354, 359, 360, 371, 393 Yanayev, Gennady 444,445 Yazov, Dmitry 160,170,197,199,202, 204,206, 207,209,211, 28, 239, 242, 244, 285,289,291, 354, 375, 395, 397, 398, 402,405,417-419,437 Yemen, South 178 Yugoslavia 16, 64, 103, 113, 155, 298, 323, 327,421,444 Zachariáš, Mojmír 199 Zhivkov, Todor 1, 30, 70,130, 133-136, 138, 141, 146, 156, 165, 188, 280, 281, 315, 321, 322, 324, 326, 327, 343-345, 348, 350, 359, 364 Zubok, Vladislav 65, 226, 241, 263, 270, 287, 297, 320, 358, 388,428 Bsyeifeoha ì g^stebibUothak München i |
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| author | Bílý, Matěj 1986- |
| author2 | Ondroušková, Světlana 1983- |
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| author_GND | (DE-588)1135798869 (DE-588)1293434620 |
| author_facet | Bílý, Matěj 1986- Ondroušková, Světlana 1983- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Bílý, Matěj 1986- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048878940 |
| contents | The Warsaw Treaty Organization from 1955 until 1985 -- Part I: Changes of the Warsaw Pact in the Gorbachev Era -- New Vision for the Warsaw Pact and Changes in Its Mechanisms -- The Romanian Issue After 1985 -- Military Framework of the Warsaw Pact Between 1985 and 1989 -- Attempts at an Institutional Reform -- Part II: The Warsaw Pact in International Relations -- Discussion on Economic Cooperation Under the Aegis of the Alliance -- Role of the Warsaw Pact on International Scene -- Reconsidering of Armament Policy -- Changes of Military Doctrine in the Second Half of the 1980s -- The Warsaw Pact and Disarmament Talks -- Part III: Disintegration of the Alliance -- Gorbachev's Reforms and Disruption of Cohesion -- Discussion on the Human Rights -- The End of the Warsaw Pact |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1371280873 (DE-599)BVBBV048878940 |
| era | Geschichte 1985-1991 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1985-1991 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000 cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV048878940</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20230628</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">230328s2023 |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781032367163</subfield><subfield code="c">hbk</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-03-236716-3</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1371280873</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV048878940</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-Re13</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-B1595</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Bílý, Matěj</subfield><subfield code="d">1986-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1135798869</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">The Warsaw Pact, 1985-1991</subfield><subfield code="b">disintegration and dissolution</subfield><subfield code="c">Matěj Bílý ; translated by Světlana Ondroušková</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">London ; New York</subfield><subfield code="b">Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group</subfield><subfield code="c">2023</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ix, 478 Seiten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Routledge studies in the history of Russia and Eastern Europe</subfield><subfield code="v">40</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Die Übersetzerin ist im Impressum genannt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">The Warsaw Treaty Organization from 1955 until 1985 -- Part I: Changes of the Warsaw Pact in the Gorbachev Era -- New Vision for the Warsaw Pact and Changes in Its Mechanisms -- The Romanian Issue After 1985 -- Military Framework of the Warsaw Pact Between 1985 and 1989 -- Attempts at an Institutional Reform -- Part II: The Warsaw Pact in International Relations -- Discussion on Economic Cooperation Under the Aegis of the Alliance -- Role of the Warsaw Pact on International Scene -- Reconsidering of Armament Policy -- Changes of Military Doctrine in the Second Half of the 1980s -- The Warsaw Pact and Disarmament Talks -- Part III: Disintegration of the Alliance -- Gorbachev's Reforms and Disruption of Cohesion -- Discussion on the Human Rights -- The End of the Warsaw Pact</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"This book analyzes the last phase of the Warsaw Pact, based on unusually large-scale archival research conducted in many countries. Focussing on the changes in the organization's functioning after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union, the author examines the role played by the Warsaw Pact in the final stages of the Cold War, as well as exploring the deepening conflicts between individual member states which resulted from the changing international situation and Gorbachev's initiatives to reform the East European state-socialist dictatorships. The book argues that the causes of the rapid dissolution of the Warsaw Pact in the early 1990s were due to many complicated factors, not simply the collapse of communist power in Eastern Europe, factors such as the loss from early in the second half of the 1980s of important internal ties and the failure to create new ties, disputes between individual member states, and the questioning of the overall legitimacy of the organization, which was indispensable for its effective functioning. The book also highlights the impact of external pressures and developments on the international scene. 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| id | DE-604.BV048878940 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:45:36Z |
| indexdate | 2024-10-15T12:00:40Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781032367163 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034143717 |
| oclc_num | 1371280873 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-B1595 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-B1595 |
| physical | ix, 478 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230612 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Routledge studies in the history of Russia and Eastern Europe |
| series2 | Routledge studies in the history of Russia and Eastern Europe |
| spelling | Bílý, Matěj 1986- Verfasser (DE-588)1135798869 aut The Warsaw Pact, 1985-1991 disintegration and dissolution Matěj Bílý ; translated by Světlana Ondroušková London ; New York Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2023 ix, 478 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Routledge studies in the history of Russia and Eastern Europe 40 Die Übersetzerin ist im Impressum genannt The Warsaw Treaty Organization from 1955 until 1985 -- Part I: Changes of the Warsaw Pact in the Gorbachev Era -- New Vision for the Warsaw Pact and Changes in Its Mechanisms -- The Romanian Issue After 1985 -- Military Framework of the Warsaw Pact Between 1985 and 1989 -- Attempts at an Institutional Reform -- Part II: The Warsaw Pact in International Relations -- Discussion on Economic Cooperation Under the Aegis of the Alliance -- Role of the Warsaw Pact on International Scene -- Reconsidering of Armament Policy -- Changes of Military Doctrine in the Second Half of the 1980s -- The Warsaw Pact and Disarmament Talks -- Part III: Disintegration of the Alliance -- Gorbachev's Reforms and Disruption of Cohesion -- Discussion on the Human Rights -- The End of the Warsaw Pact "This book analyzes the last phase of the Warsaw Pact, based on unusually large-scale archival research conducted in many countries. Focussing on the changes in the organization's functioning after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union, the author examines the role played by the Warsaw Pact in the final stages of the Cold War, as well as exploring the deepening conflicts between individual member states which resulted from the changing international situation and Gorbachev's initiatives to reform the East European state-socialist dictatorships. The book argues that the causes of the rapid dissolution of the Warsaw Pact in the early 1990s were due to many complicated factors, not simply the collapse of communist power in Eastern Europe, factors such as the loss from early in the second half of the 1980s of important internal ties and the failure to create new ties, disputes between individual member states, and the questioning of the overall legitimacy of the organization, which was indispensable for its effective functioning. The book also highlights the impact of external pressures and developments on the international scene. Overall, the book reveals how an apparently robust and solid multilateral organization can so quickly and unexpectedly disappear." Organisation des Warschauer Vertrages (DE-588)14767-9 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1985-1991 gnd rswk-swf Warsaw Treaty / (1955 May 14) Warsaw Treaty Organization / History Europe, Eastern / Foreign relations / Soviet Union Soviet Union / Foreign relations / Europe, Eastern Europe / Politics and government / 1945- National security / Europe, Eastern / History / 20th century Warsaw Treaty Organization Warsaw Treaty (1955 May 14) Diplomatic relations National security Politics and government Eastern Europe Europe Soviet Union Since 1900 History Organisation des Warschauer Vertrages (DE-588)14767-9 b Geschichte 1985-1991 z DE-604 Ondroušková, Světlana 1983- (DE-588)1293434620 trl Äquivalent Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 978-1-03-236718-7 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ebk 978-1-003-33346-3 Fortsetzung von Bílý, Matěj, 1986- The Warsaw Pact, 1969-1985 978-1-68053-194-7 978-1-68053-217-3 Routledge studies in the history of Russia and Eastern Europe 40 (DE-604)BV026581378 40 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034143717&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034143717&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034143717&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Bílý, Matěj 1986- The Warsaw Pact, 1985-1991 disintegration and dissolution Routledge studies in the history of Russia and Eastern Europe The Warsaw Treaty Organization from 1955 until 1985 -- Part I: Changes of the Warsaw Pact in the Gorbachev Era -- New Vision for the Warsaw Pact and Changes in Its Mechanisms -- The Romanian Issue After 1985 -- Military Framework of the Warsaw Pact Between 1985 and 1989 -- Attempts at an Institutional Reform -- Part II: The Warsaw Pact in International Relations -- Discussion on Economic Cooperation Under the Aegis of the Alliance -- Role of the Warsaw Pact on International Scene -- Reconsidering of Armament Policy -- Changes of Military Doctrine in the Second Half of the 1980s -- The Warsaw Pact and Disarmament Talks -- Part III: Disintegration of the Alliance -- Gorbachev's Reforms and Disruption of Cohesion -- Discussion on the Human Rights -- The End of the Warsaw Pact Organisation des Warschauer Vertrages (DE-588)14767-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)14767-9 |
| title | The Warsaw Pact, 1985-1991 disintegration and dissolution |
| title_auth | The Warsaw Pact, 1985-1991 disintegration and dissolution |
| title_exact_search | The Warsaw Pact, 1985-1991 disintegration and dissolution |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Warsaw Pact, 1985-1991 disintegration and dissolution |
| title_full | The Warsaw Pact, 1985-1991 disintegration and dissolution Matěj Bílý ; translated by Světlana Ondroušková |
| title_fullStr | The Warsaw Pact, 1985-1991 disintegration and dissolution Matěj Bílý ; translated by Světlana Ondroušková |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Warsaw Pact, 1985-1991 disintegration and dissolution Matěj Bílý ; translated by Světlana Ondroušková |
| title_old | Bílý, Matěj, 1986- The Warsaw Pact, 1969-1985 |
| title_short | The Warsaw Pact, 1985-1991 |
| title_sort | the warsaw pact 1985 1991 disintegration and dissolution |
| title_sub | disintegration and dissolution |
| topic | Organisation des Warschauer Vertrages (DE-588)14767-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Organisation des Warschauer Vertrages |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034143717&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034143717&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034143717&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV026581378 |
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