Dictatorship and information: authoritarian regime resilience in communist Europe and China
In 'Dictatorship and Information', Martin K. Dimitrov offers a systematic theory of the institutional solutions to the dictator's dilemma, which arises from the incapacity to calibrate repression and concessions due to distorted information about elite and popular discontent. Dimitrov...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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New York, NY
Oxford University Press
[2023]
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| Ausgabe: | First edition |
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| Zusammenfassung: | In 'Dictatorship and Information', Martin K. Dimitrov offers a systematic theory of the institutional solutions to the dictator's dilemma, which arises from the incapacity to calibrate repression and concessions due to distorted information about elite and popular discontent. Dimitrov argues that communist regimes are especially adept at developing sophisticated systems that mobilize the party, state security and internal journalism to assess levels of dissent. |
| Beschreibung: | xix, 470 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780197672938 9780197672921 |
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Contents List ofFigures and Maps List of Tables Acknowledgments List ofAbbreviations ix xi xiii xvii PART I. THEORY AND METHOD 1. Introduction: Solving the Dictators Dilemma 5 2. Studying Government Perceptions of Popular Discontent in Autocracies 31 PART II. PARALLEL ORIGINS OF COMMUNIST INFORMATION STATES 3. Monitoring and Counteracting Dissent in Bulgaria, 1944-1958 75 4. Monitoring and Counteracting Dissent in China, 1949-1958 117 PART III. DIVERGENT EVOLUTION OF COMMUNIST INFORMATION STATES 5. Bread and Circuses: Consumption and Stability in Bulgaria, 1959-1988 161 6. Continuity and Change: Information Gathering in China, 1959-1988 224 PART IV. SIMILAR CRISES, VARIED CONTEXTS, DIFFERENT REFORMS 7. Information-Gathering Institutions in Bulgaria, 1989-1991 8. Information-Gathering Institutions in China, 1989-2019 275 303
viii CONTENTS PART V. GENERALIZABILITY OF THE THEORY 9. Scope Conditions: Authoritarian Information-Gathering Institutions 369 10. Conclusion: Information and Authoritarian Regime Resilience 436 Index 447
Index For the benefit ofdigital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages. Tables and figures are indicated by t and/following the page number agency problems and archival ethnography, 48-50,63-64 in autocracies, 8-9,31-32,63-64 in communist regimes, 63-64 content bias distinguished from, 48-50 and information transfer to leadership, 8-9, 31,48,63-64 and involuntary collection of information, 11 in other regimes, 63-64 redundancy as strategy for mitigating, 48, 63-64,180-81 scholarship on, 8-9,31 and voluntary transmission of information, 13 agents. See also informants, covert in Bulgaria, 174-75,174t, 211,213,214, 297-98,299 in China (teqing), 128,129-31,226,228, 235,325-26 functions of, 123-24,129, 175,417-18 quality of, 92-93,130-31 recruitment techniques for, 90,92-93, 153,213 size of network of, 90-91,92,115,211, 214,325-26 types of, 128,325,417-18 AI policing (China), 22,303,315-16,322-23, 329,364-65,442 AKRDOPBGDSRSBNA (Dossier Commission), 40-41 Aksu prefecture (Xinjiang), 126-27,154-55 Albania, communist regime in, 78n.l2,23-24 Albanian Telegraph Agency (ATA), 195-96 Alexandrov, Alexander, 204 All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK) (Cheb), 371-72,374,376,383, 388-89,392 Andropov, Yuri, 212,254,386-88,389-90 Anhui province, 337Ո.144 anticipatory governance. See ex-ante (anticipatory) governance anti-regime propaganda monitoring. See monitoring anti-regime propaganda Anti-Rightist Campaign (1957) (China), 132 archival ethnography and agency problems, 48-50,63-64 authenticity concerns in, 40-41
caveats about, 36-37,42-43,45-50,49/ and collection ofinformation, 52-53 content bias in, 48-50 contrasted with other approaches, 28-29, 38-39,40-41,45,65-66 current operational records vs archival material in, 38 definition of, 43-44 deliberate destruction of archival material in, 38-39 and dictator’s dilemma, 62-63,65-66 and direct sources, 42-52 and discontent, 52-59,57t empirical insights gained through, 52-62 entities generating materials for, 34-35 and friend-enemy thinking, 50-51 insights gained through categorical concepts in, 50-52 and involuntary collection of information, 55-56,56t location and access to data in, 35-38,46t media formats for encoding documents in, 41-42 method of, 42-52,65-66,369,438-39 objectivity concerns in, 51-52 and opacity, 28-29,33,43-47 and opinion polling, 58-59 overview of, 19,65-66 personal files vs summary reports in, 39-41 political demands vs material frustrations in,54,55t and regime resilience, 65
448 INDEX archival ethnography (cont.) reliability concerns in, 58-59 representativeness concerns in, 41 and revolutionary cascades, 64-65 and segmented provision, 48-50 and technological development, 56-58,61 theoretical insights of, 62-65 and types of archival materials, 39-41,53-59 and types of archives, 33-43 and types of information collection, 60-61 used to overcome authoritarian opacity and nontransparency, 28-29,33,43-47 and voluntary transmission ofinformation, 55-56,56t Argentina (1976-1983) archives in, 28-29 counterfactuals involving regime in, 432-34 coup in, 429 crudely targeted and excessive repression in, 429-30,434/ discontent in, 429-30 information-gathering institutions in, 18, 369-70,428-32 Intelligence Battalion 601 in, 430-31 military role in information-gathering in, 428-31 uncoordinated intelligence collection in, 428-31 voluntary transmission of information in,428-29 Armenians, Bulgarian, 110-11,112-13 Asparukhov-Gundi, Georgi, 168-69 ATA (Albanian Telegraph Agency), 195-96 authoritarian regimes. See dictatorships autocracies. See also dictatorships agency problems in, 8-9,31-32,63-64 average tenure of, 7, St communist, 20-21,32-34,52,56-58, 62-63,84,117-18,161-62,275, 290-91, 369,436-37 and complaints, 18,21 direct sources contrasted with public artifacts in study of, 28-29,32-33 and discontent, 21,23-24,161-62, 436,437-38 empirical contributions to study of, 437-38 estimating number of informants in, 66-72 and information-gathering institutions, 7, 19-21,369,436,437-38 Leninist, 18,21,23-24,369-70,403-4,414, 425,434-35,438-39 methodological
contributions to study of, 438-39 multiparty, 18,21,23-24,369-70,434-35 non-Leninist, 21,369-70,434-35,438-39 and preference falsification, 31-32,439 and regime resilience, 117-18,276-77,436 scholarship on, 7,28-29,31 single-party, 18,21,23-24,161-62,369-70, 425,434-35,436-37,445 sources and methods for research on, 28-29 theoretical contributions to study of, 439-40 without political parties, 21,369-70,42829,434-35 Azerbaijan, delegation visit to Bulgaria from, 114 Baba Vanga (Vangeliya Pandeva Gushterova), 288 Baghdad, Ba'th party membership in, 425-26 baojia system of surveillance (China), 122-23 Baren incident (1990) (China), 357 base areas. See soviets (in China) Ba'th Regional Command Collection, 37-38 BCP. See Bulgarian Communist Party Beijing CCP membership in, 77,121-22,13637,151-52 complaints in, 144-45,233-34,235-36,33637,340-41 denunciations in, 132 informants in, 328,330 information-gathering on, 142 internet monitoring in, 323-24 police in, 122,323-24 protests in, 6 social-protection committees and small groups in, 128-29,226,328,330 special stores catering to leadership in,147-48 Beron, Petar, 293-94 blacklists (Taiwan), 419 BoXilai, 363 Bobkov, Filipp, 389-90 Brannik (youth fascist organization in Bulgaria), 81-82 Brezhnev, Leonid, 170-71,254,386-88 BStU (Stasi Records Archive) (Germany), 37-39 BTA. See Bulgarian Telegraph Agency Bulgaria. See also State Security (Bulgaria) agency problems in, 90,105-6,180-81 agents in, 174-75,174t, 211,213,214,29798,299 alienation of mid-level elites in, 281-82
INDEX anonymous materials and their authors in, 172-73,173/ archives in, 38-39,40-41,48-49,50-51, 83-84,91,92,93-94,103,105-6,200,286, 299-300,408-9 Bulgarian Telegraph Agency in, 35,84,180, 195-98,197í Central Committee in, 83-84,85,97-98, 106-7,177-78,182-83,201 citizen complaints in, 107-10,161-62,172УЗ, 183-84,191-95, 192í, 199-200, 212, 217-18,218/, 256-57,278-79 collecting and analyzing information on consumer discontent in, 180-98 communist party and information gathering in, 75-76,78,81-82,83-84,86-87,105-6, 180,184-85,297-98 continuity in information provision after 1989 in, 294-301 cultural production and consumption in, 204-8 decrease in antistate crimes in, 169-71,172/ democratization in, 22-23,276-77,29294,302 difficulty penetrating minorities in, 115-16, 162,208-9,210,211,213,214-16 discontent in, 6,22-23,56-58,75-76,77-83, 92-110,161-76,180-98,222-23,278-86 divergences with China of, 195,244,25758,291-92 elections in, 97-99,98t, 279-80 elimination of privileges in, 281-82 elite recruitment in, 110-13,112t elite threats in, 75-76,78-80,163,212,223 end of single-party rule in, 278-86,292-93 ethnic majority alienation in, 217-22 ethnoreligious minorities in, 22,77-78,11016,117-18,162,208-16,280 ex-ante governance in, 22-23,116,161-62 foreign direct investment and special economic zones in, 290 Helsinki Final Act and, 203-4,211 hollowing out military intelligence portfolio in, 86-87 hostile acts of opposition in, 95-96 industrial groups in, 288-89 informants in, 83,87-91,93-94,95-96,1067,1741,175,211,213-16,298-99 information and regime collapse in, 6,283-85
information transfer to leadership in, 83,84, 95,101,104-7,108-9,184-85,186-93, 198-200,223,283-85,286 449 information-gathering institutions in, 23-24, 83-95,117-18,161,224-25,276-77,294, 302,440-41 institution building in, 88-89,116 internal journalistic reporting in, 84-86, 95,301 involuntary collection of information in, 83-95 job assignments for minorities in, 11013,112í labor camps in, 94,165-66,227-28,365,441 lessons learned from other communist regimes in, 201-2 mass threats in, 76,78,80-82,163 material consumption in, 99-102,106-7, 176-80,198-202,217-22 Ministry of the Interior in, 67,77,84,86-87, 88-89,92-93,296-98 opinion polling in, 185-86,187-88,278-79 organized nonpolitical groups in, 221-22 origin of communist regime in, 75-77,78-79 palace coup in, 6,22-23,79,80,86-87,9596,107,278,285-86,301-2 parallels with China of, 75-76,77,78,117, 119,127-28,137,224-26,241-42, 277, 290-91,355,365,440-41 personal land plots in, 287-88 political crimes in, 93,166,167í, 169-71, 172-73,172/, 174-76,215-16 political liberalization in, 279-83,301 political prisoners in, 81,165-66,169-71, 170/, 214-16,215f precommunist bureaucratic capacity in, 76-77 private businesses in, 288 prophylaxis in, 93,161-62,164-65,169-71, 175-76,222 protests in, 81,83-84,97-98,100-1,163, 168-69,182,197,277,279-81,28586,293 purges in, 75-76,79-80,104-5 redistributive spending in, 162,198-99,202, 212,219 redundancy of information collection channels in, 87,180-81 regime resilience in, 162,219,301 repressionin,81-82,93-94,108,161-76, 170/, 215-16,223 responses to ideological subversion in,
161-62,163-65, 172-76,195-96,198, 202-8,219-23 responsiveness to information about material consumption preferences in, 198-202
450 INDEX Bulgaria (cont.) sabotage in, 81,96,163,171,216 selective rewards in, 110-13,112t socialist social contract in, 22,161-62, 176-80,198-202,217-18,223,277,29092,301 solving dictator’s dilemma in, 276,28485,301-2 Soviet influence on, 283,285 sporadic mass incidents in, 168-69 structural constraints on information gathering in, 76-78 surveillance in, 79,80,88-90,91,92-94, 164-65,166,175-76,296-98 tasks of communist regime in, 78-82 voluntary transmission of information in, 90, 107-10,191-92 welfare dictatorship in, 277,286-87,29192,301 women’s rights in, 179-80 Bulgarian Central State Archives (TsDA), 34,112 Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP). See also Information-Sociological Center authenticity ofinformation and, 184-85 Central Control and Audit Commission of, 183-84,200 complaints and, 183-84,200,217-18 Department oflrade and Food Industry of, 182-83 discontent and, 180-81,182-84 factionalism in, 80,166 Industrial-Economic Department of, 182-83 information gathering and, 75-76,78,81-82, 83-84,86-87,105-6,180, 184-85,297-98 membership of, 77,79-80,110-12,112t minorities and, 110-11,112-14,1121,2089,210 Organization Department of, 105-6,18284,185-86 popular mood assessments by, 182-85 Propaganda Department of, 185-86,2067,219-20 women’s rights and, 179-80 Bulgarian Jews, 110-11,112-13 Bulgarian Roma, 94,110,112-13,115,212 Bulgarian Telegraph Agency (BTA) Addendum S-З of, 197,197t archival access to, 35 discontent covered by, 197-98,197t issues in secret and top-secret bulletins, 84, 195-98,197t responses to ideological subversion and, 195-96 secret bulletins of, 195
Bulgarian Turks alienation among, 211 assimilation of, 17-18,22, 113-14, 162,20812,223,365,444 difficulty of penetration by State Security, 77-78,110,115-16,162,208-16 expulsion of, 280-81 Helsinki Final Act and, 211 informants among, 213-16 job assignments for, 112-13,112r language bans on, 213-14 male circumcision and female veiling as religious practices among, 115-16,20910,214,216 mistrust of, 110-11,112-13 monitoring of, 114-16 names of, 211 -14,216,285-86 origin of communist regime and, 113-14 policies toward, 113-14 rate of communist party membership among, 110-11,112-14,1121,2089,210 Regenerative Process (1984-1989), 205-6, 208,213-16,285-86,355,365 repression of, 215-16,280,365,441 responses to ideological subversion and, 211,223 rumor monitoring of, 211,213,293n.75 special rewards for, 112-13,112t bureaucratic capacity census as proxy for, 25-28,76-77 and discontent, 14 illiteracy as an obstacle for, 25,120-21 index of, 24-26,26t precommunist institutions compensating for low levels in China, 26,77,122-25, 149,231-32 and reporting quality, 134,230 Castro, Fidel, 404,409,410-11 Castro, Raúl, 411-12 ССР. See Chinese Communist Party CDR (Committee for Defense of the Revolution) (Cuba), 405,406-7,412-13,413/ census in China, 13,119 complexity of, 13 as proxy for bureaucratic capacity; 2528,76-77 resistance to, 13 Center for Sociological Youth Research (Bulgaria), 184
INDEX Center for Sociopolitical Studies and Opinion Research (CESPO) (Cuba), 410 Central Case Examination Group (China), 239-40 Central Committee Institute for Opinion Research (IfM) (GDR), 399-400 Central Department Store (TsUM) (Sofia), 102 Central Evaluation and Information Group (ZAIG) (Stasi), 396-97 Central Information-Analytical Service (TsIAS) (Bulgarian State Security), 180-81 Central Investigation Department (CID) (China), 153,239-40,242-43 Central Nacional de Informaciones (CNI) (Chile), 432-33 Central News Agency (CNA) (Taiwan) ,415-16 Central Youth Research Institute (ZIJ) (GDR), 399 Chairman Mao. See Mao Zedong Changchun (Jilin province), 49/ 126-27,32526,332 Chaoyang (China), 328 Cheka (VChK) (All-Russian Extraordinary Commission), 371-72,374,376,383, 388-89,392 Chen, Kaiping, 352-54 Chen Quanguo, 363,364 Chen Yi, 239 Chengdu (Sichuan province), 126-27,13435, 326-27 Chernenko, Konstantin, 212 Chervenkov, Valko, 84-85,87,100-1,104-5 Chile, under Pinochet coordination of intelligence gathering in, 428-29 coup in, 432-33 DINA/CNI in, 432-33 informants in, 429,430 information gathering in, 432-34 repression levels in, 432-34,433/-34/ China. See also Ministry of Public Security (MPS); Ministry of State Security (MSS) agents in, 128,129-31,226,228,235,325-26 AI policing in, 22,303,315-16,322-23,329, 364-65,442 archives in, 34-35,41-42,58-59,119-20, 126-27,144,230,237 census in, 13,119 Central Committee in, 133,138,148-49,239 citizen complaints in, 17-18,34-35,117-18, 131-32,144-47,228-30,229/, 235-38, 255-59,256/-57/ 334-45,336/-37/ 44041,444-45 451 communist party
and information gathering in, 123-24,125-26,127,137,150-51,15657,232-34,240-41,345,351-52,354 contemporaneous and retrospective evaluations of enemies in, 135-37 contributions to study of, 440-41 COVID-19 impact on information gathering in, 303,442,443 creating communist information state in, 122-25 cultural security in, 16-17,228,241-42,303, 306-7,308-12,320,332,358,443-44 declining indiscriminancy and severity of repression in, 251-55 democratization of intelligence in, 349-51 denunciations in, 131-32, 145-46,154,230, 263,264-65,264/ 306,361,361/-62/ detecting counterrevolutionaries after 1953 in, 139-40 dictator’s dilemma in, 8-9,22 difficulty penetrating minorities in, 15,18, 126,154-56,264-65,264/, 271,305-6, 359-61,361/ discontent in, 6,8-9,17-18,34,56-58,12526,147-49,150-51,152,153,224,231, 234,241-42,257-59,270-71,303-6,313, 354-55,358,362-66,443,445 divergences with Bulgaria of, 195,244,25758,291-92 elite threat in, 78,137,363 ethnoreligious minorities in, 15,18,125, 126,149-56,259-72,264/, 304-6, 355-65, 361/444 ex-ante governance in, 21-22,25-28,272, 303-4,365-66 ex-post governance in, 312-13,366 food supply monitoring system in, 147-49 foreign direct investment in, 290 grid policing in, 61,125,304,321,322-23,363 hostile foreign forces as threat to political security in, 307-9 informants in, 87,128-31,130/ 175,225, 226,228,235,245-50,246/ 249t, 263-64, 267-68,303,321,324-30,329/ 356,35961,440-41,442 information gathering during Cultural Revolution, 224,234-40,271-72 information gathering during Great Leap Forward, 147-49,224,225-34,271-72 information transfer to
leadership in, 124, 150-51,250,333,352-54 information-gathering institutions in, 6,9, 12-13,156-57,224-25,231,234,240-50
452 INDEX China (cont.) initial years ofcommunist rule in, 138-39, 143-49,156-57 internal journalistic reporting in, 20,133, 239,305-6,347-49,350-51 Internet monitoring in, 306,308-10,319-20, 321,322-24,333-34,341,342-43, 347-49, 350,351-52 involuntary collection of information in, 1718,117,125-26,154,156-57,224,225-28, 235,240-50,264-65,271-72,303-5,321, 345-47,358-61,366 labor camps in, 129,226-27,251-52,264-65, 304,316-19,365,441,444 literacy in, 119-21,120r low bureaucratic quality in, 119-21,13435,149 market social contract in, 437,443,444-45 Ministry of Commerce in, 147,148-49 Ministry of Environment and Ecology in, 34 Ministry of Supervision in, 32-33,193 Olympics in, 315-16,362-63 opinion polling in, 224,240-41,305-6,345 origin of communist state in, 78,117 parallels with Bulgaria of, 75-76,77,78,117, 119,127-28,137,224-26,241 -42,277, 290-91,355,365,440-41 political crimes in, 140,141/, 156t, 227/ 251, 252-54,253t, 262,262t, 266í, 267-70, 269t, 311-12,316-20,317f, 318f, 35961,363-64 political prisoners in, 138,140,141/ 1562, 226-28,227/, 251,252/ 262,262í, 266, 266t, 316-20,317t precommunist bureaucratic capacity in, 26, 77,122-25, 149,231-32 problem of identifying enemies in, 126-37 protests in, 6,259-60,303-4,306-20,334, 335-42,336/ 344-45,363 public-opinion monitoring in, 58-59,224, 240-41,258n. 131,304-5,340-41,345-54 regime resilience in, 22, 365,437,442-45 repression in, 16-17,137-43,139í, 251-55, 304-5,313,338-39,341-42 responses to ideological subversion in, 1617,308-10,440-41,443 roster of regime enemies developed in, 12627,142-43,319-20 sabotage in,
133,139-40,244-45, 314-15, 357,359,443-44 scholarship on, 34,129-30,305-6,307,30910,349,440-41 secret societies in, 127,135-37,140,244-45, 252-54,310-11 shortage of bureaucratic personnel in, 121-22 social credit in, 442 social media companies in, 15-16,118,31415,322-24,329,333-34,342,348-49,350 socialist social contract in, 143-49,255-56, 257-58,334,443 stability maintenance imperative in, 312-16 State Political Security Bureau in, 123-24 strikes in, 143 -44,310-11 structural constraints on information gathering in, 117,118-26 support for regime in, 304-5,340-41,443 surveillance in, 17-18,61,126,127-28,143, 251,252-54,268-71,315-19,324-25, 326-27,328-29,356-57,364-66 technological development in, 61,143,3045,364-65 tools for identification of targets in, 127-31 voluntary transmission ofinformation in, 17-18,117,118,125-26,143-44,224, 228-30,234,235-36,255-59,263-65, 271-72,303-5, 334,345-47,361,445 womens rights in, 236-37 China Social Survey (2017), 329,346-47 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) compared in size to secret societies, 13536,140 department reporting in, 351-52 Discipline Inspection Commission of, 13132,146-47,230,263 evaluations of enemies of, 135-37 grassroots governance and, 349-51 information gathering and, 123-24,125-26, 127,137,150-51,156-57,232-34,240-41, 345,351-52,354 internal media at the central level of, 347-51 Internet monitoring and, 309-10,319-20, 321,346-49 literacy in, 121 membership of, 121-22,135-37,140,15152,154-55,404 minorities and, 125,150-52,154-55, 261-65, 263/, 270,270/-71/, 272-44,356,362 Organization Department of, 131-32
prerevolutionary institutional endowments and,122-24 Propaganda Department of, 38,343-44, 350,352-53 public-opinion monitoring role of, 345-54
INDEX support for, 304-5,340-41 in Tibet, 118-19,150-52,154-56,261-65, 263/, 270,356,362 upward reporting in, 352-54 in Xinjiang, 154-55,270-71,270/-71/, 362 Chinese Communist Party Central Investigation Department (CID), 153, 239-40,242-43 Chongqing, 134-35,268/ CID (Central Investigation Department) (China), 153,239-40,242-43 citizen complaints. See complaints Club for Support of Glasnost and Perestroika (Bulgaria), 280-81 collection ofinformation. See involuntary collection ofinformation Collective Incidents Law (2007) (China), 315-16 Committee for Control by the State and the People (KDNK) (Bulgaria), 180, 184,192-95 Committees for Defense of the Revolution (CDR) (Cuba), 405,406-7, 412-13,413/ Committee for State Security (KGB) (USSR), 35-36,67,69-70,254-55,313-14, 378, 385-88,390-91,397-98 communist information states, 20-21,83-84, 116,122-23,124,156-57,234,238,23940,370 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) banning of, 65,276-77 Central Committee General Department of, 375-76,378-79,426-27 Central Committee Organization Bureau of, 378-79 information gathering and, 107 size of, 409-10 communist regimes and agency problems, 63-64 archives in, 50-51,52-53 and complaints, 21,107 and coups, 7,275-76 and democratization, 275-76 and dictators dilemma, 62-63,64, 410,434-35 and discontent, 13-16,23-24,32,437-38 divided state security in, 67 and ethnoreligious minorities, 15,25-28, 149-50,362-63 and ex-ante governance, 16-17,20-21,24, 32,437-38 and ex-post governance, 16-17 453 and friend-enemy thinking, 50-51 and ideological subversion, 16-17 and illiteracy, 25-28 and
inability to act despite having information, 162,275 and information-gathering institutions, 12-16,18,20,23-24,64,117-18,369-70, 413,436-38 and involuntary collection of information, 14,16,20-21,438 as Leninist subtype, 21 and liberalized media, 14,23,31-33,6566,438-39 and market social contract, 443 overview of volume argumenten, 15-18 and precommunist state capacity index, 24-26,26t and preference falsification, 13-14 and regime resilience, 14-15,64,117-18, 163,276-77,442-43 scholarship on, 14,24-25,67,362 and size, 24-28 and terrain, 24-28 and threat perception, 15-16,20-21,32, 52-53,162 and voluntary transmission of information, 14,16 complaints. See also letters and visits in autocracies, 18,21 in Bulgaria, 107-10,161-62,172-73,183-84, 191-95,192t, 199-200,212,217-18,218/, 256-57,278-79 in China, 17-18,34-35,117-18,131-32, 144-47,228-30,229/, 235-38,255-59, 256/-57/, 334-45,336/-37/ 44041,444-45 in communist regimes, 21,107 discipline inspection denunciations in China, 131-32,263-65,264/֊65/ 306,361/-62/ and ex-ante governance, 32,55-56,61-62, 436,445 in Gansu Province, 235-36,255-56,256/ as index of latent discontent, 59,107,161-62, 210-11,223,278-79,438 and market social contract, 17-18,436-37, 438,444-45 as mechanism for voluntary information transmission, 11,17-18,55-56,107-8, 144,191-92,225,333-34,424-25 online complaints, 333-34,342-44,35253,353f protests, relationship to, 18,55-56,303-4, 333-34,340-41,438,444-45
454 INDEX complaints (cont.) scholarship on, 107-8,342-43 and socialist social contract, 17,161-62,217, 223,255-56 in Soviet Union, 107-8, 371, 37475,380-8! in Taiwan, 422-25,423/ Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (CoCom), 289 correspondence monitoring, 86-87,139-40, 216,252-54,296,324-25,371-75,409 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), 288-89 Counterintelligence Directorate (DGCI) (Cuba), 408-9 coups in communist regimes, 7,275-76 coup-proofing, 13-14,15n.42,67, 86-87, 95-96,436 and dictator’s dilemma, 276 military coups distinguished from palace, 7-8Ո.12 palace, 6,17,22,275,276,278,301-2,403 plotting in light of available information, 56, 95-96,275,278-79 covert informants. See informants, covert COVID-19 impact on information gathering, 303,442,443 CPSU. See Communist Party of the Soviet Union Cuba agents in, 408-9 archives in, 408-9 Committees for Defense of the Revolution (CDR) in, 405,406-7,412-13,413/ complaint letters published in newspapers, 411-13 Cuban Communist Party and information collection, 409-10 dictator’s dilemma in, 410 discontent in, 405,407-8,410-11 DSE of the MININT full time staff, 408-9 DSE of the MININT staff, types of informants, 405,406-7,408-9 fight against guerillas (la lucha contra bandidos) in, 406-7 information transfer to leadership in, 409, 410,412 information-gathering institutions in, 40413,433-34 involuntary collection ofinformation in, 407-8 mature regime information collection in,407-10 Ministry of Defense and information collection in, 405,406-7,412-13 opinion polling (by CESPO) in, 410 regime
establishment and consolidation in, 404-7 regime resilience in, 441 State Security in, 405-6,408-9 voluntary transmission ofinformation in, 407-8, 410-13 Cuban Communist Party, 404,409-10,411 cultural protection (China). See cultural security Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) (China) gradual resumption of agent work after 1970, 234,235-36 impact on information gathering, 224, 23440,271-72 involuntary collection disruptions during, 235 local investigative reporting during, 237-38 recovery of information collection during, 239-40 repression following, 251 suspension ofagent work until 1969,235 voluntary transfer through complaints in, 235-38,255-56 Xinhua News Agency operation during, 234,239-40 cultural security (China). See also ideological subversion and comprehensive state security, 308-9,313 cultural protection as precursor to, 228 defense of, 309-12 and gangs, 310-11 hostile foreign forces as a threat to, 228,26061,303,310-12 and infiltration, 309-11,332,443-44 and Ministry of Public Security, 310-11 and Ministry of State Security, 16-17,3089,310 and National Security Law, 308-9 and patriotic education, 308,309-10,356-57 peaceful evolution as a threat to, 307-9 promoting indigenous cultural consumption as strategy for, 308,309-10 scholarship on, 309-10 and strikes, 310-11 and Tiananmen protests, 308-11 Cultural-Historical Intelligence (Bulgaria), 205-6
INDEX Czechoslovakia census in,26 1953 strike in, 99 1968 Prague Spring in, 177-78 Dalai Lama, 152-53,259-61,355-56 Dalian (Liaoning province), 126-27,325-26 December Program (1972) (Bulgaria), 178-80, 190,201-2 del Valle Jiménez, Sergio, 410-11 Democracy Wall (1978-1979) (China), 251 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK). See North Korea Deng Xiaoping, 260 denunciations anonymous, 30t, 57t in Bulgaria, 107-8 in China, 131-32,145-46,154,230,263, 264-65,264/, 306,361, 361/-62/ Departamento de Información e Investigaciones de las Fuerzas Armadas (DIIFAR) (Cuba), 405 Departamento de Investigaciones del Ejército Rebelde (DIER) (Cuba), 405 dictators dilemma and archival ethnography, 62-63,65-66 in communist regimes, 62-63,64, 410,434-35 and competitive elections, 8-9 and coups, 276 definition of, 6 and discontent, 8-9,21-22,276 and elections, 31-32 and ex-ante governance, 6-7 and inability to act despite having information, 276,284-85 and information-gathering institutions, 6,276 and inspection tours, 8-9 and internal media, 32 and involuntary collection of information, 21-22,55,62-63,434-35 and liberalized media, 8-9,31-32 and notice-and-comment processes, 8-9 overview of, 5-9 and preference falsification, 7,13-14,21-22, 31,439-40 and regime resilience, 6-7,22,64,117-18, 276,284-85,301-2,440 and revolutionary cascades, 64-65,440 scholarship on, 7-9,32,65-66,439-40 455 solutions to, 6-9,21-22,51,55,64,161-62, 276,301-2,434-35,439-40 and voluntary transmission of information, 62-63,65,434-35 dictatorships. See also autocracies average tenure of, 7,8t central problem of,
6,7 communist, 7,63-64,369,393 and discontent, 13-14,439 and information, 6,9,13-14,29,32-33,4344,396-97 lifespan of, 6-7,8i methodological contributions to study of, 438-39 and opacity, 28-29,31,32-33,369 politics of, 8-9,31,33-34,43-44,65-66, 369,438-39 and regime resilience, 29,281-82,434-35 scholarship on, 7,14, 32,33-34,65-66,28182,396-97,438-39 DIER (Departamento de Información e Investigaciones de las Fuerzas Armadas) (Cuba), 405 digital authoritarianism, 56-58,61 digital surveillance, 56-58,61 DIIFAR (Departamento de Investigaciones del Ejército Rebelde) (Cuba), 405 Dimitrov, Georgi, 104-5,113,168,340-41 Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA) (Chile), 432-33 direct sources and archival ethnography, 33-52 contrasted with public artifacts in the study of autocracies, 28-29,32-33 definition of, 33 and methodology, 21, 33,37-38,66 discontent. See also involuntary collection of information; voluntary transmission of information and archival ethnography, 52-59,57t in autocracies, 21,23-24,161-62, 436,437-38 in Bulgaria, 6,22-23,56-58,75-76,77-83, 92-110,161-76,180-98,222-23,278-86 in China, 6,8-9,17-18,34,56-58,125-26, 147-49,150-51,152,153,224,231,234, 241-42,257-59,270-71,303-6,313,35455,358,362-66,443,445 in communist regimes, 13-16,23-24, 32,437-38 complaints as index of latent, 59,107,16162,210-11,223,278-79,438
456 INDEX discontent (cont.) and dictator’s dilemma, 8-9,21-22,276 in dictatorships, 13-14,439 and ex-ante governance, 32,55-56,436-37 and ex-post governance, 32,55-56,61-62, 436,438 group,53-54 indiciaof, 56-59,571 individual, 53-54 and internal information, 9,19,23 latent, 17,22-23,32,53,55-56,64,436-38 and liberalized media, 8-9,14,23,3132,65-66 and material frustrations, 54 monitoring anti-regime propaganda as indicator of, 53-54,54t, 55-56,81,13940,172-73 and monitoring social media posts, 9-10, 15-16,41-42,58-59,61,308-9,323-24, 333-34,342,348-49 overt, 16,17-18,32,53,54,59,61-62, 436,438 overview of, 5-6,8-9,19 political reasons for, 81-82,94 protests as index of overt, 8-9,17-18,32, 55-56,333-34 relationship between overt and latent, 19,95, 109,436,439-40 scholarship on, 9,23 and socialist social contract, 19,22,102, 161-62,201-2,217,223,255-56, 257-58, 277,286-87 techniques for assessing latent, 21-22,57t, 81-82,87-88,107-8,110,162,304,34445,439-40 techniques of assessing overt, 21,39,52-53, 57t, 225,371,436-37,439-40 and technological development, 56-58 Doktorov, second center in the struggle against Zhivkov, 80 Dossier Commission (AKRDOPBGDSRSBNA), 40-41 dream monitoring, 20,103-4 East Germany. See German Democratic Republic East Turkestan Islamic Party, 358-59 Eastern Bloc, 16-17,61,81,99,203,281-82, 290,336-37 Eastern Europe archives in, 36 complaints in, 144,303-4,334 contributions to study of, 441 democratization of, 275-76,437 de-Stalinization in, 116,384 dictators dilemma and, 21-22 discontentin, 9,16,17 ex-ante governance in, 17,21-22,303-4 Helsinki Final
Act in, 17,203 1953 protests throughout, 5,83,99,100-1, 134-35,394 1956 protests in Poland and Hungary, 94, 101,108,313-14 1968 effects of Prague Spring, 168-69,17778,289,313-14 1980-1981 effects of suppression of Solidarity, 181-82,198-99 repression in, 304-5,441 response to ideological subversion in, 16-17, 308,310 socialist social contract in, 17,441,443 technological development in, 56-58 Ecoglasnost (NGO in Bulgaria), 279-80,293-94 email and chat monitoring, 322-23,426-27 enemy contingent list (Bulgaria), compared with targeted population roster (China), 92,164-65,225-26,384 ermu (eyes and ears) (China), 87,128,129,13031,226,235,319-20, 325-26 ethnography. See archival ethnography ethnoreligious minorities. See also Bulgarian Turks; Tibetans; Uyghurs in Bulgaria, 22,77-78,110-16,112t, 117-18, 162,208-16 in China, 15,18,125,126,149-56,259-72, 264/ 304-5,355-65,361f 444 in communist regimes, 15,25-28,14950,362-63 difficulty of penetration of, 15,17-18,438 imperfect legibility of, 25,114-15,117,125, 150-51,271,304-5 in Soviet Union, 110-11,390-91 techniques of co-optation of, 110-13, 112í, 362-65 ex-ante (anticipatory) governance in communist regimes, 16-17,20-21,24, 32,437-38 and complaints, 32,55-56,61-62,436,445 and dictator’s dilemma, 6-7 and discontent, 32,55-56,436-37 ex-post governance, transition to, 16-17, 2021,24,25-28,161,436-37 levels ofrepression under, 16,61-62,436-37 ex-post (retrospective) governance in communist regimes, 16-17 and discontent, 32,55-56,61-62,436,438
INDEX ex-ante governance, transition to, 16֊ 17, 2021,24,25-28,161,436-37 and levels of repression, 16 and quality of information, 16,24 eyes and ears (ermu) (China), 87, 128,129,13031,226,235,319-20,325-26 Falun Gong. See also secret societies growth of, 310-11,313 protests by, 5, 313 as a threat to cultural security, 308,31516,331 Fengxin county (Jiangxi province), 235-36 Formosa Incident (1979) (Taiwan), 418-19,422 Foucault, Michel, 12 Four Cleanups (China), 230,233,235 friend-enemy thinking, 50-51,402-3 Fujian province, 310-11,325-26 Gansu province, 235-36,255-56,260-61 GaoMinghui,418 German Democratic Republic (GDR). See also Ministry of the Interior (Mdl); Stasi agents in, 247 archives in, 38-39,41-42,60,399 Central Committee Opinion Research Institute (IfM) in, 399 citizen complaints in, 145-46,230,399,4012 (see also petitions in) covert informants in, 60,66,67-71,175,247, 325-26,396 discontent in, 5,60,99-100,401-2 distinctiveness ofinformation gathering in, 393,394 functional overlap between Stasi and Mdl, 394-96 information and regime collapse in, 5,27677,400-3 information channels and their relative ranking in, 399-401 information transfer to leadership in, 39699,400 information-gathering institutions in, 393-403 involuntary collection ofinformation in, 399,402-3 mass surveillance in, 61,393-95 1953 Worker Uprising in, 5,99, 134-35,394 opinion polling in, 399-400 overview of, 393 People’s Police in, 69-70,395-96 petitions in, 21-22,258,401-2 (see also citizen complaints in) 457 regime establishment of, 393-95 scholarship on, 399 technological development in, 61
visible informants in, 66,67-71,130-31, 396 voluntary transmission of information in,399 Worker-Peasant Inspection in, 399-400 Youth Research Institute (ZIJ) in, 399,400 glasnost, 217,221 Golden Shield Project, 350 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 23,285,313-14 goriam resistance movement (Bulgaria), 81, 96,393-94 Gorunia, attempted pro-Maoist coup (1965) (Bulgaria), 80 Gotsev, Liuben, 297-98 governance. See ex-ante (anticipatory) governance; ex-post (retrospective) governance Great Leap Forward (1958-1962) (China) categories of regime enemies during, 225-26 change in quality ofNeibu cankao reporting, 148,231-33,232/, 234 cultural protection during, 228 decline of complaints during, 132,145-46, 225,228-30,336-38 denunciations during, 230 hunger as result of, 231-32 identification techniques during, 226-27 impact on information gathering, 147-49, 224,225-34,271-72 involuntary extraction during, 143,225-28 overview of, 225 political prisoners during, 227-28,227/ rise of regularized reporting during, 232-34 small groups during, 226 social-order protection committees during, 226 statistical introspection after, 147-48,23132,234 volume of informants during, 225,226,235 Green Gang, 127,135-36 Greitens, Sheena, 330-31 grid policing (China), 61,125,304, 321,32223,363 Guangxi, 130-31,139t, 140,142-43,243-44, 247,252-55,253t, 311-12,316-19,317t, 318t, 326-27 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 252-54 Guangzhou (Guangdong province), 134-35, 321,322-23,323/ Guiyang (Guizhou province), 126-27,134 Guizhou province, 143, 226
458 INDEX Guomindang. See KMT Guomindang (KMT) Archive, 35-36 Hangzhou (Zhejiang province), 226 Heath, Mark, 102 Hebei province, 233 Heilongjiang province, 226,235,239-40 Helsinki Final Act and dissent in Eastern Europe, 17,203 and ideological subversion, 17,163-64,203-4 and State Security, 171,211 Henan province, 136-37 Hitler, Adolf, 63-64 Honecker, Erich, 63-64,294-95,397-98,399402,403 Hu Jintao, 339-40 Hunan province, 146,332 Hundred Flowers Campaign (1957) (China), 132,145-46 Hung Shou-nan, 421-22 Hungary, 1956 protests in, 94,101-2, 108,313-14 Hussein, Saddam, 425-26 ideological subversion. See also cultural security (China) boosting patriotic pride in response to, 162, 204,205-6,211,443-44 in Bulgaria, 161-62,163-65,172-76,195-96, 198,202-8,219-23 in China, 16-17,241-42,308-10,44041,443 in communist regimes, 16-17 creation of Cultural-Historical Intelligence in Bulgaria in response to, 205-6 creation of Fifth Directorate of KGB in response to, 241-42,389-90 creation of Ministry of State Security in China in response to, 75-76,241 42,307-8 creation of Sixth Directorate of State Security in Bulgaria in response to, 172-76,241-42, 296-97,299 in Eastern Europe, 16-17 facilitated by Helsinki Final Act, 17,16364,203-4 and ideological police (State Security), 19, 163-64,173-74,175-76 jamming of Western radio stations in response to, 164-65,198,220-21,279-80 promoting indigenous culture in response to, 16-17,19,161-62,198,204-8,223,301, 308,309-10,437,443-44 in Soviet Union, 163-65,202-3,205-8 spectacles in response to, 161-62,204,205-6, 211,219,308 State Security responses
to, 75-76,163-65, 172-76,202-3,205-8,221-22,241-42, 296-97,299,307-8 vectors for, 161,164-65,202-3,228,303 Western cultural products as vector for, 1617,161-62,163-65,190-91,202,206-8, 221-22,308 imams (Bulgaria) agent penetration among, 211,214 surveillance by State Security of, 115-16 sway over Bulgarian Turkish community, 115-16 India, information gathering in, 12,153 infiltration. See cultural security (China); ideological subversion informant recruitment techniques for agents, 90,92-93,153,213 blackmail, 60-61,70,90,128,214,254-55, 319,383 ideological conviction, 60-61,90,128 material (monetary) incentives, 60-61,128, 214,296-97 informants, covert. See also agents in Bulgaria, 87-91,93-94,95-96,106-7,115, 175,211,213,214-15,298-99 in China, 128-31,225,226,228,235,245-47, 249-50,303,321,324-26,356,359,442 (see also teqing and ermu) in Cuba, 405,406-7,408-9 in German Democratic Republic, 60,66,6771,175,247,325-26,394-95,396 overt informants distinguished from, 66-72 in Soviet Union, 254-55,383,385,390-91 in Taiwan, 417-18 informants, prison in Bulgaria, 215-16,215r in China, 129,325 in Soviet Union, 371-72 informants, visible (Bulgaria), 90-91,170-71, 175Ո.42 informants, visible (China) assistant police, 128-31,263-64,267-68, 328,329/ Chaoyang masses, 328 compensation for, 325-28 continuity after 1989 of, 326-30 Cultural Revolution and, 235 factory and school protection teams, 32627,328 functions of, 330
INDEX group defense patrol teams, 328 joint defense teams, 245,326-27, 328,330 liaisons, 128-29,245,328,417 mass protection and mass order teams, 328 neighborhood watch small groups, 326-27, 328,330 night duty points, 326-27 number of, 245,246/, 247-49,249t, 32829,329/ patrols, 245,326-27,328,330 rate of saturation of, 130-31,130/, 328 security companies, 326-28,330 social protection teams, 326-27,328,330 social-order auxiliary forces, 328 social-order protection committees and small groups, 128-31, 130/, 154-55,226, 235,245-49,248/, 267-68,326-30,359-61 social-order protection offices, 326-27 social-order protection posts, 326-27 informants, visible (German Democratic Republic), 66,67-71,130-31,396 information. See also involuntary collection of information; voluntary transmission of information and archival ethnography, 11,52-53 contributions of present volume to study of, 19-23 and dictatorships, 6,9,13-14,29,32-33, 43-44,396-97 granularity of, 9-10 internal information, 9,11,19-20 panoptical vision and, 12-13,24-25,161-62 quality of, 10,16,24 raw data contrasted with, 9-11 and regime resilience, 5,6-7,22,44,64, 65,117-18,276-77,284-85,301-2, 440,442-45 socioeconomic, obstacles to gathering, 13-14 sociopolitical, obstacles to gathering, 13-14 and technological development, 10-11 unprocessed intelligence contrasted with, 9-11 information transfer to leadership and agency problems, 8-9,31,48,63-64 in Bulgaria, 83,84,95,101,104-7,108-9, 184-85, 186-93,198-200,223,28385,286 in China, 124,150-51,250,333,352-54 in Cuba, 409,410 in German Democratic Republic, 396-99, 400,412
selective transmission vs deliberate suppression, 333,352-54 459 in Soviet Union, 372-73,374-75,376, 37879,381-82,392 in Taiwan, 369-70,414-15,416-17 information-gathering institutions and AI policing, 22,303,315-16,322-23, 329,364-65,442 in Argentina, 18,369-70,428-32 in autocracies, 7, 19-21,369,436,437-38 in Bulgaria, 23-24,83-95,117-18,161,22425,276-77,294,302,440-41 in China, 6,9,12-13,156-57,224-25,231, 234,240-50,303,369-70,440-41 in communist regimes, 12-16,18,20,23-24, 64,117-18,369-70,413,436-38 in Cuba, 404-13,433-34 and dictator’s dilemma, 6,276 in German Democratic Republic, 393-403 impact of COVID-19 on, 303,442,443 in Iraq, 425-26 in Leninist regimes, 18,21,369-70,434-35 in non-Leninist regimes, 21,369-70,43435,438-39 and regime resilience, 6-7,276-77,302 in Russia under Putin, 426-27 and social credit, 442 in Soviet Union, 372-92 in Taiwan, 414-25 tradeoffs between types of, 20,53,62,392, 393,413 Information-Sociological Center (BCP) analytical reports on problems (ZP), 189-91, 199-200 briefs on volume and distribution of complaints, 191-95,192t, 199-200 creation of, 184-85 destruction of archives of, 295-96 mood assessments by, 185-86 opinion polling by, 187-88 overviews of critical media publications, 188-89 reports after Zhivkovs ouster in November 1989,294-96 reports of, 185-93,294-96 responsiveness to consumer complaints of, 199-200 rumor reports of, 186-87 Sociological Group as precursor, 184 Inner Mongolia, 150t, 244t Integrated Revolutionary Organizations (ORI) (Cuba), 404 Intelligence Directorate (DGI) (Cuba), 408-9 intelligence-gathering
institutions. See information-gathering institutions
460 INDEX internal journalistic reporting in Bulgaria, 84-86,95,301 in China, 20,133,239,305-6,34749, 350-51 in Leninist regimes, 15-16,20,83,425-26 in Soviet Union, 372-73,381-82 in Taiwan, 414,415-16 Internet monitoring (China), 306,308-10,31920,321,322-24,333-34,341, 342-43 Internet service providers (ISPs) (China), 323-24 involuntary collection ofinformation. See also surveillance accuracy of, 11 and agency problems, 11 and archival ethnography, 55-56,56t in Bulgaria, 83-95 in China, 17-18,117,125-26,154, 156-57, 224,225-28,235,240-50,264-65,271-72, 303-5,321,345-47,358-61,366 in communist regimes, 14,16,20-21,438 and dictator’s dilemma, 21-22,55,6263,434-35 and information quality, 16 and joke monitoring, 16,19-20 and rumor monitoring, 16,19-20 techniques for, 10-11,16,305,320-34 and technological development, 11 voluntary transmission contrasted with, 16, 20,55-56,56t Iraq (1968-2003) archives in, 36-38 Ba'th party membership in, 425-26 difficulty penetrating ethnic minorities in, 425-26 information-gathering institutions in, 42526,428 involuntary extraction ofinformation in, 425-26 voluntary transmission of information through petitions in, 425-26 lugov, Anton, 101 Ivanov, Dimitar, 204,299 Jews, Bulgarian, 110-11,112-13 Jiang Jingguo, 420-21 Jiang Zemin, 335,355-56 Jiangsu province, 134-35,145,225-26,244-45 Jiangxi province, 38,235-36,342-43,351-54 Jiangxi Soviet, 123 Jilin city, 142-43 Jilin province, 332 Jinan (Shandongprovince), 142,333 Jiujiang (Jiangxi province), 342-44,350,35154,353í Jiujiang Internet Propaganda Office, 351-53 Joint State Political Directorate
(OGPU) (USSR), 377-78,388-89,392 joke monitoring in Bulgaria, 107,166-68,203 individuals prosecuted for spreading jokes and rumors in Bulgaria, 166-68,167/ and involuntary collection of information, 16,19-20 KDNK (Committee for Control by the State and the People) (Bulgaria), 180,184,192-95 KGB (Committee for State Security) (USSR), 49/ 67,170-71,241-42,254-55,313-14, 378-79,381-82,384-91,397-98 Kiszczak, Czeslaw, 38-39 KMT (Guomindang) CCP drawing from, 122-23, 124,142 in China, 122,135-37,225-26 classified bulletins in Taiwan and, 416-17 democratization in Taiwan and, 302 evaluations of enemies from, in China, 127, 135-37,142 purges of, in China, 122 in Taiwan, 414-17 youth league of, in China, 127, 136-37 KMT Archive, 35-36 König, Herta, 397-98 Kostov, Traicho, 79-80,92 Kotkov, Nikola, 168-69 Krenz, Egon, 400-1,403 Kristeva, Julia, 40-41 Kufardzhiev-Varon letter (1960) (Bulgaria), 80 Kundera, Milan, 40-41 Kurdzhali province (Bulgaria), 210-11 labor camps, Bulgaria decision to close, 94,165 inmates of, 94,165-66,227-28 reopening during Regenerative Process, 365,441 labor camps, China reeducation-through-labor inmates in, 129, 226-27,251-52,264-65,316-19 and Uyghurs, 304,365,441,444 Laos, communist regime in, 117 Law on Suggestions, Signals, Complaints, and Requests ( 1980) (Bulgaria), 191-92 Law on the Tasks and Powers of the Peoples Police (1968) (GDR),69
INDEX leadership, information transfer to. See information transfer to leadership Legion of Mary (Shengmujun) (China), 127 Lenin, Vladimir, 84-85,374-75,392 Leninist parties compared with communist, 21 and information gathering, 18,21,36970,434-35 and internal journalistic reporting, 15-16, 20,83,425-26 Taiwan as noncommunist regime, 414,425 letters and visits (China), 131-32,145-47,224, 228-30,235-37,255-58,303-4,334-36, 337-38,342-43. See also complaints Letters-and-Visits Offices, 256-57 Lhasa (Tibet), 5,152-53,259-61,31213,355-56 Li Peng, 335 Liaoning province, 142,250,310-11,333 liberalized media in communist regimes, 14,23,31-33,6566,438-39 and dictators dilemma, 8-9,31-32 and discontent, 8-9,14,23,31-32,65-66 Ligachev, Yegor, 392 Lincang county (Yunnan province), 126-27 Ling Jihua, 363 Liu Shaoqi, 260 Liuzhou (Guangxi), 142-43 Manchuria, 118-19 Mao Zedong death of, 224,240-41,251,255-56 hunger reporting under, 231 internal journalistic reporting under, 20 socialist social contract under, 443 social-order protection committees under, 128-29 Tibet and, 5,153,259-60 typical surveyor, 13,231-32 Xinhua News Agency under, 349 market social contract in communist regimes, 443 compared with socialist social contract, 436-37 and complaints, 17-18,436-37,438,444-45 protests as mechanism for enforcement of, 17-18,440-41,444-45 regime resilience under, 17-18,436-37,44041,444-45 Markov, Georgi, 221 MdL See Ministry of the Interior (GDR) media, liberalized. See liberalized media M£S. See Stasi 461 Mielke, Erich, 398,402-3 Ministry of Defense (MINFAR) (Cuba), 4057,412-13 Ministry of
Justice Investigation Bureau (MJIB) (Taiwan), 418 Ministry of Public Security (MPS) (China) agents (teqing) of, 128,129-31,226,228, 235,325-26 cessation of domestic agent use by, 235 continuity following 1989 of, 330-33 creation of, 127 Cultural Revolution and, 235 cultural security and, 310-11 Democracy Wall and, 251 development of roster of regime enemies by, 319-20 Economic and Cultural Security Department, 250 Entry-Exit Department of, 331 eyes and ears fermu), 87,128,129,130-31, 226,235,319-20,325-26 full-time staff of, 122,127-28,330-31 functional overlap with MSS, 242,243-45, 249-50,314-15 grid policing and, 321-23,323/ Household Registration Department of, 319 informant use by, 128-31 initial years of communist rule and, 138-39 internal organization of, 87,331 Mass Incidents Department of, 331 minority members of the police in Xinjiang, 149-50,154-55,155t number of informants used by, 128-31 110 hotline of, 321 -23 opacity of, 32-33 Political Protection Department (guobao), 243-44,250,319,331-32 protests and, 312-13,315 repression and, 138-39 responses to ideological subversion by, 24142,307-8 secret informants of, 129-30,245,24950,324-27 secret societies and, 244-45 610 Office (Anticult Department), 331-32 Social Order Department of, 331 social-order informants of, 128-30,130/ stability maintenance mandate of, 314-16 strike prevention by, 143-44 Technical Investigation Team of, 250 techniques for identifying enemies of, 321-33 technological development and, 322-23 Tiananmen protests and, 244-45,306
462 INDEX Ministry of Public Security (MPS) (China) (cont.) tools for identification of targets by, 127-28 transfer of information by, 333 visible informants of, 128-31,130/, 245, 246/, 328-29 Ministry of State Security (MfS) (GDR). See Stasi Ministry of State Security (MGB) (USSR), 390-91 Ministry of State Security (MSS) (China) absolute size and saturation rate of, 243-44, 244t, 330-31 continuity following 1989 of, 330-31 cultural security and, 16-17,308-9,310 full-time staff of, 242-43,2441,330-31 functional overlap with MPS, 242,243-45, 249-50,314-15 intelligence on, 242-43 internal organization of, 242-43 opacity of, 32-33 peaceful evolution threat and, 307-8 rationale for creation, 224,228,241-43,307 responses to ideological subversion by, 24142,307-8 stability maintenance and, 313,314-15 Tiananmen protests and, 307-8,313 Ministry of the Interior (Mdl) (GDR) full-time staff of, 395-96 functional overlap with the Stasi of, 68, 394-96 mass surveillance by, 394-96 secret informants (IKM) of, 68-71 transmission of information by, 398 visible associates (FH) of, 68-71,130-31,247 Ministry of the Interior (MININT) (Cuba), 405, 406-7,408-10 minorities. See ethnoreligious minorities Mladenov, Petar, 285-86,293 Mongolia, 23-24 monitoring anti-regime propaganda as an indicator of discontent, 53-54,54t, 5556,81,139-40,172-73 graffiti, 53-54,54t, 55-56,56t, 163,17273,385-86 leaflets, 81,96,101,139-40,163,172-73,216, 222,252-54,319-20,394,395-96 monitoring correspondence, 86-87,139-40, 216,252-54,296,324-25,371-75,409 monitoring dreams, 20,103-4 monitoring jokes. See joke
monitoring monitoring public conversations, 343-44,410 monitoring rumors. See rumor monitoring monitoring social media posts in Jiujiang, 342-43,350,351-54, 353t as mechanism for assessing discontent, 9-10, 15-16,41-42,58-59,61,308-9,323-24, 333-34,342,348-49 MPS. See Ministry of Public Security MSS. See Ministry of State Security muftis (Bulgaria), 115-16 Naidenov, Georgi, 288-89 Nanfang Media Group, 349,350-51 Nanjing (Jiangsu province), 126-27,134-35 Nanning (Guangxi), 134-35,142-43 National Peoples Congress (NPC) (China), 78, 146-47,241-42 National Public Complaints and Proposals Administration (China), 34-35 National Revolutionary Police (PNR) (Cuba), 405 National Security Bureau (Taiwan), 416-17, 419,420-21 National Security Law (2015) (China), 308-9 Nazi Germany, 63-64,65,107-8,221,393-94 Neibu cankao (internal reference serial) (China) beginning of, 124,132-33 complaints and, 144,146-48 coverage of sensitive items by, 103-4,124, 132-34,134f, 147-48,148/, 231-32,24041,377-78 Great Leap Forward and, 148,231-33, 232/234 hunger and famine reports in, 147-48, 148/231-32 number of issues 1949-1964,148/ 232/ rumor monitoring by, 103-4,133 Tibet reporting of, 150,1501, 260-61 Xinhua News Agency and, 124,132-33 nondemocracies. See dictatorships nontransparency. See also opacity archival ethnography as a technique for overcoming, 28-29,33,43-47 as problem in the study of autocracies, 19, 32-33,35 North Korea, State Security in, 67 NPC (National Peoples Congress) (China), 78, 146-47,241-42 offline contention. See protests OGPU (Joint State Political Directorate) (USSR),
377-78,388-89,392 online complaint forums, 333-34,342-44, 352-53,3531
INDEX opacity. See also nontransparency archival ethnography as a technique for overcoming, 28-29,33,43-47 and dictatorships, 28-29,31,32-33,369 problem of, 28-29, 31,32-33 scholarship and, 28-29,31,32-33 Open Government Information Initiative (OGI) (China), 34-35 operational reporting system for enemy and anti-Soviet activity (Soviet Union), 384 opinion polling and archival ethnography, 58-59 in Bulgaria, 185-86,187-88,278-79 change over time in informational value of, 58-59 in China, 224,240-41,305-6,345 compared with typical survey in China, 13 in German Democratic Republic, 399-400 from involuntary to voluntary in, 346-47 and preference falsification, 187-88,346 in Soviet Union, 346,379-81 validity and reliability of, 58-59,18788,346-47 Pan, Jennifer, 352-54 Panchen Lama, 152-53,260-61 People’s Armed Police (PAP) (China), 152,153, 312-13,314-15,330-31 People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) (USSR), 123 People’s Liberation Army (PLA) (China), 152, 153,239,259-60,305-6,357 People’s Republic of China (PRC). See China perestroika, 221,278-79,281-82,346 Perón, Juan, 433-34 petitions. See complaints phone tapping, 32,61,91,154-55,296,324-25, 409,417 Pieck, Wilhelm, 399 Pinochet, Augusto, 428-29,432-33 pishi (instruction) (China), 106,237,250,34849,354 PLA (People’s Liberation Army) (China), 152, 153,239,259-60,305-6,357 Podkrepa (independent labor union in Bulgaria), 279-81,285-86 Poland democratization in, 283 media coverage of, 148,150 1980-81 suppression of Solidarity in, 19899,201 1956 protests in, 101-2,313-14 opinion polling in, 58-59 463 political crimes
Bulgaria, anti-state crimes in, 93,166,167 í, 169-71,172-73,172/ 174-76,215-16 Bulgaria, prison population of operational interest to State Security in, 21516, 215í China, counterrevolutionary crimes in, 140, 141/, 156t, 227/, 251,252-54,2531,262, 262í, 2661,311-12,316-20,3171,3181, 359-61,363-64 China, crimes of endangering state security in, 267-68,319-20, 359-61,363-64 Soviet Union, crimes against the state in, 385, 3861-871,388-89 Taiwan, opposition cases in, 419-20,421/ Taiwan, rebellion and spy cases in, 41920,420/ Urumqi (China), political cases in, 26770,269t political prisoners in Bulgaria, 81,165-66,169-71,170/, 21416,2151 in China, 138,140,141/ 1561,226-28,227/, 251-54,252/, 262,2621,266,2661, 31620,3171 in Tibet, 262,2621 in Xinjiang, 156t, 2661,363-64 polling, opinion. See opinion polling pomaks (Bulgarian-speaking Muslims), 110,211-12 preference falsification in autocracies, 31-32,439 in communist regimes, 13-14 and dictator’s dilemma, 7,13-14,21-22, 31,439-40 information that does not suffer from, 21-22 mechanisms for mitigating, 13-14,21-22,31, 55,439-40 and opinion polling, 187-88,346 scholarship on, 31,346 Presidents Daily Brief (PDB) (U.S.), 399-400 prison informants. See informants, prison prisoners. See political prisoners propaganda monitoring. See monitoring anti regime propaganda prophylaxis in Bulgaria, 93,161-62,164-65,169-71, 175-76,222 compared with repression, 93,161-62,17071,175-76 logic of adoption, 93, 161-62,164-65 in Soviet Union, 254,385-90,386í
464 INDEX protests in Bulgaria, 81,83-84,97-98,100-1,163, 168-69,182,197,277,279-81,285-86,293 in China, 6,259-60,303-4,306-20,334, 335-42,336/, 344-45, 363 complaints, relationship with, 18,55-56, 303-4,333-34,340-41,438,444-45 as index of overt discontent, 8-9,17-18,32, 55-56,333-34 and information transfer, 31-32,55-56,6566,303-4,333-34,344-45 and market social contract, 17-18,44041,444-45 number of (China), 335-37, 336/ responses to (China), 313,315,338-42 scholarship on, 14,23,31,32-33,338-39 toleration of, 338-39 PSB. See Public Security Bureau public artifacts, contrasted with direct sources in the study of autocracies, 28-29,3233,438-39 public conversation monitoring, 343-44,410 Public Security Bureau (PSB) (China), 128,152, 153,228,250Ո.105, ЗЮп.25,321-22 Putin, Vladimir, 45-47,425-28 Qaidam Basin (Qinghai province), 147-48 Qiao Shi, 335 Qinghai province, 153,226,260-61 Qinghua Shengjiao, 244-45 Radevski, Khristo, 101 Radio Free Europe (RFE), 164-65,19596,211-12 radio stations. See Western radio stations Rashid, Haroun al-, 8-9 recruitment techniques. See informant recruitment techniques redundancy in information, 48,49-50,55,6364,87,180-81,392,400 Regenerative Process (1984-1989) (Bulgaria), 205-6,208,213-16,285-86,355,365 regime resilience and archival ethnography, 65 in autocracies, 117-18,276-77,436 in communist regimes, 14-15,64,117-18, 163,276-77,442-43 and consumption, 78,82,110,116,163, 186,439-40 and dictators dilemma, 6-7,22,64,117-18, 276,284-85,301-2,440 and dictatorships, 29,281-82,434-35 and information,
5,6-7,22,44,64,65,11718,276-77,284-85,301-2,440,442-45 and information-gathering institutions, 6-7,276-77 under market social contract, 17-18,163, 436-37,440-41,444-45 and revolutionary cascades, 64-65,440 under socialist social contract, 116,176-77, 301,437 repression in Bulgaria, 81-82,93-94,108,161-76,170/, 215-16,223 in China, 16-17,137-43,139t, 251-55,3045,313,338-39,341-42 indiscriminate, 64,117-18,365 and quality of information, 16,162, 251,391-92 selective, 16-17,94,137,166,169-71,175, 215-16,223,251,252-54,271-72,301, 303-4,365,379-80,384,388-90,39192,441 in Soviet Union, 385-90,3871,391-92 in Taiwan, 419-22,420/-21/ retrospective governance. See ex-post (retrospective) governance Roma, Bulgarian, 94,110,112-13,115,212 Romania, repression in, 23-24 ROSTA (Russian Telegraph Agency), 37276,381-82 roster of targeted population. See targeted population roster (China) Ruan Chengzhang, 418 rumor monitoring individuals prosecuted for spreading jokes and rumors in Bulgaria, 166-68,167/ Information-Sociological Center in Bulgaria, systematically by, 186-87 and involuntary collection of information, 16,19-20 Neibu cankao, nonsystematically in China in, 103-4,133 Russia, Soviet. See Soviet Union Russia, under Putin archives in, 45-47 falsification of history in, 45-47 internal media in, 426-27 opinion polling in, 426-28 Peoples Control Committees in, 426-27 Presidents Office, complaints to, 426-27 security services in, 426-27 United Russia and information gathering, 426-28
INDEX Russian Empire information gathering in, 371 -72 okhrankain, 371-72 Third Department of the Emperor’s Office, 371-72 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 390 Russian Telegraph Agency (ROSTA), 37276,381-82 sabotage agricultural, 59,138,163 in Bulgaria, 81,96,163,171,216 in China, 133,139-40,244-45, 314-15,357, 359,443-44 industrial, 44,59,163,216,314-15, 394,408-9 Schabowski, Günter, 400-1 Schatzberg, Michael, 48 Scientific-Technical Intelligence (Bulgaria), industrial espionage conducted by, 181 Scoggins, Suzanne, 330-31 secret informant (IKM) (GDR), 68-71 secret societies (China) compared to CCP, 135-36,140 Falun Gong, 5,308,310-11,313,315-16,331 Green Gang, 127,135-36 membership of, 135-36,140 Qinghua Shengjiao, 244-45 as a threat to cultural security, 24445,310-11 White Lotus, 127,135-36 Yiguandao, 127 Secretaría de Inteligencia del Estado (SIDE) (Argentina), 429 Selassie, Haile, 49-50 Shaanxi province, 235 Shandong province, 243,244-45,310-11,320, 324,328 Shanghai, 132,134,142,145,146, 230,235-38, 240-41,247,255-56,311-12,32122,328 Shanghai Municipal Archives (SMA) (China), 144 Shannan (Lhoka) (Tibet), 152-53, 259-60 Sharp Eyes Project (China), 315-16 Shigatse (Tibet), 152-53,260-61,356-57 short-messaging service (SMS), 6 Sichuan province, 261-62 Smolensk Archive, 36-38 social contract. See market social contract; socialist social contract 465 social credit (China), 442 social media monitoring. See monitoring social media posts socialist revolutionaries (essers) (SR), 376 socialist social contract in Bulgaria, 22,161-62,176-80,198-202,
217-18,223,277,290-92,301 in China, 143-49,255-56,257-58,334,443 compared with market social contract, 43637,438,443 conditional loyalty under, 201-2,217-18, 259,272,291-92,437 consumption expectations under, 107,180, 198-99,201 and discontent, 19,22,102,161-62,201-2, 217,223,255-56,257-58,277,286-87 quiescence under, 54,102,161-62,223, 3034,344-45,414,420,439-40 and redistribution, 16-17,198-99,436-37 and regime resilience, 116,176-77,301,437 reneging on, 17,22,202,217,257-58,277,437 role of citizen complaints in, 17,161-62,217, 223,255-56 types of, 436-37 social-order protection committees and small groups (China) and Cultural Revolution, 235 functions of, 128-29,226,245-47,26364,326-27 and Great Leap Forward, 226 management of, 235,326-28 origins of, 128-29,245-47 responsibility system for, 359-60n.242 saturation by province, 129-31,130/ 226, 245-49,248/ 268/, 328 Sociological Group of the Central Committee of the BCP. See InformationSociological Center SOE (state-owned enterprise) (China), 277, 290-91,423-24 Solakov, Angel, 166,168 Soviet Union agent network size in, 371-72,383-84,385, 389-91 (see also informant network size in) archives in, 35-36,384 citizen complaints in, 107-8,371,37475,380-81 classified bulletins in, 381-82 closed letters system in, 375-76 Communist Party of the Soviet Union and information gathering, 107,375-76,37879,426-27
466 INDEX Soviet Union (cont.) counteracting ideological subversion (Fifth Department of KGB), 241-42,389-90 difficulty penetrating minorities in, 1 ΙΟ Ι 1,390-91 discontent in, 377,378,385-90,392 dissolution of, 308-9 general theoretical conclusions from, 391-92 individuals charged with crimes against the state in, 385,386t-87t, 388-89 informant network size in, 385 (see also agent network size in) information gathering during initial postrevolutionary period in, 372-75 information transfer to leadership in, 37273,374-75,376,378-79,381-82,392 information-gathering institutions in, 372-92 internal journalistic reporting in, 37273,381-82 KGB in, 49/, 67,170-71,241-42,254-55, 313-14,378-79,381-82,384-91,397-98 MGB (Ministry of State Security) in, 390-91 NKVD (Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs) in, 123 OGPU (Joint State Political Directorate) in, 377-78,388-89,392 operational reporting system for enemy and anti-Soviet activity reduction, 384 opinion polling in, validity and reliability of, 346,379-81 origins ofinformation state in, 371-79 Red Army assessments of the popular mood and discontent in, 371,372-73,376 reducing agent network and extent of operational surveillance in, 384-85 Russian Telegraph Agency (ROSTA) and information gathering in, 372-76,381-82 scholarship on, 49-50,375-76 selective repression in, 385-90,387t, 391-92 sensitive informabon circulation in, 378-79,392 State Security and information in, 49-50,67, 69-70,374-78,379-80,383-84,391,392 Telegraph Agency ofthe Soviet Union (TASS) and information gathering in, 374-75,381-82 tradeoff between
information and quality and intensity of repression in, 384,391 -92 tradeoff between party and State Security reporting streams in, 392 tradeoff between the size and quality of informant network in, 392 use of prophylaxis by the KGB in, 254,38590,386t utility of redundancy in reporting streams for cross-checking information, 392,400 VChK (Cheka) (All-Russian Extraordinary Commission), 371-72,374,376,383, 388-89,392 World War II, information gathering after, 379-92 soviets (in China), 118-19,124,149 special assignment officer (OibE) (Stasi), 395-96 Stalin, Joseph, 63-64,84-85,99,116,134-35, 255-56,383-84 Stasi (MfS) (GDR) archives for, 37-39,60 dissolution of, 276-77 domestic counterintelligence reports by, 60, 71,396-98,397t end of GDR and, 5,402-3 establishment of, 394 full-time staff of, 244t, 396 functional overlap with the Ministry of the Interior, 68,394-96 informant recruitment techniques of, 60-61 information transfer to leadership by, 396-98 mass surveillance by, 394-96 number of informants of, 60,66,68-71,247 threat perception by, 5,394 types of informants of, 68-70 Stasi Records Archive (BStU) (Germany), 37-39 State Security (Bulgaria) absolute size and saturation rate of, 24344,244Ѓ agency problems for, 90,105-6 agents of, 174-75,174t, 211,213,214,29798,299 Central Information-Analytical Service of, 180-81 consumer concessions and, 102 continuity of information in, 296-300 Cultural-Historical Intelligence of, 205-6 decrease in antistate crimes and, 169-71 destruction of files of, 298-99 dream monitoring by, 103-4 ethnoreligious minorities and, 113,114-16
evolution of threat perception by, 163-64,169 food production monitoring by, 181-82 full-time staff of, 89-90,175,243-44,244t Helsinki Accords and, 203-4,211 informants of, 90-91 information quality and, 93-94 institution building and, 88-89 insurance policies of, 298 joke monitoring by, 166-68 leadership reports by, 105-6
INDEX low support for the party and, 97-99 monetizing knowledge by, 298-99 monitoring hostile acts of opposition by, 95-96 number ofinformants of, 90-91,174t organized nonpolitical groups and, 221-22 overview of, 87-88 political crimes investigated by, 167t, 215-16 popular mood reporting by, 181-82 prophylaxis by, 170-71,175-76 recruitment methods of, 90 reduction in size of, 106-7 reporting by, 104-6 repression and, 93-94 responses to ideological subversion by, 8586,163-65,202-3,205-8,221-22 rumor reports by, 186-87,211 Scientific-Technical Intelligence of, 181 Sixth Directorate (ideological police) of, 17276,296-97,299 strikesand, 99-100 technical surveillance by, 91 use of available information by, 91-93 State Security Department (DSE) (Cuba), 405-7 Stoianov, Dimitar, 283-84 Strike Hard Campaign (1983) (China), 24142,251 subversion, ideological. See ideological subversion surveillance. See also involuntary collection of information audio, 61,91,409 in Bulgaria, 79,80,88-90,91,92-94,164-65, 166,175-76,296-98 in China, 17-18,61, 126,127-28,143,251, 252-54,268-71,315-19,324-25,32627,328-29 digital, 56-58,61 mass, 61,394-96 social surveillance, 126,329 technical, 11,89,91,127-28,296-98, 324-25, 396,417 video, 61,91,409 Taiwan (1949-!987) agents in, 417-18 archives in, 35-36 avenues for petitioning in, 422-25 classified bulletins in, 416-17 complaints in, 422-25,423/ covert informants in, 417-18 democratization in, 276,302,422 difference from communist regimes of, 419-20 information transfer to leadership in, 36970,414-15,416-17 467 information-gathering institutions in,
414-25 internal journalistic reporting in, 414,415-16 involuntary extraction ofinformation in, 414 KMT and information gathering in, 414-15, 416-17,422 as Leninist non-communist regime, 414,425 opposition cases in, 419-20,421/ overview of, 414 rebellion and spy cases in, 419-20,420/ repression and violence in, 419-22,420/-21/ scholarship on, 418 similarity with communist regimes of, 41517,425 social contract absent in, 420,423-24 State Security in, 417-22 volume ofpetitions in, 423 voluntary transmission of information in, 422-25 welfare expectations in, 414,420,423-25 White Terror, 419-20,421-22 targeted population roster (China) Bulgaria, compared with the enemy contingent list in, 164-65 monitoring of domestic enemies through,319-20 role ofinformants for populating, 129,140, 142-43,249-50,319,359-61 Soviet Union, compared with the operational reporting in, 92,254-55,384 Taiwan, compared with blacklists in, 419 TASS (Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union) (USSR), 374-75,381-82 Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) (USSR), 374-75,381-82 teqing (secret agents or covert informants in China), 128,129,130-31,226,228,235,325 Terpeshev, Dobri, 79-80 Texim Industrial Group (Bulgaria), 288-89 Tiananmen protests (1989) (China) complaints following, 335-36 cultural security impacted by, 307-9 effects on information of, 305-6,307-8,312, 313-14,319-20,326-27,330-31 ethnoreligious minorities and, 266-67 internal reporting on, 305-6 market social contract following, 436-37 peaceful evolution as cause of, 307-8 regime resilience following, 304-5,312,314-15 repressive response to,
252-54,283,304-5 selective enforcement following, 316-20 stability maintenance imperative following, 312,319-20,335-36 voluntary transmission ofinformation and, 257-58
468 INDEX Tianjin, 233,236-37,255-56 Tibet CCP membership in, 150-52,154-56,26165,263/, 270,270/, 356,362 complaints in, 263,361 difficulty of penetration of minorities in, 1718,125,149-54,261-62, 355 discipline inspection denunciations in, 154, 263,264-65,264/, 361/ discontent in, 5,149-50,153,362-63 grid policing in, 125,304,363 informants in, 263-65,356 involuntary collection of information in, 154,264-65 lessons learned from uprising in, 261-65 manual on information gathering in, 152-53 minority share of CCP in, 259,261 -63, 263/ 264-65 1987 riots and imposition ofmartial law, 259, 264-65,312-13,355-57 1959 Uprising in, 125, 149-50,232-34,25961,264-65,362 peaceful evolution and, 355 political prisoners in, 262,262t reporting from, 150,150t, 233-34 repression in, 259,355 security apparatus in, 152-53 social-order protection committees and small groups in, 247,356 voluntary transmission ofinformation in, 154,262-63 Tibetan People’s Armed Police, 356-57 transfer of information to leadership. See information transfer to leadership Transitional Justice Commission (Taiwan), 36 transmission of information. See voluntary transmission ofinformation TsDA (Bulgarian Central State Archives), 34,112 Turkey, relations with Bulgaria, 113-14,213, 216,219,280,281 Turks, Bulgarian. See Bulgarian Turks typical survey (China), compared with opinion polling, 13,231-32 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, 383 Ulbricht, Walter, 399-400 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). See Soviet Union United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution (PURSC) (Cuba), 404 unofficial collaborator (IM)
(Stasi), 68-71, 394-95 Urumqi city percentage minority police in, 154-55,155t, 266-70,267/ political cases in, 268-70,269í political protection police in, 154-55,266-67 social-order protection committee membership in, 267-68,268/, 359-61 Urumqi county, 126-27 USSR. See Soviet Union Uyghurs CCP membership of, 362 difficulty of penetration of, 17-18,125,271, 304,355,363-64,444 discontent among, 304, 358, 36263,390-91 mass detention of, 304, 365,441 voluntary transmission of information by, 361 VChK (Cheka) (All-Russian Extraordinary Commission), 371-72,374,376,383, 388-89, 392 Velchev, Damian, 79,86-87 Vietnam, communist regime in, 23-24,26061,290-91 visible informants. See informants, visible Voice ofAmerica (VOA), 164-65,195-96 voluntary transmission of information. See also complaints and agency problems, 13 and archival ethnography, 55-56,56t in Bulgaria, 90,107-10,191-92 in China, 17-18,117,118,125-26,143-44, 187-88,224,228-30,234,235-36,255-59, 263-65,271-72,303-5,334,345-47,361,445 in communist regimes, 14,16 complaints as mechanism for, 11,17-18, 55-56,107-8,144,191-92,225,33334,424-25 and dictator’s dilemma, 62-63,65,434-35 involuntary collection contrasted with, 16, 20,55-56,56í limitations of, 11,13 protests as mechanism for, 8-9,17-18,32, 55-56,333-34 utility of different mechanisms for regime insiders, 191-92,255,380-81 volunteer assistant (FH) (GDR), 68-71,13031,247 Vranchev, Petar, 86-87,95-96 Wałęsa, Lech, 39,40-41 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968), 177-78
INDEX 469 WeChat (messaging app), 322-23,343-44 welfare dictatorship and the socialist social contract, 258,277,286-87,291-92, 301,441 Western radio stations and ideological subversion in Eastern Europe, 84-85,164-65,195-96,202, 279-80,286 jamming of, 164-65,198,202-3,220-21, 279-80,286 White Lotus, 127,135-36 Wolf, Christa, 40-41 World Trade Organization (WTO), 308-9 Wuhan (Hubei province), 134-35 Wuzhou (Guangxi), 142-43 surveillance in, 61,364-65 targeted population in, 320,359 threat assessment in, 357-59 Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC) continuity following 1989 of, 359 dissent management rate of, 154-55 informant network saturation rate of, 359-61 social-order protection teams in, 154-55 targeted population in, 268-70,320 types of intelligence collected by, 154-55, 359,360t Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. See Xinjiang Xu Caihou, 363 Xi Jinping, 308-9,339,341-42,347-48,363, 364,442-45 Xi Zhongxun,228-29 Xinhua News Agency contribution to identifying enemies of, 5051,132-35 Cultural Revolution, during, 234,239-40 democratization of intelligence and, 350 Great Leap Forward, prior to, 132-33,232-33 internal publications and, 225,232-33,23940,305-6,349,352-53 Neibu cankao and, 124,132-33 origins of, 124,195 public opinion and, 350-51,352 Tiananmen protests and, 305-6 upward reporting and, 352 Xinjiang. See also Urumqi city CCP membership in, 154-55,270,270/71/, 362 complaints in, 355,361 de-extremification regulations in, 364 difficulty of penetration of minorities in, 154-56,271,305-6,359-61 discipline inspection denunciations in, 362/ discontent in,
355,362-63 ex-ante governance in,365 grid policing in, 304 hostile foreign forces as threat to political security in, 307-8 informants in, 267-68,359-61 involuntary collection ofinformation in, 358-61 minority membership of police in, 149-50, 154-55,155t, 266-68,267/, 364 minority share of CCP in, 270-71,27 !ƒ political prisoners in, 155-56,156t, 266t, 363-64 repression in, 259,266-67, 355 Yan’an Soviet, 118-19 Yeltsin, Boris, 45-47 Yiguandao, 127 Youth Research Institute (ZIJ) (GDR), 399,400 Yu Sang, 235 Yuan Bin, 152-53 Yugoslavia, coverage in Neibu cankao, 150 Yunnan province, 126-27 Zhanggong (Jiangxi province), 342-44,351-52 Zhao Ziyang, 241-42 Zhejiang province, 226,332 Zhelev, Zheliu, 293-94 Zhivkov, Todor administrative reforms under, 281-82 agency problems for, 105-6 Bulgarian Turks under, 209 bulletins received by, 104-6 complaints provided to, 108-9,184,191-92, 199-200,207,218-19,278-79 decision-making under, 104-5 discontent responses of, 48-49 inability to act despite information of, 6,278, 284-85,301-2 information collection under, 63-64 Information-Sociological Center under, 184-85 leadership reports received by, 105-6 lessons learned from other communist regimes by, 201 palace coup against, 6,22-23,107,278-79, 284,285-86,301-2,403 removal from information reports of, 28384,299 responses to ideological subversion under, 202,221 socialist social contract under, 176-77, 199-200 women’s rights under, 179
470 INDEX Zhivkova, Liudmila, 205-6 Zhou Enlai, 50-51,236-37,239-40, 260,349 Zhou Yongkang, 363 Zhu Rongji, 335 Zlobodnevniproblemi (Bulgaria), 189-91 199-200 Beyerfeche Steatsb/Ntothek MürKáisn |
| adam_txt |
Contents List ofFigures and Maps List of Tables Acknowledgments List ofAbbreviations ix xi xiii xvii PART I. THEORY AND METHOD 1. Introduction: Solving the Dictators Dilemma 5 2. Studying Government Perceptions of Popular Discontent in Autocracies 31 PART II. PARALLEL ORIGINS OF COMMUNIST INFORMATION STATES 3. Monitoring and Counteracting Dissent in Bulgaria, 1944-1958 75 4. Monitoring and Counteracting Dissent in China, 1949-1958 117 PART III. DIVERGENT EVOLUTION OF COMMUNIST INFORMATION STATES 5. Bread and Circuses: Consumption and Stability in Bulgaria, 1959-1988 161 6. Continuity and Change: Information Gathering in China, 1959-1988 224 PART IV. SIMILAR CRISES, VARIED CONTEXTS, DIFFERENT REFORMS 7. Information-Gathering Institutions in Bulgaria, 1989-1991 8. Information-Gathering Institutions in China, 1989-2019 275 303
viii CONTENTS PART V. GENERALIZABILITY OF THE THEORY 9. Scope Conditions: Authoritarian Information-Gathering Institutions 369 10. Conclusion: Information and Authoritarian Regime Resilience 436 Index 447
Index For the benefit ofdigital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages. Tables and figures are indicated by t and/following the page number agency problems and archival ethnography, 48-50,63-64 in autocracies, 8-9,31-32,63-64 in communist regimes, 63-64 content bias distinguished from, 48-50 and information transfer to leadership, 8-9, 31,48,63-64 and involuntary collection of information, 11 in other regimes, 63-64 redundancy as strategy for mitigating, 48, 63-64,180-81 scholarship on, 8-9,31 and voluntary transmission of information, 13 agents. See also informants, covert in Bulgaria, 174-75,174t, 211,213,214, 297-98,299 in China (teqing), 128,129-31,226,228, 235,325-26 functions of, 123-24,129, 175,417-18 quality of, 92-93,130-31 recruitment techniques for, 90,92-93, 153,213 size of network of, 90-91,92,115,211, 214,325-26 types of, 128,325,417-18 AI policing (China), 22,303,315-16,322-23, 329,364-65,442 AKRDOPBGDSRSBNA (Dossier Commission), 40-41 Aksu prefecture (Xinjiang), 126-27,154-55 Albania, communist regime in, 78n.l2,23-24 Albanian Telegraph Agency (ATA), 195-96 Alexandrov, Alexander, 204 All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK) (Cheb), 371-72,374,376,383, 388-89,392 Andropov, Yuri, 212,254,386-88,389-90 Anhui province, 337Ո.144 anticipatory governance. See ex-ante (anticipatory) governance anti-regime propaganda monitoring. See monitoring anti-regime propaganda Anti-Rightist Campaign (1957) (China), 132 archival ethnography and agency problems, 48-50,63-64 authenticity concerns in, 40-41
caveats about, 36-37,42-43,45-50,49/ and collection ofinformation, 52-53 content bias in, 48-50 contrasted with other approaches, 28-29, 38-39,40-41,45,65-66 current operational records vs archival material in, 38 definition of, 43-44 deliberate destruction of archival material in, 38-39 and dictator’s dilemma, 62-63,65-66 and direct sources, 42-52 and discontent, 52-59,57t empirical insights gained through, 52-62 entities generating materials for, 34-35 and friend-enemy thinking, 50-51 insights gained through categorical concepts in, 50-52 and involuntary collection of information, 55-56,56t location and access to data in, 35-38,46t media formats for encoding documents in, 41-42 method of, 42-52,65-66,369,438-39 objectivity concerns in, 51-52 and opacity, 28-29,33,43-47 and opinion polling, 58-59 overview of, 19,65-66 personal files vs summary reports in, 39-41 political demands vs material frustrations in,54,55t and regime resilience, 65
448 INDEX archival ethnography (cont.) reliability concerns in, 58-59 representativeness concerns in, 41 and revolutionary cascades, 64-65 and segmented provision, 48-50 and technological development, 56-58,61 theoretical insights of, 62-65 and types of archival materials, 39-41,53-59 and types of archives, 33-43 and types of information collection, 60-61 used to overcome authoritarian opacity and nontransparency, 28-29,33,43-47 and voluntary transmission ofinformation, 55-56,56t Argentina (1976-1983) archives in, 28-29 counterfactuals involving regime in, 432-34 coup in, 429 crudely targeted and excessive repression in, 429-30,434/ discontent in, 429-30 information-gathering institutions in, 18, 369-70,428-32 Intelligence Battalion 601 in, 430-31 military role in information-gathering in, 428-31 uncoordinated intelligence collection in, 428-31 voluntary transmission of information in,428-29 Armenians, Bulgarian, 110-11,112-13 Asparukhov-Gundi, Georgi, 168-69 ATA (Albanian Telegraph Agency), 195-96 authoritarian regimes. See dictatorships autocracies. See also dictatorships agency problems in, 8-9,31-32,63-64 average tenure of, 7, St communist, 20-21,32-34,52,56-58, 62-63,84,117-18,161-62,275, 290-91, 369,436-37 and complaints, 18,21 direct sources contrasted with public artifacts in study of, 28-29,32-33 and discontent, 21,23-24,161-62, 436,437-38 empirical contributions to study of, 437-38 estimating number of informants in, 66-72 and information-gathering institutions, 7, 19-21,369,436,437-38 Leninist, 18,21,23-24,369-70,403-4,414, 425,434-35,438-39 methodological
contributions to study of, 438-39 multiparty, 18,21,23-24,369-70,434-35 non-Leninist, 21,369-70,434-35,438-39 and preference falsification, 31-32,439 and regime resilience, 117-18,276-77,436 scholarship on, 7,28-29,31 single-party, 18,21,23-24,161-62,369-70, 425,434-35,436-37,445 sources and methods for research on, 28-29 theoretical contributions to study of, 439-40 without political parties, 21,369-70,42829,434-35 Azerbaijan, delegation visit to Bulgaria from, 114 Baba Vanga (Vangeliya Pandeva Gushterova), 288 Baghdad, Ba'th party membership in, 425-26 baojia system of surveillance (China), 122-23 Baren incident (1990) (China), 357 base areas. See soviets (in China) Ba'th Regional Command Collection, 37-38 BCP. See Bulgarian Communist Party Beijing CCP membership in, 77,121-22,13637,151-52 complaints in, 144-45,233-34,235-36,33637,340-41 denunciations in, 132 informants in, 328,330 information-gathering on, 142 internet monitoring in, 323-24 police in, 122,323-24 protests in, 6 social-protection committees and small groups in, 128-29,226,328,330 special stores catering to leadership in,147-48 Beron, Petar, 293-94 blacklists (Taiwan), 419 BoXilai, 363 Bobkov, Filipp, 389-90 Brannik (youth fascist organization in Bulgaria), 81-82 Brezhnev, Leonid, 170-71,254,386-88 BStU (Stasi Records Archive) (Germany), 37-39 BTA. See Bulgarian Telegraph Agency Bulgaria. See also State Security (Bulgaria) agency problems in, 90,105-6,180-81 agents in, 174-75,174t, 211,213,214,29798,299 alienation of mid-level elites in, 281-82
INDEX anonymous materials and their authors in, 172-73,173/ archives in, 38-39,40-41,48-49,50-51, 83-84,91,92,93-94,103,105-6,200,286, 299-300,408-9 Bulgarian Telegraph Agency in, 35,84,180, 195-98,197í Central Committee in, 83-84,85,97-98, 106-7,177-78,182-83,201 citizen complaints in, 107-10,161-62,172УЗ, 183-84,191-95, 192í, 199-200, 212, 217-18,218/, 256-57,278-79 collecting and analyzing information on consumer discontent in, 180-98 communist party and information gathering in, 75-76,78,81-82,83-84,86-87,105-6, 180,184-85,297-98 continuity in information provision after 1989 in, 294-301 cultural production and consumption in, 204-8 decrease in antistate crimes in, 169-71,172/ democratization in, 22-23,276-77,29294,302 difficulty penetrating minorities in, 115-16, 162,208-9,210,211,213,214-16 discontent in, 6,22-23,56-58,75-76,77-83, 92-110,161-76,180-98,222-23,278-86 divergences with China of, 195,244,25758,291-92 elections in, 97-99,98t, 279-80 elimination of privileges in, 281-82 elite recruitment in, 110-13,112t elite threats in, 75-76,78-80,163,212,223 end of single-party rule in, 278-86,292-93 ethnic majority alienation in, 217-22 ethnoreligious minorities in, 22,77-78,11016,117-18,162,208-16,280 ex-ante governance in, 22-23,116,161-62 foreign direct investment and special economic zones in, 290 Helsinki Final Act and, 203-4,211 hollowing out military intelligence portfolio in, 86-87 hostile acts of opposition in, 95-96 industrial groups in, 288-89 informants in, 83,87-91,93-94,95-96,1067,1741,175,211,213-16,298-99 information and regime collapse in, 6,283-85
information transfer to leadership in, 83,84, 95,101,104-7,108-9,184-85,186-93, 198-200,223,283-85,286 449 information-gathering institutions in, 23-24, 83-95,117-18,161,224-25,276-77,294, 302,440-41 institution building in, 88-89,116 internal journalistic reporting in, 84-86, 95,301 involuntary collection of information in, 83-95 job assignments for minorities in, 11013,112í labor camps in, 94,165-66,227-28,365,441 lessons learned from other communist regimes in, 201-2 mass threats in, 76,78,80-82,163 material consumption in, 99-102,106-7, 176-80,198-202,217-22 Ministry of the Interior in, 67,77,84,86-87, 88-89,92-93,296-98 opinion polling in, 185-86,187-88,278-79 organized nonpolitical groups in, 221-22 origin of communist regime in, 75-77,78-79 palace coup in, 6,22-23,79,80,86-87,9596,107,278,285-86,301-2 parallels with China of, 75-76,77,78,117, 119,127-28,137,224-26,241-42, 277, 290-91,355,365,440-41 personal land plots in, 287-88 political crimes in, 93,166,167í, 169-71, 172-73,172/, 174-76,215-16 political liberalization in, 279-83,301 political prisoners in, 81,165-66,169-71, 170/, 214-16,215f precommunist bureaucratic capacity in, 76-77 private businesses in, 288 prophylaxis in, 93,161-62,164-65,169-71, 175-76,222 protests in, 81,83-84,97-98,100-1,163, 168-69,182,197,277,279-81,28586,293 purges in, 75-76,79-80,104-5 redistributive spending in, 162,198-99,202, 212,219 redundancy of information collection channels in, 87,180-81 regime resilience in, 162,219,301 repressionin,81-82,93-94,108,161-76, 170/, 215-16,223 responses to ideological subversion in,
161-62,163-65, 172-76,195-96,198, 202-8,219-23 responsiveness to information about material consumption preferences in, 198-202
450 INDEX Bulgaria (cont.) sabotage in, 81,96,163,171,216 selective rewards in, 110-13,112t socialist social contract in, 22,161-62, 176-80,198-202,217-18,223,277,29092,301 solving dictator’s dilemma in, 276,28485,301-2 Soviet influence on, 283,285 sporadic mass incidents in, 168-69 structural constraints on information gathering in, 76-78 surveillance in, 79,80,88-90,91,92-94, 164-65,166,175-76,296-98 tasks of communist regime in, 78-82 voluntary transmission of information in, 90, 107-10,191-92 welfare dictatorship in, 277,286-87,29192,301 women’s rights in, 179-80 Bulgarian Central State Archives (TsDA), 34,112 Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP). See also Information-Sociological Center authenticity ofinformation and, 184-85 Central Control and Audit Commission of, 183-84,200 complaints and, 183-84,200,217-18 Department oflrade and Food Industry of, 182-83 discontent and, 180-81,182-84 factionalism in, 80,166 Industrial-Economic Department of, 182-83 information gathering and, 75-76,78,81-82, 83-84,86-87,105-6,180, 184-85,297-98 membership of, 77,79-80,110-12,112t minorities and, 110-11,112-14,1121,2089,210 Organization Department of, 105-6,18284,185-86 popular mood assessments by, 182-85 Propaganda Department of, 185-86,2067,219-20 women’s rights and, 179-80 Bulgarian Jews, 110-11,112-13 Bulgarian Roma, 94,110,112-13,115,212 Bulgarian Telegraph Agency (BTA) Addendum S-З of, 197,197t archival access to, 35 discontent covered by, 197-98,197t issues in secret and top-secret bulletins, 84, 195-98,197t responses to ideological subversion and, 195-96 secret bulletins of, 195
Bulgarian Turks alienation among, 211 assimilation of, 17-18,22, 113-14, 162,20812,223,365,444 difficulty of penetration by State Security, 77-78,110,115-16,162,208-16 expulsion of, 280-81 Helsinki Final Act and, 211 informants among, 213-16 job assignments for, 112-13,112r language bans on, 213-14 male circumcision and female veiling as religious practices among, 115-16,20910,214,216 mistrust of, 110-11,112-13 monitoring of, 114-16 names of, 211 -14,216,285-86 origin of communist regime and, 113-14 policies toward, 113-14 rate of communist party membership among, 110-11,112-14,1121,2089,210 Regenerative Process (1984-1989), 205-6, 208,213-16,285-86,355,365 repression of, 215-16,280,365,441 responses to ideological subversion and, 211,223 rumor monitoring of, 211,213,293n.75 special rewards for, 112-13,112t bureaucratic capacity census as proxy for, 25-28,76-77 and discontent, 14 illiteracy as an obstacle for, 25,120-21 index of, 24-26,26t precommunist institutions compensating for low levels in China, 26,77,122-25, 149,231-32 and reporting quality, 134,230 Castro, Fidel, 404,409,410-11 Castro, Raúl, 411-12 ССР. See Chinese Communist Party CDR (Committee for Defense of the Revolution) (Cuba), 405,406-7,412-13,413/ census in China, 13,119 complexity of, 13 as proxy for bureaucratic capacity; 2528,76-77 resistance to, 13 Center for Sociological Youth Research (Bulgaria), 184
INDEX Center for Sociopolitical Studies and Opinion Research (CESPO) (Cuba), 410 Central Case Examination Group (China), 239-40 Central Committee Institute for Opinion Research (IfM) (GDR), 399-400 Central Department Store (TsUM) (Sofia), 102 Central Evaluation and Information Group (ZAIG) (Stasi), 396-97 Central Information-Analytical Service (TsIAS) (Bulgarian State Security), 180-81 Central Investigation Department (CID) (China), 153,239-40,242-43 Central Nacional de Informaciones (CNI) (Chile), 432-33 Central News Agency (CNA) (Taiwan) ,415-16 Central Youth Research Institute (ZIJ) (GDR), 399 Chairman Mao. See Mao Zedong Changchun (Jilin province), 49/ 126-27,32526,332 Chaoyang (China), 328 Cheka (VChK) (All-Russian Extraordinary Commission), 371-72,374,376,383, 388-89,392 Chen, Kaiping, 352-54 Chen Quanguo, 363,364 Chen Yi, 239 Chengdu (Sichuan province), 126-27,13435, 326-27 Chernenko, Konstantin, 212 Chervenkov, Valko, 84-85,87,100-1,104-5 Chile, under Pinochet coordination of intelligence gathering in, 428-29 coup in, 432-33 DINA/CNI in, 432-33 informants in, 429,430 information gathering in, 432-34 repression levels in, 432-34,433/-34/ China. See also Ministry of Public Security (MPS); Ministry of State Security (MSS) agents in, 128,129-31,226,228,235,325-26 AI policing in, 22,303,315-16,322-23,329, 364-65,442 archives in, 34-35,41-42,58-59,119-20, 126-27,144,230,237 census in, 13,119 Central Committee in, 133,138,148-49,239 citizen complaints in, 17-18,34-35,117-18, 131-32,144-47,228-30,229/, 235-38, 255-59,256/-57/ 334-45,336/-37/ 44041,444-45 451 communist party
and information gathering in, 123-24,125-26,127,137,150-51,15657,232-34,240-41,345,351-52,354 contemporaneous and retrospective evaluations of enemies in, 135-37 contributions to study of, 440-41 COVID-19 impact on information gathering in, 303,442,443 creating communist information state in, 122-25 cultural security in, 16-17,228,241-42,303, 306-7,308-12,320,332,358,443-44 declining indiscriminancy and severity of repression in, 251-55 democratization of intelligence in, 349-51 denunciations in, 131-32, 145-46,154,230, 263,264-65,264/ 306,361,361/-62/ detecting counterrevolutionaries after 1953 in, 139-40 dictator’s dilemma in, 8-9,22 difficulty penetrating minorities in, 15,18, 126,154-56,264-65,264/, 271,305-6, 359-61,361/ discontent in, 6,8-9,17-18,34,56-58,12526,147-49,150-51,152,153,224,231, 234,241-42,257-59,270-71,303-6,313, 354-55,358,362-66,443,445 divergences with Bulgaria of, 195,244,25758,291-92 elite threat in, 78,137,363 ethnoreligious minorities in, 15,18,125, 126,149-56,259-72,264/, 304-6, 355-65, 361/444 ex-ante governance in, 21-22,25-28,272, 303-4,365-66 ex-post governance in, 312-13,366 food supply monitoring system in, 147-49 foreign direct investment in, 290 grid policing in, 61,125,304,321,322-23,363 hostile foreign forces as threat to political security in, 307-9 informants in, 87,128-31,130/ 175,225, 226,228,235,245-50,246/ 249t, 263-64, 267-68,303,321,324-30,329/ 356,35961,440-41,442 information gathering during Cultural Revolution, 224,234-40,271-72 information gathering during Great Leap Forward, 147-49,224,225-34,271-72 information transfer to
leadership in, 124, 150-51,250,333,352-54 information-gathering institutions in, 6,9, 12-13,156-57,224-25,231,234,240-50
452 INDEX China (cont.) initial years ofcommunist rule in, 138-39, 143-49,156-57 internal journalistic reporting in, 20,133, 239,305-6,347-49,350-51 Internet monitoring in, 306,308-10,319-20, 321,322-24,333-34,341,342-43, 347-49, 350,351-52 involuntary collection of information in, 1718,117,125-26,154,156-57,224,225-28, 235,240-50,264-65,271-72,303-5,321, 345-47,358-61,366 labor camps in, 129,226-27,251-52,264-65, 304,316-19,365,441,444 literacy in, 119-21,120r low bureaucratic quality in, 119-21,13435,149 market social contract in, 437,443,444-45 Ministry of Commerce in, 147,148-49 Ministry of Environment and Ecology in, 34 Ministry of Supervision in, 32-33,193 Olympics in, 315-16,362-63 opinion polling in, 224,240-41,305-6,345 origin of communist state in, 78,117 parallels with Bulgaria of, 75-76,77,78,117, 119,127-28,137,224-26,241 -42,277, 290-91,355,365,440-41 political crimes in, 140,141/, 156t, 227/ 251, 252-54,253t, 262,262t, 266í, 267-70, 269t, 311-12,316-20,317f, 318f, 35961,363-64 political prisoners in, 138,140,141/ 1562, 226-28,227/, 251,252/ 262,262í, 266, 266t, 316-20,317t precommunist bureaucratic capacity in, 26, 77,122-25, 149,231-32 problem of identifying enemies in, 126-37 protests in, 6,259-60,303-4,306-20,334, 335-42,336/ 344-45,363 public-opinion monitoring in, 58-59,224, 240-41,258n. 131,304-5,340-41,345-54 regime resilience in, 22, 365,437,442-45 repression in, 16-17,137-43,139í, 251-55, 304-5,313,338-39,341-42 responses to ideological subversion in, 1617,308-10,440-41,443 roster of regime enemies developed in, 12627,142-43,319-20 sabotage in,
133,139-40,244-45, 314-15, 357,359,443-44 scholarship on, 34,129-30,305-6,307,30910,349,440-41 secret societies in, 127,135-37,140,244-45, 252-54,310-11 shortage of bureaucratic personnel in, 121-22 social credit in, 442 social media companies in, 15-16,118,31415,322-24,329,333-34,342,348-49,350 socialist social contract in, 143-49,255-56, 257-58,334,443 stability maintenance imperative in, 312-16 State Political Security Bureau in, 123-24 strikes in, 143 -44,310-11 structural constraints on information gathering in, 117,118-26 support for regime in, 304-5,340-41,443 surveillance in, 17-18,61,126,127-28,143, 251,252-54,268-71,315-19,324-25, 326-27,328-29,356-57,364-66 technological development in, 61,143,3045,364-65 tools for identification of targets in, 127-31 voluntary transmission ofinformation in, 17-18,117,118,125-26,143-44,224, 228-30,234,235-36,255-59,263-65, 271-72,303-5, 334,345-47,361,445 womens rights in, 236-37 China Social Survey (2017), 329,346-47 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) compared in size to secret societies, 13536,140 department reporting in, 351-52 Discipline Inspection Commission of, 13132,146-47,230,263 evaluations of enemies of, 135-37 grassroots governance and, 349-51 information gathering and, 123-24,125-26, 127,137,150-51,156-57,232-34,240-41, 345,351-52,354 internal media at the central level of, 347-51 Internet monitoring and, 309-10,319-20, 321,346-49 literacy in, 121 membership of, 121-22,135-37,140,15152,154-55,404 minorities and, 125,150-52,154-55, 261-65, 263/, 270,270/-71/, 272-44,356,362 Organization Department of, 131-32
prerevolutionary institutional endowments and,122-24 Propaganda Department of, 38,343-44, 350,352-53 public-opinion monitoring role of, 345-54
INDEX support for, 304-5,340-41 in Tibet, 118-19,150-52,154-56,261-65, 263/, 270,356,362 upward reporting in, 352-54 in Xinjiang, 154-55,270-71,270/-71/, 362 Chinese Communist Party Central Investigation Department (CID), 153, 239-40,242-43 Chongqing, 134-35,268/ CID (Central Investigation Department) (China), 153,239-40,242-43 citizen complaints. See complaints Club for Support of Glasnost and Perestroika (Bulgaria), 280-81 collection ofinformation. See involuntary collection ofinformation Collective Incidents Law (2007) (China), 315-16 Committee for Control by the State and the People (KDNK) (Bulgaria), 180, 184,192-95 Committees for Defense of the Revolution (CDR) (Cuba), 405,406-7, 412-13,413/ Committee for State Security (KGB) (USSR), 35-36,67,69-70,254-55,313-14, 378, 385-88,390-91,397-98 communist information states, 20-21,83-84, 116,122-23,124,156-57,234,238,23940,370 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) banning of, 65,276-77 Central Committee General Department of, 375-76,378-79,426-27 Central Committee Organization Bureau of, 378-79 information gathering and, 107 size of, 409-10 communist regimes and agency problems, 63-64 archives in, 50-51,52-53 and complaints, 21,107 and coups, 7,275-76 and democratization, 275-76 and dictators dilemma, 62-63,64, 410,434-35 and discontent, 13-16,23-24,32,437-38 divided state security in, 67 and ethnoreligious minorities, 15,25-28, 149-50,362-63 and ex-ante governance, 16-17,20-21,24, 32,437-38 and ex-post governance, 16-17 453 and friend-enemy thinking, 50-51 and ideological subversion, 16-17 and illiteracy, 25-28 and
inability to act despite having information, 162,275 and information-gathering institutions, 12-16,18,20,23-24,64,117-18,369-70, 413,436-38 and involuntary collection of information, 14,16,20-21,438 as Leninist subtype, 21 and liberalized media, 14,23,31-33,6566,438-39 and market social contract, 443 overview of volume argumenten, 15-18 and precommunist state capacity index, 24-26,26t and preference falsification, 13-14 and regime resilience, 14-15,64,117-18, 163,276-77,442-43 scholarship on, 14,24-25,67,362 and size, 24-28 and terrain, 24-28 and threat perception, 15-16,20-21,32, 52-53,162 and voluntary transmission of information, 14,16 complaints. See also letters and visits in autocracies, 18,21 in Bulgaria, 107-10,161-62,172-73,183-84, 191-95,192t, 199-200,212,217-18,218/, 256-57,278-79 in China, 17-18,34-35,117-18,131-32, 144-47,228-30,229/, 235-38,255-59, 256/-57/, 334-45,336/-37/ 44041,444-45 in communist regimes, 21,107 discipline inspection denunciations in China, 131-32,263-65,264/֊65/ 306,361/-62/ and ex-ante governance, 32,55-56,61-62, 436,445 in Gansu Province, 235-36,255-56,256/ as index of latent discontent, 59,107,161-62, 210-11,223,278-79,438 and market social contract, 17-18,436-37, 438,444-45 as mechanism for voluntary information transmission, 11,17-18,55-56,107-8, 144,191-92,225,333-34,424-25 online complaints, 333-34,342-44,35253,353f protests, relationship to, 18,55-56,303-4, 333-34,340-41,438,444-45
454 INDEX complaints (cont.) scholarship on, 107-8,342-43 and socialist social contract, 17,161-62,217, 223,255-56 in Soviet Union, 107-8, 371, 37475,380-8! in Taiwan, 422-25,423/ Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (CoCom), 289 correspondence monitoring, 86-87,139-40, 216,252-54,296,324-25,371-75,409 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), 288-89 Counterintelligence Directorate (DGCI) (Cuba), 408-9 coups in communist regimes, 7,275-76 coup-proofing, 13-14,15n.42,67, 86-87, 95-96,436 and dictator’s dilemma, 276 military coups distinguished from palace, 7-8Ո.12 palace, 6,17,22,275,276,278,301-2,403 plotting in light of available information, 56, 95-96,275,278-79 covert informants. See informants, covert COVID-19 impact on information gathering, 303,442,443 CPSU. See Communist Party of the Soviet Union Cuba agents in, 408-9 archives in, 408-9 Committees for Defense of the Revolution (CDR) in, 405,406-7,412-13,413/ complaint letters published in newspapers, 411-13 Cuban Communist Party and information collection, 409-10 dictator’s dilemma in, 410 discontent in, 405,407-8,410-11 DSE of the MININT full time staff, 408-9 DSE of the MININT staff, types of informants, 405,406-7,408-9 fight against guerillas (la lucha contra bandidos) in, 406-7 information transfer to leadership in, 409, 410,412 information-gathering institutions in, 40413,433-34 involuntary collection ofinformation in, 407-8 mature regime information collection in,407-10 Ministry of Defense and information collection in, 405,406-7,412-13 opinion polling (by CESPO) in, 410 regime
establishment and consolidation in, 404-7 regime resilience in, 441 State Security in, 405-6,408-9 voluntary transmission ofinformation in, 407-8, 410-13 Cuban Communist Party, 404,409-10,411 cultural protection (China). See cultural security Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) (China) gradual resumption of agent work after 1970, 234,235-36 impact on information gathering, 224, 23440,271-72 involuntary collection disruptions during, 235 local investigative reporting during, 237-38 recovery of information collection during, 239-40 repression following, 251 suspension ofagent work until 1969,235 voluntary transfer through complaints in, 235-38,255-56 Xinhua News Agency operation during, 234,239-40 cultural security (China). See also ideological subversion and comprehensive state security, 308-9,313 cultural protection as precursor to, 228 defense of, 309-12 and gangs, 310-11 hostile foreign forces as a threat to, 228,26061,303,310-12 and infiltration, 309-11,332,443-44 and Ministry of Public Security, 310-11 and Ministry of State Security, 16-17,3089,310 and National Security Law, 308-9 and patriotic education, 308,309-10,356-57 peaceful evolution as a threat to, 307-9 promoting indigenous cultural consumption as strategy for, 308,309-10 scholarship on, 309-10 and strikes, 310-11 and Tiananmen protests, 308-11 Cultural-Historical Intelligence (Bulgaria), 205-6
INDEX Czechoslovakia census in,26 1953 strike in, 99 1968 Prague Spring in, 177-78 Dalai Lama, 152-53,259-61,355-56 Dalian (Liaoning province), 126-27,325-26 December Program (1972) (Bulgaria), 178-80, 190,201-2 del Valle Jiménez, Sergio, 410-11 Democracy Wall (1978-1979) (China), 251 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK). See North Korea Deng Xiaoping, 260 denunciations anonymous, 30t, 57t in Bulgaria, 107-8 in China, 131-32,145-46,154,230,263, 264-65,264/, 306,361, 361/-62/ Departamento de Información e Investigaciones de las Fuerzas Armadas (DIIFAR) (Cuba), 405 Departamento de Investigaciones del Ejército Rebelde (DIER) (Cuba), 405 dictators dilemma and archival ethnography, 62-63,65-66 in communist regimes, 62-63,64, 410,434-35 and competitive elections, 8-9 and coups, 276 definition of, 6 and discontent, 8-9,21-22,276 and elections, 31-32 and ex-ante governance, 6-7 and inability to act despite having information, 276,284-85 and information-gathering institutions, 6,276 and inspection tours, 8-9 and internal media, 32 and involuntary collection of information, 21-22,55,62-63,434-35 and liberalized media, 8-9,31-32 and notice-and-comment processes, 8-9 overview of, 5-9 and preference falsification, 7,13-14,21-22, 31,439-40 and regime resilience, 6-7,22,64,117-18, 276,284-85,301-2,440 and revolutionary cascades, 64-65,440 scholarship on, 7-9,32,65-66,439-40 455 solutions to, 6-9,21-22,51,55,64,161-62, 276,301-2,434-35,439-40 and voluntary transmission of information, 62-63,65,434-35 dictatorships. See also autocracies average tenure of, 7,8t central problem of,
6,7 communist, 7,63-64,369,393 and discontent, 13-14,439 and information, 6,9,13-14,29,32-33,4344,396-97 lifespan of, 6-7,8i methodological contributions to study of, 438-39 and opacity, 28-29,31,32-33,369 politics of, 8-9,31,33-34,43-44,65-66, 369,438-39 and regime resilience, 29,281-82,434-35 scholarship on, 7,14, 32,33-34,65-66,28182,396-97,438-39 DIER (Departamento de Información e Investigaciones de las Fuerzas Armadas) (Cuba), 405 digital authoritarianism, 56-58,61 digital surveillance, 56-58,61 DIIFAR (Departamento de Investigaciones del Ejército Rebelde) (Cuba), 405 Dimitrov, Georgi, 104-5,113,168,340-41 Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA) (Chile), 432-33 direct sources and archival ethnography, 33-52 contrasted with public artifacts in the study of autocracies, 28-29,32-33 definition of, 33 and methodology, 21, 33,37-38,66 discontent. See also involuntary collection of information; voluntary transmission of information and archival ethnography, 52-59,57t in autocracies, 21,23-24,161-62, 436,437-38 in Bulgaria, 6,22-23,56-58,75-76,77-83, 92-110,161-76,180-98,222-23,278-86 in China, 6,8-9,17-18,34,56-58,125-26, 147-49,150-51,152,153,224,231,234, 241-42,257-59,270-71,303-6,313,35455,358,362-66,443,445 in communist regimes, 13-16,23-24, 32,437-38 complaints as index of latent, 59,107,16162,210-11,223,278-79,438
456 INDEX discontent (cont.) and dictator’s dilemma, 8-9,21-22,276 in dictatorships, 13-14,439 and ex-ante governance, 32,55-56,436-37 and ex-post governance, 32,55-56,61-62, 436,438 group,53-54 indiciaof, 56-59,571 individual, 53-54 and internal information, 9,19,23 latent, 17,22-23,32,53,55-56,64,436-38 and liberalized media, 8-9,14,23,3132,65-66 and material frustrations, 54 monitoring anti-regime propaganda as indicator of, 53-54,54t, 55-56,81,13940,172-73 and monitoring social media posts, 9-10, 15-16,41-42,58-59,61,308-9,323-24, 333-34,342,348-49 overt, 16,17-18,32,53,54,59,61-62, 436,438 overview of, 5-6,8-9,19 political reasons for, 81-82,94 protests as index of overt, 8-9,17-18,32, 55-56,333-34 relationship between overt and latent, 19,95, 109,436,439-40 scholarship on, 9,23 and socialist social contract, 19,22,102, 161-62,201-2,217,223,255-56, 257-58, 277,286-87 techniques for assessing latent, 21-22,57t, 81-82,87-88,107-8,110,162,304,34445,439-40 techniques of assessing overt, 21,39,52-53, 57t, 225,371,436-37,439-40 and technological development, 56-58 Doktorov, second center in the struggle against Zhivkov, 80 Dossier Commission (AKRDOPBGDSRSBNA), 40-41 dream monitoring, 20,103-4 East Germany. See German Democratic Republic East Turkestan Islamic Party, 358-59 Eastern Bloc, 16-17,61,81,99,203,281-82, 290,336-37 Eastern Europe archives in, 36 complaints in, 144,303-4,334 contributions to study of, 441 democratization of, 275-76,437 de-Stalinization in, 116,384 dictators dilemma and, 21-22 discontentin, 9,16,17 ex-ante governance in, 17,21-22,303-4 Helsinki Final
Act in, 17,203 1953 protests throughout, 5,83,99,100-1, 134-35,394 1956 protests in Poland and Hungary, 94, 101,108,313-14 1968 effects of Prague Spring, 168-69,17778,289,313-14 1980-1981 effects of suppression of Solidarity, 181-82,198-99 repression in, 304-5,441 response to ideological subversion in, 16-17, 308,310 socialist social contract in, 17,441,443 technological development in, 56-58 Ecoglasnost (NGO in Bulgaria), 279-80,293-94 email and chat monitoring, 322-23,426-27 enemy contingent list (Bulgaria), compared with targeted population roster (China), 92,164-65,225-26,384 ermu (eyes and ears) (China), 87,128,129,13031,226,235,319-20, 325-26 ethnography. See archival ethnography ethnoreligious minorities. See also Bulgarian Turks; Tibetans; Uyghurs in Bulgaria, 22,77-78,110-16,112t, 117-18, 162,208-16 in China, 15,18,125,126,149-56,259-72, 264/ 304-5,355-65,361f 444 in communist regimes, 15,25-28,14950,362-63 difficulty of penetration of, 15,17-18,438 imperfect legibility of, 25,114-15,117,125, 150-51,271,304-5 in Soviet Union, 110-11,390-91 techniques of co-optation of, 110-13, 112í, 362-65 ex-ante (anticipatory) governance in communist regimes, 16-17,20-21,24, 32,437-38 and complaints, 32,55-56,61-62,436,445 and dictator’s dilemma, 6-7 and discontent, 32,55-56,436-37 ex-post governance, transition to, 16-17, 2021,24,25-28,161,436-37 levels ofrepression under, 16,61-62,436-37 ex-post (retrospective) governance in communist regimes, 16-17 and discontent, 32,55-56,61-62,436,438
INDEX ex-ante governance, transition to, 16֊ 17, 2021,24,25-28,161,436-37 and levels of repression, 16 and quality of information, 16,24 eyes and ears (ermu) (China), 87, 128,129,13031,226,235,319-20,325-26 Falun Gong. See also secret societies growth of, 310-11,313 protests by, 5, 313 as a threat to cultural security, 308,31516,331 Fengxin county (Jiangxi province), 235-36 Formosa Incident (1979) (Taiwan), 418-19,422 Foucault, Michel, 12 Four Cleanups (China), 230,233,235 friend-enemy thinking, 50-51,402-3 Fujian province, 310-11,325-26 Gansu province, 235-36,255-56,260-61 GaoMinghui,418 German Democratic Republic (GDR). See also Ministry of the Interior (Mdl); Stasi agents in, 247 archives in, 38-39,41-42,60,399 Central Committee Opinion Research Institute (IfM) in, 399 citizen complaints in, 145-46,230,399,4012 (see also petitions in) covert informants in, 60,66,67-71,175,247, 325-26,396 discontent in, 5,60,99-100,401-2 distinctiveness ofinformation gathering in, 393,394 functional overlap between Stasi and Mdl, 394-96 information and regime collapse in, 5,27677,400-3 information channels and their relative ranking in, 399-401 information transfer to leadership in, 39699,400 information-gathering institutions in, 393-403 involuntary collection ofinformation in, 399,402-3 mass surveillance in, 61,393-95 1953 Worker Uprising in, 5,99, 134-35,394 opinion polling in, 399-400 overview of, 393 People’s Police in, 69-70,395-96 petitions in, 21-22,258,401-2 (see also citizen complaints in) 457 regime establishment of, 393-95 scholarship on, 399 technological development in, 61
visible informants in, 66,67-71,130-31, 396 voluntary transmission of information in,399 Worker-Peasant Inspection in, 399-400 Youth Research Institute (ZIJ) in, 399,400 glasnost, 217,221 Golden Shield Project, 350 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 23,285,313-14 goriam resistance movement (Bulgaria), 81, 96,393-94 Gorunia, attempted pro-Maoist coup (1965) (Bulgaria), 80 Gotsev, Liuben, 297-98 governance. See ex-ante (anticipatory) governance; ex-post (retrospective) governance Great Leap Forward (1958-1962) (China) categories of regime enemies during, 225-26 change in quality ofNeibu cankao reporting, 148,231-33,232/, 234 cultural protection during, 228 decline of complaints during, 132,145-46, 225,228-30,336-38 denunciations during, 230 hunger as result of, 231-32 identification techniques during, 226-27 impact on information gathering, 147-49, 224,225-34,271-72 involuntary extraction during, 143,225-28 overview of, 225 political prisoners during, 227-28,227/ rise of regularized reporting during, 232-34 small groups during, 226 social-order protection committees during, 226 statistical introspection after, 147-48,23132,234 volume of informants during, 225,226,235 Green Gang, 127,135-36 Greitens, Sheena, 330-31 grid policing (China), 61,125,304, 321,32223,363 Guangxi, 130-31,139t, 140,142-43,243-44, 247,252-55,253t, 311-12,316-19,317t, 318t, 326-27 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 252-54 Guangzhou (Guangdong province), 134-35, 321,322-23,323/ Guiyang (Guizhou province), 126-27,134 Guizhou province, 143, 226
458 INDEX Guomindang. See KMT Guomindang (KMT) Archive, 35-36 Hangzhou (Zhejiang province), 226 Heath, Mark, 102 Hebei province, 233 Heilongjiang province, 226,235,239-40 Helsinki Final Act and dissent in Eastern Europe, 17,203 and ideological subversion, 17,163-64,203-4 and State Security, 171,211 Henan province, 136-37 Hitler, Adolf, 63-64 Honecker, Erich, 63-64,294-95,397-98,399402,403 Hu Jintao, 339-40 Hunan province, 146,332 Hundred Flowers Campaign (1957) (China), 132,145-46 Hung Shou-nan, 421-22 Hungary, 1956 protests in, 94,101-2, 108,313-14 Hussein, Saddam, 425-26 ideological subversion. See also cultural security (China) boosting patriotic pride in response to, 162, 204,205-6,211,443-44 in Bulgaria, 161-62,163-65,172-76,195-96, 198,202-8,219-23 in China, 16-17,241-42,308-10,44041,443 in communist regimes, 16-17 creation of Cultural-Historical Intelligence in Bulgaria in response to, 205-6 creation of Fifth Directorate of KGB in response to, 241-42,389-90 creation of Ministry of State Security in China in response to, 75-76,241 42,307-8 creation of Sixth Directorate of State Security in Bulgaria in response to, 172-76,241-42, 296-97,299 in Eastern Europe, 16-17 facilitated by Helsinki Final Act, 17,16364,203-4 and ideological police (State Security), 19, 163-64,173-74,175-76 jamming of Western radio stations in response to, 164-65,198,220-21,279-80 promoting indigenous culture in response to, 16-17,19,161-62,198,204-8,223,301, 308,309-10,437,443-44 in Soviet Union, 163-65,202-3,205-8 spectacles in response to, 161-62,204,205-6, 211,219,308 State Security responses
to, 75-76,163-65, 172-76,202-3,205-8,221-22,241-42, 296-97,299,307-8 vectors for, 161,164-65,202-3,228,303 Western cultural products as vector for, 1617,161-62,163-65,190-91,202,206-8, 221-22,308 imams (Bulgaria) agent penetration among, 211,214 surveillance by State Security of, 115-16 sway over Bulgarian Turkish community, 115-16 India, information gathering in, 12,153 infiltration. See cultural security (China); ideological subversion informant recruitment techniques for agents, 90,92-93,153,213 blackmail, 60-61,70,90,128,214,254-55, 319,383 ideological conviction, 60-61,90,128 material (monetary) incentives, 60-61,128, 214,296-97 informants, covert. See also agents in Bulgaria, 87-91,93-94,95-96,106-7,115, 175,211,213,214-15,298-99 in China, 128-31,225,226,228,235,245-47, 249-50,303,321,324-26,356,359,442 (see also teqing and ermu) in Cuba, 405,406-7,408-9 in German Democratic Republic, 60,66,6771,175,247,325-26,394-95,396 overt informants distinguished from, 66-72 in Soviet Union, 254-55,383,385,390-91 in Taiwan, 417-18 informants, prison in Bulgaria, 215-16,215r in China, 129,325 in Soviet Union, 371-72 informants, visible (Bulgaria), 90-91,170-71, 175Ո.42 informants, visible (China) assistant police, 128-31,263-64,267-68, 328,329/ Chaoyang masses, 328 compensation for, 325-28 continuity after 1989 of, 326-30 Cultural Revolution and, 235 factory and school protection teams, 32627,328 functions of, 330
INDEX group defense patrol teams, 328 joint defense teams, 245,326-27, 328,330 liaisons, 128-29,245,328,417 mass protection and mass order teams, 328 neighborhood watch small groups, 326-27, 328,330 night duty points, 326-27 number of, 245,246/, 247-49,249t, 32829,329/ patrols, 245,326-27,328,330 rate of saturation of, 130-31,130/, 328 security companies, 326-28,330 social protection teams, 326-27,328,330 social-order auxiliary forces, 328 social-order protection committees and small groups, 128-31, 130/, 154-55,226, 235,245-49,248/, 267-68,326-30,359-61 social-order protection offices, 326-27 social-order protection posts, 326-27 informants, visible (German Democratic Republic), 66,67-71,130-31,396 information. See also involuntary collection of information; voluntary transmission of information and archival ethnography, 11,52-53 contributions of present volume to study of, 19-23 and dictatorships, 6,9,13-14,29,32-33, 43-44,396-97 granularity of, 9-10 internal information, 9,11,19-20 panoptical vision and, 12-13,24-25,161-62 quality of, 10,16,24 raw data contrasted with, 9-11 and regime resilience, 5,6-7,22,44,64, 65,117-18,276-77,284-85,301-2, 440,442-45 socioeconomic, obstacles to gathering, 13-14 sociopolitical, obstacles to gathering, 13-14 and technological development, 10-11 unprocessed intelligence contrasted with, 9-11 information transfer to leadership and agency problems, 8-9,31,48,63-64 in Bulgaria, 83,84,95,101,104-7,108-9, 184-85, 186-93,198-200,223,28385,286 in China, 124,150-51,250,333,352-54 in Cuba, 409,410 in German Democratic Republic, 396-99, 400,412
selective transmission vs deliberate suppression, 333,352-54 459 in Soviet Union, 372-73,374-75,376, 37879,381-82,392 in Taiwan, 369-70,414-15,416-17 information-gathering institutions and AI policing, 22,303,315-16,322-23, 329,364-65,442 in Argentina, 18,369-70,428-32 in autocracies, 7, 19-21,369,436,437-38 in Bulgaria, 23-24,83-95,117-18,161,22425,276-77,294,302,440-41 in China, 6,9,12-13,156-57,224-25,231, 234,240-50,303,369-70,440-41 in communist regimes, 12-16,18,20,23-24, 64,117-18,369-70,413,436-38 in Cuba, 404-13,433-34 and dictator’s dilemma, 6,276 in German Democratic Republic, 393-403 impact of COVID-19 on, 303,442,443 in Iraq, 425-26 in Leninist regimes, 18,21,369-70,434-35 in non-Leninist regimes, 21,369-70,43435,438-39 and regime resilience, 6-7,276-77,302 in Russia under Putin, 426-27 and social credit, 442 in Soviet Union, 372-92 in Taiwan, 414-25 tradeoffs between types of, 20,53,62,392, 393,413 Information-Sociological Center (BCP) analytical reports on problems (ZP), 189-91, 199-200 briefs on volume and distribution of complaints, 191-95,192t, 199-200 creation of, 184-85 destruction of archives of, 295-96 mood assessments by, 185-86 opinion polling by, 187-88 overviews of critical media publications, 188-89 reports after Zhivkovs ouster in November 1989,294-96 reports of, 185-93,294-96 responsiveness to consumer complaints of, 199-200 rumor reports of, 186-87 Sociological Group as precursor, 184 Inner Mongolia, 150t, 244t Integrated Revolutionary Organizations (ORI) (Cuba), 404 Intelligence Directorate (DGI) (Cuba), 408-9 intelligence-gathering
institutions. See information-gathering institutions
460 INDEX internal journalistic reporting in Bulgaria, 84-86,95,301 in China, 20,133,239,305-6,34749, 350-51 in Leninist regimes, 15-16,20,83,425-26 in Soviet Union, 372-73,381-82 in Taiwan, 414,415-16 Internet monitoring (China), 306,308-10,31920,321,322-24,333-34,341, 342-43 Internet service providers (ISPs) (China), 323-24 involuntary collection ofinformation. See also surveillance accuracy of, 11 and agency problems, 11 and archival ethnography, 55-56,56t in Bulgaria, 83-95 in China, 17-18,117,125-26,154, 156-57, 224,225-28,235,240-50,264-65,271-72, 303-5,321,345-47,358-61,366 in communist regimes, 14,16,20-21,438 and dictator’s dilemma, 21-22,55,6263,434-35 and information quality, 16 and joke monitoring, 16,19-20 and rumor monitoring, 16,19-20 techniques for, 10-11,16,305,320-34 and technological development, 11 voluntary transmission contrasted with, 16, 20,55-56,56t Iraq (1968-2003) archives in, 36-38 Ba'th party membership in, 425-26 difficulty penetrating ethnic minorities in, 425-26 information-gathering institutions in, 42526,428 involuntary extraction ofinformation in, 425-26 voluntary transmission of information through petitions in, 425-26 lugov, Anton, 101 Ivanov, Dimitar, 204,299 Jews, Bulgarian, 110-11,112-13 Jiang Jingguo, 420-21 Jiang Zemin, 335,355-56 Jiangsu province, 134-35,145,225-26,244-45 Jiangxi province, 38,235-36,342-43,351-54 Jiangxi Soviet, 123 Jilin city, 142-43 Jilin province, 332 Jinan (Shandongprovince), 142,333 Jiujiang (Jiangxi province), 342-44,350,35154,353í Jiujiang Internet Propaganda Office, 351-53 Joint State Political Directorate
(OGPU) (USSR), 377-78,388-89,392 joke monitoring in Bulgaria, 107,166-68,203 individuals prosecuted for spreading jokes and rumors in Bulgaria, 166-68,167/ and involuntary collection of information, 16,19-20 KDNK (Committee for Control by the State and the People) (Bulgaria), 180,184,192-95 KGB (Committee for State Security) (USSR), 49/ 67,170-71,241-42,254-55,313-14, 378-79,381-82,384-91,397-98 Kiszczak, Czeslaw, 38-39 KMT (Guomindang) CCP drawing from, 122-23, 124,142 in China, 122,135-37,225-26 classified bulletins in Taiwan and, 416-17 democratization in Taiwan and, 302 evaluations of enemies from, in China, 127, 135-37,142 purges of, in China, 122 in Taiwan, 414-17 youth league of, in China, 127, 136-37 KMT Archive, 35-36 König, Herta, 397-98 Kostov, Traicho, 79-80,92 Kotkov, Nikola, 168-69 Krenz, Egon, 400-1,403 Kristeva, Julia, 40-41 Kufardzhiev-Varon letter (1960) (Bulgaria), 80 Kundera, Milan, 40-41 Kurdzhali province (Bulgaria), 210-11 labor camps, Bulgaria decision to close, 94,165 inmates of, 94,165-66,227-28 reopening during Regenerative Process, 365,441 labor camps, China reeducation-through-labor inmates in, 129, 226-27,251-52,264-65,316-19 and Uyghurs, 304,365,441,444 Laos, communist regime in, 117 Law on Suggestions, Signals, Complaints, and Requests ( 1980) (Bulgaria), 191-92 Law on the Tasks and Powers of the Peoples Police (1968) (GDR),69
INDEX leadership, information transfer to. See information transfer to leadership Legion of Mary (Shengmujun) (China), 127 Lenin, Vladimir, 84-85,374-75,392 Leninist parties compared with communist, 21 and information gathering, 18,21,36970,434-35 and internal journalistic reporting, 15-16, 20,83,425-26 Taiwan as noncommunist regime, 414,425 letters and visits (China), 131-32,145-47,224, 228-30,235-37,255-58,303-4,334-36, 337-38,342-43. See also complaints Letters-and-Visits Offices, 256-57 Lhasa (Tibet), 5,152-53,259-61,31213,355-56 Li Peng, 335 Liaoning province, 142,250,310-11,333 liberalized media in communist regimes, 14,23,31-33,6566,438-39 and dictators dilemma, 8-9,31-32 and discontent, 8-9,14,23,31-32,65-66 Ligachev, Yegor, 392 Lincang county (Yunnan province), 126-27 Ling Jihua, 363 Liu Shaoqi, 260 Liuzhou (Guangxi), 142-43 Manchuria, 118-19 Mao Zedong death of, 224,240-41,251,255-56 hunger reporting under, 231 internal journalistic reporting under, 20 socialist social contract under, 443 social-order protection committees under, 128-29 Tibet and, 5,153,259-60 typical surveyor, 13,231-32 Xinhua News Agency under, 349 market social contract in communist regimes, 443 compared with socialist social contract, 436-37 and complaints, 17-18,436-37,438,444-45 protests as mechanism for enforcement of, 17-18,440-41,444-45 regime resilience under, 17-18,436-37,44041,444-45 Markov, Georgi, 221 MdL See Ministry of the Interior (GDR) media, liberalized. See liberalized media M£S. See Stasi 461 Mielke, Erich, 398,402-3 Ministry of Defense (MINFAR) (Cuba), 4057,412-13 Ministry of
Justice Investigation Bureau (MJIB) (Taiwan), 418 Ministry of Public Security (MPS) (China) agents (teqing) of, 128,129-31,226,228, 235,325-26 cessation of domestic agent use by, 235 continuity following 1989 of, 330-33 creation of, 127 Cultural Revolution and, 235 cultural security and, 310-11 Democracy Wall and, 251 development of roster of regime enemies by, 319-20 Economic and Cultural Security Department, 250 Entry-Exit Department of, 331 eyes and ears fermu), 87,128,129,130-31, 226,235,319-20,325-26 full-time staff of, 122,127-28,330-31 functional overlap with MSS, 242,243-45, 249-50,314-15 grid policing and, 321-23,323/ Household Registration Department of, 319 informant use by, 128-31 initial years of communist rule and, 138-39 internal organization of, 87,331 Mass Incidents Department of, 331 minority members of the police in Xinjiang, 149-50,154-55,155t number of informants used by, 128-31 110 hotline of, 321 -23 opacity of, 32-33 Political Protection Department (guobao), 243-44,250,319,331-32 protests and, 312-13,315 repression and, 138-39 responses to ideological subversion by, 24142,307-8 secret informants of, 129-30,245,24950,324-27 secret societies and, 244-45 610 Office (Anticult Department), 331-32 Social Order Department of, 331 social-order informants of, 128-30,130/ stability maintenance mandate of, 314-16 strike prevention by, 143-44 Technical Investigation Team of, 250 techniques for identifying enemies of, 321-33 technological development and, 322-23 Tiananmen protests and, 244-45,306
462 INDEX Ministry of Public Security (MPS) (China) (cont.) tools for identification of targets by, 127-28 transfer of information by, 333 visible informants of, 128-31,130/, 245, 246/, 328-29 Ministry of State Security (MfS) (GDR). See Stasi Ministry of State Security (MGB) (USSR), 390-91 Ministry of State Security (MSS) (China) absolute size and saturation rate of, 243-44, 244t, 330-31 continuity following 1989 of, 330-31 cultural security and, 16-17,308-9,310 full-time staff of, 242-43,2441,330-31 functional overlap with MPS, 242,243-45, 249-50,314-15 intelligence on, 242-43 internal organization of, 242-43 opacity of, 32-33 peaceful evolution threat and, 307-8 rationale for creation, 224,228,241-43,307 responses to ideological subversion by, 24142,307-8 stability maintenance and, 313,314-15 Tiananmen protests and, 307-8,313 Ministry of the Interior (Mdl) (GDR) full-time staff of, 395-96 functional overlap with the Stasi of, 68, 394-96 mass surveillance by, 394-96 secret informants (IKM) of, 68-71 transmission of information by, 398 visible associates (FH) of, 68-71,130-31,247 Ministry of the Interior (MININT) (Cuba), 405, 406-7,408-10 minorities. See ethnoreligious minorities Mladenov, Petar, 285-86,293 Mongolia, 23-24 monitoring anti-regime propaganda as an indicator of discontent, 53-54,54t, 5556,81,139-40,172-73 graffiti, 53-54,54t, 55-56,56t, 163,17273,385-86 leaflets, 81,96,101,139-40,163,172-73,216, 222,252-54,319-20,394,395-96 monitoring correspondence, 86-87,139-40, 216,252-54,296,324-25,371-75,409 monitoring dreams, 20,103-4 monitoring jokes. See joke
monitoring monitoring public conversations, 343-44,410 monitoring rumors. See rumor monitoring monitoring social media posts in Jiujiang, 342-43,350,351-54, 353t as mechanism for assessing discontent, 9-10, 15-16,41-42,58-59,61,308-9,323-24, 333-34,342,348-49 MPS. See Ministry of Public Security MSS. See Ministry of State Security muftis (Bulgaria), 115-16 Naidenov, Georgi, 288-89 Nanfang Media Group, 349,350-51 Nanjing (Jiangsu province), 126-27,134-35 Nanning (Guangxi), 134-35,142-43 National Peoples Congress (NPC) (China), 78, 146-47,241-42 National Public Complaints and Proposals Administration (China), 34-35 National Revolutionary Police (PNR) (Cuba), 405 National Security Bureau (Taiwan), 416-17, 419,420-21 National Security Law (2015) (China), 308-9 Nazi Germany, 63-64,65,107-8,221,393-94 Neibu cankao (internal reference serial) (China) beginning of, 124,132-33 complaints and, 144,146-48 coverage of sensitive items by, 103-4,124, 132-34,134f, 147-48,148/, 231-32,24041,377-78 Great Leap Forward and, 148,231-33, 232/234 hunger and famine reports in, 147-48, 148/231-32 number of issues 1949-1964,148/ 232/ rumor monitoring by, 103-4,133 Tibet reporting of, 150,1501, 260-61 Xinhua News Agency and, 124,132-33 nondemocracies. See dictatorships nontransparency. See also opacity archival ethnography as a technique for overcoming, 28-29,33,43-47 as problem in the study of autocracies, 19, 32-33,35 North Korea, State Security in, 67 NPC (National Peoples Congress) (China), 78, 146-47,241-42 offline contention. See protests OGPU (Joint State Political Directorate) (USSR),
377-78,388-89,392 online complaint forums, 333-34,342-44, 352-53,3531
INDEX opacity. See also nontransparency archival ethnography as a technique for overcoming, 28-29,33,43-47 and dictatorships, 28-29,31,32-33,369 problem of, 28-29, 31,32-33 scholarship and, 28-29,31,32-33 Open Government Information Initiative (OGI) (China), 34-35 operational reporting system for enemy and anti-Soviet activity (Soviet Union), 384 opinion polling and archival ethnography, 58-59 in Bulgaria, 185-86,187-88,278-79 change over time in informational value of, 58-59 in China, 224,240-41,305-6,345 compared with typical survey in China, 13 in German Democratic Republic, 399-400 from involuntary to voluntary in, 346-47 and preference falsification, 187-88,346 in Soviet Union, 346,379-81 validity and reliability of, 58-59,18788,346-47 Pan, Jennifer, 352-54 Panchen Lama, 152-53,260-61 People’s Armed Police (PAP) (China), 152,153, 312-13,314-15,330-31 People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) (USSR), 123 People’s Liberation Army (PLA) (China), 152, 153,239,259-60,305-6,357 People’s Republic of China (PRC). See China perestroika, 221,278-79,281-82,346 Perón, Juan, 433-34 petitions. See complaints phone tapping, 32,61,91,154-55,296,324-25, 409,417 Pieck, Wilhelm, 399 Pinochet, Augusto, 428-29,432-33 pishi (instruction) (China), 106,237,250,34849,354 PLA (People’s Liberation Army) (China), 152, 153,239,259-60,305-6,357 Podkrepa (independent labor union in Bulgaria), 279-81,285-86 Poland democratization in, 283 media coverage of, 148,150 1980-81 suppression of Solidarity in, 19899,201 1956 protests in, 101-2,313-14 opinion polling in, 58-59 463 political crimes
Bulgaria, anti-state crimes in, 93,166,167 í, 169-71,172-73,172/ 174-76,215-16 Bulgaria, prison population of operational interest to State Security in, 21516, 215í China, counterrevolutionary crimes in, 140, 141/, 156t, 227/, 251,252-54,2531,262, 262í, 2661,311-12,316-20,3171,3181, 359-61,363-64 China, crimes of endangering state security in, 267-68,319-20, 359-61,363-64 Soviet Union, crimes against the state in, 385, 3861-871,388-89 Taiwan, opposition cases in, 419-20,421/ Taiwan, rebellion and spy cases in, 41920,420/ Urumqi (China), political cases in, 26770,269t political prisoners in Bulgaria, 81,165-66,169-71,170/, 21416,2151 in China, 138,140,141/ 1561,226-28,227/, 251-54,252/, 262,2621,266,2661, 31620,3171 in Tibet, 262,2621 in Xinjiang, 156t, 2661,363-64 polling, opinion. See opinion polling pomaks (Bulgarian-speaking Muslims), 110,211-12 preference falsification in autocracies, 31-32,439 in communist regimes, 13-14 and dictator’s dilemma, 7,13-14,21-22, 31,439-40 information that does not suffer from, 21-22 mechanisms for mitigating, 13-14,21-22,31, 55,439-40 and opinion polling, 187-88,346 scholarship on, 31,346 Presidents Daily Brief (PDB) (U.S.), 399-400 prison informants. See informants, prison prisoners. See political prisoners propaganda monitoring. See monitoring anti regime propaganda prophylaxis in Bulgaria, 93,161-62,164-65,169-71, 175-76,222 compared with repression, 93,161-62,17071,175-76 logic of adoption, 93, 161-62,164-65 in Soviet Union, 254,385-90,386í
464 INDEX protests in Bulgaria, 81,83-84,97-98,100-1,163, 168-69,182,197,277,279-81,285-86,293 in China, 6,259-60,303-4,306-20,334, 335-42,336/, 344-45, 363 complaints, relationship with, 18,55-56, 303-4,333-34,340-41,438,444-45 as index of overt discontent, 8-9,17-18,32, 55-56,333-34 and information transfer, 31-32,55-56,6566,303-4,333-34,344-45 and market social contract, 17-18,44041,444-45 number of (China), 335-37, 336/ responses to (China), 313,315,338-42 scholarship on, 14,23,31,32-33,338-39 toleration of, 338-39 PSB. See Public Security Bureau public artifacts, contrasted with direct sources in the study of autocracies, 28-29,3233,438-39 public conversation monitoring, 343-44,410 Public Security Bureau (PSB) (China), 128,152, 153,228,250Ո.105, ЗЮп.25,321-22 Putin, Vladimir, 45-47,425-28 Qaidam Basin (Qinghai province), 147-48 Qiao Shi, 335 Qinghai province, 153,226,260-61 Qinghua Shengjiao, 244-45 Radevski, Khristo, 101 Radio Free Europe (RFE), 164-65,19596,211-12 radio stations. See Western radio stations Rashid, Haroun al-, 8-9 recruitment techniques. See informant recruitment techniques redundancy in information, 48,49-50,55,6364,87,180-81,392,400 Regenerative Process (1984-1989) (Bulgaria), 205-6,208,213-16,285-86,355,365 regime resilience and archival ethnography, 65 in autocracies, 117-18,276-77,436 in communist regimes, 14-15,64,117-18, 163,276-77,442-43 and consumption, 78,82,110,116,163, 186,439-40 and dictators dilemma, 6-7,22,64,117-18, 276,284-85,301-2,440 and dictatorships, 29,281-82,434-35 and information,
5,6-7,22,44,64,65,11718,276-77,284-85,301-2,440,442-45 and information-gathering institutions, 6-7,276-77 under market social contract, 17-18,163, 436-37,440-41,444-45 and revolutionary cascades, 64-65,440 under socialist social contract, 116,176-77, 301,437 repression in Bulgaria, 81-82,93-94,108,161-76,170/, 215-16,223 in China, 16-17,137-43,139t, 251-55,3045,313,338-39,341-42 indiscriminate, 64,117-18,365 and quality of information, 16,162, 251,391-92 selective, 16-17,94,137,166,169-71,175, 215-16,223,251,252-54,271-72,301, 303-4,365,379-80,384,388-90,39192,441 in Soviet Union, 385-90,3871,391-92 in Taiwan, 419-22,420/-21/ retrospective governance. See ex-post (retrospective) governance Roma, Bulgarian, 94,110,112-13,115,212 Romania, repression in, 23-24 ROSTA (Russian Telegraph Agency), 37276,381-82 roster of targeted population. See targeted population roster (China) Ruan Chengzhang, 418 rumor monitoring individuals prosecuted for spreading jokes and rumors in Bulgaria, 166-68,167/ Information-Sociological Center in Bulgaria, systematically by, 186-87 and involuntary collection of information, 16,19-20 Neibu cankao, nonsystematically in China in, 103-4,133 Russia, Soviet. See Soviet Union Russia, under Putin archives in, 45-47 falsification of history in, 45-47 internal media in, 426-27 opinion polling in, 426-28 Peoples Control Committees in, 426-27 Presidents Office, complaints to, 426-27 security services in, 426-27 United Russia and information gathering, 426-28
INDEX Russian Empire information gathering in, 371 -72 okhrankain, 371-72 Third Department of the Emperor’s Office, 371-72 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 390 Russian Telegraph Agency (ROSTA), 37276,381-82 sabotage agricultural, 59,138,163 in Bulgaria, 81,96,163,171,216 in China, 133,139-40,244-45, 314-15,357, 359,443-44 industrial, 44,59,163,216,314-15, 394,408-9 Schabowski, Günter, 400-1 Schatzberg, Michael, 48 Scientific-Technical Intelligence (Bulgaria), industrial espionage conducted by, 181 Scoggins, Suzanne, 330-31 secret informant (IKM) (GDR), 68-71 secret societies (China) compared to CCP, 135-36,140 Falun Gong, 5,308,310-11,313,315-16,331 Green Gang, 127,135-36 membership of, 135-36,140 Qinghua Shengjiao, 244-45 as a threat to cultural security, 24445,310-11 White Lotus, 127,135-36 Yiguandao, 127 Secretaría de Inteligencia del Estado (SIDE) (Argentina), 429 Selassie, Haile, 49-50 Shaanxi province, 235 Shandong province, 243,244-45,310-11,320, 324,328 Shanghai, 132,134,142,145,146, 230,235-38, 240-41,247,255-56,311-12,32122,328 Shanghai Municipal Archives (SMA) (China), 144 Shannan (Lhoka) (Tibet), 152-53, 259-60 Sharp Eyes Project (China), 315-16 Shigatse (Tibet), 152-53,260-61,356-57 short-messaging service (SMS), 6 Sichuan province, 261-62 Smolensk Archive, 36-38 social contract. See market social contract; socialist social contract 465 social credit (China), 442 social media monitoring. See monitoring social media posts socialist revolutionaries (essers) (SR), 376 socialist social contract in Bulgaria, 22,161-62,176-80,198-202,
217-18,223,277,290-92,301 in China, 143-49,255-56,257-58,334,443 compared with market social contract, 43637,438,443 conditional loyalty under, 201-2,217-18, 259,272,291-92,437 consumption expectations under, 107,180, 198-99,201 and discontent, 19,22,102,161-62,201-2, 217,223,255-56,257-58,277,286-87 quiescence under, 54,102,161-62,223, 3034,344-45,414,420,439-40 and redistribution, 16-17,198-99,436-37 and regime resilience, 116,176-77,301,437 reneging on, 17,22,202,217,257-58,277,437 role of citizen complaints in, 17,161-62,217, 223,255-56 types of, 436-37 social-order protection committees and small groups (China) and Cultural Revolution, 235 functions of, 128-29,226,245-47,26364,326-27 and Great Leap Forward, 226 management of, 235,326-28 origins of, 128-29,245-47 responsibility system for, 359-60n.242 saturation by province, 129-31,130/ 226, 245-49,248/ 268/, 328 Sociological Group of the Central Committee of the BCP. See InformationSociological Center SOE (state-owned enterprise) (China), 277, 290-91,423-24 Solakov, Angel, 166,168 Soviet Union agent network size in, 371-72,383-84,385, 389-91 (see also informant network size in) archives in, 35-36,384 citizen complaints in, 107-8,371,37475,380-81 classified bulletins in, 381-82 closed letters system in, 375-76 Communist Party of the Soviet Union and information gathering, 107,375-76,37879,426-27
466 INDEX Soviet Union (cont.) counteracting ideological subversion (Fifth Department of KGB), 241-42,389-90 difficulty penetrating minorities in, 1 ΙΟ Ι 1,390-91 discontent in, 377,378,385-90,392 dissolution of, 308-9 general theoretical conclusions from, 391-92 individuals charged with crimes against the state in, 385,386t-87t, 388-89 informant network size in, 385 (see also agent network size in) information gathering during initial postrevolutionary period in, 372-75 information transfer to leadership in, 37273,374-75,376,378-79,381-82,392 information-gathering institutions in, 372-92 internal journalistic reporting in, 37273,381-82 KGB in, 49/, 67,170-71,241-42,254-55, 313-14,378-79,381-82,384-91,397-98 MGB (Ministry of State Security) in, 390-91 NKVD (Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs) in, 123 OGPU (Joint State Political Directorate) in, 377-78,388-89,392 operational reporting system for enemy and anti-Soviet activity reduction, 384 opinion polling in, validity and reliability of, 346,379-81 origins ofinformation state in, 371-79 Red Army assessments of the popular mood and discontent in, 371,372-73,376 reducing agent network and extent of operational surveillance in, 384-85 Russian Telegraph Agency (ROSTA) and information gathering in, 372-76,381-82 scholarship on, 49-50,375-76 selective repression in, 385-90,387t, 391-92 sensitive informabon circulation in, 378-79,392 State Security and information in, 49-50,67, 69-70,374-78,379-80,383-84,391,392 Telegraph Agency ofthe Soviet Union (TASS) and information gathering in, 374-75,381-82 tradeoff between
information and quality and intensity of repression in, 384,391 -92 tradeoff between party and State Security reporting streams in, 392 tradeoff between the size and quality of informant network in, 392 use of prophylaxis by the KGB in, 254,38590,386t utility of redundancy in reporting streams for cross-checking information, 392,400 VChK (Cheka) (All-Russian Extraordinary Commission), 371-72,374,376,383, 388-89,392 World War II, information gathering after, 379-92 soviets (in China), 118-19,124,149 special assignment officer (OibE) (Stasi), 395-96 Stalin, Joseph, 63-64,84-85,99,116,134-35, 255-56,383-84 Stasi (MfS) (GDR) archives for, 37-39,60 dissolution of, 276-77 domestic counterintelligence reports by, 60, 71,396-98,397t end of GDR and, 5,402-3 establishment of, 394 full-time staff of, 244t, 396 functional overlap with the Ministry of the Interior, 68,394-96 informant recruitment techniques of, 60-61 information transfer to leadership by, 396-98 mass surveillance by, 394-96 number of informants of, 60,66,68-71,247 threat perception by, 5,394 types of informants of, 68-70 Stasi Records Archive (BStU) (Germany), 37-39 State Security (Bulgaria) absolute size and saturation rate of, 24344,244Ѓ agency problems for, 90,105-6 agents of, 174-75,174t, 211,213,214,29798,299 Central Information-Analytical Service of, 180-81 consumer concessions and, 102 continuity of information in, 296-300 Cultural-Historical Intelligence of, 205-6 decrease in antistate crimes and, 169-71 destruction of files of, 298-99 dream monitoring by, 103-4 ethnoreligious minorities and, 113,114-16
evolution of threat perception by, 163-64,169 food production monitoring by, 181-82 full-time staff of, 89-90,175,243-44,244t Helsinki Accords and, 203-4,211 informants of, 90-91 information quality and, 93-94 institution building and, 88-89 insurance policies of, 298 joke monitoring by, 166-68 leadership reports by, 105-6
INDEX low support for the party and, 97-99 monetizing knowledge by, 298-99 monitoring hostile acts of opposition by, 95-96 number ofinformants of, 90-91,174t organized nonpolitical groups and, 221-22 overview of, 87-88 political crimes investigated by, 167t, 215-16 popular mood reporting by, 181-82 prophylaxis by, 170-71,175-76 recruitment methods of, 90 reduction in size of, 106-7 reporting by, 104-6 repression and, 93-94 responses to ideological subversion by, 8586,163-65,202-3,205-8,221-22 rumor reports by, 186-87,211 Scientific-Technical Intelligence of, 181 Sixth Directorate (ideological police) of, 17276,296-97,299 strikesand, 99-100 technical surveillance by, 91 use of available information by, 91-93 State Security Department (DSE) (Cuba), 405-7 Stoianov, Dimitar, 283-84 Strike Hard Campaign (1983) (China), 24142,251 subversion, ideological. See ideological subversion surveillance. See also involuntary collection of information audio, 61,91,409 in Bulgaria, 79,80,88-90,91,92-94,164-65, 166,175-76,296-98 in China, 17-18,61, 126,127-28,143,251, 252-54,268-71,315-19,324-25,32627,328-29 digital, 56-58,61 mass, 61,394-96 social surveillance, 126,329 technical, 11,89,91,127-28,296-98, 324-25, 396,417 video, 61,91,409 Taiwan (1949-!987) agents in, 417-18 archives in, 35-36 avenues for petitioning in, 422-25 classified bulletins in, 416-17 complaints in, 422-25,423/ covert informants in, 417-18 democratization in, 276,302,422 difference from communist regimes of, 419-20 information transfer to leadership in, 36970,414-15,416-17 467 information-gathering institutions in,
414-25 internal journalistic reporting in, 414,415-16 involuntary extraction ofinformation in, 414 KMT and information gathering in, 414-15, 416-17,422 as Leninist non-communist regime, 414,425 opposition cases in, 419-20,421/ overview of, 414 rebellion and spy cases in, 419-20,420/ repression and violence in, 419-22,420/-21/ scholarship on, 418 similarity with communist regimes of, 41517,425 social contract absent in, 420,423-24 State Security in, 417-22 volume ofpetitions in, 423 voluntary transmission of information in, 422-25 welfare expectations in, 414,420,423-25 White Terror, 419-20,421-22 targeted population roster (China) Bulgaria, compared with the enemy contingent list in, 164-65 monitoring of domestic enemies through,319-20 role ofinformants for populating, 129,140, 142-43,249-50,319,359-61 Soviet Union, compared with the operational reporting in, 92,254-55,384 Taiwan, compared with blacklists in, 419 TASS (Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union) (USSR), 374-75,381-82 Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) (USSR), 374-75,381-82 teqing (secret agents or covert informants in China), 128,129,130-31,226,228,235,325 Terpeshev, Dobri, 79-80 Texim Industrial Group (Bulgaria), 288-89 Tiananmen protests (1989) (China) complaints following, 335-36 cultural security impacted by, 307-9 effects on information of, 305-6,307-8,312, 313-14,319-20,326-27,330-31 ethnoreligious minorities and, 266-67 internal reporting on, 305-6 market social contract following, 436-37 peaceful evolution as cause of, 307-8 regime resilience following, 304-5,312,314-15 repressive response to,
252-54,283,304-5 selective enforcement following, 316-20 stability maintenance imperative following, 312,319-20,335-36 voluntary transmission ofinformation and, 257-58
468 INDEX Tianjin, 233,236-37,255-56 Tibet CCP membership in, 150-52,154-56,26165,263/, 270,270/, 356,362 complaints in, 263,361 difficulty of penetration of minorities in, 1718,125,149-54,261-62, 355 discipline inspection denunciations in, 154, 263,264-65,264/, 361/ discontent in, 5,149-50,153,362-63 grid policing in, 125,304,363 informants in, 263-65,356 involuntary collection of information in, 154,264-65 lessons learned from uprising in, 261-65 manual on information gathering in, 152-53 minority share of CCP in, 259,261 -63, 263/ 264-65 1987 riots and imposition ofmartial law, 259, 264-65,312-13,355-57 1959 Uprising in, 125, 149-50,232-34,25961,264-65,362 peaceful evolution and, 355 political prisoners in, 262,262t reporting from, 150,150t, 233-34 repression in, 259,355 security apparatus in, 152-53 social-order protection committees and small groups in, 247,356 voluntary transmission ofinformation in, 154,262-63 Tibetan People’s Armed Police, 356-57 transfer of information to leadership. See information transfer to leadership Transitional Justice Commission (Taiwan), 36 transmission of information. See voluntary transmission ofinformation TsDA (Bulgarian Central State Archives), 34,112 Turkey, relations with Bulgaria, 113-14,213, 216,219,280,281 Turks, Bulgarian. See Bulgarian Turks typical survey (China), compared with opinion polling, 13,231-32 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, 383 Ulbricht, Walter, 399-400 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). See Soviet Union United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution (PURSC) (Cuba), 404 unofficial collaborator (IM)
(Stasi), 68-71, 394-95 Urumqi city percentage minority police in, 154-55,155t, 266-70,267/ political cases in, 268-70,269í political protection police in, 154-55,266-67 social-order protection committee membership in, 267-68,268/, 359-61 Urumqi county, 126-27 USSR. See Soviet Union Uyghurs CCP membership of, 362 difficulty of penetration of, 17-18,125,271, 304,355,363-64,444 discontent among, 304, 358, 36263,390-91 mass detention of, 304, 365,441 voluntary transmission of information by, 361 VChK (Cheka) (All-Russian Extraordinary Commission), 371-72,374,376,383, 388-89, 392 Velchev, Damian, 79,86-87 Vietnam, communist regime in, 23-24,26061,290-91 visible informants. See informants, visible Voice ofAmerica (VOA), 164-65,195-96 voluntary transmission of information. See also complaints and agency problems, 13 and archival ethnography, 55-56,56t in Bulgaria, 90,107-10,191-92 in China, 17-18,117,118,125-26,143-44, 187-88,224,228-30,234,235-36,255-59, 263-65,271-72,303-5,334,345-47,361,445 in communist regimes, 14,16 complaints as mechanism for, 11,17-18, 55-56,107-8,144,191-92,225,33334,424-25 and dictator’s dilemma, 62-63,65,434-35 involuntary collection contrasted with, 16, 20,55-56,56í limitations of, 11,13 protests as mechanism for, 8-9,17-18,32, 55-56,333-34 utility of different mechanisms for regime insiders, 191-92,255,380-81 volunteer assistant (FH) (GDR), 68-71,13031,247 Vranchev, Petar, 86-87,95-96 Wałęsa, Lech, 39,40-41 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968), 177-78
INDEX 469 WeChat (messaging app), 322-23,343-44 welfare dictatorship and the socialist social contract, 258,277,286-87,291-92, 301,441 Western radio stations and ideological subversion in Eastern Europe, 84-85,164-65,195-96,202, 279-80,286 jamming of, 164-65,198,202-3,220-21, 279-80,286 White Lotus, 127,135-36 Wolf, Christa, 40-41 World Trade Organization (WTO), 308-9 Wuhan (Hubei province), 134-35 Wuzhou (Guangxi), 142-43 surveillance in, 61,364-65 targeted population in, 320,359 threat assessment in, 357-59 Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC) continuity following 1989 of, 359 dissent management rate of, 154-55 informant network saturation rate of, 359-61 social-order protection teams in, 154-55 targeted population in, 268-70,320 types of intelligence collected by, 154-55, 359,360t Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. See Xinjiang Xu Caihou, 363 Xi Jinping, 308-9,339,341-42,347-48,363, 364,442-45 Xi Zhongxun,228-29 Xinhua News Agency contribution to identifying enemies of, 5051,132-35 Cultural Revolution, during, 234,239-40 democratization of intelligence and, 350 Great Leap Forward, prior to, 132-33,232-33 internal publications and, 225,232-33,23940,305-6,349,352-53 Neibu cankao and, 124,132-33 origins of, 124,195 public opinion and, 350-51,352 Tiananmen protests and, 305-6 upward reporting and, 352 Xinjiang. See also Urumqi city CCP membership in, 154-55,270,270/71/, 362 complaints in, 355,361 de-extremification regulations in, 364 difficulty of penetration of minorities in, 154-56,271,305-6,359-61 discipline inspection denunciations in, 362/ discontent in,
355,362-63 ex-ante governance in,365 grid policing in, 304 hostile foreign forces as threat to political security in, 307-8 informants in, 267-68,359-61 involuntary collection ofinformation in, 358-61 minority membership of police in, 149-50, 154-55,155t, 266-68,267/, 364 minority share of CCP in, 270-71,27 !ƒ political prisoners in, 155-56,156t, 266t, 363-64 repression in, 259,266-67, 355 Yan’an Soviet, 118-19 Yeltsin, Boris, 45-47 Yiguandao, 127 Youth Research Institute (ZIJ) (GDR), 399,400 Yu Sang, 235 Yuan Bin, 152-53 Yugoslavia, coverage in Neibu cankao, 150 Yunnan province, 126-27 Zhanggong (Jiangxi province), 342-44,351-52 Zhao Ziyang, 241-42 Zhejiang province, 226,332 Zhelev, Zheliu, 293-94 Zhivkov, Todor administrative reforms under, 281-82 agency problems for, 105-6 Bulgarian Turks under, 209 bulletins received by, 104-6 complaints provided to, 108-9,184,191-92, 199-200,207,218-19,278-79 decision-making under, 104-5 discontent responses of, 48-49 inability to act despite information of, 6,278, 284-85,301-2 information collection under, 63-64 Information-Sociological Center under, 184-85 leadership reports received by, 105-6 lessons learned from other communist regimes by, 201 palace coup against, 6,22-23,107,278-79, 284,285-86,301-2,403 removal from information reports of, 28384,299 responses to ideological subversion under, 202,221 socialist social contract under, 176-77, 199-200 women’s rights under, 179
470 INDEX Zhivkova, Liudmila, 205-6 Zhou Enlai, 50-51,236-37,239-40, 260,349 Zhou Yongkang, 363 Zhu Rongji, 335 Zlobodnevniproblemi (Bulgaria), 189-91 199-200 Beyerfeche Steatsb/Ntothek MürKáisn |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Dimitrov, Martin K. 1975- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)140061266 |
| author_facet | Dimitrov, Martin K. 1975- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Dimitrov, Martin K. 1975- |
| author_variant | m k d mk mkd |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048866500 |
| classification_rvk | MF 1700 MG 88950 MH 50950 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1381306403 (DE-599)BVBBV048866500 |
| discipline | Politologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie |
| edition | First edition |
| era | Geschichte 1944-2019 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1944-2019 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | China Bulgarien |
| id | DE-604.BV048866500 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:43:19Z |
| indexdate | 2024-10-17T12:01:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780197672938 9780197672921 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034131510 |
| oclc_num | 1381306403 |
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| owner_facet | DE-188 DE-12 DE-521 |
| physical | xix, 470 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230630 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Dimitrov, Martin K. 1975- Verfasser (DE-588)140061266 aut Dictatorship and information authoritarian regime resilience in communist Europe and China Martin K. Dimitrov First edition New York, NY Oxford University Press [2023] xix, 470 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In 'Dictatorship and Information', Martin K. Dimitrov offers a systematic theory of the institutional solutions to the dictator's dilemma, which arises from the incapacity to calibrate repression and concessions due to distorted information about elite and popular discontent. Dimitrov argues that communist regimes are especially adept at developing sophisticated systems that mobilize the party, state security and internal journalism to assess levels of dissent. Geschichte 1944-2019 gnd rswk-swf Überwachung (DE-588)4134175-2 gnd rswk-swf Kommunistische Partei (DE-588)4031900-3 gnd rswk-swf Autoritärer Staat (DE-588)4256521-2 gnd rswk-swf China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 g China (DE-588)4009937-4 g Kommunistische Partei (DE-588)4031900-3 s Autoritärer Staat (DE-588)4256521-2 s Überwachung (DE-588)4134175-2 s Geschichte 1944-2019 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-767295-2 (DE-604)BV048923415 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034131510&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034131510&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Dimitrov, Martin K. 1975- Dictatorship and information authoritarian regime resilience in communist Europe and China Überwachung (DE-588)4134175-2 gnd Kommunistische Partei (DE-588)4031900-3 gnd Autoritärer Staat (DE-588)4256521-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4134175-2 (DE-588)4031900-3 (DE-588)4256521-2 (DE-588)4009937-4 (DE-588)4008866-2 |
| title | Dictatorship and information authoritarian regime resilience in communist Europe and China |
| title_auth | Dictatorship and information authoritarian regime resilience in communist Europe and China |
| title_exact_search | Dictatorship and information authoritarian regime resilience in communist Europe and China |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Dictatorship and information authoritarian regime resilience in communist Europe and China |
| title_full | Dictatorship and information authoritarian regime resilience in communist Europe and China Martin K. Dimitrov |
| title_fullStr | Dictatorship and information authoritarian regime resilience in communist Europe and China Martin K. Dimitrov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dictatorship and information authoritarian regime resilience in communist Europe and China Martin K. Dimitrov |
| title_short | Dictatorship and information |
| title_sort | dictatorship and information authoritarian regime resilience in communist europe and china |
| title_sub | authoritarian regime resilience in communist Europe and China |
| topic | Überwachung (DE-588)4134175-2 gnd Kommunistische Partei (DE-588)4031900-3 gnd Autoritärer Staat (DE-588)4256521-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Überwachung Kommunistische Partei Autoritärer Staat China Bulgarien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034131510&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034131510&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dimitrovmartink dictatorshipandinformationauthoritarianregimeresilienceincommunisteuropeandchina |