Principles of gender-specific medicine: sex and gender-specific biology in the postgenomic era
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[2023]
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| Ausgabe: | Fourth edition |
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| Beschreibung: | xxvi, 903 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9780323885348 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents XV xix xxv Contributors Foreword Preface ANNE FAUSTO-STERLING AND JIHYUN SUNG 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 A little history 25 Clarifying terminology 26 Theoretical challenges 26 Gender/sex identity in young children: What is it? How does it develop? 27 3.5 Toward a theory of gender/sex identity development 29 3.6 Supporting empirical research 31 3.7 Conclusion: Gender/sex identity formation and challenges for future research and educational policy 34 References 35 1. Is there a role for natural selection in sex differences? ADRIANA C. MAGGI 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The study of sex steroid activity may provide insights on the origin of sex differences in organs not directly associated with reproduction 1 1.3 Liver sexual dimorphism: A resultant of evolutionary pressure? 2 1.4 A potential role of liver in the sexually dimorphic predisposition to disease 3 1.5 Do sex specific metabolic responses explain all differences in male and female predisposition to disease? 3 1.6 Concluding remarks Acknowledgments References 1 4. A gendered brain perspective from structure to brain interactions 4 4 4 CARME URIBE, LEIRE ZUBIAURRE-ELORZA, AND ANTONIO GUILLAMON 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Brain imaging in vivo: Structural and functional connectivity techniques 4.3 Structural brain contributions to the understanding of gender identities 4.4 Brain network interactions in the construction of a gendered self 4.5 Future directions and concluding remarks Acknowledgments References 2. Spermatozoa selection in the female reproductive tract: The initiation of the battle of the sexes SURANGA P. KODITHUWAKKU,
KASUN GODAKUMARA, LISA Μ. THURSTON, WILLIAM V. HOLT, AND ALIREZA FAZELI 2.1 Introduction: The adaptive control of offspring gender 2.2 Offspring gender bias in nonmammals 2.3 Offspring gender bias in mammals 2.4 What is the advantage of skewed sex ratio? 2.5 Evidence that parents are able to influence the sex ratio of offspring 2.6 Can the female reproductive tract influence offspring gender bias? 2.7 Differential molecular expression in X chromosome and Y chromosome-bearing spermatozoa 2.8 Spermatozoa induce sex-specific gene expression in the oviduct 2.9 Sex-specific sperm recognition systems in the female reproductive tract: Potential mechanisms of action 2.10 Concluding remarks References 3. Gender/sex: Shaping identity in infancy and early childhood 7 8 8 10 39 41 46 49 52 55 55 5. Sex-specific implications of exposure to an adverse intrauterine environment 11 ANTONIA HUFNAGEL AND CATHERINE E.M. AIKEN 11 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Sex-specific differences in normal intrauterine development 5.3 Sexual dimorphism in the placenta 5.4 Interaction of maternal physiology and fetal sex 5.5 Defining a sex-specific response in developmental programming - Methodological analysis 5.6 Sex-specific implications of adverse environmental stimuli in human early development 17 17 18 19 20 vii 61 62 65 66 67 68
viii 5.7 Sex-specific implications of adverse environmental stimuli in animal models 5.8 Developmental programming of the reproductive tract: A special case 5.9 Sex-specific transgenerational developmental programming 5.10 Conclusions References Contents 7θ SURESH MISHRA AND KESHAV K. SINGH 7շ ^ 74 6. Mate choice and the genetic imprint of the battle of the sexes DIETHARD TAUTZ 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Imprinting of mate choice behavior 6.3 The role of Pegl3 in regulating behavioral phenotypes 6.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 8լ 83 84 8g 86 86 7. Using the exposome to understand the role of the environment in gender- and sex-specific medicine FAITH L. ANDERSON, MEGHAN L BUCHER, YUNJIA LAI, JOCELYN DICENT, AND GARY W. MILLER 7.1 The environment as a modifier of health and disease 7.2 Sex-specific responses to environmental exposures 7.3 Examples of sex-specific household and personal care exposures 7.4 Intersectionality 7.5 The exposome as a tool to measure environmental contribution to health and disease 7.6 Introduction to the concept and benefits of the exposome 7.7 Analytical techniques 7.8 Incorporating the exposome as a variable in sex-specific medicine 7.9 What is the male exposome versus the female exposome 7.10 Nonbinary medicine 7.11 How we can use the exposome framework to study sex differences References 89 93 102 differences 9.4 Expanding the mitochondrial genetic repertoire 132 9.5 Mitochondria-derived peptides and their potential link to sex differences in mitochondrial function 133 9.6 Mitochondria localized micro-RNA encoded by nuclear DNA 9.7 Sex-
based numtogenesis 9.8 Sex differences in the mtDNA-mediated epigenetic regulation 9.9 Sex steroids in mitochondrial biology 9.10 Sex differences in mitochondrial respiratory function, metabolism, and oxidative stress 9.11 X-chromosome encoded mitochondrial proteins in sex-specific function 137 9.12 Mitochondria and hormones 9.13 Sex differences in the expression of mitochondrial genes 138 9.14 Mitochondrial genome-mediated sex-specific phenotypes 138 9.15 Evidence for mitochondrial genetic control of autosomal geneexpression 9.16 Future perspectives Funding sources References 129 130 131 134 134 135 135 137 137 139 140 140 140 10. Sex differences in fetal programming: Antenatal origins of health and disease (AOHD) MAREK GLEZERMAN 103 w Юб 106 08 10° 10.1 Fetal origin hypothesis 10.2 Genetic, environmental and hormonal aspects of fetal sex determination լօ.Յ Hie placenta 10.4 The effects of fetal testosterone on the growing fetus 10.5 “Female” brain and“male” brain 10,6 Antenatal origin of health and disease (AOHD) 10.7 Prenatal maternal stressand the developing embryo and fetus 10.8 The pregnant women as a mediator to the outside world References SIMÓN(E) D. SUN AND JESSICA TOLLKÜHN Introduction Gene regulation by gonadal sex hormones Sex variability in the brain Sex variable gene expression in the brain The future of organization and activation: More to it than two References 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The potential origin of sex differences in mitochondrial biology 9.3 A role for mitonuclear crosstalk as a driver of sex 100 8. Regulation of gene expression in the brain by sex
hormones 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 9. Sex-specific differences in mitochondrial function and its role in health disparities Π7 117 120 120 123 124 145 146 147 147 148 149 151 154 156 11. Sex differences in the brain: Focus on developmental mechanisms MARGARET Μ. MCCARTHY 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Historical perspective and current status H-З Conceptualizing sex differences 159 160 161
ІХ Contents 11.4 Steroid hormones program the developing brain 11.5 Mechanisms of steroid-induced masculinization 11.6 Elucidating mechanisms of normal brain development in males and females provides clues to sources of vulnerability and resilience References 181 15.3 Hormone-independent effects of sex chromosomes and the “sexome” 15.4 The sex chromosomes 15.5 Sex and autoimmune disease — It depends where your X came from 15.6 X-rated microRNAs 15.7 Zinc finger proteins 15.8 Sex at the heart of protein synthesis 15.9 Sex and the cytochromes 15.10 Sex in the time of covid 15.11 Sex and the brain 15.12 Y some male cells are not! 15.13 Conclusion References 181 183 187 189 16. Best-laid pians: The establishment of biological sex and its susceptibility to genetic and environmental disruption 162 164 176 177 12. Genes, environments, and epigenetics SYDNEY GRAM, DUSTIN J. SOKOLOWSKI, AND MARLA B. SOKOLOWSKI 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Moving from the nature—nurture dichotomy to gene-environment interplay 12.3 Epigenetics and gene regulation 12.4 Biological embedding of experience 12.5 Epigenetics, sex, and gender 12.6 Epigenetics and sex differences in health and well-being 12.7 Epigenetics and gender 12.8 Summary and anticipating the future Acknowledgments Conflict of interests References MAURIZIO MELONI 201 202 202 203 205 206 207 207 14. Adipose-derived stem cells: Use in clinical medicine SATOSHI SOBAJIMA, YOSHITOMO SAITA, HIDEKI 1WAGURO, MASANORI TSUBOSAKA, RYOSUKE KURODA, ZHONGX1N SUN, MICHIKA FUKUI, MASAKATSU HIHARA, TOSHIHITO MITSUI, ATSUYUKI KURO, SATOSHI KUSHIDA, NATSUKO
KAKUDO, SATOSHI MATSUSHITA, MORIKUNI TOBITA, ANNA ARITA, AND HIROSHI MIZUNO 14.1 Orthopedics 14.2 Regenerative medicine using adipose-derived stem cells in surgery 14.3 Cardiovascular surgery 14.4 Periodontal surgery References 213 216 218 221 224 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Sry does not provide a robust sex-determining mechanism 16.3 Gonadal development is highly dependent on intercellular signaling mechanisms 16.4 For each sex there is an alternative pathway that is engaged if the intended pathway is compromised 16.5 Concluding remarks Acknowledgments References 265 266 266 269 270 270 270 17. CRISPR technology and its potential role in treating rare imprinting diseases PETR NICKL, LINN AMANDA SYDING, AND RADISLAV SEDLAČEK 17.1 Introduction to imprinting and imprinting diseases 17.2 Angelman syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome 17.3 Prader-Willi syndrome epidemiology, clinical manifestation and disease genetics 17.4 Bridging IDs with current advances in genome editing I7.5 CRISPR-based systems in the context of Angelman and Prader-Willi syndromes 17.6 Concerns regarding CRISPR based genome editing References 273 276 280 282 294 294 295 18. Parental genome and brain functions: The case of genomic imprinting ALICE MELLONI, ANGELO SERANI, AND VALTER TUCCI 15. All cells have a sex: Sex chromosome function at the cellular level NEIL A. BRADBURY 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Cell physiology at the heart of biomedical science 244 245 247 248 249 250 251 253 254 255 PETER KOOPMAN 193 194 195 196 196 196 13. Epigenetics: Mechanisms, theory, and social implications 13.1 Evolution and
development: A new synthesis? 13.2 Genes in the postgenomic age 13.3 Postgenomic genomes as genomes-in-context 13.4 Enter epigenetics 13.5 Summary and potential social implications 13.6 Gender and epigenetics Acknowledgments References 233 234 231 232 18.1 Genomic imprinting: An overview 18.2 Timing of imprinting establishment 18.3 Imprinting disorders 18.4 Imprinting in the brain and sleep regulation 18.5 Concluding remarks References 301 304 305 307 309 311
x Contents 19. Microbiome: Impact of sex on function and characteristics of gut microbiome 23. Sex and the human brain: Moving beyond the binary VEENA TANEJA DAPHNA JOEL 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Host microbiome and immune system 19.3 Sex bias in the immune system 19.4 Microbiome and sex bias ■ 19.5 Sex hormones and microbiome 19.6 Microbiome in sex-biased autoimmunity 19.7 Lupus and microbiome 19.8 Rheumatoid arthritis and microbiome 19.9 Diet, sex, and microbiome Acknowledgments References 313 313 314 316 325 325 ANA LLEO 331 332 339 339 341 341 DONATO GEMMATI AND VERONICA TISATO 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Routes toward an integrative approach in the omics era: Genome first, phenome first, and environment first 395 24.3 Epigenetic approaches: From the womb to adulthood 400 24.4 The impact of sex and gender on genomics and epigenomics 24.5 Current challenges and perspectives References 393 401 403 404 25. The importance of gender-specific medicine in the pharmaceutical industry, clinical practice, and global health care IBIS SANCHEZ-SERRANO 409 411 416 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 347 347 Introduction Biological sex differences and pharmacology The pharmaceutical industry business model The pharmaceutical industry and gender-specific medicine 25.5 General obstacles for the development of gender-specific drugs 25.6 But how to change this situation? 25.7 Gender-specific low-hanging fruits 25.8 Conclusion: Gender medicine, pharmaceuticals and 426 348 3 4 global health care References 427 428 21. Molecular mechanisms of sex differences in epilepsy DOODIPALA SAMBA REDDY 21.1 Introduction
21.2 Sex differences in the epilepsies 21.3 Potential molecular and network mechanisms of sex differences in epilepsy 21.4 Neurobiological mechanisms in catamenial epilepsy 21.5 Sex differences in antiseizure medication treatments 21.6 Conclusions and future directions References 385 385 390 390 317 318 24. Genomic and epigenomic signature at the 321 branch-point among genome, phenome, and sexome 323 in health and disease: A multiomics approach 20. Geoepidemiology and the key role of sex chromosomes on autoimmune diseases 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Geoepidemiology of autoimmune diseases: “Where” can help to explain “why” 20.3 Sex prevalence: Why is autoimmunity more common in women? 20.4 The influence of gender 20.5 Sex prevalence in autoimmune diseases: Is there a prognostic role for sex? 20.6 Concluding remarks and future directions References 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Sex and the brain 23.3 Concluding remarks References ^g 359 418 423 424 26. The neurobiology of gender identity and gender dysphoria IVANKA SAVIČ 22. Consideration of biological sex in stem cell therapies ZOE KRUT, GADI PELLED, DAN GAZIT, AND ZULMA GAZIT 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Embryonic stem cells 22.3 Induced pluripotent stem cells 22.4 Mesenchymal stem cells 22.5 Hematopoietic stem cells 22.6 Muscle derived stem cells 22.7 Endothelial progenitor cells 22.8 Neural stem cells 22.9 Current challenges and future prospects References 363 364 365 366 369 370 371 372 374 375 26.1 Definitions 26.2 Gender identity 26.3 Gender dysphoria due to gender incongruence 26.4 Treatment strategies 26.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments
References Further reading 431 431 433 434 437 437 437 439 27. Nutritional genomics and biological sex JOSE M. ORDOVAS AND DOLORES CORELLA 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Precision nutrition and sex/gender differences 441 441
Contents 27.3 Difference between sex and gender 27.4 Sex and gender identification in studies on nutritional genomics/precision nutrition 27.5 Reported sex/gender gene-diet interactions 27.6 Improvement in diet measurement and other related variables using gender perspective in nutritional genomics 448 27.7 Polygenic risk scores and the sex/gender perspective 448 27.8 Recommendations on the design, analysis, and presentation of results in nutritional genomics/precision nutrition studies with a gender perspective 27.9 Conclusions References 443 443 444 449 449 449 28. The invaluable contribution of animal models in understanding sex-dependent differences in neuropsychiatrie disorders LIANA FATTORE 28.1 Why use an animal model to study a neuropsychiatrie disorder? 453 28.2 Sex differences in animal models of mood disorders 454 28.3 Sex differences in animal models of eating disorders 456 28.4 Sex differences in animal models of schizophrenia, autism and ADHD 457 28.5 Sex differences in animal models of drug addiction 458 28.6 Summaryand conclusions 459 References 459 29. Sexual dimorphism in molecular biology of cancer MEHMET TEVFIK DORAK Introduction 463 Gender, sex, and the genome 463 Sexual dimorphism in cancer 466 Sexual dimorphism in the development of specific cancers 469 29.5 Sex and cancer treatment 471 References 473 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 30. The importance of expeditionary fitness in optimizing the human commercial spaceflight experience MICHAEL A. SCHMIDT AND CALEB Μ. SCHMIDT 30.1 Introduction 477 30.2 What is expeditionary fitness? 478 30.3 Why expeditionary fitness
matters: The case of viral reactivation in space 478 30.4 Expeditionary fitness and the physiological phenotype 480 30.5 Expeditionary fitness and the morphological phenotype 481 30.6 Expeditionary fitness and the behavioral phenotype: Expeditionary behavior 482 30.7 Training fitness: The importance of preparedness and exposure 30.8 The unique civilian spaceflight cohort 30.9 The emergence of entertainment in space 30.10 Human research program for civilian spaceflight 30.11 The role of precision medicine in expeditionary fitness 30.12 Conclusions References ХІ 485 485 488 489 489 491 492 31. Brain morphological changes associated with sexual orientation MIKHAIL VOTINOV AND ANDREI A. PUIU 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Methodology 31.3 Morphology and sexual orientation 31.4 White matter findings 31.5 Conclusions 31.6 Avenues for future research References Further reading 495 495 496 499 501 501 501 502 32. The operationalization of gender in medicine SABINE OERTELT-PRIGIONE Introduction Gender identity Identity/dysphoria Gender expression Gender norms and roles Measures of masculinity OR femininity Gender relations Composite scores Disease-specific examples Considerations for applicability and future steps References 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 32.7 32.8 32.9 32.10 503 504 505 505 506 507 508 509 509 510 511 33. Precision medicine: Overview and challenges to clinical implementation SUSANNE B. HAGA 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Genome sciences 33.3 Clinical applications 33.4 Challenges to clinical implementation 33.5 Conclusion References 513 513 515 518 521 521 34. Assessment of fall
risks in older females and males using an automated smartphone mobility suite EMIL JOVANOV, GABRIELA GUIMARAES OLIVEIRA-ZUMDA, AZITA AMIRI, ANGELO JOSE GONCALVES BOS, AND KAREN H. FRITH 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Automated assessment of mobility 34.3 A smartwatch ѕЗОЅСЅТ implementation 531 534 539
xii Յ4.4 Experimental studies 34-5 Conclusion References Contents 539 546 546 35. Statin therapy and sex hormones HOSSEIN CHITI, NEGIN PARSAMANESH, ŽELJKO REINER, TANNAZJAMIALAHMADI, AND AMIRHOSSEIN SAHEBKAR 35.1 Statin therapy for patients with coronary heart disease 551 35.2 Statin therapy for patients with ischemic stroke 551 35.3 Statin therapy for patients with peripheral artery disease 552 35.4 Effects of statins on endogenous steroid hormone synthesis (via three interconnected pathways) 552 35.5 A review of studies on the effects of statins on testosterone levels in men 553 35.6 The effect of statins on spermatogenesis 557 35.7 An overview of studies associating statins with erectile dysfunction 559 35.8 Role of statin treatment on estradiol and LH/FSH ratio in women 561 35.9 Potential benefits and risks of statins in polycystic ovary syndrome 562 35.10 Conclusions 562 Competing interests 564 Funding 564 References 564 36. Exercise physiology in women and men ANNE-MARIE LUNDSGAARD, ANDREAS Μ. FRITZEN, AND BENTE KIENS 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Body composition 36.3 Cardiovascular differences and maximal oxygen uptake 574 36.4 Muscle fiber type composition 36.5 Anaerobic and aerobicexercise 36.6 Aerobic carbohydrate and lipid oxidation during exercise 576 36.7 ATP resynthesis in skeletal muscle 36.8 Estrogen and its impact on metabolism 36.9 Gender differences in metabolism during recovery from exercise 584 36.10 Concluding highlights References 573 573 575 576 581 583 584 584 37֊ Cerebral effects of gender-affirming hormone treatments in transgender persons LEIRE
ZUBIAURRE-ELORZA, CARME URIBE, AND ANTONIO GUILLAMON 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Effects of affirming hormone treatment on the brain of transgender individuals 591 37.3 Explanatory hypotheses to explain brain changes in transgender persons receiving hormone treatment 596 37.4 Concluding remarks Acknowledgments References 589 597 598 598 38. Artificial intelligence in healthcare ARTHUR ARGENSON AND VIRGINIA DEVI-CHOU 38.1 Artificial intelligence, overview 38.2 Definitions 38.3 Benefits brought by artificial intelligence 38.4 Current challenges and limitations 38.5 Continuous learning and model retraining 38.6 From prediction to decision and action 38.7 Machine-learning overview 38.8 Data preparation 38.9 Model training: Learning and generalization 38.10 Neural networks 38.11 Neural networks shortcomings 38.12 Tree-based algorithms 38.13 Decision tree shortcomings 38.14 Application to healthcare 38.15 Conclusion References 601 601 602 603 604 604 605 606 607 609 610 610 612 612 616 616 39. Trauma and gender in primary care DORTE Μ. CHRISTIANSEN 39.1 Introduction 619 39.2 Acute psychological trauma in a medical setting 619 39.3 Gender differences in trauma exposure 620 39.4 Gender differences in the acute response to trauma 620 39.5 Gender differences in trauma-related symptoms and disorders 621 39.6 Gender differences in a clinical context 623 39.7 Gender differences in in treatment of trauma-related disorders 624 39.8 Discussion 628 39.9 Conclusion 632 References 633 40. Fertility treatment and preservation in transgender men and women DOV FELDBERG 40.1 Introduction 40.2
Definition of transgender people 40.3 Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people 40.4 Epidemiology of gender identity disorder 40.5 Reproductive options for trans people 40.6 The ethical/legal status of medically assisted reproduction in transsexual people 40.7 ART treatment for transgender men and women 40.8 Reproductive wish in transgender men 40.9 Fertility and achievement of pregnancy in transgender men 40.10 Reproductive wish in transgender women 40.11 Fertility and achievement of pregnancy in transgender women 40.12 Conclusion References 637 637 638 638 639 640 640 641 641 642 642 642 642
Contents 45. Beyond sex and gender differences: The case for women’s health research 41. Atrial fibrillation in women ELLIE J. COROMILAS, JESSICA A. HENNESSEY, STEPHANIE M. KOCHAV, AND ELAINE Y. WAN 41.1 Prevalence of atrial fibrillation 41.2 Electrophysiology of AF 41.3 Cellular electrophysiology and ionic basis for sex differences 41.4 Sex-based differences in presentation and treatment in women with AF 41.5 Drug therapy for AF 41.6 Antiarrhythmic therapy for AF 41.7 Catheter ablation for AF 41.8 Pregnancy in AF 41.9 Sex based differences in outcomes in women with AF References LIISA A.M. GALEA, BONNIE H. LEE, ROMINA GARCIA DE LEON, Μ. NATASHA RAJAH, AND GILLIAN EINSTEIN 645 645 646 647 648 649 649 650 650 651 42. Sex differences in COVID-19 susceptibility — Reductionistic and holistic perspectives 655 precision in medicine 655 REUBS J. WALSH 656 656 657 657 658 43. Sex and gender differences in sleep disorders: An overview FIDAA SHAIB AND HRAYR ATTARIAN 43.1 Introduction 43.2 Insomnia 43.3 Sleep disordered breathing 43.4 Obesity hypoventilation syndrome 43.5 Restless legs syndrome or Willis-Ekbom disorder 43.6 Circadian rhythm sleep disorders 43.7 Parasomnias 43.8 Conclusions References 66 լ 663 . 666 6γθ 67. 44. Estrogen: Impact on cardiomyocytes and the heart 699 700 701 702 702 703 705 706 706 46.1 Introduction 46.2 Social categories inbiomedical science 46.3 Operationalizing gender/sex 46.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 713 715 716 727 728 728 47. Person-centered cancer genetic counseling for transgender and gender diverse patients JOSEPHINE GIBLIN, ALISON
BERNER, AND BETH COAD ^^ Background 47.2 Family history questionnaires 47.3 Pedigrees 47.4 Language and terminology 47.5 Psychosocial and sociocultural factors 47.6 Impact of gender-affirming treatments 47.7 Training and education 47.8 Conclusion References 733 735 736 739 740 742 745 746 747 48. Musculoskeletal complaints in male and female instrumental musicians JIN KYUNG KIM 44-1 Introduction 44.2 Estrogen on the heart: Clinical considerations 44.3 Estrogen on cardiomyocytes: Scientific data 44.4 Conclusion Disclosures References 45.1 Introduction 45.2 Why the mandates don’t necessarily further women’s health 45.3 Misconceptions insex differencesresearch 45.4 By focusing on studying sex differences have we missed the point? 45.5 History of women’s healthresearch 45.6 Beyond sex/gender differences: What is women’s health? 45.7 What does it cost us when we ignore women’s health? 45.8 Conclusions References 46. Measurement and meaning of gender/sex from bench to bedside — And the mutuality of equity and FERRIC C. FANG AND ARTURO CASADEVALL 42.1 Introduction 42.2 Reductionism and holism 42.3 COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of sex on clinical outcomes 42.4 Reductionistic approaches 42.5 Holistic approaches 42.6 Conclusions — An integrated view References xiii 681 681 683 690 691 691 LM. KOK, A. VAN NOORT, AND R.G.H.H. NELISSEN 48.1 A historical perspective 48.2 Musculoskeletal complaints in the general population 48.3 Gender differences 753 754 757
xiv Contents 48.4 Other determinants of musculoskeletal complaints in musicians 48.5 Instrument 48.6 Prevention 48.7 Therapeutic management — A practical approach 762 48.8 Conclusion References 759 759 761 764 764 49. Sex, gender, and pain ROGER B. HLLINGIM Introduction Conceptual issues Sex differences in clinical pain Sex differences in experimental pain responses Mechanisms contributing to sex differences in pain 49.6 Sex differences in pain treatment 49.7 Conclusions and future directions References 775 782 784 784 50. Influence of gender on the pathophysiology and treatment of urological malignancies 824 825 826 826 827 53.1 Introduction 53.2 Robot gender 53.3 Human gender 53.4 Interaction effects 53.5 Future directions of gender issues in HRI 53.6 Summary Acknowledgments References 831 832 834 834 836 837 838 838 VISHWANATH BHAT AND VINEET BHANDARI 50.1 Bladder cancer 50.2 Kidney cancer References 793 797 800 51. Beyond the mask: The role of camouflaging in managing an autistic identity for girls and women JAN BURNS AND SIOBHAN TIERNEY 51.1 Introduction 51.2 Terminology 51.3 Managing an autistic identity in early life through masking or camouflaging 806 51.4 New research findings relating to autism, sex/gender differences and camouflaging 51.5 Outcomes of camouflaging 51.6 Implications 51.7 Conclusion References TATSUYA NOMURA 54. Sex specificity in neonatal diseases REZA SARI MOTLAGH, SHAHROKH F. SHARIAT, MANUELA SCHM1DINGER, AND HARUN FAJKOVIC 805 805 809 813 816 817 817 Introduction Fetal sex and adverse pregnancy outcomes Neonatal lung disease Brain injury and
neurodevelopmental outcomes 54.5 Growth, nutritional interventions, and neurodevelopment 54.6 Endocrine adaptation 54.7 Immune response and infection 54.8 Cardiovascular adaptation and heart disease 54.9 Gut microbiome and necrotizing enterocolitis 54.10 Blood donor sex and neonatal outcomes 54.11 Miscellaneous 54.12 Conclusions References 54.1 54.2 54.3 54.4 841 841 843 846 850 851 852 854 855 856 856 858 859 55. Human male and female phenotypes depend on lifestyle (smoking and hormonal contraceptives): Implications for prevention and care ILARIA CAMPESI AND FLAVIA FRANCONI Introduction 869 Evolution of oral contraceptives 869 Exposure to exogenous sexual hormones 870 Combined oral contraceptives induce physiological alterations in women 873 55.5 Interactions among combined oral contraceptives and drugs 873 55.6 Some sex and gender differences in tobacco smoking 875 55.7 Conclusions 879 References 880 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 52. There is no stronger sex: Evolutionary Anthropology’s conclusion based on the sex-typical susceptibility to stress factors during prenatal development SYLVIA KIRCHENGAST Introduction Sex and gender The biology of sex The importance of sex in the prenatal phase Sex-typical differences in the prenatal phase Sex ratio 823 823 824 824 53. Robots and gender 769 769 770 773 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 52.5 52.6 Sex differences in fetal growth Sex differences in preterm birthrate Sex differences in birth outcomes Sex differences in newborn size Sex differences in pre- and perinatal vulnerability 52.12 Discussion 52.13 Ultimate explanations
52.14 Conclusion References 52.7 52.8 52.9 52.10 52.11 821 822 822 822 822 823 Index 887
PRINCIPLES OF FOURTH EDITION GENDER-SPECIFIC MEDICINE Sex and Gender-Specific Biology in the Postgenomic Era edited by MARIANNE J. LEGATO Awarded with the 2018 Prose Award in Clinical Medicine, the third edition of Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine explored and described exciting new areas in biomedicine that integrated technology into the treatment of disease and the augmentation of human function. Novel topics such as the sex-specific aspects of space medicine, the development and use of genderized robots, and a discussion of cyborgs were included in the third edition, providing a preview of the expanding world of sex-specific physiology and therapeutics. This fourth edition is a continuation of the mission to trace the relevance of biological sex to normal function and to the experience of disease in humans. We are now 20 years into the postgenomic era. The investigation of how the genome produces the phenome has led to fascinating insights as well to yet unanswered questions. This fourth edition of Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine has a central theme: to discuss advances in understanding the role of epigenetics in regulating gene expression in a dynamic, sex-specific way during human life. It explores the protean role of epigenetics in human physiology, the relevance of environmental experience to human function, the therapeutic promise of cutting-edge methodologies such as gene manipulation, the preparation of humans for space travel, the use of artificial intelligence in detection and therapeutic decisions concerning disease states, the possibilities for
technological support of not only compromised individuals but also the augmentation of human function, and an analysis of the benefits, limitations, and issues that surround our current expectations of personalized medicine. Key Features • Covers the most important developments in biomedical research in the past decade, with a thoughtful analysis of how they impact patient care • Reviews the latest developments in the science of gene regulation, with particular emphasis on how epigenetic mechanisms function as the link between the environment and the phenotype • Discusses the feasibility and usefulness of personalized medicine, the limits and promise of genetic editing, the basis for variation in sexual identity, and how artificial intelligence and technology will affect basic human function as well as correct disability • Promotes and facilitates discussions about the ethics and governance issues that surround much of what science is now able to do at the most basic levels of human physiology
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Contents XV xix xxv Contributors Foreword Preface ANNE FAUSTO-STERLING AND JIHYUN SUNG 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 A little history 25 Clarifying terminology 26 Theoretical challenges 26 Gender/sex identity in young children: What is it? How does it develop? 27 3.5 Toward a theory of gender/sex identity development 29 3.6 Supporting empirical research 31 3.7 Conclusion: Gender/sex identity formation and challenges for future research and educational policy 34 References 35 1. Is there a role for natural selection in sex differences? ADRIANA C. MAGGI 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The study of sex steroid activity may provide insights on the origin of sex differences in organs not directly associated with reproduction 1 1.3 Liver sexual dimorphism: A resultant of evolutionary pressure? 2 1.4 A potential role of liver in the sexually dimorphic predisposition to disease 3 1.5 Do sex specific metabolic responses explain all differences in male and female predisposition to disease? 3 1.6 Concluding remarks Acknowledgments References 1 4. A gendered brain perspective from structure to brain interactions 4 4 4 CARME URIBE, LEIRE ZUBIAURRE-ELORZA, AND ANTONIO GUILLAMON 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Brain imaging in vivo: Structural and functional connectivity techniques 4.3 Structural brain contributions to the understanding of gender identities 4.4 Brain network interactions in the construction of a gendered self 4.5 Future directions and concluding remarks Acknowledgments References 2. Spermatozoa selection in the female reproductive tract: The initiation of the battle of the sexes SURANGA P. KODITHUWAKKU,
KASUN GODAKUMARA, LISA Μ. THURSTON, WILLIAM V. HOLT, AND ALIREZA FAZELI 2.1 Introduction: The adaptive control of offspring gender 2.2 Offspring gender bias in nonmammals 2.3 Offspring gender bias in mammals 2.4 What is the advantage of skewed sex ratio? 2.5 Evidence that parents are able to influence the sex ratio of offspring 2.6 Can the female reproductive tract influence offspring gender bias? 2.7 Differential molecular expression in X chromosome and Y chromosome-bearing spermatozoa 2.8 Spermatozoa induce sex-specific gene expression in the oviduct 2.9 Sex-specific sperm recognition systems in the female reproductive tract: Potential mechanisms of action 2.10 Concluding remarks References 3. Gender/sex: Shaping identity in infancy and early childhood 7 8 8 10 39 41 46 49 52 55 55 5. Sex-specific implications of exposure to an adverse intrauterine environment 11 ANTONIA HUFNAGEL AND CATHERINE E.M. AIKEN 11 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Sex-specific differences in normal intrauterine development 5.3 Sexual dimorphism in the placenta 5.4 Interaction of maternal physiology and fetal sex 5.5 Defining a sex-specific response in developmental programming - Methodological analysis 5.6 Sex-specific implications of adverse environmental stimuli in human early development 17 17 18 19 20 vii 61 62 65 66 67 68
viii 5.7 Sex-specific implications of adverse environmental stimuli in animal models 5.8 Developmental programming of the reproductive tract: A special case 5.9 Sex-specific transgenerational developmental programming 5.10 Conclusions References Contents 7θ SURESH MISHRA AND KESHAV K. SINGH 7շ ^ 74 6. Mate choice and the genetic imprint of the battle of the sexes DIETHARD TAUTZ 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Imprinting of mate choice behavior 6.3 The role of Pegl3 in regulating behavioral phenotypes 6.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 8լ 83 84 8g 86 86 7. Using the exposome to understand the role of the environment in gender- and sex-specific medicine FAITH L. ANDERSON, MEGHAN L BUCHER, YUNJIA LAI, JOCELYN DICENT, AND GARY W. MILLER 7.1 The environment as a modifier of health and disease 7.2 Sex-specific responses to environmental exposures 7.3 Examples of sex-specific household and personal care exposures 7.4 Intersectionality 7.5 The exposome as a tool to measure environmental contribution to health and disease 7.6 Introduction to the concept and benefits of the exposome 7.7 Analytical techniques 7.8 Incorporating the exposome as a variable in sex-specific medicine 7.9 What is the male exposome versus the female exposome 7.10 Nonbinary medicine 7.11 How we can use the exposome framework to study sex differences References 89 93 102 differences 9.4 Expanding the mitochondrial genetic repertoire 132 9.5 Mitochondria-derived peptides and their potential link to sex differences in mitochondrial function 133 9.6 Mitochondria localized micro-RNA encoded by nuclear DNA 9.7 Sex-
based numtogenesis 9.8 Sex differences in the mtDNA-mediated epigenetic regulation 9.9 Sex steroids in mitochondrial biology 9.10 Sex differences in mitochondrial respiratory function, metabolism, and oxidative stress 9.11 X-chromosome encoded mitochondrial proteins in sex-specific function 137 9.12 Mitochondria and hormones 9.13 Sex differences in the expression of mitochondrial genes 138 9.14 Mitochondrial genome-mediated sex-specific phenotypes 138 9.15 Evidence for mitochondrial genetic control of autosomal geneexpression 9.16 Future perspectives Funding sources References 129 130 131 134 134 135 135 137 137 139 140 140 140 10. Sex differences in fetal programming: Antenatal origins of health and disease (AOHD) MAREK GLEZERMAN 103 w Юб 106 08 10° 10.1 Fetal origin hypothesis 10.2 Genetic, environmental and hormonal aspects of fetal sex determination լօ.Յ Hie placenta 10.4 The effects of fetal testosterone on the growing fetus 10.5 “Female” brain and“male” brain 10,6 Antenatal origin of health and disease (AOHD) 10.7 Prenatal maternal stressand the developing embryo and fetus 10.8 The pregnant women as a mediator to the outside world References SIMÓN(E) D. SUN AND JESSICA TOLLKÜHN Introduction Gene regulation by gonadal sex hormones Sex variability in the brain Sex variable gene expression in the brain The future of organization and activation: More to it than two References 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The potential origin of sex differences in mitochondrial biology 9.3 A role for mitonuclear crosstalk as a driver of sex 100 8. Regulation of gene expression in the brain by sex
hormones 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 9. Sex-specific differences in mitochondrial function and its role in health disparities Π7 117 120 120 123 124 145 146 147 147 148 149 151 154 156 11. Sex differences in the brain: Focus on developmental mechanisms MARGARET Μ. MCCARTHY 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Historical perspective and current status H-З Conceptualizing sex differences 159 160 161
ІХ Contents 11.4 Steroid hormones program the developing brain 11.5 Mechanisms of steroid-induced masculinization 11.6 Elucidating mechanisms of normal brain development in males and females provides clues to sources of vulnerability and resilience References 181 15.3 Hormone-independent effects of sex chromosomes and the “sexome” 15.4 The sex chromosomes 15.5 Sex and autoimmune disease — It depends where your X came from 15.6 X-rated microRNAs 15.7 Zinc finger proteins 15.8 Sex at the heart of protein synthesis 15.9 Sex and the cytochromes 15.10 Sex in the time of covid 15.11 Sex and the brain 15.12 Y some male cells are not! 15.13 Conclusion References 181 183 187 189 16. Best-laid pians: The establishment of biological sex and its susceptibility to genetic and environmental disruption 162 164 176 177 12. Genes, environments, and epigenetics SYDNEY GRAM, DUSTIN J. SOKOLOWSKI, AND MARLA B. SOKOLOWSKI 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Moving from the nature—nurture dichotomy to gene-environment interplay 12.3 Epigenetics and gene regulation 12.4 Biological embedding of experience 12.5 Epigenetics, sex, and gender 12.6 Epigenetics and sex differences in health and well-being 12.7 Epigenetics and gender 12.8 Summary and anticipating the future Acknowledgments Conflict of interests References MAURIZIO MELONI 201 202 202 203 205 206 207 207 14. Adipose-derived stem cells: Use in clinical medicine SATOSHI SOBAJIMA, YOSHITOMO SAITA, HIDEKI 1WAGURO, MASANORI TSUBOSAKA, RYOSUKE KURODA, ZHONGX1N SUN, MICHIKA FUKUI, MASAKATSU HIHARA, TOSHIHITO MITSUI, ATSUYUKI KURO, SATOSHI KUSHIDA, NATSUKO
KAKUDO, SATOSHI MATSUSHITA, MORIKUNI TOBITA, ANNA ARITA, AND HIROSHI MIZUNO 14.1 Orthopedics 14.2 Regenerative medicine using adipose-derived stem cells in surgery 14.3 Cardiovascular surgery 14.4 Periodontal surgery References 213 216 218 221 224 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Sry does not provide a robust sex-determining mechanism 16.3 Gonadal development is highly dependent on intercellular signaling mechanisms 16.4 For each sex there is an alternative pathway that is engaged if the intended pathway is compromised 16.5 Concluding remarks Acknowledgments References 265 266 266 269 270 270 270 17. CRISPR technology and its potential role in treating rare imprinting diseases PETR NICKL, LINN AMANDA SYDING, AND RADISLAV SEDLAČEK 17.1 Introduction to imprinting and imprinting diseases 17.2 Angelman syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome 17.3 Prader-Willi syndrome epidemiology, clinical manifestation and disease genetics 17.4 Bridging IDs with current advances in genome editing I7.5 CRISPR-based systems in the context of Angelman and Prader-Willi syndromes 17.6 Concerns regarding CRISPR based genome editing References 273 276 280 282 294 294 295 18. Parental genome and brain functions: The case of genomic imprinting ALICE MELLONI, ANGELO SERANI, AND VALTER TUCCI 15. All cells have a sex: Sex chromosome function at the cellular level NEIL A. BRADBURY 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Cell physiology at the heart of biomedical science 244 245 247 248 249 250 251 253 254 255 PETER KOOPMAN 193 194 195 196 196 196 13. Epigenetics: Mechanisms, theory, and social implications 13.1 Evolution and
development: A new synthesis? 13.2 Genes in the postgenomic age 13.3 Postgenomic genomes as genomes-in-context 13.4 Enter epigenetics 13.5 Summary and potential social implications 13.6 Gender and epigenetics Acknowledgments References 233 234 231 232 18.1 Genomic imprinting: An overview 18.2 Timing of imprinting establishment 18.3 Imprinting disorders 18.4 Imprinting in the brain and sleep regulation 18.5 Concluding remarks References 301 304 305 307 309 311
x Contents 19. Microbiome: Impact of sex on function and characteristics of gut microbiome 23. Sex and the human brain: Moving beyond the binary VEENA TANEJA DAPHNA JOEL 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Host microbiome and immune system 19.3 Sex bias in the immune system 19.4 Microbiome and sex bias ■ 19.5 Sex hormones and microbiome 19.6 Microbiome in sex-biased autoimmunity 19.7 Lupus and microbiome 19.8 Rheumatoid arthritis and microbiome 19.9 Diet, sex, and microbiome Acknowledgments References 313 313 314 316 325 325 ANA LLEO 331 332 339 339 341 341 DONATO GEMMATI AND VERONICA TISATO 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Routes toward an integrative approach in the omics era: Genome first, phenome first, and environment first 395 24.3 Epigenetic approaches: From the womb to adulthood ' 400 24.4 The impact of sex and gender on genomics and epigenomics 24.5 Current challenges and perspectives References 393 401 403 404 25. The importance of gender-specific medicine in the pharmaceutical industry, clinical practice, and global health care IBIS SANCHEZ-SERRANO 409 411 416 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 347 347 Introduction Biological sex differences and pharmacology The pharmaceutical industry business model The pharmaceutical industry and gender-specific medicine 25.5 General obstacles for the development of gender-specific drugs 25.6 But how to change this situation? 25.7 Gender-specific low-hanging fruits 25.8 Conclusion: Gender medicine, pharmaceuticals and 426 348 3 4 global health care References 427 428 21. Molecular mechanisms of sex differences in epilepsy DOODIPALA SAMBA REDDY 21.1 Introduction
21.2 Sex differences in the epilepsies 21.3 Potential molecular and network mechanisms of sex differences in epilepsy 21.4 Neurobiological mechanisms in catamenial epilepsy 21.5 Sex differences in antiseizure medication treatments 21.6 Conclusions and future directions References 385 385 390 390 317 318 24. Genomic and epigenomic signature at the 321 branch-point among genome, phenome, and sexome 323 in health and disease: A multiomics approach 20. Geoepidemiology and the key role of sex chromosomes on autoimmune diseases 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Geoepidemiology of autoimmune diseases: “Where” can help to explain “why” 20.3 Sex prevalence: Why is autoimmunity more common in women? 20.4 The influence of gender 20.5 Sex prevalence in autoimmune diseases: Is there a prognostic role for sex? 20.6 Concluding remarks and future directions References 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Sex and the brain 23.3 Concluding remarks References ^g 359 418 423 424 26. The neurobiology of gender identity and gender dysphoria IVANKA SAVIČ 22. Consideration of biological sex in stem cell therapies ZOE KRUT, GADI PELLED, DAN GAZIT, AND ZULMA GAZIT 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Embryonic stem cells 22.3 Induced pluripotent stem cells 22.4 Mesenchymal stem cells 22.5 Hematopoietic stem cells 22.6 Muscle derived stem cells 22.7 Endothelial progenitor cells 22.8 Neural stem cells 22.9 Current challenges and future prospects References 363 364 365 366 369 370 371 372 374 375 26.1 Definitions 26.2 Gender identity 26.3 Gender dysphoria due to gender incongruence 26.4 Treatment strategies 26.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments
References Further reading 431 431 433 434 437 437 437 439 27. Nutritional genomics and biological sex JOSE M. ORDOVAS AND DOLORES CORELLA 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Precision nutrition and sex/gender differences 441 441
Contents 27.3 Difference between sex and gender 27.4 Sex and gender identification in studies on nutritional genomics/precision nutrition 27.5 Reported sex/gender gene-diet interactions 27.6 Improvement in diet measurement and other related variables using gender perspective in nutritional genomics 448 27.7 Polygenic risk scores and the sex/gender perspective 448 27.8 Recommendations on the design, analysis, and presentation of results in nutritional genomics/precision nutrition studies with a gender perspective 27.9 Conclusions References 443 443 444 449 449 449 28. The invaluable contribution of animal models in understanding sex-dependent differences in neuropsychiatrie disorders LIANA FATTORE 28.1 Why use an animal model to study a neuropsychiatrie disorder? 453 28.2 Sex differences in animal models of mood disorders 454 28.3 Sex differences in animal models of eating disorders 456 28.4 Sex differences in animal models of schizophrenia, autism and ADHD 457 28.5 Sex differences in animal models of drug addiction 458 28.6 Summaryand conclusions 459 References 459 29. Sexual dimorphism in molecular biology of cancer MEHMET TEVFIK DORAK Introduction 463 Gender, sex, and the genome 463 Sexual dimorphism in cancer 466 Sexual dimorphism in the development of specific cancers 469 29.5 Sex and cancer treatment 471 References 473 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 30. The importance of expeditionary fitness in optimizing the human commercial spaceflight experience MICHAEL A. SCHMIDT AND CALEB Μ. SCHMIDT 30.1 Introduction 477 30.2 What is expeditionary fitness? 478 30.3 Why expeditionary fitness
matters: The case of viral reactivation in space 478 30.4 Expeditionary fitness and the physiological phenotype 480 30.5 Expeditionary fitness and the morphological phenotype 481 30.6 Expeditionary fitness and the behavioral phenotype: Expeditionary behavior 482 30.7 Training fitness: The importance of preparedness and exposure 30.8 The unique civilian spaceflight cohort 30.9 The emergence of entertainment in space 30.10 Human research program for civilian spaceflight 30.11 The role of precision medicine in expeditionary fitness 30.12 Conclusions References ХІ 485 485 488 489 489 491 492 31. Brain morphological changes associated with sexual orientation MIKHAIL VOTINOV AND ANDREI A. PUIU 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Methodology 31.3 Morphology and sexual orientation 31.4 White matter findings 31.5 Conclusions 31.6 Avenues for future research References Further reading 495 495 496 499 501 501 501 502 32. The operationalization of gender in medicine SABINE OERTELT-PRIGIONE Introduction Gender identity Identity/dysphoria Gender expression Gender norms and roles Measures of masculinity OR femininity Gender relations Composite scores Disease-specific examples Considerations for applicability and future steps References 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 32.7 32.8 32.9 32.10 503 504 505 505 506 507 508 509 509 510 511 33. Precision medicine: Overview and challenges to clinical implementation SUSANNE B. HAGA 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Genome sciences 33.3 Clinical applications 33.4 Challenges to clinical implementation 33.5 Conclusion References 513 513 515 518 521 521 34. Assessment of fall
risks in older females and males using an automated smartphone mobility suite EMIL JOVANOV, GABRIELA GUIMARAES OLIVEIRA-ZUMDA, AZITA AMIRI, ANGELO JOSE GONCALVES BOS, AND KAREN H. FRITH 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Automated assessment of mobility 34.3 A smartwatch ѕЗОЅСЅТ implementation 531 534 539
xii Յ4.4 Experimental studies 34-5 Conclusion References Contents 539 546 546 35. Statin therapy and sex hormones HOSSEIN CHITI, NEGIN PARSAMANESH, ŽELJKO REINER, TANNAZJAMIALAHMADI, AND AMIRHOSSEIN SAHEBKAR 35.1 Statin therapy for patients with coronary heart disease 551 35.2 Statin therapy for patients with ischemic stroke 551 35.3 Statin therapy for patients with peripheral artery disease 552 35.4 Effects of statins on endogenous steroid hormone synthesis (via three interconnected pathways) 552 35.5 A review of studies on the effects of statins on testosterone levels in men 553 35.6 The effect of statins on spermatogenesis 557 35.7 An overview of studies associating statins with erectile dysfunction 559 35.8 Role of statin treatment on estradiol and LH/FSH ratio in women 561 35.9 Potential benefits and risks of statins in polycystic ovary syndrome 562 35.10 Conclusions 562 Competing interests 564 Funding 564 References 564 36. Exercise physiology in women and men ANNE-MARIE LUNDSGAARD, ANDREAS Μ. FRITZEN, AND BENTE KIENS 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Body composition 36.3 Cardiovascular differences and maximal oxygen uptake 574 36.4 Muscle fiber type composition 36.5 Anaerobic and aerobicexercise 36.6 Aerobic carbohydrate and lipid oxidation during exercise 576 36.7 ATP resynthesis in skeletal muscle 36.8 Estrogen and its impact on metabolism 36.9 Gender differences in metabolism during recovery from exercise 584 36.10 Concluding highlights References 573 573 575 576 581 583 584 584 37֊ Cerebral effects of gender-affirming hormone treatments in transgender persons LEIRE
ZUBIAURRE-ELORZA, CARME URIBE, AND ANTONIO GUILLAMON 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Effects of affirming hormone treatment on the brain of transgender individuals 591 37.3 Explanatory hypotheses to explain brain changes in transgender persons receiving hormone treatment 596 37.4 Concluding remarks Acknowledgments References 589 597 598 598 38. Artificial intelligence in healthcare ARTHUR ARGENSON AND VIRGINIA DEVI-CHOU 38.1 Artificial intelligence, overview 38.2 Definitions 38.3 Benefits brought by artificial intelligence 38.4 Current challenges and limitations 38.5 Continuous learning and model retraining 38.6 From prediction to decision and action 38.7 Machine-learning overview 38.8 Data preparation 38.9 Model training: Learning and generalization 38.10 Neural networks 38.11 Neural networks shortcomings 38.12 Tree-based algorithms 38.13 Decision tree shortcomings 38.14 Application to healthcare 38.15 Conclusion References 601 601 602 603 604 604 605 606 607 609 610 610 612 612 616 616 39. Trauma and gender in primary care DORTE Μ. CHRISTIANSEN 39.1 Introduction 619 39.2 Acute psychological trauma in a medical setting 619 39.3 Gender differences in trauma exposure 620 39.4 Gender differences in the acute response to trauma 620 39.5 Gender differences in trauma-related symptoms and disorders 621 39.6 Gender differences in a clinical context 623 39.7 Gender differences in in treatment of trauma-related disorders 624 39.8 Discussion 628 39.9 Conclusion 632 References 633 40. Fertility treatment and preservation in transgender men and women DOV FELDBERG 40.1 Introduction 40.2
Definition of transgender people 40.3 Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people 40.4 Epidemiology of gender identity disorder 40.5 Reproductive options for trans people 40.6 The ethical/legal status of medically assisted reproduction in transsexual people 40.7 ART treatment for transgender men and women 40.8 Reproductive wish in transgender men 40.9 Fertility and achievement of pregnancy in transgender men 40.10 Reproductive wish in transgender women 40.11 Fertility and achievement of pregnancy in transgender women 40.12 Conclusion References 637 637 638 638 639 640 640 641 641 642 642 642 642
Contents 45. Beyond sex and gender differences: The case for women’s health research 41. Atrial fibrillation in women ELLIE J. COROMILAS, JESSICA A. HENNESSEY, STEPHANIE M. KOCHAV, AND ELAINE Y. WAN 41.1 Prevalence of atrial fibrillation 41.2 Electrophysiology of AF 41.3 Cellular electrophysiology and ionic basis for sex differences 41.4 Sex-based differences in presentation and treatment in women with AF 41.5 Drug therapy for AF 41.6 Antiarrhythmic therapy for AF 41.7 Catheter ablation for AF 41.8 Pregnancy in AF 41.9 Sex based differences in outcomes in women with AF References LIISA A.M. GALEA, BONNIE H. LEE, ROMINA GARCIA DE LEON, Μ. NATASHA RAJAH, AND GILLIAN EINSTEIN 645 645 646 647 648 649 649 650 650 651 42. Sex differences in COVID-19 susceptibility — Reductionistic and holistic perspectives 655 precision in medicine 655 REUBS J. WALSH 656 656 657 657 658 43. Sex and gender differences in sleep disorders: An overview FIDAA SHAIB AND HRAYR ATTARIAN 43.1 Introduction 43.2 Insomnia 43.3 Sleep disordered breathing 43.4 Obesity hypoventilation syndrome 43.5 Restless legs syndrome or Willis-Ekbom disorder 43.6 Circadian rhythm sleep disorders 43.7 Parasomnias 43.8 Conclusions References 66 լ 663 . 666 6γθ 67. 44. Estrogen: Impact on cardiomyocytes and the heart 699 700 701 702 702 703 705 706 706 46.1 Introduction 46.2 Social categories inbiomedical science 46.3 Operationalizing gender/sex 46.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 713 715 716 727 728 728 47. Person-centered cancer genetic counseling for transgender and gender diverse patients JOSEPHINE GIBLIN, ALISON
BERNER, AND BETH COAD ^^ Background 47.2 Family history questionnaires 47.3 Pedigrees 47.4 Language and terminology 47.5 Psychosocial and sociocultural factors 47.6 Impact of gender-affirming treatments 47.7 Training and education 47.8 Conclusion References 733 735 736 739 740 742 745 746 747 48. Musculoskeletal complaints in male and female instrumental musicians JIN KYUNG KIM 44-1 Introduction 44.2 Estrogen on the heart: Clinical considerations 44.3 Estrogen on cardiomyocytes: Scientific data 44.4 Conclusion Disclosures References 45.1 Introduction 45.2 Why the mandates don’t necessarily further women’s health 45.3 Misconceptions insex differencesresearch 45.4 By focusing on studying sex differences have we missed the point? 45.5 History of women’s healthresearch 45.6 Beyond sex/gender differences: What is women’s health? 45.7 What does it cost us when we ignore women’s health? 45.8 Conclusions References 46. Measurement and meaning of gender/sex from bench to bedside — And the mutuality of equity and FERRIC C. FANG AND ARTURO CASADEVALL 42.1 Introduction 42.2 Reductionism and holism 42.3 COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of sex on clinical outcomes 42.4 Reductionistic approaches 42.5 Holistic approaches 42.6 Conclusions — An integrated view References xiii 681 681 683 690 691 691 LM. KOK, A. VAN NOORT, AND R.G.H.H. NELISSEN 48.1 A historical perspective 48.2 Musculoskeletal complaints in the general population 48.3 Gender differences 753 754 757
xiv Contents 48.4 Other determinants of musculoskeletal complaints in musicians 48.5 Instrument 48.6 Prevention 48.7 Therapeutic management — A practical approach 762 48.8 Conclusion References 759 759 761 764 764 49. Sex, gender, and pain ROGER B. HLLINGIM Introduction Conceptual issues Sex differences in clinical pain Sex differences in experimental pain responses Mechanisms contributing to sex differences in pain 49.6 Sex differences in pain treatment 49.7 Conclusions and future directions References 775 782 784 784 50. Influence of gender on the pathophysiology and treatment of urological malignancies 824 825 826 826 827 53.1 Introduction 53.2 Robot gender 53.3 Human gender 53.4 Interaction effects 53.5 Future directions of gender issues in HRI 53.6 Summary Acknowledgments References 831 832 834 834 836 837 838 838 VISHWANATH BHAT AND VINEET BHANDARI 50.1 Bladder cancer 50.2 Kidney cancer References 793 797 800 51. Beyond the mask: The role of camouflaging in managing an autistic identity for girls and women JAN BURNS AND SIOBHAN TIERNEY 51.1 Introduction 51.2 Terminology 51.3 Managing an autistic identity in early life through masking or camouflaging 806 51.4 New research findings relating to autism, sex/gender differences and camouflaging 51.5 Outcomes of camouflaging 51.6 Implications 51.7 Conclusion References TATSUYA NOMURA 54. Sex specificity in neonatal diseases REZA SARI MOTLAGH, SHAHROKH F. SHARIAT, MANUELA SCHM1DINGER, AND HARUN FAJKOVIC 805 805 809 813 816 817 817 Introduction Fetal sex and adverse pregnancy outcomes Neonatal lung disease Brain injury and
neurodevelopmental outcomes 54.5 Growth, nutritional interventions, and neurodevelopment 54.6 Endocrine adaptation 54.7 Immune response and infection 54.8 Cardiovascular adaptation and heart disease 54.9 Gut microbiome and necrotizing enterocolitis 54.10 Blood donor sex and neonatal outcomes 54.11 Miscellaneous 54.12 Conclusions References 54.1 54.2 54.3 54.4 841 841 843 846 850 851 852 854 855 856 856 858 859 55. Human male and female phenotypes depend on lifestyle (smoking and hormonal contraceptives): Implications for prevention and care ILARIA CAMPESI AND FLAVIA FRANCONI Introduction 869 Evolution of oral contraceptives 869 Exposure to exogenous sexual hormones 870 Combined oral contraceptives induce physiological alterations in women 873 55.5 Interactions among combined oral contraceptives and drugs 873 55.6 Some sex and gender differences in tobacco smoking 875 55.7 Conclusions 879 References 880 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 52. There is no stronger sex: Evolutionary Anthropology’s conclusion based on the sex-typical susceptibility to stress factors during prenatal development SYLVIA KIRCHENGAST Introduction Sex and gender The biology of sex The importance of sex in the prenatal phase Sex-typical differences in the prenatal phase Sex ratio 823 823 824 824 53. Robots and gender 769 769 770 773 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 52.5 52.6 Sex differences in fetal growth Sex differences in preterm birthrate Sex differences in birth outcomes Sex differences in newborn size Sex differences in pre- and perinatal vulnerability 52.12 Discussion 52.13 Ultimate explanations
52.14 Conclusion References 52.7 52.8 52.9 52.10 52.11 821 822 822 822 822 823 Index 887
PRINCIPLES OF FOURTH EDITION GENDER-SPECIFIC MEDICINE Sex and Gender-Specific Biology in the Postgenomic Era edited by MARIANNE J. LEGATO Awarded with the 2018 Prose Award in Clinical Medicine, the third edition of Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine explored and described exciting new areas in biomedicine that integrated technology into the treatment of disease and the augmentation of human function. Novel topics such as the sex-specific aspects of space medicine, the development and use of genderized robots, and a discussion of cyborgs were included in the third edition, providing a preview of the expanding world of sex-specific physiology and therapeutics. This fourth edition is a continuation of the mission to trace the relevance of biological sex to normal function and to the experience of disease in humans. We are now 20 years into the postgenomic era. The investigation of how the genome produces the phenome has led to fascinating insights as well to yet unanswered questions. This fourth edition of Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine has a central theme: to discuss advances in understanding the role of epigenetics in regulating gene expression in a dynamic, sex-specific way during human life. It explores the protean role of epigenetics in human physiology, the relevance of environmental experience to human function, the therapeutic promise of cutting-edge methodologies such as gene manipulation, the preparation of humans for space travel, the use of artificial intelligence in detection and therapeutic decisions concerning disease states, the possibilities for
technological support of not only compromised individuals but also the augmentation of human function, and an analysis of the benefits, limitations, and issues that surround our current expectations of personalized medicine. Key Features • Covers the most important developments in biomedical research in the past decade, with a thoughtful analysis of how they impact patient care • Reviews the latest developments in the science of gene regulation, with particular emphasis on how epigenetic mechanisms function as the link between the environment and the phenotype • Discusses the feasibility and usefulness of personalized medicine, the limits and promise of genetic editing, the basis for variation in sexual identity, and how artificial intelligence and technology will affect basic human function as well as correct disability • Promotes and facilitates discussions about the ethics and governance issues that surround much of what science is now able to do at the most basic levels of human physiology |
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| edition | Fourth edition |
| format | Book |
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| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV048859658 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:41:49Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:48:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780323885348 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034124801 |
| oclc_num | 1381310817 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-384 |
| owner_facet | DE-384 |
| physical | xxvi, 903 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Principles of gender-specific medicine sex and gender-specific biology in the postgenomic era edited by Marianne J. Legato Fourth edition Oxford Elsevier [2023] xxvi, 903 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Gender-Medizin (DE-588)1069336971 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Gender-Medizin (DE-588)1069336971 s DE-604 Legato, Marianne J. 1935- (DE-588)140960295 edt Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034124801&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034124801&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Principles of gender-specific medicine sex and gender-specific biology in the postgenomic era Gender-Medizin (DE-588)1069336971 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1069336971 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Principles of gender-specific medicine sex and gender-specific biology in the postgenomic era |
| title_auth | Principles of gender-specific medicine sex and gender-specific biology in the postgenomic era |
| title_exact_search | Principles of gender-specific medicine sex and gender-specific biology in the postgenomic era |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Principles of gender-specific medicine sex and gender-specific biology in the postgenomic era |
| title_full | Principles of gender-specific medicine sex and gender-specific biology in the postgenomic era edited by Marianne J. Legato |
| title_fullStr | Principles of gender-specific medicine sex and gender-specific biology in the postgenomic era edited by Marianne J. Legato |
| title_full_unstemmed | Principles of gender-specific medicine sex and gender-specific biology in the postgenomic era edited by Marianne J. Legato |
| title_short | Principles of gender-specific medicine |
| title_sort | principles of gender specific medicine sex and gender specific biology in the postgenomic era |
| title_sub | sex and gender-specific biology in the postgenomic era |
| topic | Gender-Medizin (DE-588)1069336971 gnd |
| topic_facet | Gender-Medizin Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034124801&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034124801&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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