From reception to integration of asylum seekers and refugees in Poland:
"This book sheds light on the complex experiences of asylum seekers and refugees in Poland, against a local backdrop of openly anti-refugee political narratives and strong opposition to sharing the responsibility for, and burden of, asylum seekers arriving in the EU. Through a multidimensional...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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London ; New York
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
2023
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| Schriftenreihe: | Routledge advances in European politics
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "This book sheds light on the complex experiences of asylum seekers and refugees in Poland, against a local backdrop of openly anti-refugee political narratives and strong opposition to sharing the responsibility for, and burden of, asylum seekers arriving in the EU. Through a multidimensional analysis, it highlights the processes of forced migrant admission, reception and integration in a key EU frontier country that has undergone a rapid migration status change from a transit to a host country. The book examines rich qualitative material drawn from interviews conducted with forced migrants with different legal statuses and with experts from public administration at the central and local levels, NGOs, and other institutions involved in migration governance in Poland. It discusses both opportunities for and limitations on forced migrants’ adaptation in the social, economic, and political dimensions, as well as their access to healthcare, education, the labour market, and social assistance. This book will be of particular interest to scholars, students, policymakers, and practitioners in migration and asylum studies, social policy, public policy, international relations, EU studies/European integration, law, economics, and sociology." |
| Beschreibung: | xvi, 240 Seiten Karten, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781032051550 9781032051505 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a From reception to integration of asylum seekers and refugees in Poland |c Karolina Sobczak-Szelc, Marta Pachocka, Konrad Pędziwiatr, Justyna Szałańska, and Monika Szulecka |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS List of Figures List ofTables About the Authors Acknowledgements List ofAbbreviations ix x xi xiii xiv 1 Introduction 2 Poland’s Position on the Map of Forced Mobility in the European Context 20 Securitisation of Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Political and Media Discourses 41 4 The Institutional and Legal Basis of the Asylum System 68 5 Experiences in Accessing International Protection 92 6 Access of Asylum Seekers and Refugees to Education: The Case of Polish Language Learning 3 7 Access to Housing by Asylum Seekers and Beneficiaries of International Protection 1 120 138
viii Contents 8 Integration of Asylum Seekers and Refugees on the Labour Market 167 9 Access to Healthcare by Asylum Seekers and Beneficiaries of International Protection 189 10 Until They Become Citizens: Refugees’ Rights, Civic Participation, and Belonging 207 11 Conclusions 227 Index 233
INDEX Note. Page numbers in italics indicate a figure and page numbers in bold indicate a table on the corresponding page. Page numbers followed by ‘n’ indicate a note. absconding, risk of 111, 113, 114; prevention of absconding 116 accessing international protection in Poland, legal basis for 76-9 adult asylum seekers 121,126,134-5; access to education for 81,120-135; access to Polish language courses 13; Polish language education for 125,133 affordable housing, shortages of 147,158-9, 163-4 Agency of Internal Security 77,78 allowances for asylum seekers, living outside the centres for foreigners 140,141 anti-Muslim prejudice 159 anti-Muslim sentiments, public expression of 46 anti-refugee discourses, in Poland 49,60; events impacting 47-9 anti-refugee prejudice 159 applications for international protection 74-5,140; applications for refugee status 35,78; asylum applications 30, 48,85,107-9,115,117nl3; duration of processing 79; investigation of asylum claims of 109; ; submission of 76 Arab Spring (2011 and onwards) 3, 41 armed conflict, experience with 93-8 Association for Legal Intervention 28,155, 159 asylum applicants, status of rejected 83-4 asylum law, in Poland as an EU Member State 26-8 Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF) 28,133,145,173,204 asylum policy in Poland 1-3,8,11, 13,24,26-8,34,92,229; institutional system of implementing 69-73; strategy of 1 asylum procedure: involving additional control measures 110-14; legal framework of accessing 73-6; rights and obligations in 79-81; waiting for the outcome of 109-10 Asylum Procedure Directive 27, 70,75
asylum seekers: access to formal education 121-3; access to labour market 168-170; admission of 3,48, 51-53, 58,69-70, 221; criterion of religion in admitting 55; difference with economic migrants 49; dispute over the compulsory or voluntary admission of 48; emergency relocation mechanism for 27; employment of 168; housing in the centres for foreigners 147-53; housing outside the centres for foreigners 153—7; language barrier faced by 179-81; legal assistance for 28, 81; non-EU harmonised protection for 33; perceptions and usage of healthcare services by 195-201; provision of medical care for 191; pull factor for 102; right to education 81 asylum-seeking 2,12,20,81,125-6,134-5, 196 asylum shopping 100
234 Index Balkan states 21 beneficiaries of international protection 72,82,212,223; access to labour market 170-3; admission to a higher education 83,122; civic participation of 217; employment of 168,175-9; experiences with housing provisions 157-63; host country language acquisition by 121; institutional framework of housing for 145-7; integrational support provided for 123; jobs performed by 175; language barrier faced by 79-81; level of educational qualifications obtained abroad by 83,183; obligation to attend a Polish language course 129,135; perceptions and usage of healthcare services by 201-4; qualification of third-country nationals as 88n30; recognition of qualifications 181-3; self-organisation of 218; type of support delivered by labour offices 172; unemployment rate among 168 “bogus” asylum seekers 93,100,105,111, 114 border checkpoints 85-6, 87n4,106,108, 115; border crossings 28, 73, 85-6,88n31, 111, 142;Brest-Terespol railway border crossing 28,106,107,115,140; foreigners lodging applications at the border 74 border management 11,15; border security measures 34; EU policy on 22 Border Group (Grupa Granica) 34, 231ո3 Border Guard 34,73,75,77-8, 80,107, 143; abuse of the competences of 108; issuance of a return order by 83; motions on detention by 104,113,116; reception of asylum applications by 108; return procedure initiated by 84 Caritas 134 cash assistance 105,139,144,152,174 Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) 21-2; forced migration governance in 227; Member States of EU 2,20 Central Statistical Office, Poland 8,30 Centre for Voluntarism
Association 134 Centre of Support for Immigrants (Gdańsk) 134 centres for foreigners, in Poland 74, 111, 125-6,135,140-1,152,174,183, 190-1,199,205,221; accommodation for asylum seekers in 14, 142; asylum seekers and housing in 147-53; asylum seekers and housing outside of 153-7; childcare provided in 126; epidemiological filters in 191; foreigners placed in 80; location of 143; medical assistance in 196; pocket money for those who stay in 152; protection of children against abuse in 145; provision of medical care at 80; social work in 133 Chechen: access to education 181,218; asylum seekers 96,101-2; in Belarus 97; as beneficiaries of international protection 101,102,175,184; in Poland 96; Russian citizen of Chechen origin 2,29, 33,35; traumatic experience of Chechen women 99,102; work 168, 175-6,178,181 Chechnya wars (1994-1996,1999-2009) 94 children: infringement of children’s rights 228; legal representative for underage applicant 80; as victims of violent fathers 98 Chlebem i Տօկ (With Bread and Salt) 153, 161 citizenship, notion of 207,208; see also Polish citizenship civic participation, of refugees 216-20; in associational life in Poland 217; beneficiaries of international protection 217; defined 216 Civic Platform {Platforma Obywatelska) 42-3,47-9, 52-3 civil society organisations: 80,109-10,151; non-governmental organisations (NGO) 4,72,230 Coalition for the Renewal of the Republic Liberty and Hope {Koalicja Odnowy Rzeczypospolitej Wolność i Nadzieja, KORWIN) 42 Commissioner for Children’s Rights 28, 72 Commissioner for Human Rights (Ombudsman) 28,72 Common Basic
Principle for Immigrant Integration Policy 123 Common European Asylum System 26 communication channels 46, 60 communism, fall of 1,211 communities ofco-ethnics 101,105 Constitution of the Republic of Poland 22 25,68-9,81,121,145 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950) 26
Index Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) 26 cost of living, outside of the centres for foreigners 154 Council of Europe 123; Convention on the participation of foreigners in public life 209 country of origin 8,29,77,79, 99,109,177, 182,189,217,220,224; circumstances of leaving 3,16,74,94,112 Court ofJustice of the EU (CJEU) 27 COVID-19 pandemic 69,191,205; impact on access to health care 205; impact on forced migration governance 85; impact on the dechne in mobility and migration on a global scale 227; restrictions on cross-border mobility to prevent the spread of 85 crime against humanity 77,78 cultural knowledge 120 cultural proximity criterion, in admitting asylum seekers 51 deportation 55,111—2; to countries of origin 58,99, 111; fear of 197; protection from 297 detention: centres 76,104,112-13, 115-16,153,197; foreigners staying in the guarded centres 74; unjustified detention 114; motions on detention by Bonder Guard 104,113,116 deterrence: deterring practices 230; practices of deterring asylum seekers 106-7,109,113,115; practices of deterring migrants 228 diplomas, recognition of/confirmation of 72,81,83,121,181-2 Directives of the European Communities: Asylum Procedure Directive 27,70,75; Council Directive 2001/ 55/ EC on Temporary Protection 25,70,87n8; Council Directive 2003/ 9/ EC 25; Directive 2013/33/EU 70,81; Directive 2011/95/EU 81; Qualification Directive 27,70,123; Reception Conditions Directive 27,70; related to the asylum procedure 27 division of power 21 drivers of forced mobility 93 Dublin Regulations 2,73-4,80,92,100, 104,107, 111,
115,143;Dublin record 114-15; Dublin transfer 112,114 Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics (Statistics Netherlands) 21 235 Eastern Bloc 21-2,33 eastern border, accessing the asylum procedure at 106-9 Eastern Mediterranean migration route 8 economic and educational migration from countries 1-3,49,114 economic integration 14,178-83,185-6 economic migrants 1; difference with asylum seekers 49; right to asylum 57 economic migration 1-3,49,114 education systems: access of adult forced migrants to 122; employment-related 186; of OECD countries 122 Emergency Relocation System 48 ethno-cultural affinity 224n4 ethno-religious tensions 151 EU Charter of Fundamental Rights 26 European Agenda on Migration 27 European Agreement on the Abolition of Visas for Refugees (1960) 26 European Agreement on Transfer of Responsibility for Refugees (1980) 26 European Commission: Treaty infringement procedure 27 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950) 24,26,53 European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) 71,97,108 Europeanisation of the Polish acquis and asylum regimes 34 European Union (EU) 20,47,99, 230; asylum policy under primary law of 26; Baltic Member States of 22; Central and Eastern European (CEE) Member States of 2; citizenship of 215; Labour Force Survey 167; legislation and policies regarding migration and asylum in 12, 48, 69,80,99; Multiannual Financial Framework 173; Poland’s accession to 23,25; policy on border management 22; refugee relocation scheme negotiations 47,48; response to a mass influx of forced migrants 3 Eurostat 12,22,30,48 family
migration 4 family reunification scheme 167 family support centres 15,71,82,173, 182-3,124,129,146-7,230; Warsaw Family Support Centre (WFSC) 146-7 femicide 114 financial allowance 75,79,174 fleeing and onward mobility, reasons for 93
236 Index forced disappearance 96-7,114 forced migrants: access to education 81; access to the Polish labour market 72; accounts referring to “blocked” access to the asylum procedure 106; adaptation to the labour market 168-73; administrative conduct towards 85; Chechens 102; decision to flee their countries of origin 50,93-101; dominance of security frames associated with 49; main destination for 35; MENA-origin 34; onward mobility of 101-6; open-door policy for 34; Poland as a second choice destination for 101-6; pubhc opinion of 42; reception and integration policies 42,11—12,15,227,230; religious and cultural backgrounds of 50; right to work 169; securitisation of see securitisation of forced migrants; social organisations of 218; stuck at the Polish-Belarusian border 117nl7; vulnerabilities of 229 forced migration: after 1989 in the EU/CEE contexts 29-33; closed-door policy for 34; concept of 4; definition of 4; economic motives for 99-100; governance of see forced migration governance; Poland’s management of 34; politicisation and securitisation of 44-7; securitisation of 12; terminological challenge associated with 4-5 forced migration governance 3,7,11-13; administrative procedures for 72; in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) region 227; challenges in the field of 34; development of 23-6, 34; EU law in the area of 70; impact of COVID-19 pandemic on 85; in international and EU context 21-3; legal changes regarding 85; ministries connected to 72; by non governmental organisations (NGOs) 72; Poland’s history of 109; by public institutions 72; stakeholders of 57 foreign
higher education degrees, recognition of 83,122 formal education, asylum seekers’ and refugees’ access to 121-3 Foundation for Somalia (Warsaw) 134,173, 217-18 Foundation for the Rule of Law (Lublin) 134 Foundation Lingua Mundi 127 freedom of movement 4,145,214,215 Frontex 73,228 gender-based violence 98,114-15 Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees of 1951 12,20,24,27,50,53, 69, 86,127, 189,207 Germany, welcoming policy towards Syrians fleeing war 48-9 Global North 7 Goflman’s theory of frame analysis 50 Gowin, Jarosław 51 green border 85,117nl3,228; arrivaL· through the “green border” 85; attempts of crossing 117nl5 healthcare system: institutional framework of 190-5; tele-advice 205; televisits 205 health insurance, payment of 82,190,193,194 healthy selfishness, notion of 55 Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights 15, 28,153 higher education 82-3,121,122, 176, 178,182 Homo Faber Foundation 134 host country language skills, acquisition of 125 housing allowances, provision of 138 housing provision for asylum seekers: for beneficiaries of international protection 145-7; in centres for foreigners 147-53; cultural and religious differences in 151; discriminatory practices towards refugees 159; experiences of beneficiaries of international protection with 157-63; institutional framework of 139-45; monthly rental fees 160; outside the centres for foreigners 153-7; rental agreement 146; for special needs of vulnerable persons 153; for vulnerable persons and groups 144 housing security 160 human rights: infringements of 72,228; standards for protection of migrants 26,72
immigration country 1,30,138,168,229 individual integration programmes (IIP) 81, 124,145,146,230; beneficiaries of 124, 147; implementation of 173 Institute of Culture of Caucasian Nations 218 Institute of Labour and Social Affairs 155 integration of migrants, policy for 224nl, 230 internally displaced persons (IDPs) 5; in Ukraine 95
Index International Association for the Study of Forced Migration 4 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 25 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 25 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 21 International Organisation for Migration (IOM) 73; Glossary on Migration 4 international protection: applications for 74-5; beneficiaries of 2,7-9,13-15, 33, 70-2,82,84,86,87nl0, 88n30,101,102, 121-4,129,134,135,138-65,167,168, 170,171,172,173-9,182-6,189-205, 207,208,209,212,214,216-18,221,223, 224nl0,227,230; declaration of intent to apply for 80; people applying for 75; post2015 changes to the legal framework of accessing 85-6; procedures under Dublin Regulation 75; scope of 81-3; status of rejected asylum apphcants 83-4 Iraq wars (2003-2011,2013-2017) 94 Iron Curtain 21 Islamic State (ISIS) 49 Islamophobia 44,46,51, 57; banalisation of 46 job types, change of 176 Kaczyński, Jarosław 50 Kadyrov, Ramzan 96 Kopacz, Ewa 48; decision to admit refugees within the Emergency Relocation System 48 labour market 6,14,82, 86,138,157; access to 6,13-4,69,72,82; change ofjob types 176; employment opportunities in 173; integration on 14,84,167-86; issue of cultural sensitivities and 178; legal and institutional aspects of forced migrants’ adaptation to 168-73; legal restrictions in accessing 170; need of certificate for accessing 169; policy implemented by the labour offices 171; role of gender in access to 184—5; types ofjobs performed and their determinants 174-9 labour office(s) 71, 82,171,172,173,179, 180,182,183,185,186,194; language
barriers 125, 135,184,193,203; problem of 179-81 Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość, PiS) 28,41,49 Law on Foreigners 23,25, 69—70, 83—5 237 Law on Housing Allowances 145 Law on Polish Citizenship (1962) 211 Law on Polish Citizenship (2009) 211,223 Law on Promotion of Employment 71 Law on Protection of 2003 70,124,139, 193; Law on Social Assistance 82, 124, 146 Law on Tenancy and Housing 145,164n4 local labour offices see labour offices locations, where asylum seekers could be hosted 47 Lubelskie Voivodeship 228 Lukashenka, Alexander 53,228 management of migration processes, practices regarding 2-3,23,27, 32, 34, 227,229-30 mass influx 3,36nl9, 51, 87n8 Mazovian Educational Superintendent (Mazowiecki Kurator Oświaty) 83 Mazovian Voivodeship, 180 media: Gazeta Polska Codziennie 43, 54, 55, 56; Gazeta Wyborcza 43,48, 55, 57; W Steci (magazine) 48 medical care for asylum seekers, provision of 191 Member States of EU 2,4,11,21—2,24, 26-7,30,41,48,51, 80, 173,212 mental health 189-91,196,199-200 Merkel, Angela 48 meso-level interviews, in Poland with codes 10 methodology 7-11,22, 59,130,133 methods 8,11,128,227 micro-level interviews, in Poland with codes 9 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region 34 Migration Governance Network (MGN) 8, 42,44,57,93 migration-management crisis, in Europe 22-3,27-8,35,159; events impacting 47-9 migration pressure at the border, government’s response to 228 Ministry of Family and Social Policy 70-1 M.K. and Others v. Poland 97,108 mobility restrictions, pertaining to COVID-19 34 most-favoured-nation clause 207 Multicultural Centre in Warsaw
134,218 multi-level governance (MLG) 5; in area of international migration management 230 multilevel playing field, concept of 5
238 Index Muslim asylum seekers, admission of 52 Muslim refugees 47; framed as terrorist 57; Polish media negative depiction of 57 Narodowy Fundusz Zdrowia (NFZ) see National Health Fund Nasz Wybor Foundation 134 National Health Fund 14,190,193-5, 201-2 National Labour Inspectorate (NLI) 175 national migration policy, anti-refugee direction of 34 national treatment, principle of 207 nationhood, notion of 207 naturalisation of refugees 207,212-14; rate of 224n9 net-immigration country 138,167 Never Again (Nigdy Więcej) 58 New Pact on Migration and Asylum (2020) 85 New York Protocol of 1967 12,20,24,27 non-EU asylum applicants, in EU andV4 countries 31 Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) 4,230; forced migration governance by 16,72 Ocalenie Foundation 15,134,153,161 Office for Foreigners 73, 75, 81,108,109, 124,127,153,156,169,190-1,193,212 onward mobility, determinants of 101-6 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 21 parliamentary elections, in Poland 12,28, 41-3,46-8,57, 60-1,159 permanent residence permit, grant of 210; condition for 211 persecution: international protection to persons fleeing persecution 20; traumatic events related to 94; and violence towards certain social groups 98-9 personal hygiene products, purchase of 139, 144 Petra Medica 14,191-3,198-9,202,205 Podlaskie Voivodeship 142,228 Poland: application of admission policy towards forced migrants 230; approach towards immigrants 2; asylum system 12-13,25,34,68,70,112,153; membership in the EU 23,25; migration policy 209; participation in the international refugee protection system
24; recognition as a safe country in the context of refugee protection 69; as a second choice destination for forced migrants 101-6; stakeholders of migration governance in 57; system of forced migration governance in 12; as transit country 104; transition to a democratic state 69 Poland Together (Polska Razem) 51,6Ini Pole’s Card (Karta Polaka) 208,224ոՅ Polish-Belarusian border 28,53; humanitarian crisis at 231n3 Polish Border Guard see Border Guard Polish citizenship 77; acquisition of 213; attitudes towards acquiring 214—16; declarative vision of 223; foreign citizens acquiring 224n9; motivations in applying for 208; notion of 207,208; number of refugees who were recognised as Polish citizens 214; refhgees’ rights and access to 208-11 Polish language learning 13,120,121,124, 127,129-30,133-5,171; according to legal status of the forced migrants 135; acquisition by applicants and beneficiaries of international protection 121; for adult asylum applicants 124,133; approaches to 123; assessment of the need to 124; for asylum-seeking children 125; average number of Polish lesson hours during an IIP 129; for beneficiaries of international protection 129,135; communicative method of teaching refugees 127; deficiencies of 130; for female beneficiary of subsidiary protection 129; free language courses for foreigners 134; legal framework for forced migrants 123-4; non-availability of language courses tailored for refugees with specific needs 130; objections against 129; obligation of 124; opponents of obligatory 127; practises of 121; quality of the language courses 130;
refugees’ motivation for 132; women’s participation in language courses 132,134 Polish legal system 23; Europeanisation of 25; relating to foreigners 25 Polish Migration Forum (Polskie Forum Migracyjne) 173 Polish People’ Republic 21-2 Polish Red Cross 24 Polish United Workers’Party (Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza) 42 political mobilisation 47 political value systems 221
Index Рокка Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza (PZPR) see Polish United Workers’ Party Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 122, 200 preferred destination, for asylum seekers 93 pre-school education 121 professional training 82,182 psychological assistance, quality of 191 public administration, in Poland 8,10,114, 116 public education 81 pubhc healthcare services 82,204 pull factor for asylum seekers 1,7,100-2 “push out-push back” approach: for governance of forced migration 7; push back factors 7, 106; push out factors 7, 104,113,114,230 239 rental agreement 146,214 RESPOND Project 15-16,16n6,116n4, 121,133,227 right to apply for social housing 158 right to asylum 49; in Polish Constitution 69; right to ask for asylum 86,228 right to education: for asylum-seeking children 81; EU Directives on 81; EU policies and regulations in respect of 121; guaranteed to all children living in Poland 121; of refugee children 122 right to free legal information 81 right to vote 209 right to work 105,169,198 Romankiv, Marta 209 Russian-Ukrainian war 95; in 2014 1,47; in 2022 2,228 Rzeczpospolita 42-3, 54-5, 57 Qualification Directive 27,70,123 railway checkpoint, at Brest/Terespol 106-7,115 reception centres 70,73,75-6,79-80, 88n27,140,142-4,174,200 recognised refugees, protection for 12, 69, 129,133,207 recognition of: diploma 72,82-3,181-2; qualifications 83,122,168,181-3,186 recognition rate, in EU andV4 countries 32 refugee centres 14,55,138,145,160-1,164, 164nl refugee children, education of 122 refugee crisis 2,23,48 refugee relocation scheme 47; Emergency Relocation System 48; quota
regime for 48 refugee rights, protection of 24 refugees’ belonging in the host community 221-3; sense of belonging 184,221 Refugee Self-Help Centre (SINTAR) 218 refugees’ naturalisation, practice of 207 refusal of entry: appeals against 100; practice of refusing entry 106; practice of turning people back (“pushbacks”) 228; experiences of 100,115; reasons for 84 religious fundamentalism 57 religious minorities 6,94 relocation: of applicants for international protection from Italy and Greece 27 ; emergency relocation mechanism for asylum seekers 27,48, 52; EU mechanism for 3,47-8; quotas for asylum applicants 41; of Syrian refugees 57 sample: of micro-level interviews 8,9,10, 16; meso-level interviews 8,10,11,14, 16,121,168 Schengen: area 23, 54,93; countries 24 Schetyna, Grzegorz 53 securitisation of forced migrants 12; effects of 58-9; in media discourse 53-8; in political discourse 49-53; socioeconomic factors of 49 securitisation of immigration 44—7 security: arrival of refugees as threat to 41,45; frames associated with forced migrants, dominance of 49; professionals 45; screening of asylum seekers 49 seeking asylum in Poland, reasons for: experience with armed conflict and its consequences 93-8; persecution and violence towards certain social groups 98-9 sexual violence 77, 88n26 Sharia law 51,98-9, 111 social assistance, local centres of 71, 82 social embeddedness, features of 221 social housing, right to apply for 158,162 social integration, opportunities in Poland 221 social networks 160,167,178-9,223 social organisations, of forced migrants 218 social security 54
social solidarity versus liberalism 43 solidarity, principle of 41 stateless persons, qualification of third-country nationals as 88n30 subsidiary protection 2,7,10,25,70,76-8, 82,103,146,164,209-10,212,216,223; beneficiary of 83,129; foreigners granted
240 Index 81; persons eligible for 36n21, 87nl0; in Polish labour market 14; for third-country nationals 26 Supreme Audit Office 124,134,147 Syrian refugees 178,181; Merkel’s policy of welcoming 48-9; relocation scheme 57 terrorist attacks 49, 52, 56, 61n3 tolerated stay: national status of 29; permit for 70, 84 traumatic events 94,167 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) 26-7 Ukrainian: asylum seekers 95; migration to Poland 1; nationals as forced migrants in Poland 30,103; refugees 116n7; 228 ; “Ukrainisation” of economic immigration 1 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 21 United Nations 78 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 4, 5,24,25,30,32, 59,73,78-80,189,224nl; Polish office of 72 unjust punishment, risks of 96 unskilled workers 175-6,186 visa-free regime 24 Visegrad Group 11-12,20,22,27,30,33 vocational training 71-2,121,171,179-80, 182-3,186 vulnerabilities of forced migrants 229 vulnerable persons: deficiencies of identification procedures of 113; mechanism of identification of 153; special needs of 153 Warsaw Bar Association 28 Warsaw Family Support Centre (WFSC) 15,146,147,165n6 Warsaw Pact 21,23 Warsaw Regional Administrative Court 70 Western Balkan(s): migration 27; migration corridor 30 “Wir schaffen das” (“We can do this”) declaration 48 work permit 71,169 World War II 21-2,229 xenophobia 45-6, 57 München
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CONTENTS List of Figures List ofTables About the Authors Acknowledgements List ofAbbreviations ix x xi xiii xiv 1 Introduction 2 Poland’s Position on the Map of Forced Mobility in the European Context 20 Securitisation of Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Political and Media Discourses 41 4 The Institutional and Legal Basis of the Asylum System 68 5 Experiences in Accessing International Protection 92 6 Access of Asylum Seekers and Refugees to Education: The Case of Polish Language Learning 3 7 Access to Housing by Asylum Seekers and Beneficiaries of International Protection 1 120 138
viii Contents 8 Integration of Asylum Seekers and Refugees on the Labour Market 167 9 Access to Healthcare by Asylum Seekers and Beneficiaries of International Protection 189 10 Until They Become Citizens: Refugees’ Rights, Civic Participation, and Belonging 207 11 Conclusions 227 Index 233
INDEX Note. Page numbers in italics indicate a figure and page numbers in bold indicate a table on the corresponding page. Page numbers followed by ‘n’ indicate a note. absconding, risk of 111, 113, 114; prevention of absconding 116 accessing international protection in Poland, legal basis for 76-9 adult asylum seekers 121,126,134-5; access to education for 81,120-135; access to Polish language courses 13; Polish language education for 125,133 affordable housing, shortages of 147,158-9, 163-4 Agency of Internal Security 77,78 allowances for asylum seekers, living outside the centres for foreigners 140,141 anti-Muslim prejudice 159 anti-Muslim sentiments, public expression of 46 anti-refugee discourses, in Poland 49,60; events impacting 47-9 anti-refugee prejudice 159 applications for international protection 74-5,140; applications for refugee status 35,78; asylum applications 30, 48,85,107-9,115,117nl3; duration of processing 79; investigation of asylum claims of 109; ; submission of 76 Arab Spring (2011 and onwards) 3, 41 armed conflict, experience with 93-8 Association for Legal Intervention 28,155, 159 asylum applicants, status of rejected 83-4 asylum law, in Poland as an EU Member State 26-8 Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF) 28,133,145,173,204 asylum policy in Poland 1-3,8,11, 13,24,26-8,34,92,229; institutional system of implementing 69-73; strategy of 1 asylum procedure: involving additional control measures 110-14; legal framework of accessing 73-6; rights and obligations in 79-81; waiting for the outcome of 109-10 Asylum Procedure Directive 27, 70,75
asylum seekers: access to formal education 121-3; access to labour market 168-170; admission of 3,48, 51-53, 58,69-70, 221; criterion of religion in admitting 55; difference with economic migrants 49; dispute over the compulsory or voluntary admission of 48; emergency relocation mechanism for 27; employment of 168; housing in the centres for foreigners 147-53; housing outside the centres for foreigners 153—7; language barrier faced by 179-81; legal assistance for 28, 81; non-EU harmonised protection for 33; perceptions and usage of healthcare services by 195-201; provision of medical care for 191; pull factor for 102; right to education 81 asylum-seeking 2,12,20,81,125-6,134-5, 196 asylum shopping 100
234 Index Balkan states 21 beneficiaries of international protection 72,82,212,223; access to labour market 170-3; admission to a higher education 83,122; civic participation of 217; employment of 168,175-9; experiences with housing provisions 157-63; host country language acquisition by 121; institutional framework of housing for 145-7; integrational support provided for 123; jobs performed by 175; language barrier faced by 79-81; level of educational qualifications obtained abroad by 83,183; obligation to attend a Polish language course 129,135; perceptions and usage of healthcare services by 201-4; qualification of third-country nationals as 88n30; recognition of qualifications 181-3; self-organisation of 218; type of support delivered by labour offices 172; unemployment rate among 168 “bogus” asylum seekers 93,100,105,111, 114 border checkpoints 85-6, 87n4,106,108, 115; border crossings 28, 73, 85-6,88n31, 111, 142;Brest-Terespol railway border crossing 28,106,107,115,140; foreigners lodging applications at the border 74 border management 11,15; border security measures 34; EU policy on 22 Border Group (Grupa Granica) 34, 231ո3 Border Guard 34,73,75,77-8, 80,107, 143; abuse of the competences of 108; issuance of a return order by 83; motions on detention by 104,113,116; reception of asylum applications by 108; return procedure initiated by 84 Caritas 134 cash assistance 105,139,144,152,174 Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) 21-2; forced migration governance in 227; Member States of EU 2,20 Central Statistical Office, Poland 8,30 Centre for Voluntarism
Association 134 Centre of Support for Immigrants (Gdańsk) 134 centres for foreigners, in Poland 74, 111, 125-6,135,140-1,152,174,183, 190-1,199,205,221; accommodation for asylum seekers in 14, 142; asylum seekers and housing in 147-53; asylum seekers and housing outside of 153-7; childcare provided in 126; epidemiological filters in 191; foreigners placed in 80; location of 143; medical assistance in 196; pocket money for those who stay in 152; protection of children against abuse in 145; provision of medical care at 80; social work in 133 Chechen: access to education 181,218; asylum seekers 96,101-2; in Belarus 97; as beneficiaries of international protection 101,102,175,184; in Poland 96; Russian citizen of Chechen origin 2,29, 33,35; traumatic experience of Chechen women 99,102; work 168, 175-6,178,181 Chechnya wars (1994-1996,1999-2009) 94 children: infringement of children’s rights 228; legal representative for underage applicant 80; as victims of violent fathers 98 Chlebem i Տօկ (With Bread and Salt) 153, 161 citizenship, notion of 207,208; see also Polish citizenship civic participation, of refugees 216-20; in associational life in Poland 217; beneficiaries of international protection 217; defined 216 Civic Platform {Platforma Obywatelska) 42-3,47-9, 52-3 civil society organisations: 80,109-10,151; non-governmental organisations (NGO) 4,72,230 Coalition for the Renewal of the Republic Liberty and Hope {Koalicja Odnowy Rzeczypospolitej Wolność i Nadzieja, KORWIN) 42 Commissioner for Children’s Rights 28, 72 Commissioner for Human Rights (Ombudsman) 28,72 Common Basic
Principle for Immigrant Integration Policy 123 Common European Asylum System 26 communication channels 46, 60 communism, fall of 1,211 communities ofco-ethnics 101,105 Constitution of the Republic of Poland 22 25,68-9,81,121,145 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950) 26
Index Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) 26 cost of living, outside of the centres for foreigners 154 Council of Europe 123; Convention on the participation of foreigners in public life 209 country of origin 8,29,77,79, 99,109,177, 182,189,217,220,224; circumstances of leaving 3,16,74,94,112 Court ofJustice of the EU (CJEU) 27 COVID-19 pandemic 69,191,205; impact on access to health care 205; impact on forced migration governance 85; impact on the dechne in mobility and migration on a global scale 227; restrictions on cross-border mobility to prevent the spread of 85 crime against humanity 77,78 cultural knowledge 120 cultural proximity criterion, in admitting asylum seekers 51 deportation 55,111—2; to countries of origin 58,99, 111; fear of 197; protection from 297 detention: centres 76,104,112-13, 115-16,153,197; foreigners staying in the guarded centres 74; unjustified detention 114; motions on detention by Bonder Guard 104,113,116 deterrence: deterring practices 230; practices of deterring asylum seekers 106-7,109,113,115; practices of deterring migrants 228 diplomas, recognition of/confirmation of 72,81,83,121,181-2 Directives of the European Communities: Asylum Procedure Directive 27,70,75; Council Directive 2001/ 55/ EC on Temporary Protection 25,70,87n8; Council Directive 2003/ 9/ EC 25; Directive 2013/33/EU 70,81; Directive 2011/95/EU 81; Qualification Directive 27,70,123; Reception Conditions Directive 27,70; related to the asylum procedure 27 division of power 21 drivers of forced mobility 93 Dublin Regulations 2,73-4,80,92,100, 104,107, 111,
115,143;Dublin record 114-15; Dublin transfer 112,114 Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics (Statistics Netherlands) 21 235 Eastern Bloc 21-2,33 eastern border, accessing the asylum procedure at 106-9 Eastern Mediterranean migration route 8 economic and educational migration from countries 1-3,49,114 economic integration 14,178-83,185-6 economic migrants 1; difference with asylum seekers 49; right to asylum 57 economic migration 1-3,49,114 education systems: access of adult forced migrants to 122; employment-related 186; of OECD countries 122 Emergency Relocation System 48 ethno-cultural affinity 224n4 ethno-religious tensions 151 EU Charter of Fundamental Rights 26 European Agenda on Migration 27 European Agreement on the Abolition of Visas for Refugees (1960) 26 European Agreement on Transfer of Responsibility for Refugees (1980) 26 European Commission: Treaty infringement procedure 27 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950) 24,26,53 European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) 71,97,108 Europeanisation of the Polish acquis and asylum regimes 34 European Union (EU) 20,47,99, 230; asylum policy under primary law of 26; Baltic Member States of 22; Central and Eastern European (CEE) Member States of 2; citizenship of 215; Labour Force Survey 167; legislation and policies regarding migration and asylum in 12, 48, 69,80,99; Multiannual Financial Framework 173; Poland’s accession to 23,25; policy on border management 22; refugee relocation scheme negotiations 47,48; response to a mass influx of forced migrants 3 Eurostat 12,22,30,48 family
migration 4 family reunification scheme 167 family support centres 15,71,82,173, 182-3,124,129,146-7,230; Warsaw Family Support Centre (WFSC) 146-7 femicide 114 financial allowance 75,79,174 fleeing and onward mobility, reasons for 93
236 Index forced disappearance 96-7,114 forced migrants: access to education 81; access to the Polish labour market 72; accounts referring to “blocked” access to the asylum procedure 106; adaptation to the labour market 168-73; administrative conduct towards 85; Chechens 102; decision to flee their countries of origin 50,93-101; dominance of security frames associated with 49; main destination for 35; MENA-origin 34; onward mobility of 101-6; open-door policy for 34; Poland as a second choice destination for 101-6; pubhc opinion of 42; reception and integration policies 42,11—12,15,227,230; religious and cultural backgrounds of 50; right to work 169; securitisation of see securitisation of forced migrants; social organisations of 218; stuck at the Polish-Belarusian border 117nl7; vulnerabilities of 229 forced migration: after 1989 in the EU/CEE contexts 29-33; closed-door policy for 34; concept of 4; definition of 4; economic motives for 99-100; governance of see forced migration governance; Poland’s management of 34; politicisation and securitisation of 44-7; securitisation of 12; terminological challenge associated with 4-5 forced migration governance 3,7,11-13; administrative procedures for 72; in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) region 227; challenges in the field of 34; development of 23-6, 34; EU law in the area of 70; impact of COVID-19 pandemic on 85; in international and EU context 21-3; legal changes regarding 85; ministries connected to 72; by non governmental organisations (NGOs) 72; Poland’s history of 109; by public institutions 72; stakeholders of 57 foreign
higher education degrees, recognition of 83,122 formal education, asylum seekers’ and refugees’ access to 121-3 Foundation for Somalia (Warsaw) 134,173, 217-18 Foundation for the Rule of Law (Lublin) 134 Foundation Lingua Mundi 127 freedom of movement 4,145,214,215 Frontex 73,228 gender-based violence 98,114-15 Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees of 1951 12,20,24,27,50,53, 69, 86,127, 189,207 Germany, welcoming policy towards Syrians fleeing war 48-9 Global North 7 Goflman’s theory of frame analysis 50 Gowin, Jarosław 51 green border 85,117nl3,228; arrivaL· through the “green border” 85; attempts of crossing 117nl5 healthcare system: institutional framework of 190-5; tele-advice 205; televisits 205 health insurance, payment of 82,190,193,194 healthy selfishness, notion of 55 Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights 15, 28,153 higher education 82-3,121,122, 176, 178,182 Homo Faber Foundation 134 host country language skills, acquisition of 125 housing allowances, provision of 138 housing provision for asylum seekers: for beneficiaries of international protection 145-7; in centres for foreigners 147-53; cultural and religious differences in 151; discriminatory practices towards refugees 159; experiences of beneficiaries of international protection with 157-63; institutional framework of 139-45; monthly rental fees 160; outside the centres for foreigners 153-7; rental agreement 146; for special needs of vulnerable persons 153; for vulnerable persons and groups 144 housing security 160 human rights: infringements of 72,228; standards for protection of migrants 26,72
immigration country 1,30,138,168,229 individual integration programmes (IIP) 81, 124,145,146,230; beneficiaries of 124, 147; implementation of 173 Institute of Culture of Caucasian Nations 218 Institute of Labour and Social Affairs 155 integration of migrants, policy for 224nl, 230 internally displaced persons (IDPs) 5; in Ukraine 95
Index International Association for the Study of Forced Migration 4 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 25 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 25 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 21 International Organisation for Migration (IOM) 73; Glossary on Migration 4 international protection: applications for 74-5; beneficiaries of 2,7-9,13-15, 33, 70-2,82,84,86,87nl0, 88n30,101,102, 121-4,129,134,135,138-65,167,168, 170,171,172,173-9,182-6,189-205, 207,208,209,212,214,216-18,221,223, 224nl0,227,230; declaration of intent to apply for 80; people applying for 75; post2015 changes to the legal framework of accessing 85-6; procedures under Dublin Regulation 75; scope of 81-3; status of rejected asylum apphcants 83-4 Iraq wars (2003-2011,2013-2017) 94 Iron Curtain 21 Islamic State (ISIS) 49 Islamophobia 44,46,51, 57; banalisation of 46 job types, change of 176 Kaczyński, Jarosław 50 Kadyrov, Ramzan 96 Kopacz, Ewa 48; decision to admit refugees within the Emergency Relocation System 48 labour market 6,14,82, 86,138,157; access to 6,13-4,69,72,82; change ofjob types 176; employment opportunities in 173; integration on 14,84,167-86; issue of cultural sensitivities and 178; legal and institutional aspects of forced migrants’ adaptation to 168-73; legal restrictions in accessing 170; need of certificate for accessing 169; policy implemented by the labour offices 171; role of gender in access to 184—5; types ofjobs performed and their determinants 174-9 labour office(s) 71, 82,171,172,173,179, 180,182,183,185,186,194; language
barriers 125, 135,184,193,203; problem of 179-81 Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość, PiS) 28,41,49 Law on Foreigners 23,25, 69—70, 83—5 237 Law on Housing Allowances 145 Law on Polish Citizenship (1962) 211 Law on Polish Citizenship (2009) 211,223 Law on Promotion of Employment 71 Law on Protection of 2003 70,124,139, 193; Law on Social Assistance 82, 124, 146 Law on Tenancy and Housing 145,164n4 local labour offices see labour offices locations, where asylum seekers could be hosted 47 Lubelskie Voivodeship 228 Lukashenka, Alexander 53,228 management of migration processes, practices regarding 2-3,23,27, 32, 34, 227,229-30 mass influx 3,36nl9, 51, 87n8 Mazovian Educational Superintendent (Mazowiecki Kurator Oświaty) 83 Mazovian Voivodeship, 180 media: Gazeta Polska Codziennie 43, 54, 55, 56; Gazeta Wyborcza 43,48, 55, 57; W Steci (magazine) 48 medical care for asylum seekers, provision of 191 Member States of EU 2,4,11,21—2,24, 26-7,30,41,48,51, 80, 173,212 mental health 189-91,196,199-200 Merkel, Angela 48 meso-level interviews, in Poland with codes 10 methodology 7-11,22, 59,130,133 methods 8,11,128,227 micro-level interviews, in Poland with codes 9 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region 34 Migration Governance Network (MGN) 8, 42,44,57,93 migration-management crisis, in Europe 22-3,27-8,35,159; events impacting 47-9 migration pressure at the border, government’s response to 228 Ministry of Family and Social Policy 70-1 M.K. and Others v. Poland 97,108 mobility restrictions, pertaining to COVID-19 34 most-favoured-nation clause 207 Multicultural Centre in Warsaw
134,218 multi-level governance (MLG) 5; in area of international migration management 230 multilevel playing field, concept of 5
238 Index Muslim asylum seekers, admission of 52 Muslim refugees 47; framed as terrorist 57; Polish media negative depiction of 57 Narodowy Fundusz Zdrowia (NFZ) see National Health Fund Nasz Wybor Foundation 134 National Health Fund 14,190,193-5, 201-2 National Labour Inspectorate (NLI) 175 national migration policy, anti-refugee direction of 34 national treatment, principle of 207 nationhood, notion of 207 naturalisation of refugees 207,212-14; rate of 224n9 net-immigration country 138,167 Never Again (Nigdy Więcej) 58 New Pact on Migration and Asylum (2020) 85 New York Protocol of 1967 12,20,24,27 non-EU asylum applicants, in EU andV4 countries 31 Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) 4,230; forced migration governance by 16,72 Ocalenie Foundation 15,134,153,161 Office for Foreigners 73, 75, 81,108,109, 124,127,153,156,169,190-1,193,212 onward mobility, determinants of 101-6 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 21 parliamentary elections, in Poland 12,28, 41-3,46-8,57, 60-1,159 permanent residence permit, grant of 210; condition for 211 persecution: international protection to persons fleeing persecution 20; traumatic events related to 94; and violence towards certain social groups 98-9 personal hygiene products, purchase of 139, 144 Petra Medica 14,191-3,198-9,202,205 Podlaskie Voivodeship 142,228 Poland: application of admission policy towards forced migrants 230; approach towards immigrants 2; asylum system 12-13,25,34,68,70,112,153; membership in the EU 23,25; migration policy 209; participation in the international refugee protection system
24; recognition as a safe country in the context of refugee protection 69; as a second choice destination for forced migrants 101-6; stakeholders of migration governance in 57; system of forced migration governance in 12; as transit country 104; transition to a democratic state 69 Poland Together (Polska Razem) 51,6Ini Pole’s Card (Karta Polaka) 208,224ոՅ Polish-Belarusian border 28,53; humanitarian crisis at 231n3 Polish Border Guard see Border Guard Polish citizenship 77; acquisition of 213; attitudes towards acquiring 214—16; declarative vision of 223; foreign citizens acquiring 224n9; motivations in applying for 208; notion of 207,208; number of refugees who were recognised as Polish citizens 214; refhgees’ rights and access to 208-11 Polish language learning 13,120,121,124, 127,129-30,133-5,171; according to legal status of the forced migrants 135; acquisition by applicants and beneficiaries of international protection 121; for adult asylum applicants 124,133; approaches to 123; assessment of the need to 124; for asylum-seeking children 125; average number of Polish lesson hours during an IIP 129; for beneficiaries of international protection 129,135; communicative method of teaching refugees 127; deficiencies of 130; for female beneficiary of subsidiary protection 129; free language courses for foreigners 134; legal framework for forced migrants 123-4; non-availability of language courses tailored for refugees with specific needs 130; objections against 129; obligation of 124; opponents of obligatory 127; practises of 121; quality of the language courses 130;
refugees’ motivation for 132; women’s participation in language courses 132,134 Polish legal system 23; Europeanisation of 25; relating to foreigners 25 Polish Migration Forum (Polskie Forum Migracyjne) 173 Polish People’ Republic 21-2 Polish Red Cross 24 Polish United Workers’Party (Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza) 42 political mobilisation 47 political value systems 221
Index Рокка Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza (PZPR) see Polish United Workers’ Party Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 122, 200 preferred destination, for asylum seekers 93 pre-school education 121 professional training 82,182 psychological assistance, quality of 191 public administration, in Poland 8,10,114, 116 public education 81 pubhc healthcare services 82,204 pull factor for asylum seekers 1,7,100-2 “push out-push back” approach: for governance of forced migration 7; push back factors 7, 106; push out factors 7, 104,113,114,230 239 rental agreement 146,214 RESPOND Project 15-16,16n6,116n4, 121,133,227 right to apply for social housing 158 right to asylum 49; in Polish Constitution 69; right to ask for asylum 86,228 right to education: for asylum-seeking children 81; EU Directives on 81; EU policies and regulations in respect of 121; guaranteed to all children living in Poland 121; of refugee children 122 right to free legal information 81 right to vote 209 right to work 105,169,198 Romankiv, Marta 209 Russian-Ukrainian war 95; in 2014 1,47; in 2022 2,228 Rzeczpospolita 42-3, 54-5, 57 Qualification Directive 27,70,123 railway checkpoint, at Brest/Terespol 106-7,115 reception centres 70,73,75-6,79-80, 88n27,140,142-4,174,200 recognised refugees, protection for 12, 69, 129,133,207 recognition of: diploma 72,82-3,181-2; qualifications 83,122,168,181-3,186 recognition rate, in EU andV4 countries 32 refugee centres 14,55,138,145,160-1,164, 164nl refugee children, education of 122 refugee crisis 2,23,48 refugee relocation scheme 47; Emergency Relocation System 48; quota
regime for 48 refugee rights, protection of 24 refugees’ belonging in the host community 221-3; sense of belonging 184,221 Refugee Self-Help Centre (SINTAR) 218 refugees’ naturalisation, practice of 207 refusal of entry: appeals against 100; practice of refusing entry 106; practice of turning people back (“pushbacks”) 228; experiences of 100,115; reasons for 84 religious fundamentalism 57 religious minorities 6,94 relocation: of applicants for international protection from Italy and Greece 27 ; emergency relocation mechanism for asylum seekers 27,48, 52; EU mechanism for 3,47-8; quotas for asylum applicants 41; of Syrian refugees 57 sample: of micro-level interviews 8,9,10, 16; meso-level interviews 8,10,11,14, 16,121,168 Schengen: area 23, 54,93; countries 24 Schetyna, Grzegorz 53 securitisation of forced migrants 12; effects of 58-9; in media discourse 53-8; in political discourse 49-53; socioeconomic factors of 49 securitisation of immigration 44—7 security: arrival of refugees as threat to 41,45; frames associated with forced migrants, dominance of 49; professionals 45; screening of asylum seekers 49 seeking asylum in Poland, reasons for: experience with armed conflict and its consequences 93-8; persecution and violence towards certain social groups 98-9 sexual violence 77, 88n26 Sharia law 51,98-9, 111 social assistance, local centres of 71, 82 social embeddedness, features of 221 social housing, right to apply for 158,162 social integration, opportunities in Poland 221 social networks 160,167,178-9,223 social organisations, of forced migrants 218 social security 54
social solidarity versus liberalism 43 solidarity, principle of 41 stateless persons, qualification of third-country nationals as 88n30 subsidiary protection 2,7,10,25,70,76-8, 82,103,146,164,209-10,212,216,223; beneficiary of 83,129; foreigners granted
240 Index 81; persons eligible for 36n21, 87nl0; in Polish labour market 14; for third-country nationals 26 Supreme Audit Office 124,134,147 Syrian refugees 178,181; Merkel’s policy of welcoming 48-9; relocation scheme 57 terrorist attacks 49, 52, 56, 61n3 tolerated stay: national status of 29; permit for 70, 84 traumatic events 94,167 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) 26-7 Ukrainian: asylum seekers 95; migration to Poland 1; nationals as forced migrants in Poland 30,103; refugees 116n7; 228 ; “Ukrainisation” of economic immigration 1 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 21 United Nations 78 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 4, 5,24,25,30,32, 59,73,78-80,189,224nl; Polish office of 72 unjust punishment, risks of 96 unskilled workers 175-6,186 visa-free regime 24 Visegrad Group 11-12,20,22,27,30,33 vocational training 71-2,121,171,179-80, 182-3,186 vulnerabilities of forced migrants 229 vulnerable persons: deficiencies of identification procedures of 113; mechanism of identification of 153; special needs of 153 Warsaw Bar Association 28 Warsaw Family Support Centre (WFSC) 15,146,147,165n6 Warsaw Pact 21,23 Warsaw Regional Administrative Court 70 Western Balkan(s): migration 27; migration corridor 30 “Wir schaffen das” (“We can do this”) declaration 48 work permit 71,169 World War II 21-2,229 xenophobia 45-6, 57 München |
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| author | Sobczak-Szelc, Karolina 1982- Pachocka, Marta Pędziwiatr, Konrad Szałańska, Justyna Szulecka, Monika |
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| discipline_str_mv | Politologie |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV048853646 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:40:50Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:47:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781032051550 9781032051505 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034118870 |
| oclc_num | 1389180363 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-521 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-521 DE-12 |
| physical | xvi, 240 Seiten Karten, Diagramme |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230717 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Routledge advances in European politics |
| spelling | Sobczak-Szelc, Karolina 1982- Verfasser (DE-588)129352252X aut From reception to integration of asylum seekers and refugees in Poland Karolina Sobczak-Szelc, Marta Pachocka, Konrad Pędziwiatr, Justyna Szałańska, and Monika Szulecka London ; New York Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2023 xvi, 240 Seiten Karten, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Routledge advances in European politics "This book sheds light on the complex experiences of asylum seekers and refugees in Poland, against a local backdrop of openly anti-refugee political narratives and strong opposition to sharing the responsibility for, and burden of, asylum seekers arriving in the EU. Through a multidimensional analysis, it highlights the processes of forced migrant admission, reception and integration in a key EU frontier country that has undergone a rapid migration status change from a transit to a host country. The book examines rich qualitative material drawn from interviews conducted with forced migrants with different legal statuses and with experts from public administration at the central and local levels, NGOs, and other institutions involved in migration governance in Poland. It discusses both opportunities for and limitations on forced migrants’ adaptation in the social, economic, and political dimensions, as well as their access to healthcare, education, the labour market, and social assistance. This book will be of particular interest to scholars, students, policymakers, and practitioners in migration and asylum studies, social policy, public policy, international relations, EU studies/European integration, law, economics, and sociology." Flüchtling (DE-588)4017604-6 gnd rswk-swf Asylbewerber (DE-588)4127746-6 gnd rswk-swf Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Refugees / Government policy / Poland Refugees / Poland / Public opinion Asylum, Right of / Poland Asylum, Right of Refugees / Government policy Refugees / Public opinion Poland Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Asylbewerber (DE-588)4127746-6 s Flüchtling (DE-588)4017604-6 s Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 s DE-604 Pachocka, Marta Verfasser (DE-588)1254579338 aut Pędziwiatr, Konrad Verfasser (DE-588)1147199329 aut Szałańska, Justyna Verfasser (DE-588)1293523534 aut Szulecka, Monika Verfasser (DE-588)1293527823 aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ebk. 978-1-003-19632-7 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034118870&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034118870&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Sobczak-Szelc, Karolina 1982- Pachocka, Marta Pędziwiatr, Konrad Szałańska, Justyna Szulecka, Monika From reception to integration of asylum seekers and refugees in Poland Flüchtling (DE-588)4017604-6 gnd Asylbewerber (DE-588)4127746-6 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4017604-6 (DE-588)4127746-6 (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | From reception to integration of asylum seekers and refugees in Poland |
| title_auth | From reception to integration of asylum seekers and refugees in Poland |
| title_exact_search | From reception to integration of asylum seekers and refugees in Poland |
| title_exact_search_txtP | From reception to integration of asylum seekers and refugees in Poland |
| title_full | From reception to integration of asylum seekers and refugees in Poland Karolina Sobczak-Szelc, Marta Pachocka, Konrad Pędziwiatr, Justyna Szałańska, and Monika Szulecka |
| title_fullStr | From reception to integration of asylum seekers and refugees in Poland Karolina Sobczak-Szelc, Marta Pachocka, Konrad Pędziwiatr, Justyna Szałańska, and Monika Szulecka |
| title_full_unstemmed | From reception to integration of asylum seekers and refugees in Poland Karolina Sobczak-Szelc, Marta Pachocka, Konrad Pędziwiatr, Justyna Szałańska, and Monika Szulecka |
| title_short | From reception to integration of asylum seekers and refugees in Poland |
| title_sort | from reception to integration of asylum seekers and refugees in poland |
| topic | Flüchtling (DE-588)4017604-6 gnd Asylbewerber (DE-588)4127746-6 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Flüchtling Asylbewerber Politik Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034118870&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034118870&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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