Hidden potential: rethinking informality in South Asia
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
| Sprache: | English |
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Washington, D. C.
World Bank Publications
2023
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| Ausgabe: | 1st ed |
| Schriftenreihe: | South Asia Development Forum Ser
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| Online-Zugang: | HWR01 |
| Beschreibung: | Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources |
| Beschreibung: | 1 Online-Ressource (355 Seiten) |
| ISBN: | 9781464818363 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Hidden potential |b rethinking informality in South Asia |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Editors and Authors -- Main Messages -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Rethinking Informality in South Asia: An Overview of the Findings -- Introduction -- Conceptual Framework -- South Asia's Informal Firms: Outsiders, Evaders, or Avoiders? -- Likely Effect of Reforms on the Informal Sector: Productivity Impacts -- Can Digital Platforms Address Demand Constraints on Informality? -- Barriers to Skills and Capital Accumulation in the Informal Sector -- Building Resilience: Offering Social Insurance in the Informal Sector -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 Formal Sector Distortions, Entry Barriers, and the Informal Economy: A Quantitative Exploration -- Introduction -- Model -- Stylized Facts -- Conclusion -- Annex 2: Calibration Strategy, Concrete Examples of Idiosyncratic Distortions and Entry Barriers, and Formal Characterization of the Equilibrium -- Annex 2A: Calibration of Parameter Values in the Model -- Annex 2B: Further Examples of Idiosyncratic Distortions and Entry Barriers -- Annex 2C: Formal Definition of Firm-Level Outcomes and Equilibrium Conditions -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 The Value Added Tax, Cascading Sales Tax, and Informality -- Introduction -- Stylized Facts on Informality -- Theory and Model -- Calibration and Estimation -- Counterfactual Analysis -- Conclusion -- Annex 3A: The Downstream Index -- Annex 3B: Calculating the Share of Formal Inputs and Output -- Annex 3C: Background on Indian Tax Reform -- Annex 3D: Model Solution -- Annex 3E: A Granular Look at the Informal Sector -- Annex 3F: The Simulated Method of Moments Estimator -- Annex 3G: Moments and Cutoff Productivity -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Responses of Firms to Taxation and the Link to Informality: Evidence from India's GST -- Introduction | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Tax Policy and Informality in South Asia and India -- Data -- Elasticity of Sales to the Tax Rate -- Implications for Tax Policy in the Region -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 Small Businesses and Online Sales in India -- Introduction -- Background: Online Retail in India -- Data and Descriptive Statistics -- Results -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 6 What Is the Role of Socioemotional Skills in Supporting South Asia's Informal Sector Poor: Insights from Pakistan and Sri Lanka -- Introduction -- The (New) Role of Socioemotional Skills in the Labor Market -- Insights from Pakistan and Sri Lanka -- Enhancing Socioemotional Skills through Programs among the Informal Poor -- Annex 6A: Correlation Coefficients between Variables, Pakistan LSS and Sri Lanka STEP -- Annex 6B: Estimation of the Impacts of Socioemotional Skills -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 7 Workers at Risk: Panel Data Evidence on the COVID-19 Labor Market Crisis in India -- Introduction -- Background: Onset of COVID-19 and the Government Response -- Data -- Descriptive Analysis -- Empirical Specification: Event Study Analysis -- Results -- Annex 7A: Figures and Tables -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 8 Social Insurance among Informal Workers in South Asia -- Introduction -- Extending Coverage through Noncontributory Social Insurance -- Expanding Social Insurance to Higher-Income Informal Workers -- Policy Implications -- Annex 8A: Social Insurance Schemes in South Asia -- Annex 8B: The Informal Sector in South Asia: Bangladesh -- Annex 8C: Producing Projections on Social Pensions -- Annex 8D: Methodology of the Global Findex Analysis -- Annex 8E: Cobweb Analysis: Introducing a Contributory Pension Scheme -- Annex 8F: Simplified Regimes in Latin America -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box 1.1 Natural Firm Size in the Undistorted Economy: An Example | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Box 6.1 The Big Five Socioemotional Skills -- Box 8.1 Experiences in Addressing Informal Sector Pension Coverage in Sri Lanka -- Box 8.2 Noncontributory Pensions in South Asia -- Box 8.3 Summary of the Three Scenarios -- Figures -- Figure 1.1 Share of Informal Employment in Total Nonagricultural Employment -- Figure 1.2 Formal and Informal Sectors with Entry Costs and Size-Based Registration Rules -- Figure 1.3 South Asian Firms Are Predominantly Small -- Figure 1.4 Informal South Asian Firms Are Predominantly Microenterprises -- Figure 1.5 Larger Firms Are More Likely to Perceive Benefits from Obtaining a Tax ID -- Figure 1.6 Informal Firms Have Lower Output per Worker -- Figure 1.7 Informal and Formal Workers, by Earnings Percentile, Bangladesh and Pakistan -- Figure 1.8 The COVID-19 Lockdown Affected Informal Workers More -- Figure 2.1 Formal and Informal Sector Firm-Size Distribution -- Figure 2.2 Average Firm Size and Economic Development -- Figure 2.3 Idiosyncratic Distortions and Entry Barriers -- Figure 2.4 Model's Implications for Informal Employment Shares -- Figure 2.5 TFP Gains from Reversing Informality -- Figure 2.6 Informality under Regulation-Based Indicators of Entry Barriers -- Figure 3.1 Informal Firms, by Share in Total Firms and in Total Output, West Bengal, 2015 -- Figure 3.2 Informal Firms Relative to the Average Formal Firm, by Revenue, West Bengal, 2015 -- Figure 3.3 Distribution of Output, Formal and Informal Firms, West Bengal, 2015 -- Figure 3.4 Trade Pattern, Formal and Informal Firms, West Bengal, 2015 -- Figure 3.5 Illustrative Analysis of the Formalization Choice -- Figure 3.6 The Three Types of Informal Firms -- Figure 3.7 Revenue Growth after VAT Adoption, by Size -- Figure 3.8 Tax Revenue and the Tax Rate: The VAT versus the Sales Tax -- Figure 3A.1 The Share of Informal Firms and the Downstream Index, 2015 | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Figure 3B.1 Measuring Transactions between the Formal and Informal Sectors -- Figure 3C.1 Tax Rates before and after the VAT Reform, by State and Union Territory -- Figure 3C.2 Tax Registration Threshold before and after the VAT Reform, by State and Union Territory -- Figure 3E.1 Informal Firms and Informal Employment, by State and Union Territory -- Figure 3E.2 Share of Informal Firms, by Number of Employees in All Firms, 2015 -- Figure 3E.3 The Formal and Informal Firm Profile in Manufacturing, 2015 -- Figure 3E.4 Informal and Formal Firms, by Revenue and Number of Employees, 2015 -- Figure 3E.5 Distribution of Informal Firms, by Revenue, 2015 -- Figure 3E.6 Distribution of Informal Firms, by Age, 2015 -- Figure 3E.7 A Comparison of Practices between Formal and Informal Firms, 2015 -- Figure 3E.8 The Distribution of Value Added per Worker, 2015 -- Figure 4.1 Distribution of Statutory Tax Rates, July 2017 and July 2020 -- Figure 4.2 Rate Changes at the Subheading Level, July 2017 to March 2019 -- Figure 4.3 Survey Data on Firms: Share of Formality, by Sector -- Figure 4.4 Impact of Tax Rate Cuts on Effective Tax Rates and Sales -- Figure 4.5 Correlation between Informality and Elasticities, by Sector -- Figure 5.1 Firm Characteristics -- Figure 5.2 Trends in the Share of Each Product Category in Total Sales -- Figure 5.3 Distribution of Sales and Purchases, by State and Union Territory -- Figure 5.4 Duration of Firms on the e-Commerce Platform -- Figure 5.5 Sales Statistics, Formal and Informal Firms, First Three Years on the Platform -- Figure 5.6 Revenue Statistics, Formal and Informal Firms, First Three Years on the Platform -- Figure 5.7 Product Statistics, Formal and Informal Firms, First Three Years on the Platform -- Figure 5.8 Sales Stability -- Figure 5.9 Postal Codes with Sales, Formal and Informal Firms, First Three Years on the Platform | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Figure 6.1 Socioemotional Skills Differ Based on Educational Attainment -- Figure 6.2 Correlation: Socioemotional Skills, Earnings, and Formality Status -- Figure 6.3 Socioemotional Skills of Formal and Informal Workers Differ -- Figure 6.4 Socioemotional Skills Differ between the Top and Bottom Wealth Quintiles -- Figure 6.5 Heckman Selection Model, Pakistan -- Figure 6.6 Mincerian Regression to Measure Returns, Sri Lanka -- Figure 6.7 Socioemotional Skills Differ between Men and Women -- Figure 6.8 Socioemotional Skills Vary by Sector of Employment -- Figure 6A.1 Correlation Coefficients, Pakistan -- Figure 6A.2 Correlation Coefficients, Sri Lanka -- Figure 7.1 Labor Market Churning Before and During the Lockdown -- Figure 7.2 Cross-Sectional Breakdown of the Labor Market -- Figure 7.3 Index of Per Capita Household Income, by Worker Group, February 2020 -- Figure 7.4 Pandemic Impact on Employment Probability: Difference in Differences Estimates -- Figure 7.5 Pandemic Impact on Per Capita Household Income: Difference in Differences Estimates -- Figure 7.6 Index of Average Per Capita Household Consumption, by Worker Group -- Figure 7.7 Pandemic Impact on Per Capita Household Consumption: Difference in Differences Estimates -- Figure 7A.1 Household Per Capita Income and Consumption, by Transition Category -- Figure 7A.2 Consumer Price Index: Inflation in Food and Nonfood Prices -- Figure 8.1 The Labor Force without Pensions, by World Region, 2006-16 -- Figure B8.1.1 Pension Scheme Coverage, Working-Age Population Ages 18-60, 1996-2016 -- Figure 8.2 Informal Employment, by Broad Economic Sector, Bangladesh, 2016-17 -- Figure 8.3 Noncontributory Pension Programs: Age of Eligibility and Coverage -- Figure 8.4 Monthly Benefits -- Figure 8.5 Expenditures on Noncontributory Pensions | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Figure 8.6 Pension Coverage and Projected Share of Population Ages 60+, 2020-50 | |
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| contents | Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Editors and Authors -- Main Messages -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Rethinking Informality in South Asia: An Overview of the Findings -- Introduction -- Conceptual Framework -- South Asia's Informal Firms: Outsiders, Evaders, or Avoiders? -- Likely Effect of Reforms on the Informal Sector: Productivity Impacts -- Can Digital Platforms Address Demand Constraints on Informality? -- Barriers to Skills and Capital Accumulation in the Informal Sector -- Building Resilience: Offering Social Insurance in the Informal Sector -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 Formal Sector Distortions, Entry Barriers, and the Informal Economy: A Quantitative Exploration -- Introduction -- Model -- Stylized Facts -- Conclusion -- Annex 2: Calibration Strategy, Concrete Examples of Idiosyncratic Distortions and Entry Barriers, and Formal Characterization of the Equilibrium -- Annex 2A: Calibration of Parameter Values in the Model -- Annex 2B: Further Examples of Idiosyncratic Distortions and Entry Barriers -- Annex 2C: Formal Definition of Firm-Level Outcomes and Equilibrium Conditions -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 The Value Added Tax, Cascading Sales Tax, and Informality -- Introduction -- Stylized Facts on Informality -- Theory and Model -- Calibration and Estimation -- Counterfactual Analysis -- Conclusion -- Annex 3A: The Downstream Index -- Annex 3B: Calculating the Share of Formal Inputs and Output -- Annex 3C: Background on Indian Tax Reform -- Annex 3D: Model Solution -- Annex 3E: A Granular Look at the Informal Sector -- Annex 3F: The Simulated Method of Moments Estimator -- Annex 3G: Moments and Cutoff Productivity -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Responses of Firms to Taxation and the Link to Informality: Evidence from India's GST -- Introduction Tax Policy and Informality in South Asia and India -- Data -- Elasticity of Sales to the Tax Rate -- Implications for Tax Policy in the Region -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 Small Businesses and Online Sales in India -- Introduction -- Background: Online Retail in India -- Data and Descriptive Statistics -- Results -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 6 What Is the Role of Socioemotional Skills in Supporting South Asia's Informal Sector Poor: Insights from Pakistan and Sri Lanka -- Introduction -- The (New) Role of Socioemotional Skills in the Labor Market -- Insights from Pakistan and Sri Lanka -- Enhancing Socioemotional Skills through Programs among the Informal Poor -- Annex 6A: Correlation Coefficients between Variables, Pakistan LSS and Sri Lanka STEP -- Annex 6B: Estimation of the Impacts of Socioemotional Skills -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 7 Workers at Risk: Panel Data Evidence on the COVID-19 Labor Market Crisis in India -- Introduction -- Background: Onset of COVID-19 and the Government Response -- Data -- Descriptive Analysis -- Empirical Specification: Event Study Analysis -- Results -- Annex 7A: Figures and Tables -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 8 Social Insurance among Informal Workers in South Asia -- Introduction -- Extending Coverage through Noncontributory Social Insurance -- Expanding Social Insurance to Higher-Income Informal Workers -- Policy Implications -- Annex 8A: Social Insurance Schemes in South Asia -- Annex 8B: The Informal Sector in South Asia: Bangladesh -- Annex 8C: Producing Projections on Social Pensions -- Annex 8D: Methodology of the Global Findex Analysis -- Annex 8E: Cobweb Analysis: Introducing a Contributory Pension Scheme -- Annex 8F: Simplified Regimes in Latin America -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box 1.1 Natural Firm Size in the Undistorted Economy: An Example Box 6.1 The Big Five Socioemotional Skills -- Box 8.1 Experiences in Addressing Informal Sector Pension Coverage in Sri Lanka -- Box 8.2 Noncontributory Pensions in South Asia -- Box 8.3 Summary of the Three Scenarios -- Figures -- Figure 1.1 Share of Informal Employment in Total Nonagricultural Employment -- Figure 1.2 Formal and Informal Sectors with Entry Costs and Size-Based Registration Rules -- Figure 1.3 South Asian Firms Are Predominantly Small -- Figure 1.4 Informal South Asian Firms Are Predominantly Microenterprises -- Figure 1.5 Larger Firms Are More Likely to Perceive Benefits from Obtaining a Tax ID -- Figure 1.6 Informal Firms Have Lower Output per Worker -- Figure 1.7 Informal and Formal Workers, by Earnings Percentile, Bangladesh and Pakistan -- Figure 1.8 The COVID-19 Lockdown Affected Informal Workers More -- Figure 2.1 Formal and Informal Sector Firm-Size Distribution -- Figure 2.2 Average Firm Size and Economic Development -- Figure 2.3 Idiosyncratic Distortions and Entry Barriers -- Figure 2.4 Model's Implications for Informal Employment Shares -- Figure 2.5 TFP Gains from Reversing Informality -- Figure 2.6 Informality under Regulation-Based Indicators of Entry Barriers -- Figure 3.1 Informal Firms, by Share in Total Firms and in Total Output, West Bengal, 2015 -- Figure 3.2 Informal Firms Relative to the Average Formal Firm, by Revenue, West Bengal, 2015 -- Figure 3.3 Distribution of Output, Formal and Informal Firms, West Bengal, 2015 -- Figure 3.4 Trade Pattern, Formal and Informal Firms, West Bengal, 2015 -- Figure 3.5 Illustrative Analysis of the Formalization Choice -- Figure 3.6 The Three Types of Informal Firms -- Figure 3.7 Revenue Growth after VAT Adoption, by Size -- Figure 3.8 Tax Revenue and the Tax Rate: The VAT versus the Sales Tax -- Figure 3A.1 The Share of Informal Firms and the Downstream Index, 2015 Figure 3B.1 Measuring Transactions between the Formal and Informal Sectors -- Figure 3C.1 Tax Rates before and after the VAT Reform, by State and Union Territory -- Figure 3C.2 Tax Registration Threshold before and after the VAT Reform, by State and Union Territory -- Figure 3E.1 Informal Firms and Informal Employment, by State and Union Territory -- Figure 3E.2 Share of Informal Firms, by Number of Employees in All Firms, 2015 -- Figure 3E.3 The Formal and Informal Firm Profile in Manufacturing, 2015 -- Figure 3E.4 Informal and Formal Firms, by Revenue and Number of Employees, 2015 -- Figure 3E.5 Distribution of Informal Firms, by Revenue, 2015 -- Figure 3E.6 Distribution of Informal Firms, by Age, 2015 -- Figure 3E.7 A Comparison of Practices between Formal and Informal Firms, 2015 -- Figure 3E.8 The Distribution of Value Added per Worker, 2015 -- Figure 4.1 Distribution of Statutory Tax Rates, July 2017 and July 2020 -- Figure 4.2 Rate Changes at the Subheading Level, July 2017 to March 2019 -- Figure 4.3 Survey Data on Firms: Share of Formality, by Sector -- Figure 4.4 Impact of Tax Rate Cuts on Effective Tax Rates and Sales -- Figure 4.5 Correlation between Informality and Elasticities, by Sector -- Figure 5.1 Firm Characteristics -- Figure 5.2 Trends in the Share of Each Product Category in Total Sales -- Figure 5.3 Distribution of Sales and Purchases, by State and Union Territory -- Figure 5.4 Duration of Firms on the e-Commerce Platform -- Figure 5.5 Sales Statistics, Formal and Informal Firms, First Three Years on the Platform -- Figure 5.6 Revenue Statistics, Formal and Informal Firms, First Three Years on the Platform -- Figure 5.7 Product Statistics, Formal and Informal Firms, First Three Years on the Platform -- Figure 5.8 Sales Stability -- Figure 5.9 Postal Codes with Sales, Formal and Informal Firms, First Three Years on the Platform Figure 6.1 Socioemotional Skills Differ Based on Educational Attainment -- Figure 6.2 Correlation: Socioemotional Skills, Earnings, and Formality Status -- Figure 6.3 Socioemotional Skills of Formal and Informal Workers Differ -- Figure 6.4 Socioemotional Skills Differ between the Top and Bottom Wealth Quintiles -- Figure 6.5 Heckman Selection Model, Pakistan -- Figure 6.6 Mincerian Regression to Measure Returns, Sri Lanka -- Figure 6.7 Socioemotional Skills Differ between Men and Women -- Figure 6.8 Socioemotional Skills Vary by Sector of Employment -- Figure 6A.1 Correlation Coefficients, Pakistan -- Figure 6A.2 Correlation Coefficients, Sri Lanka -- Figure 7.1 Labor Market Churning Before and During the Lockdown -- Figure 7.2 Cross-Sectional Breakdown of the Labor Market -- Figure 7.3 Index of Per Capita Household Income, by Worker Group, February 2020 -- Figure 7.4 Pandemic Impact on Employment Probability: Difference in Differences Estimates -- Figure 7.5 Pandemic Impact on Per Capita Household Income: Difference in Differences Estimates -- Figure 7.6 Index of Average Per Capita Household Consumption, by Worker Group -- Figure 7.7 Pandemic Impact on Per Capita Household Consumption: Difference in Differences Estimates -- Figure 7A.1 Household Per Capita Income and Consumption, by Transition Category -- Figure 7A.2 Consumer Price Index: Inflation in Food and Nonfood Prices -- Figure 8.1 The Labor Force without Pensions, by World Region, 2006-16 -- Figure B8.1.1 Pension Scheme Coverage, Working-Age Population Ages 18-60, 1996-2016 -- Figure 8.2 Informal Employment, by Broad Economic Sector, Bangladesh, 2016-17 -- Figure 8.3 Noncontributory Pension Programs: Age of Eligibility and Coverage -- Figure 8.4 Monthly Benefits -- Figure 8.5 Expenditures on Noncontributory Pensions Figure 8.6 Pension Coverage and Projected Share of Population Ages 60+, 2020-50 |
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| edition | 1st ed |
| format | Electronic eBook |
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Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Editors and Authors -- Main Messages -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Rethinking Informality in South Asia: An Overview of the Findings -- Introduction -- Conceptual Framework -- South Asia's Informal Firms: Outsiders, Evaders, or Avoiders? -- Likely Effect of Reforms on the Informal Sector: Productivity Impacts -- Can Digital Platforms Address Demand Constraints on Informality? -- Barriers to Skills and Capital Accumulation in the Informal Sector -- Building Resilience: Offering Social Insurance in the Informal Sector -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 Formal Sector Distortions, Entry Barriers, and the Informal Economy: A Quantitative Exploration -- Introduction -- Model -- Stylized Facts -- Conclusion -- Annex 2: Calibration Strategy, Concrete Examples of Idiosyncratic Distortions and Entry Barriers, and Formal Characterization of the Equilibrium -- Annex 2A: Calibration of Parameter Values in the Model -- 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Elasticity of Sales to the Tax Rate -- Implications for Tax Policy in the Region -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 Small Businesses and Online Sales in India -- Introduction -- Background: Online Retail in India -- Data and Descriptive Statistics -- Results -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 6 What Is the Role of Socioemotional Skills in Supporting South Asia's Informal Sector Poor: Insights from Pakistan and Sri Lanka -- Introduction -- The (New) Role of Socioemotional Skills in the Labor Market -- Insights from Pakistan and Sri Lanka -- Enhancing Socioemotional Skills through Programs among the Informal Poor -- Annex 6A: Correlation Coefficients between Variables, Pakistan LSS and Sri Lanka STEP -- Annex 6B: Estimation of the Impacts of Socioemotional Skills -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 7 Workers at Risk: Panel Data Evidence on the COVID-19 Labor Market Crisis in India -- Introduction -- Background: Onset of COVID-19 and the Government Response -- Data -- Descriptive Analysis -- Empirical Specification: Event Study Analysis -- Results -- Annex 7A: Figures and Tables -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 8 Social Insurance among Informal Workers in South Asia -- Introduction -- Extending Coverage through Noncontributory Social Insurance -- Expanding Social Insurance to Higher-Income Informal Workers -- Policy Implications -- Annex 8A: Social Insurance Schemes in South Asia -- Annex 8B: The Informal Sector in South Asia: Bangladesh -- Annex 8C: Producing Projections on Social Pensions -- Annex 8D: Methodology of the Global Findex Analysis -- Annex 8E: Cobweb Analysis: Introducing a Contributory Pension Scheme -- Annex 8F: Simplified Regimes in Latin America -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box 1.1 Natural Firm Size in the Undistorted Economy: An Example</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Box 6.1 The Big Five Socioemotional Skills -- Box 8.1 Experiences in Addressing Informal Sector Pension Coverage in Sri Lanka -- Box 8.2 Noncontributory Pensions in South Asia -- Box 8.3 Summary of the Three Scenarios -- Figures -- Figure 1.1 Share of Informal Employment in Total Nonagricultural Employment -- Figure 1.2 Formal and Informal Sectors with Entry Costs and Size-Based Registration Rules -- Figure 1.3 South Asian Firms Are Predominantly Small -- Figure 1.4 Informal South Asian Firms Are Predominantly Microenterprises -- Figure 1.5 Larger Firms Are More Likely to Perceive Benefits from Obtaining a Tax ID -- Figure 1.6 Informal Firms Have Lower Output per Worker -- Figure 1.7 Informal and Formal Workers, by Earnings Percentile, Bangladesh and Pakistan -- Figure 1.8 The COVID-19 Lockdown Affected Informal Workers More -- Figure 2.1 Formal and Informal Sector Firm-Size Distribution -- Figure 2.2 Average Firm Size and Economic Development -- Figure 2.3 Idiosyncratic Distortions and Entry Barriers -- Figure 2.4 Model's Implications for Informal Employment Shares -- Figure 2.5 TFP Gains from Reversing Informality -- Figure 2.6 Informality under Regulation-Based Indicators of Entry Barriers -- Figure 3.1 Informal Firms, by Share in Total Firms and in Total Output, West Bengal, 2015 -- Figure 3.2 Informal Firms Relative to the Average Formal Firm, by Revenue, West Bengal, 2015 -- Figure 3.3 Distribution of Output, Formal and Informal Firms, West Bengal, 2015 -- Figure 3.4 Trade Pattern, Formal and Informal Firms, West Bengal, 2015 -- Figure 3.5 Illustrative Analysis of the Formalization Choice -- Figure 3.6 The Three Types of Informal Firms -- Figure 3.7 Revenue Growth after VAT Adoption, by Size -- Figure 3.8 Tax Revenue and the Tax Rate: The VAT versus the Sales Tax -- Figure 3A.1 The Share of Informal Firms and the Downstream Index, 2015</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Figure 3B.1 Measuring Transactions between the Formal and Informal Sectors -- Figure 3C.1 Tax Rates before and after the VAT Reform, by State and Union Territory -- Figure 3C.2 Tax Registration Threshold before and after the VAT Reform, by State and Union Territory -- Figure 3E.1 Informal Firms and Informal Employment, by State and Union Territory -- Figure 3E.2 Share of Informal Firms, by Number of Employees in All Firms, 2015 -- Figure 3E.3 The Formal and Informal Firm Profile in Manufacturing, 2015 -- Figure 3E.4 Informal and Formal Firms, by Revenue and Number of Employees, 2015 -- Figure 3E.5 Distribution of Informal Firms, by Revenue, 2015 -- Figure 3E.6 Distribution of Informal Firms, by Age, 2015 -- Figure 3E.7 A Comparison of Practices between Formal and Informal Firms, 2015 -- Figure 3E.8 The Distribution of Value Added per Worker, 2015 -- Figure 4.1 Distribution of Statutory Tax Rates, July 2017 and July 2020 -- Figure 4.2 Rate Changes at the Subheading Level, July 2017 to March 2019 -- Figure 4.3 Survey Data on Firms: Share of Formality, by Sector -- Figure 4.4 Impact of Tax Rate Cuts on Effective Tax Rates and Sales -- Figure 4.5 Correlation between Informality and Elasticities, by Sector -- Figure 5.1 Firm Characteristics -- Figure 5.2 Trends in the Share of Each Product Category in Total Sales -- Figure 5.3 Distribution of Sales and Purchases, by State and Union Territory -- Figure 5.4 Duration of Firms on the e-Commerce Platform -- Figure 5.5 Sales Statistics, Formal and Informal Firms, First Three Years on the Platform -- Figure 5.6 Revenue Statistics, Formal and Informal Firms, First Three Years on the Platform -- Figure 5.7 Product Statistics, Formal and Informal Firms, First Three Years on the Platform -- Figure 5.8 Sales Stability -- Figure 5.9 Postal Codes with Sales, Formal and Informal Firms, First Three Years on the Platform</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Figure 6.1 Socioemotional Skills Differ Based on Educational Attainment -- Figure 6.2 Correlation: Socioemotional Skills, Earnings, and Formality Status -- Figure 6.3 Socioemotional Skills of Formal and Informal Workers Differ -- Figure 6.4 Socioemotional Skills Differ between the Top and Bottom Wealth Quintiles -- Figure 6.5 Heckman Selection Model, Pakistan -- Figure 6.6 Mincerian Regression to Measure Returns, Sri Lanka -- Figure 6.7 Socioemotional Skills Differ between Men and Women -- Figure 6.8 Socioemotional Skills Vary by Sector of Employment -- Figure 6A.1 Correlation Coefficients, Pakistan -- Figure 6A.2 Correlation Coefficients, Sri Lanka -- Figure 7.1 Labor Market Churning Before and During the Lockdown -- Figure 7.2 Cross-Sectional Breakdown of the Labor Market -- Figure 7.3 Index of Per Capita Household Income, by Worker Group, February 2020 -- Figure 7.4 Pandemic Impact on Employment Probability: Difference in Differences Estimates -- Figure 7.5 Pandemic Impact on Per Capita Household Income: Difference in Differences Estimates -- Figure 7.6 Index of Average Per Capita Household Consumption, by Worker Group -- Figure 7.7 Pandemic Impact on Per Capita Household Consumption: Difference in Differences Estimates -- Figure 7A.1 Household Per Capita Income and Consumption, by Transition Category -- Figure 7A.2 Consumer Price Index: Inflation in Food and Nonfood Prices -- Figure 8.1 The Labor Force without Pensions, by World Region, 2006-16 -- Figure B8.1.1 Pension Scheme Coverage, Working-Age Population Ages 18-60, 1996-2016 -- Figure 8.2 Informal Employment, by Broad Economic Sector, Bangladesh, 2016-17 -- Figure 8.3 Noncontributory Pension Programs: Age of Eligibility and Coverage -- Figure 8.4 Monthly Benefits -- Figure 8.5 Expenditures on Noncontributory Pensions</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Figure 8.6 Pension Coverage and Projected Share of Population Ages 60+, 2020-50</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Sharma, Siddharth</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1175644765</subfield><subfield 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C. : World Bank Publications,c2023</subfield><subfield code="z">9781464818349</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZDB-30-PQE</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034097528</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/hwr/detail.action?docID=30368223</subfield><subfield code="l">HWR01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-30-PQE</subfield><subfield code="q">HWR_PDA_PQE</subfield><subfield code="x">Aggregator</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| id | DE-604.BV048831950 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:35:29Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:47:13Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781464818363 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034097528 |
| oclc_num | 1371318721 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-2070s |
| owner_facet | DE-2070s |
| physical | 1 Online-Ressource (355 Seiten) |
| psigel | ZDB-30-PQE ZDB-30-PQE HWR_PDA_PQE |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | World Bank Publications |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | South Asia Development Forum Ser |
| spelling | Bussolo, Maurizio 1964- Verfasser (DE-588)170982548 aut Hidden potential rethinking informality in South Asia 1st ed Washington, D. C. World Bank Publications 2023 ©2022 1 Online-Ressource (355 Seiten) txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier South Asia Development Forum Ser Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Editors and Authors -- Main Messages -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Rethinking Informality in South Asia: An Overview of the Findings -- Introduction -- Conceptual Framework -- South Asia's Informal Firms: Outsiders, Evaders, or Avoiders? -- Likely Effect of Reforms on the Informal Sector: Productivity Impacts -- Can Digital Platforms Address Demand Constraints on Informality? -- Barriers to Skills and Capital Accumulation in the Informal Sector -- Building Resilience: Offering Social Insurance in the Informal Sector -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 Formal Sector Distortions, Entry Barriers, and the Informal Economy: A Quantitative Exploration -- Introduction -- Model -- Stylized Facts -- Conclusion -- Annex 2: Calibration Strategy, Concrete Examples of Idiosyncratic Distortions and Entry Barriers, and Formal Characterization of the Equilibrium -- Annex 2A: Calibration of Parameter Values in the Model -- Annex 2B: Further Examples of Idiosyncratic Distortions and Entry Barriers -- Annex 2C: Formal Definition of Firm-Level Outcomes and Equilibrium Conditions -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 The Value Added Tax, Cascading Sales Tax, and Informality -- Introduction -- Stylized Facts on Informality -- Theory and Model -- Calibration and Estimation -- Counterfactual Analysis -- Conclusion -- Annex 3A: The Downstream Index -- Annex 3B: Calculating the Share of Formal Inputs and Output -- Annex 3C: Background on Indian Tax Reform -- Annex 3D: Model Solution -- Annex 3E: A Granular Look at the Informal Sector -- Annex 3F: The Simulated Method of Moments Estimator -- Annex 3G: Moments and Cutoff Productivity -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Responses of Firms to Taxation and the Link to Informality: Evidence from India's GST -- Introduction Tax Policy and Informality in South Asia and India -- Data -- Elasticity of Sales to the Tax Rate -- Implications for Tax Policy in the Region -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 Small Businesses and Online Sales in India -- Introduction -- Background: Online Retail in India -- Data and Descriptive Statistics -- Results -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 6 What Is the Role of Socioemotional Skills in Supporting South Asia's Informal Sector Poor: Insights from Pakistan and Sri Lanka -- Introduction -- The (New) Role of Socioemotional Skills in the Labor Market -- Insights from Pakistan and Sri Lanka -- Enhancing Socioemotional Skills through Programs among the Informal Poor -- Annex 6A: Correlation Coefficients between Variables, Pakistan LSS and Sri Lanka STEP -- Annex 6B: Estimation of the Impacts of Socioemotional Skills -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 7 Workers at Risk: Panel Data Evidence on the COVID-19 Labor Market Crisis in India -- Introduction -- Background: Onset of COVID-19 and the Government Response -- Data -- Descriptive Analysis -- Empirical Specification: Event Study Analysis -- Results -- Annex 7A: Figures and Tables -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 8 Social Insurance among Informal Workers in South Asia -- Introduction -- Extending Coverage through Noncontributory Social Insurance -- Expanding Social Insurance to Higher-Income Informal Workers -- Policy Implications -- Annex 8A: Social Insurance Schemes in South Asia -- Annex 8B: The Informal Sector in South Asia: Bangladesh -- Annex 8C: Producing Projections on Social Pensions -- Annex 8D: Methodology of the Global Findex Analysis -- Annex 8E: Cobweb Analysis: Introducing a Contributory Pension Scheme -- Annex 8F: Simplified Regimes in Latin America -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box 1.1 Natural Firm Size in the Undistorted Economy: An Example Box 6.1 The Big Five Socioemotional Skills -- Box 8.1 Experiences in Addressing Informal Sector Pension Coverage in Sri Lanka -- Box 8.2 Noncontributory Pensions in South Asia -- Box 8.3 Summary of the Three Scenarios -- Figures -- Figure 1.1 Share of Informal Employment in Total Nonagricultural Employment -- Figure 1.2 Formal and Informal Sectors with Entry Costs and Size-Based Registration Rules -- Figure 1.3 South Asian Firms Are Predominantly Small -- Figure 1.4 Informal South Asian Firms Are Predominantly Microenterprises -- Figure 1.5 Larger Firms Are More Likely to Perceive Benefits from Obtaining a Tax ID -- Figure 1.6 Informal Firms Have Lower Output per Worker -- Figure 1.7 Informal and Formal Workers, by Earnings Percentile, Bangladesh and Pakistan -- Figure 1.8 The COVID-19 Lockdown Affected Informal Workers More -- Figure 2.1 Formal and Informal Sector Firm-Size Distribution -- Figure 2.2 Average Firm Size and Economic Development -- Figure 2.3 Idiosyncratic Distortions and Entry Barriers -- Figure 2.4 Model's Implications for Informal Employment Shares -- Figure 2.5 TFP Gains from Reversing Informality -- Figure 2.6 Informality under Regulation-Based Indicators of Entry Barriers -- Figure 3.1 Informal Firms, by Share in Total Firms and in Total Output, West Bengal, 2015 -- Figure 3.2 Informal Firms Relative to the Average Formal Firm, by Revenue, West Bengal, 2015 -- Figure 3.3 Distribution of Output, Formal and Informal Firms, West Bengal, 2015 -- Figure 3.4 Trade Pattern, Formal and Informal Firms, West Bengal, 2015 -- Figure 3.5 Illustrative Analysis of the Formalization Choice -- Figure 3.6 The Three Types of Informal Firms -- Figure 3.7 Revenue Growth after VAT Adoption, by Size -- Figure 3.8 Tax Revenue and the Tax Rate: The VAT versus the Sales Tax -- Figure 3A.1 The Share of Informal Firms and the Downstream Index, 2015 Figure 3B.1 Measuring Transactions between the Formal and Informal Sectors -- Figure 3C.1 Tax Rates before and after the VAT Reform, by State and Union Territory -- Figure 3C.2 Tax Registration Threshold before and after the VAT Reform, by State and Union Territory -- Figure 3E.1 Informal Firms and Informal Employment, by State and Union Territory -- Figure 3E.2 Share of Informal Firms, by Number of Employees in All Firms, 2015 -- Figure 3E.3 The Formal and Informal Firm Profile in Manufacturing, 2015 -- Figure 3E.4 Informal and Formal Firms, by Revenue and Number of Employees, 2015 -- Figure 3E.5 Distribution of Informal Firms, by Revenue, 2015 -- Figure 3E.6 Distribution of Informal Firms, by Age, 2015 -- Figure 3E.7 A Comparison of Practices between Formal and Informal Firms, 2015 -- Figure 3E.8 The Distribution of Value Added per Worker, 2015 -- Figure 4.1 Distribution of Statutory Tax Rates, July 2017 and July 2020 -- Figure 4.2 Rate Changes at the Subheading Level, July 2017 to March 2019 -- Figure 4.3 Survey Data on Firms: Share of Formality, by Sector -- Figure 4.4 Impact of Tax Rate Cuts on Effective Tax Rates and Sales -- Figure 4.5 Correlation between Informality and Elasticities, by Sector -- Figure 5.1 Firm Characteristics -- Figure 5.2 Trends in the Share of Each Product Category in Total Sales -- Figure 5.3 Distribution of Sales and Purchases, by State and Union Territory -- Figure 5.4 Duration of Firms on the e-Commerce Platform -- Figure 5.5 Sales Statistics, Formal and Informal Firms, First Three Years on the Platform -- Figure 5.6 Revenue Statistics, Formal and Informal Firms, First Three Years on the Platform -- Figure 5.7 Product Statistics, Formal and Informal Firms, First Three Years on the Platform -- Figure 5.8 Sales Stability -- Figure 5.9 Postal Codes with Sales, Formal and Informal Firms, First Three Years on the Platform Figure 6.1 Socioemotional Skills Differ Based on Educational Attainment -- Figure 6.2 Correlation: Socioemotional Skills, Earnings, and Formality Status -- Figure 6.3 Socioemotional Skills of Formal and Informal Workers Differ -- Figure 6.4 Socioemotional Skills Differ between the Top and Bottom Wealth Quintiles -- Figure 6.5 Heckman Selection Model, Pakistan -- Figure 6.6 Mincerian Regression to Measure Returns, Sri Lanka -- Figure 6.7 Socioemotional Skills Differ between Men and Women -- Figure 6.8 Socioemotional Skills Vary by Sector of Employment -- Figure 6A.1 Correlation Coefficients, Pakistan -- Figure 6A.2 Correlation Coefficients, Sri Lanka -- Figure 7.1 Labor Market Churning Before and During the Lockdown -- Figure 7.2 Cross-Sectional Breakdown of the Labor Market -- Figure 7.3 Index of Per Capita Household Income, by Worker Group, February 2020 -- Figure 7.4 Pandemic Impact on Employment Probability: Difference in Differences Estimates -- Figure 7.5 Pandemic Impact on Per Capita Household Income: Difference in Differences Estimates -- Figure 7.6 Index of Average Per Capita Household Consumption, by Worker Group -- Figure 7.7 Pandemic Impact on Per Capita Household Consumption: Difference in Differences Estimates -- Figure 7A.1 Household Per Capita Income and Consumption, by Transition Category -- Figure 7A.2 Consumer Price Index: Inflation in Food and Nonfood Prices -- Figure 8.1 The Labor Force without Pensions, by World Region, 2006-16 -- Figure B8.1.1 Pension Scheme Coverage, Working-Age Population Ages 18-60, 1996-2016 -- Figure 8.2 Informal Employment, by Broad Economic Sector, Bangladesh, 2016-17 -- Figure 8.3 Noncontributory Pension Programs: Age of Eligibility and Coverage -- Figure 8.4 Monthly Benefits -- Figure 8.5 Expenditures on Noncontributory Pensions Figure 8.6 Pension Coverage and Projected Share of Population Ages 60+, 2020-50 Sharma, Siddharth Sonstige (DE-588)1175644765 oth Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Bussolo, Maurizio Hidden Potential Washington, D. C. : World Bank Publications,c2023 9781464818349 |
| spellingShingle | Bussolo, Maurizio 1964- Hidden potential rethinking informality in South Asia Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Editors and Authors -- Main Messages -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Rethinking Informality in South Asia: An Overview of the Findings -- Introduction -- Conceptual Framework -- South Asia's Informal Firms: Outsiders, Evaders, or Avoiders? -- Likely Effect of Reforms on the Informal Sector: Productivity Impacts -- Can Digital Platforms Address Demand Constraints on Informality? -- Barriers to Skills and Capital Accumulation in the Informal Sector -- Building Resilience: Offering Social Insurance in the Informal Sector -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 Formal Sector Distortions, Entry Barriers, and the Informal Economy: A Quantitative Exploration -- Introduction -- Model -- Stylized Facts -- Conclusion -- Annex 2: Calibration Strategy, Concrete Examples of Idiosyncratic Distortions and Entry Barriers, and Formal Characterization of the Equilibrium -- Annex 2A: Calibration of Parameter Values in the Model -- Annex 2B: Further Examples of Idiosyncratic Distortions and Entry Barriers -- Annex 2C: Formal Definition of Firm-Level Outcomes and Equilibrium Conditions -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 The Value Added Tax, Cascading Sales Tax, and Informality -- Introduction -- Stylized Facts on Informality -- Theory and Model -- Calibration and Estimation -- Counterfactual Analysis -- Conclusion -- Annex 3A: The Downstream Index -- Annex 3B: Calculating the Share of Formal Inputs and Output -- Annex 3C: Background on Indian Tax Reform -- Annex 3D: Model Solution -- Annex 3E: A Granular Look at the Informal Sector -- Annex 3F: The Simulated Method of Moments Estimator -- Annex 3G: Moments and Cutoff Productivity -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Responses of Firms to Taxation and the Link to Informality: Evidence from India's GST -- Introduction Tax Policy and Informality in South Asia and India -- Data -- Elasticity of Sales to the Tax Rate -- Implications for Tax Policy in the Region -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 Small Businesses and Online Sales in India -- Introduction -- Background: Online Retail in India -- Data and Descriptive Statistics -- Results -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 6 What Is the Role of Socioemotional Skills in Supporting South Asia's Informal Sector Poor: Insights from Pakistan and Sri Lanka -- Introduction -- The (New) Role of Socioemotional Skills in the Labor Market -- Insights from Pakistan and Sri Lanka -- Enhancing Socioemotional Skills through Programs among the Informal Poor -- Annex 6A: Correlation Coefficients between Variables, Pakistan LSS and Sri Lanka STEP -- Annex 6B: Estimation of the Impacts of Socioemotional Skills -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 7 Workers at Risk: Panel Data Evidence on the COVID-19 Labor Market Crisis in India -- Introduction -- Background: Onset of COVID-19 and the Government Response -- Data -- Descriptive Analysis -- Empirical Specification: Event Study Analysis -- Results -- Annex 7A: Figures and Tables -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 8 Social Insurance among Informal Workers in South Asia -- Introduction -- Extending Coverage through Noncontributory Social Insurance -- Expanding Social Insurance to Higher-Income Informal Workers -- Policy Implications -- Annex 8A: Social Insurance Schemes in South Asia -- Annex 8B: The Informal Sector in South Asia: Bangladesh -- Annex 8C: Producing Projections on Social Pensions -- Annex 8D: Methodology of the Global Findex Analysis -- Annex 8E: Cobweb Analysis: Introducing a Contributory Pension Scheme -- Annex 8F: Simplified Regimes in Latin America -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box 1.1 Natural Firm Size in the Undistorted Economy: An Example Box 6.1 The Big Five Socioemotional Skills -- Box 8.1 Experiences in Addressing Informal Sector Pension Coverage in Sri Lanka -- Box 8.2 Noncontributory Pensions in South Asia -- Box 8.3 Summary of the Three Scenarios -- Figures -- Figure 1.1 Share of Informal Employment in Total Nonagricultural Employment -- Figure 1.2 Formal and Informal Sectors with Entry Costs and Size-Based Registration Rules -- Figure 1.3 South Asian Firms Are Predominantly Small -- Figure 1.4 Informal South Asian Firms Are Predominantly Microenterprises -- Figure 1.5 Larger Firms Are More Likely to Perceive Benefits from Obtaining a Tax ID -- Figure 1.6 Informal Firms Have Lower Output per Worker -- Figure 1.7 Informal and Formal Workers, by Earnings Percentile, Bangladesh and Pakistan -- Figure 1.8 The COVID-19 Lockdown Affected Informal Workers More -- Figure 2.1 Formal and Informal Sector Firm-Size Distribution -- Figure 2.2 Average Firm Size and Economic Development -- Figure 2.3 Idiosyncratic Distortions and Entry Barriers -- Figure 2.4 Model's Implications for Informal Employment Shares -- Figure 2.5 TFP Gains from Reversing Informality -- Figure 2.6 Informality under Regulation-Based Indicators of Entry Barriers -- Figure 3.1 Informal Firms, by Share in Total Firms and in Total Output, West Bengal, 2015 -- Figure 3.2 Informal Firms Relative to the Average Formal Firm, by Revenue, West Bengal, 2015 -- Figure 3.3 Distribution of Output, Formal and Informal Firms, West Bengal, 2015 -- Figure 3.4 Trade Pattern, Formal and Informal Firms, West Bengal, 2015 -- Figure 3.5 Illustrative Analysis of the Formalization Choice -- Figure 3.6 The Three Types of Informal Firms -- Figure 3.7 Revenue Growth after VAT Adoption, by Size -- Figure 3.8 Tax Revenue and the Tax Rate: The VAT versus the Sales Tax -- Figure 3A.1 The Share of Informal Firms and the Downstream Index, 2015 Figure 3B.1 Measuring Transactions between the Formal and Informal Sectors -- Figure 3C.1 Tax Rates before and after the VAT Reform, by State and Union Territory -- Figure 3C.2 Tax Registration Threshold before and after the VAT Reform, by State and Union Territory -- Figure 3E.1 Informal Firms and Informal Employment, by State and Union Territory -- Figure 3E.2 Share of Informal Firms, by Number of Employees in All Firms, 2015 -- Figure 3E.3 The Formal and Informal Firm Profile in Manufacturing, 2015 -- Figure 3E.4 Informal and Formal Firms, by Revenue and Number of Employees, 2015 -- Figure 3E.5 Distribution of Informal Firms, by Revenue, 2015 -- Figure 3E.6 Distribution of Informal Firms, by Age, 2015 -- Figure 3E.7 A Comparison of Practices between Formal and Informal Firms, 2015 -- Figure 3E.8 The Distribution of Value Added per Worker, 2015 -- Figure 4.1 Distribution of Statutory Tax Rates, July 2017 and July 2020 -- Figure 4.2 Rate Changes at the Subheading Level, July 2017 to March 2019 -- Figure 4.3 Survey Data on Firms: Share of Formality, by Sector -- Figure 4.4 Impact of Tax Rate Cuts on Effective Tax Rates and Sales -- Figure 4.5 Correlation between Informality and Elasticities, by Sector -- Figure 5.1 Firm Characteristics -- Figure 5.2 Trends in the Share of Each Product Category in Total Sales -- Figure 5.3 Distribution of Sales and Purchases, by State and Union Territory -- Figure 5.4 Duration of Firms on the e-Commerce Platform -- Figure 5.5 Sales Statistics, Formal and Informal Firms, First Three Years on the Platform -- Figure 5.6 Revenue Statistics, Formal and Informal Firms, First Three Years on the Platform -- Figure 5.7 Product Statistics, Formal and Informal Firms, First Three Years on the Platform -- Figure 5.8 Sales Stability -- Figure 5.9 Postal Codes with Sales, Formal and Informal Firms, First Three Years on the Platform Figure 6.1 Socioemotional Skills Differ Based on Educational Attainment -- Figure 6.2 Correlation: Socioemotional Skills, Earnings, and Formality Status -- Figure 6.3 Socioemotional Skills of Formal and Informal Workers Differ -- Figure 6.4 Socioemotional Skills Differ between the Top and Bottom Wealth Quintiles -- Figure 6.5 Heckman Selection Model, Pakistan -- Figure 6.6 Mincerian Regression to Measure Returns, Sri Lanka -- Figure 6.7 Socioemotional Skills Differ between Men and Women -- Figure 6.8 Socioemotional Skills Vary by Sector of Employment -- Figure 6A.1 Correlation Coefficients, Pakistan -- Figure 6A.2 Correlation Coefficients, Sri Lanka -- Figure 7.1 Labor Market Churning Before and During the Lockdown -- Figure 7.2 Cross-Sectional Breakdown of the Labor Market -- Figure 7.3 Index of Per Capita Household Income, by Worker Group, February 2020 -- Figure 7.4 Pandemic Impact on Employment Probability: Difference in Differences Estimates -- Figure 7.5 Pandemic Impact on Per Capita Household Income: Difference in Differences Estimates -- Figure 7.6 Index of Average Per Capita Household Consumption, by Worker Group -- Figure 7.7 Pandemic Impact on Per Capita Household Consumption: Difference in Differences Estimates -- Figure 7A.1 Household Per Capita Income and Consumption, by Transition Category -- Figure 7A.2 Consumer Price Index: Inflation in Food and Nonfood Prices -- Figure 8.1 The Labor Force without Pensions, by World Region, 2006-16 -- Figure B8.1.1 Pension Scheme Coverage, Working-Age Population Ages 18-60, 1996-2016 -- Figure 8.2 Informal Employment, by Broad Economic Sector, Bangladesh, 2016-17 -- Figure 8.3 Noncontributory Pension Programs: Age of Eligibility and Coverage -- Figure 8.4 Monthly Benefits -- Figure 8.5 Expenditures on Noncontributory Pensions Figure 8.6 Pension Coverage and Projected Share of Population Ages 60+, 2020-50 |
| title | Hidden potential rethinking informality in South Asia |
| title_auth | Hidden potential rethinking informality in South Asia |
| title_exact_search | Hidden potential rethinking informality in South Asia |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Hidden potential rethinking informality in South Asia |
| title_full | Hidden potential rethinking informality in South Asia |
| title_fullStr | Hidden potential rethinking informality in South Asia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hidden potential rethinking informality in South Asia |
| title_short | Hidden potential |
| title_sort | hidden potential rethinking informality in south asia |
| title_sub | rethinking informality in South Asia |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bussolomaurizio hiddenpotentialrethinkinginformalityinsouthasia AT sharmasiddharth hiddenpotentialrethinkinginformalityinsouthasia |