Fundamentals of internet of things: for students and professionals
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| Beschreibung: | xx, 402 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme (überwiegend farbig) |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Fundamentals of internet of things |b for students and professionals |c Farzin John Dian (British Columbia Institute of Technology, Canada) |
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vii Contents About the Author Preface 1 1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.2.1 1.2.2.2 1.2.2.3 1.2.2.4 1.2.2.5 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.4.1 1.2.4.2 1.2.4.3 1.2.4.4 1.2.4.5 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.2.7 1.3 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5 1.5 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.6 1.6.1 xvii xix Data Communications and Networks 1 Introduction 1 OSI Model 3 Layer 1 - Physical Layer 5 Layer 2 - Data Link Layer 5 Addressing 5 Framing 5 Error Control 6 Flow Control 6 Access Control 7 Layer 3 - Network Layer 7 Layer 4 - Transport Layer 7 Port Addressing 8 End-to-end Error Control 8 End-to-end Flow Control 8 Connection Control 8 Congestion Control 8 Layer 5 - Session Layer 9 Layer 6 - Presentation Layer 9 Layer 7 - Application Layer 9 Header Encapsulation 9 Layer 2 - Ethernet 10 Framing 11 Addressing 11 Error Control 11 Flow Control 12 Access Control 12 Layer 3 - IP 12 IPV4 and IPV6 headers 15 Improving IPV4 Address Assignments 17 Layer 4-TCP and UDP 19 TCP Header 20
viii I Contents 1.6.2 1.6.2.1 1.6.2.2 1.6.2.3 1.6.2.4 1.6.2.5 1.6.3 1.7 1.8 1.8.1 1.8.2 1.9 TCP Functionalities 22 Process-to-process Communication 22 Connection Control 22 Flow Control 22 Error Control 23 Congestion Control 24 UDP 24 TCP/IP Networking Model 25 Internetworking Devices 25 VLAN 27 Quality of Service (QoS) 28 Summary 29 References 30 Exercises 30 Advanced Exercises 32 2 Introduction to loT 35 Introduction 35 *' loT Traffic Model 36 loT Connectivity 37 loT Verticals, Use Cases, and Applications 39 loT Value Chain 41 Examples of loT Use Cases and Applications 42 IoT-based Structural Health Monitoring System 42 IoT-based Electric Meter 44 IoT-based Waste Management System 44 IoT-based Earthquake Detection 45 IoT-based Car Software Update 45 IoT-based Mountain Climbing Information System 46 IoT-based Agriculture - Pest Management 46 IoT֊based Wearable in Sports 47 IoT-based Healthcare System 47 IoT-based Augmented Reality (AR) System 48 IoT-based Food Supply Chain 49 Smart Grid System 49 loT Project Implementation 51 loT Standards 52 Summary 52 References 53 Exercises 53 Advanced Exercises 54 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3 2.6.4 2.6.5 2.6.6 2.6.7 2.6.8 2.6.9 2.6.10 2.6.11 2.6.12 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 loT Architecture 57 Introduction 57 Factors Affecting an loT Architectural Model loT Architectural Model 59 58
Contents I ix 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3 3.7 loTWF Architectural Model 59 Data Center and Cloud 63 Computing (Cloud, Fog, and Edge) 66 Cloud Computing 66 Fog Computing 67 Edge Computing 68 Summary 69 References 69 Exercises 69 Advanced Exercises 70 4 loT Sensors 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 4.5.4 4.6 4.7 4.8 5 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.2.1 5.3.2.2 5.3.2.3 5.3.2.4 5.3.2.5 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.4 73 Introduction 73 Sensor and Its Performance Metrics 74 Static Performance Metrics 74 Dynamic Performance Metrics 76 Sensor Selection 77 Smart Sensors 80 MEMS 81 Sensor Fusion 83 Improving the Quality and Accuracy of a Sensor 83 Improving the Reliability of a Sensor 83 Improving the Capability of a Sensor 84 Measuring a Different Physical Quantity 84 Self-calibration 84 Sensors of the Future 85 Summary 85 References 86 Exercises 86 Advanced Exercises 87 89 Introduction 89 Ethernet 90 Power over Ethernet (PoE) 91 Ethernet TSN 92 Challenges of Connectivity for Industrial loT 92 Ethernet TSN Features and Key Technologies 93 Time Synchronization 93 Bandwidth and QoS Reservation 94 Redundant Transmission 94 Traffic Shaping and Scheduling 94 Latency Minimization 95 A Simple Example 96 Ethernet TSN Substandards 97 Power Line Communications (PLCs) 98 loT Wired Connectivity
Contents 5.4.1 5.5 PLC for Smart Grid 100 Summary 103 References 103 Exercises 104 Advanced Exercises 105 б 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.4 6.4.1 6.4.2 6.5 6.6 Unlicensed-band Wireless loT 107 Introduction 107 Zigbee Wireless Network 108 BLE Wireless Network 111 Bluetooths 114 Bluetooth Mesh 115 WiFi Wireless Network 115 WiFi 6 116 WiFiHaLow 117 LoRaWAN Wireless Wide Area Network Summary 121 References 121 Exercises 122 Advanced Exercises 124 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.3.1 7.3.1.1 7.3.1.2 7.3.1.3 7.3.1.4 7.3.1.5 7.3.1.6 7.3.2 7.3.2.1 7.3.2.2 7.3.2.3 7.3.2.4 7.3.2.5 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 Cellular loT Technologies 125 Introduction 125 EC-GSM-IoT 125 LTE-based Cellular loT Technologies 127 LTE-M 127 Channel Bandwidth 127 Duplexing 128 Data Rate and Latency 129 Power Class 131 Coverage 132 Mobility 133 NB-IoT 133 Channel Bandwidth and Duplexing 134 Data Rate and Latency 134 Power Classes 135 Coverage 135 Mobility 135 Practical Use Cases 135 CIoT Frequency Bands 137 Certification 140 CIoT Modules 141 AT Commands 143 Summary 144 References 145 Exercises 146 Advanced Exercises 147 118
Contents 8 CloT Features 151 8.1 8.1.1 8.1.2 8.1.3 8.1.4 8.1.4.1 8.1.5 8.1.6 Low-power Consumption Schemes 153 Introduction 153 Power Saving Techniques in 3GPP Release 13 153 Power Saving Techniques in 3GPP Release 14 158 Power Saving Techniques in 3GPP Release 15 158 Wake Up Signal 158 Power Consumption for Various Use Cases 159 Summary 162 References 163 Exercises 163 Advanced Exercises 164 8.2 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.2.2.1 8.2.2.2 8.2.2.3 8.2.3 8.2.3.1 8.2.3.2 8.2.4 Uplink Access 167 Introduction 167 Random Access Process 168 Random Access Dependency to the Coverage Level Access Barring (AB) 170 Preamble Formats 171 RA Advancements 172 Early Data Transmission 173 Preconfigured Uplink Resources 173 Summary 174 References 175 Exercises 175 Advanced Exercises 176 8.3 8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.2.1 8.3.2.2 8.3.2.3 8.3.2.3.1 8.3.2.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.4 8.3.5 8.3.5.1 8.3.5.2 8.3.5.3 8.3.6 8.3.7 Positioning 177 Introduction 177 LTE Positioning 178 CID 179 ECID 179 Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA) 180 Basic OTDOA Navigation Equations 181 Positioning Reference Signals (PRSs) 182 Positioning Architecture for LTE-IoT 183 RSTD Measurement Performance 184 PRS Signals 185 LTE PRS Signals 185 LTE-M PRS Signals 186 NB-IoT PRS Signals 186 RSTD Error Sources 187 Summary 188 References 188 Exercises 189 Advanced Exercises 189 170 xi
xii I Contents 8.4 8.4.1 8.4.2 8.4.2.1 8.4.2.2 8.4.2.3 8.4.2.4 8.4.2.5 8.4.2.6 8.4.2.7 8.4.2.8 8.4.2.9 8.4.2.10 8.4.3 8.4.4 8.4.5 9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.3.1 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.3.4 9.4 9.4.1 9.4.2 9.5 9.6 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.4.1 10.4.2 10.4.3 10.4.4 10.4.5 191 Introduction 191 Mobility 192 Cell Selection 192 Cell Reselection 192 Signal Measurements Used for Mobility 193 Idle Mode Versus Connected Mode Mobility 194 Mobility Architecture 195 Intra-Frequency vs. Inter-Frequency Mobility 196 General Idea about TAU Strategies 197 General Idea about Paging Strategies 198 TAU and Paging Optimization 198 Doppler Effect 198 NB-IoT Mobility 199 LTE-M Mobility 199 Summary 199 References 200 Exercises 201 '’ Advanced Exercises 202 Mobility 203 Introduction 203 HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 204 Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) Protocol 206 MQTT Connections 208 Security of MQTT Protocol 209 MQTT Last Value Queue (ĽVQ) 210 MQTT Last Will and Testament (ĽWT) 211 Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) 211 CoAP Messages 212 CoAP Observers 213 Other loT Protocols 213 Summary 214 References 215 Exercises 215 Advanced Exercises 217 loT Data Communication Protocols 219 Introduction 219 5G Vision 220 5G’s Main Application Areas 222 5G Implementations and Features 223 Standalone and non-standalone 5G Network 223 5G Network Slicing 223 Private 5G Network 225 Network Exposure 226 Fixed Wireless Access 226 loT in 5G Era
Contents 1 xiii 10.5 Summary 227 References 228 Exercises 228 Advanced Exercises 229 loT and Analytics 231 Introduction 231 11.1 Data Pipeline 233 11.2 AI 233 11.3 Machine Learning 234 11.4 Supervised Machine Learning Techniques 236 11.5 Classification 236 11.5.1 11.5.1.1 Decision Tree 236 11.5.1.2 Random Forest 241 11.5.1.3 К Nearest Neighbor (KNN) 243 11.5.1.4 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 244 Regression 246 11.5.2 Unsupervised Machine Learning Techniques 251 11.6 Clustering 251 11.6.1 11.6.1.1 K-Means 251 Deep Learning Techniques 253 11.7 Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) 257 11.7.1 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 258 11.7.2 Summary 260 11.8 References 261 Exercises 261 Advanced Exercises 263 11 12 12.1 12.2 12.2.1 12.2.2 12.2.3 12.2.4 12.2.5 12.3 12.3.1 12.3.2 12.3.3 12.3.4 12.3.5 12.3.6 12.3.7 12.3.8 12.3.9 12.3.10 loT Security and Privacy 267 Introduction 267 loT Threats 267 Confidentiality 268 Integrity 268 Authentication 268 Non-Repudiation 269 Availability 269 loT Vulnerabilities 269 Insufficient Authentication 269 Insecure Ports and Interfaces 270 Lack of a Secure Update Mechanism 270 Insufficient Encryption 270 Insecure Network Connectivity 270 Insecure Mobile Connection 271 Not Utilizing Whitelist 271 Insecure loT Device Chip Manufacturing 271 Configuration Issues 271 Privacy Issues 272
xivļ Contents ІоТ Threat Modeling and Risk 272 Threat Modeling for Smart Gas Station 272 Identifying the Assets 273 Identifying the Message Flow 273 Identifying the Threat Types 274 Rating Threats and Risk Calculations 275 ІоТ Security Regulations 276 ІоТ Privacy Concerns and Regulations 277 ІоТ Security and Privacy Examples 279 Threat Against Availability - Mirai Bonnet 279 Threat Against Integrity - LockState 279 Threat Against Software Update - Jeep 279 Threat Against Confidentiality - TRENDnet Webcam 280 Threat Against Availability and Integrity - St. Jude Medical’s Implantable Cardiac Devices 280 12.7.6 Threat Against Availability - Cyberattack on the Ukrainian Smart Grid 280 12.7.7 Privacy Concern - DJI 280 12.8 Threat Protection Methods 281 12.8.1 Confidentiality Protection 281 12.8.1.1 Methods Based on Symmetric Key 281 12.8.1.2 Methods Based on Asymmetric Key 285 12.8.2 Integrity Protection 286 12.8.3 Authentication Protection 287 12.8.4 Non-Repudiation Protection 288 12.9 ІоТ and Blockchain 289 12.9.1 Blockchain Technology 290 12.9.2 A Practical Example of ІоТ and Blockchain for Smart Grid 292 12.10 Summary 293 References 294 Exercises 294 12.4 12.4.1 12.4.1.1 12.4.1.2 12.4.1.3 12.4.1.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.7.1 12.7.2 12.7.3 12.7.4 12.7.5 13 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.3.1 13.3.2 13.3.3 13.3.4 13.3.5 13.3.6 13.3.7 13.3.8 13.3.9 13.4 13.5 299 Introduction 299 ІоТ Solution Development Methodology 300 Further Details on ІоТ Solution Development 302 Business Case Document 302 Implementation Strategy 302 Detailed Design 303 Building, Configuration, and Testing (BCT) 304 Pilot
Implementation 306 Regulation Acceptance 307 Deployment 307 Sustainment 307 Continuous Improvements 307 Change Management 307 Summary 308 ІоТ Solution Developments
Contents Reference 309 Exercises 309 Advanced Exercises 310 Practical Assignments 313 Assignment#!: Connecting an ІоТ Device to the Cloud 313 Assignment #2: Building a Battery-Powered Vision-Based System 314 Assignment #3: Configuring an LTE-M module using AT Commands 315 Assignment #4: Connecting an ІоТ Device to an MQTT Broker 316 Assignment #5: Connecting an ІоТ Device to an ІоТ Gateway Using BLE 318 Assignment #6: Building an ІоТ-Based Home Automation System 319 Assignment #7: Designing a Smart Toy System 320 Assignment #8: Controlling a Smart Tank System Using LoRaWAN Technology 321 Assignment #9: Building ІоТ Systems Using Cisco Packet Tracer 323 Assignment #10: Building a Digital Twin in the Cloud 325 References 327 Appendix A Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) 329 Appendix В Transport Layer Security (TLS) Appendix C Satellite ІоТ 337 Solutions Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 339 339 343 346 348 352 355 357 361 367 370 371 376 381 Abbreviations 385 Index 395 333 XV
Fundamentals of Internet of Things: For Students and Professionals teaches the principles of loT systems. It employs a systematic approach to explain loT architecture models and their layers. The textbook is arranged based on various layers of an architecture model. For readers who are unfamiliar with the concept of data communication and networks, the first chapter of this book covers the fundamentals of data communication and networks. It can also be used as review material for those who are already familiar with the concept. The book begins with many examples of loT use cases to show readers how loT can be applied to various loT verticals. The concept of smart sensors is then described, as well as their applications in the loT ecosystem. Because internet connectivity is an essential part of any loT system, the book explores wired and wireless connectivity schemes including cellular loT in the 4G and 5G eras. loT protocols, analytics, as well as loT security and privacy are important topics that are explained in this book with simple explanations. The last chapter of this book is dedicated to loT solution development. loT is one of the most rapidly evolving technologies today, and there is no better guide to this rapidly expanding sector than Fundamentals of Internet of Things (loT) for Students and Professionals. Features: • Simple explanations of complex concepts • More than 300 exercise problems and advanced exercise questions • Provided solutions for the exercise problems • 10 practical loT projects Dr. F John Dian is a faculty in the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering at the British Columbia Institute of Technology in Vancouver, Canada. He received his Ph.D. degree from Concordia University, Canada, in Electrical and Computer Engineering. Dr. Dian has extensive experience in designing and implementing telecommunication systems and loT networks. He holds a certificate in business analytics from Harvard Business School, USA, and co-chairs the center of excellence in analytics at BCIT He has received numerous awards for his outstanding teaching and research, and has been an invited speaker at many forums and conferences. Dr. Dian is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an active member of the Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of British Columbia (APEGBC). He is the author of several books such as loT Use Cases and Technologies, Cellular loT for Practitioners, and Physical System Modelling Using MATLAB . |
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vii Contents About the Author Preface 1 1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.2.1 1.2.2.2 1.2.2.3 1.2.2.4 1.2.2.5 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.4.1 1.2.4.2 1.2.4.3 1.2.4.4 1.2.4.5 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.2.7 1.3 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5 1.5 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.6 1.6.1 xvii xix Data Communications and Networks 1 Introduction 1 OSI Model 3 Layer 1 - Physical Layer 5 Layer 2 - Data Link Layer 5 Addressing 5 Framing 5 Error Control 6 Flow Control 6 Access Control 7 Layer 3 - Network Layer 7 Layer 4 - Transport Layer 7 Port Addressing 8 End-to-end Error Control 8 End-to-end Flow Control 8 Connection Control 8 Congestion Control 8 Layer 5 - Session Layer 9 Layer 6 - Presentation Layer 9 Layer 7 - Application Layer 9 Header Encapsulation 9 Layer 2 - Ethernet 10 Framing 11 Addressing 11 Error Control 11 Flow Control 12 Access Control 12 Layer 3 - IP 12 IPV4 and IPV6 headers 15 Improving IPV4 Address Assignments 17 Layer 4-TCP and UDP 19 TCP Header 20
viii I Contents 1.6.2 1.6.2.1 1.6.2.2 1.6.2.3 1.6.2.4 1.6.2.5 1.6.3 1.7 1.8 1.8.1 1.8.2 1.9 TCP Functionalities 22 Process-to-process Communication 22 Connection Control 22 Flow Control 22 Error Control 23 Congestion Control 24 UDP 24 TCP/IP Networking Model 25 Internetworking Devices 25 VLAN 27 Quality of Service (QoS) 28 Summary 29 References 30 Exercises 30 Advanced Exercises 32 2 Introduction to loT 35 Introduction 35 *' loT Traffic Model 36 loT Connectivity 37 loT Verticals, Use Cases, and Applications 39 loT Value Chain 41 Examples of loT Use Cases and Applications 42 IoT-based Structural Health Monitoring System 42 IoT-based Electric Meter 44 IoT-based Waste Management System 44 IoT-based Earthquake Detection 45 IoT-based Car Software Update 45 IoT-based Mountain Climbing Information System 46 IoT-based Agriculture - Pest Management 46 IoT֊based Wearable in Sports 47 IoT-based Healthcare System 47 IoT-based Augmented Reality (AR) System 48 IoT-based Food Supply Chain 49 Smart Grid System 49 loT Project Implementation 51 loT Standards 52 Summary 52 References 53 Exercises 53 Advanced Exercises 54 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3 2.6.4 2.6.5 2.6.6 2.6.7 2.6.8 2.6.9 2.6.10 2.6.11 2.6.12 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 loT Architecture 57 Introduction 57 Factors Affecting an loT Architectural Model loT Architectural Model 59 58
Contents I ix 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3 3.7 loTWF Architectural Model 59 Data Center and Cloud 63 Computing (Cloud, Fog, and Edge) 66 Cloud Computing 66 Fog Computing 67 Edge Computing 68 Summary 69 References 69 Exercises 69 Advanced Exercises 70 4 loT Sensors 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 4.5.4 4.6 4.7 4.8 5 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.2.1 5.3.2.2 5.3.2.3 5.3.2.4 5.3.2.5 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.4 73 Introduction 73 Sensor and Its Performance Metrics 74 Static Performance Metrics 74 Dynamic Performance Metrics 76 Sensor Selection 77 Smart Sensors 80 MEMS 81 Sensor Fusion 83 Improving the Quality and Accuracy of a Sensor 83 Improving the Reliability of a Sensor 83 Improving the Capability of a Sensor 84 Measuring a Different Physical Quantity 84 Self-calibration 84 Sensors of the Future 85 Summary 85 References 86 Exercises 86 Advanced Exercises 87 89 Introduction 89 Ethernet 90 Power over Ethernet (PoE) 91 Ethernet TSN 92 Challenges of Connectivity for Industrial loT 92 Ethernet TSN Features and Key Technologies 93 Time Synchronization 93 Bandwidth and QoS Reservation 94 Redundant Transmission 94 Traffic Shaping and Scheduling 94 Latency Minimization 95 A Simple Example 96 Ethernet TSN Substandards 97 Power Line Communications (PLCs) 98 loT Wired Connectivity
Contents 5.4.1 5.5 PLC for Smart Grid 100 Summary 103 References 103 Exercises 104 Advanced Exercises 105 б 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.4 6.4.1 6.4.2 6.5 6.6 Unlicensed-band Wireless loT 107 Introduction 107 Zigbee Wireless Network 108 BLE Wireless Network 111 Bluetooths 114 Bluetooth Mesh 115 WiFi Wireless Network 115 WiFi 6 116 WiFiHaLow 117 LoRaWAN Wireless Wide Area Network Summary 121 References 121 Exercises 122 Advanced Exercises 124 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.3.1 7.3.1.1 7.3.1.2 7.3.1.3 7.3.1.4 7.3.1.5 7.3.1.6 7.3.2 7.3.2.1 7.3.2.2 7.3.2.3 7.3.2.4 7.3.2.5 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 Cellular loT Technologies 125 Introduction 125 EC-GSM-IoT 125 LTE-based Cellular loT Technologies 127 LTE-M 127 Channel Bandwidth 127 Duplexing 128 Data Rate and Latency 129 Power Class 131 Coverage 132 Mobility 133 NB-IoT 133 Channel Bandwidth and Duplexing 134 Data Rate and Latency 134 Power Classes 135 Coverage 135 Mobility 135 Practical Use Cases 135 CIoT Frequency Bands 137 Certification 140 CIoT Modules 141 AT Commands 143 Summary 144 References 145 Exercises 146 Advanced Exercises 147 118
Contents 8 CloT Features 151 8.1 8.1.1 8.1.2 8.1.3 8.1.4 8.1.4.1 8.1.5 8.1.6 Low-power Consumption Schemes 153 Introduction 153 Power Saving Techniques in 3GPP Release 13 153 Power Saving Techniques in 3GPP Release 14 158 Power Saving Techniques in 3GPP Release 15 158 Wake Up Signal 158 Power Consumption for Various Use Cases 159 Summary 162 References 163 Exercises 163 Advanced Exercises 164 8.2 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.2.2.1 8.2.2.2 8.2.2.3 8.2.3 8.2.3.1 8.2.3.2 8.2.4 Uplink Access 167 Introduction 167 Random Access Process 168 Random Access Dependency to the Coverage Level Access Barring (AB) 170 Preamble Formats 171 RA Advancements 172 Early Data Transmission 173 Preconfigured Uplink Resources 173 Summary 174 References 175 Exercises 175 Advanced Exercises 176 8.3 8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.2.1 8.3.2.2 8.3.2.3 8.3.2.3.1 8.3.2.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.4 8.3.5 8.3.5.1 8.3.5.2 8.3.5.3 8.3.6 8.3.7 Positioning 177 Introduction 177 LTE Positioning 178 CID 179 ECID 179 Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA) 180 Basic OTDOA Navigation Equations 181 Positioning Reference Signals (PRSs) 182 Positioning Architecture for LTE-IoT 183 RSTD Measurement Performance 184 PRS Signals 185 LTE PRS Signals 185 LTE-M PRS Signals 186 NB-IoT PRS Signals 186 RSTD Error Sources 187 Summary 188 References 188 Exercises 189 Advanced Exercises 189 170 xi
xii I Contents 8.4 8.4.1 8.4.2 8.4.2.1 8.4.2.2 8.4.2.3 8.4.2.4 8.4.2.5 8.4.2.6 8.4.2.7 8.4.2.8 8.4.2.9 8.4.2.10 8.4.3 8.4.4 8.4.5 9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.3.1 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.3.4 9.4 9.4.1 9.4.2 9.5 9.6 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.4.1 10.4.2 10.4.3 10.4.4 10.4.5 191 Introduction 191 Mobility 192 Cell Selection 192 Cell Reselection 192 Signal Measurements Used for Mobility 193 Idle Mode Versus Connected Mode Mobility 194 Mobility Architecture 195 Intra-Frequency vs. Inter-Frequency Mobility 196 General Idea about TAU Strategies 197 General Idea about Paging Strategies 198 TAU and Paging Optimization 198 Doppler Effect 198 NB-IoT Mobility 199 LTE-M Mobility 199 Summary 199 References 200 Exercises 201 '’ Advanced Exercises 202 Mobility 203 Introduction 203 HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 204 Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) Protocol 206 MQTT Connections 208 Security of MQTT Protocol 209 MQTT Last Value Queue (ĽVQ) 210 MQTT Last Will and Testament (ĽWT) 211 Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) 211 CoAP Messages 212 CoAP Observers 213 Other loT Protocols 213 Summary 214 References 215 Exercises 215 Advanced Exercises 217 loT Data Communication Protocols 219 Introduction 219 5G Vision 220 5G’s Main Application Areas 222 5G Implementations and Features 223 Standalone and non-standalone 5G Network 223 5G Network Slicing 223 Private 5G Network 225 Network Exposure 226 Fixed Wireless Access 226 loT in 5G Era
Contents 1 xiii 10.5 Summary 227 References 228 Exercises 228 Advanced Exercises 229 loT and Analytics 231 Introduction 231 11.1 Data Pipeline 233 11.2 AI 233 11.3 Machine Learning 234 11.4 Supervised Machine Learning Techniques 236 11.5 Classification 236 11.5.1 11.5.1.1 Decision Tree 236 11.5.1.2 Random Forest 241 11.5.1.3 К Nearest Neighbor (KNN) 243 11.5.1.4 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 244 Regression 246 11.5.2 Unsupervised Machine Learning Techniques 251 11.6 Clustering 251 11.6.1 11.6.1.1 K-Means 251 Deep Learning Techniques 253 11.7 Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) 257 11.7.1 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 258 11.7.2 Summary 260 11.8 References 261 Exercises 261 Advanced Exercises 263 11 12 12.1 12.2 12.2.1 12.2.2 12.2.3 12.2.4 12.2.5 12.3 12.3.1 12.3.2 12.3.3 12.3.4 12.3.5 12.3.6 12.3.7 12.3.8 12.3.9 12.3.10 loT Security and Privacy 267 Introduction 267 loT Threats 267 Confidentiality 268 Integrity 268 Authentication 268 Non-Repudiation 269 Availability 269 loT Vulnerabilities 269 Insufficient Authentication 269 Insecure Ports and Interfaces 270 Lack of a Secure Update Mechanism 270 Insufficient Encryption 270 Insecure Network Connectivity 270 Insecure Mobile Connection 271 Not Utilizing Whitelist 271 Insecure loT Device Chip Manufacturing 271 Configuration Issues 271 Privacy Issues 272
xivļ Contents ІоТ Threat Modeling and Risk 272 Threat Modeling for Smart Gas Station 272 Identifying the Assets 273 Identifying the Message Flow 273 Identifying the Threat Types 274 Rating Threats and Risk Calculations 275 ІоТ Security Regulations 276 ІоТ Privacy Concerns and Regulations 277 ІоТ Security and Privacy Examples 279 Threat Against Availability - Mirai Bonnet 279 Threat Against Integrity - LockState 279 Threat Against Software Update - Jeep 279 Threat Against Confidentiality - TRENDnet Webcam 280 Threat Against Availability and Integrity - St. Jude Medical’s Implantable Cardiac Devices 280 12.7.6 Threat Against Availability - Cyberattack on the Ukrainian Smart Grid 280 12.7.7 Privacy Concern - DJI 280 12.8 Threat Protection Methods 281 12.8.1 Confidentiality Protection 281 12.8.1.1 Methods Based on Symmetric Key 281 12.8.1.2 Methods Based on Asymmetric Key 285 12.8.2 Integrity Protection 286 12.8.3 Authentication Protection 287 12.8.4 Non-Repudiation Protection 288 12.9 ІоТ and Blockchain 289 12.9.1 Blockchain Technology 290 12.9.2 A Practical Example of ІоТ and Blockchain for Smart Grid 292 12.10 Summary 293 References 294 Exercises 294 12.4 12.4.1 12.4.1.1 12.4.1.2 12.4.1.3 12.4.1.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.7.1 12.7.2 12.7.3 12.7.4 12.7.5 13 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.3.1 13.3.2 13.3.3 13.3.4 13.3.5 13.3.6 13.3.7 13.3.8 13.3.9 13.4 13.5 299 Introduction 299 ІоТ Solution Development Methodology 300 Further Details on ІоТ Solution Development 302 Business Case Document 302 Implementation Strategy 302 Detailed Design 303 Building, Configuration, and Testing (BCT) 304 Pilot
Implementation 306 Regulation Acceptance 307 Deployment 307 Sustainment 307 Continuous Improvements 307 Change Management 307 Summary 308 ІоТ Solution Developments
Contents Reference 309 Exercises 309 Advanced Exercises 310 Practical Assignments 313 Assignment#!: Connecting an ІоТ Device to the Cloud 313 Assignment #2: Building a Battery-Powered Vision-Based System 314 Assignment #3: Configuring an LTE-M module using AT Commands 315 Assignment #4: Connecting an ІоТ Device to an MQTT Broker 316 Assignment #5: Connecting an ІоТ Device to an ІоТ Gateway Using BLE 318 Assignment #6: Building an ІоТ-Based Home Automation System 319 Assignment #7: Designing a Smart Toy System 320 Assignment #8: Controlling a Smart Tank System Using LoRaWAN Technology 321 Assignment #9: Building ІоТ Systems Using Cisco Packet Tracer 323 Assignment #10: Building a Digital Twin in the Cloud 325 References 327 Appendix A Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) 329 Appendix В Transport Layer Security (TLS) Appendix C Satellite ІоТ 337 Solutions Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 339 339 343 346 348 352 355 357 361 367 370 371 376 381 Abbreviations 385 Index 395 333 XV
Fundamentals of Internet of Things: For Students and Professionals teaches the principles of loT systems. It employs a systematic approach to explain loT architecture models and their layers. The textbook is arranged based on various layers of an architecture model. For readers who are unfamiliar with the concept of data communication and networks, the first chapter of this book covers the fundamentals of data communication and networks. It can also be used as review material for those who are already familiar with the concept. The book begins with many examples of loT use cases to show readers how loT can be applied to various loT verticals. The concept of smart sensors is then described, as well as their applications in the loT ecosystem. Because internet connectivity is an essential part of any loT system, the book explores wired and wireless connectivity schemes including cellular loT in the 4G and 5G eras. loT protocols, analytics, as well as loT security and privacy are important topics that are explained in this book with simple explanations. The last chapter of this book is dedicated to loT solution development. loT is one of the most rapidly evolving technologies today, and there is no better guide to this rapidly expanding sector than Fundamentals of Internet of Things (loT) for Students and Professionals. Features: • Simple explanations of complex concepts • More than 300 exercise problems and advanced exercise questions • Provided solutions for the exercise problems • 10 practical loT projects Dr. F John Dian is a faculty in the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering at the British Columbia Institute of Technology in Vancouver, Canada. He received his Ph.D. degree from Concordia University, Canada, in Electrical and Computer Engineering. Dr. Dian has extensive experience in designing and implementing telecommunication systems and loT networks. He holds a certificate in business analytics from Harvard Business School, USA, and co-chairs the center of excellence in analytics at BCIT He has received numerous awards for his outstanding teaching and research, and has been an invited speaker at many forums and conferences. Dr. Dian is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an active member of the Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of British Columbia (APEGBC). He is the author of several books such as loT Use Cases and Technologies, Cellular loT for Practitioners, and Physical System Modelling Using MATLAB . |
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