Bioethics: what everyone needs to know
The questions and dilemmas of bioethics touch everyone. Bioethics: What Everyone Needs to Know discusses the most difficult and controversial bioethical issues facing the public today, providing a way to think about them in a rigorous and thoughtful way. Topics include the philosophical and histori...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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New York Oxford
Oxford University Press
[2023]
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| Schriftenreihe: | [What everyone needs to know series]
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | The questions and dilemmas of bioethics touch everyone. Bioethics: What Everyone Needs to Know discusses the most difficult and controversial bioethical issues facing the public today, providing a way to think about them in a rigorous and thoughtful way. Topics include the philosophical and historical foundations of bioethics, advance directives, experimentation on human subjects, the definition of death, physician-assisted dying, abortion, disability, just healthcare systems, the allocation of scarce resources, pharmaceutical drug pricing, assisted reproductive technology, egg donation, surrogate motherhood, sex selection, and the genetic modification of humans. Race and gender are considered throughout, as are ethical issues raised by pandemics. Cover -- Half-Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 What Are the Philosophical Foundations of Bioethics? -- What is "normative ethics"? -- What are some important moral theories for bioethics? -- How does utilitarian reasoning work? -- What principles are featured in Kantian ethics? -- What does Natural Law ethics contribute to bioethics? -- What is the "principles approach" to bioethics? -- Concluding thoughts -- 2 How Has the Shift from Paternalism to Autonomy Shaped Bioethics? -- What is paternalism in general? -- How do strong and weak paternalism differ? -- What is medical paternalism? -- What does autonomy mean in bioethics? -- What is informed consent? -- What was the significance of the Belmont Report? -- What historical forces led to the rejection of medical paternalism? -- Do the effects of serious illness justify medical paternalism? -- Do irrational choices justify medical paternalism? -- Does respect for cultural differences justify deception? -- How should doctors give bad news to patients? -- Is deception justified in some "hard cases"? -- How should bioethicists and healthcare professionals address racism? -- Concluding thoughts -- 3 Do Advance Directives Protect Patient Autonomy? -- What is an advance directive for medical care? -- What constitutes a relevant change of mind? -- What is the "then-.self/.now-.self" problem? -- How have defenders of advance directives responded to this problem? -- Can advance directives accommodate the then-.self/.now-.self problem? -- What communication challenges limit the use of advance directives? -- Concluding thoughts -- 4 When Is Experimentation on Human Subjects Unethical? -- What principles for ethical research emerged in the Nuremberg Code? -- What notable experiments influenced the development of medical research ethics?. |
| Beschreibung: | Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources |
| Beschreibung: | xviii, 308 Seiten Porträts (der Verfasser auf dem Cover) |
| ISBN: | 9780197657966 9780197657997 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a The questions and dilemmas of bioethics touch everyone. Bioethics: What Everyone Needs to Know discusses the most difficult and controversial bioethical issues facing the public today, providing a way to think about them in a rigorous and thoughtful way. Topics include the philosophical and historical foundations of bioethics, advance directives, experimentation on human subjects, the definition of death, physician-assisted dying, abortion, disability, just healthcare systems, the allocation of scarce resources, pharmaceutical drug pricing, assisted reproductive technology, egg donation, surrogate motherhood, sex selection, and the genetic modification of humans. Race and gender are considered throughout, as are ethical issues raised by pandemics. | |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS PREFACE XV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XIX 1 What Are the Philosophical Foundations of Bioethics? 1 What is “normative ethics ’’? 1 What are some important moral theories for bioethics? 4 How does utilitarian reasoning work? 5 What principles are featured in Kantian ethics? 10 What does Natural Law ethics contribute to bioethics? 12 What is the “principles approach” to bioethics? 15 Concluding thoughts 17 2 How Has the Shift from Paternalism to Autonomy Shaped Bioethics? What is paternalism in general? 18 18 How do strong and weak paternalism differ? 21 What is medical paternalism ? 23 What does autonomy mean in bioethics? 24
vlii Contents What Is informed consent? 25 What was the significance of the Belmont Report? 27 What historical forces led to the rejection of medical paternalism? 28 Do the effects of serious illness justify medical paternalism? 29 Do irrational choices justify medical paternalism? 29 Does respect for cultural differences justify deception? 30 How should doctors give bad news to patients? 31 Is deception justified in some “hard cases ? 33 How should bioethicists and healthcare professionals address racism ? 35 Concluding thoughts 39 3 Do Advance Directives Protect Patient Autonomy? 40 What is an advance directive for medical care? 40 What constitutes a relevant change of mind? 42 What is the “then-self/now-self” problem? 45 How have defenders of advance directives responded to this problem? 47 Can advance directives accommodate the then-self/now-self problem? 50 What communication challenges limit the use of advance directives? 53 Concluding thoughts 55 4 When Is Experimentation on Human Subjects Unethical? What principles for ethical research emerged in the Nuremberg Code? 57 57 What notable experiments influenced the development of medical research ethics? 59 Are randomized clinical trials ethically questionable? 64 When do placebo-control trials violate basic principles of medical ethics? 68 How do international contexts affect the ethics of trials? 70 When are “challenge” trials for new vaccines acceptable? 71 When do exclusions and priorities unjustly affect disadvantaged groups ? 74 Concluding thoughts 75
Contents 5 How Should Death Be Defined and Determined? ix 77 What is death? 77 What is brain death? 78 Are neurological criteria a better indicator of death? 79 What are the practical advantages of neurological criteria? 80 Are there scientific arguments in favor of brain death? 81 What are the arguments against brain death? 82 What is the significance of the case ofJahi McMath? 83 What would happen if we gave up brain death? 86 Should a higher-brain standard be adopted? 88 Is death an event or a process—and does it matter? 90 Concluding thoughts 91 6 Is Physician-Assisted Dying an Ethical Choice? 94 What is euthanasia? 94 What is the difference between voluntary and nonvoluntary euthanasia? 95 What was the Nazi “euthanasia program? 96 What is self-administered physician-assisted dying? 97 What is the equal protection argument for PAD? 100 Where is self-administered PAD legal in the United States? 101 What is the legal status of PAD elsewhere tn the world? 102 What are the moral arguments in favor of PAD? 103 What are the moral arguments against PAD? 104 Is PAD inconsistent with the physician’s role? 106 Would legalizing PAD undermine palliative care? 106 Does legalizing PAD create a slippery slope? 107 Is there really a need for PAD? 109 Concluding thoughts 111
X Contents 7 Is Abortion an Ethical Choice? 113 What is the conservative view of the moral status of the unborn? 114 Why do moderate conservatives think human life begins after conception? 115 Is abortion always wrong for conservatives? 116 What is the liberal view of the moral status of the unborn? 118 What is the potentiality principle? 120 Does the person viewJustify infanticide? 121 How does the “future-like-ours ” theory offer anew approach to abortion? 123 How does the embodied minds view affect the debate? 124 What are the implications of the interest view for abortion? 126 How does the interest view support a gradualist approach? 127 What about late abortions? 129 What role does the right to bodily self-determination play? 130 133 Concluding thoughts 8 What Are the Implications of the Disability Critique? 135 What is prenatal testing? 136 What is preimplantation genetic testing? 137 What is the purpose of PT and PGT? 138 What is the DC’s objection to selective abortion? 141 What responses can be made to the DC? 143 Can prenatal testing be regarded as a preventive measure? 145 Does the choice of selective abortion display a bad parental attitude? 145 Concluding thoughts 148
Contents 9 What Ethical Issues Are Raised by Assisted Reproductive Technology? xi 150 How is Infertility defined, and what are its causes? 150 What medical procedures are used to treat infertility? 151 What ethical arguments favorART? 153 Is adoption a better alternative than ART? 154 What are the health risks ofiVF to women? 157 What are the health risks to offspring? 158 Are the offspring at risk of psychological harm? 160 Who should pay? 161 Is using ART to create nontraditional families ethically acceptable? 163 Does paying gamete donors or gestational carriers commodify reproduction? 164 Does payment exploit egg donors? 167 Does payment exploit gestational carders? 169 Is the use ofART for medical sex selection ethical? 172 What arguments support the use ofART for nonmedical sex selection? 173 What are the arguments against nonmedical sex selection? 173 Concluding thoughts 176 10 What Is Required for a Healthcare System to Be Just? 178 What questions ofjustice arise in comparing healthcare systems? 178 How do utilitarian views ofjustice apply to healthcare systems? 180 What does an egalitarian view ofjustice require? 182 What does libertarian justice imply for choice of a healthcare system? 185 How do “market failure” and “cost-shifting” affect health insurance? 187 What is unfair “free-riding”? 189 To what extent does free-riding affect arguments about insurance? 191 Why is insurance dangerous, and how can that danger be addressed? 193
xii Contents What role does “public health play in a just system? 195 Can common ground be found in debates about healthcare systems? 197 Concluding thoughts 199 11 How Can Scarce Resources Be Allocated Justly? 201 Who should have priority for life-saving organ transplants? 202 tn a pandemic, who should get care first? 204 Should past behavior affect priority for care? 207 Should priorities be adjusted for structural inequities of health? 209 What priority, if any, should treatment have over prevention? 210 What should be included in the basic minimum available to everyone? 213 What is a “quality-adjusted life year”? 215 Is it ethical to use QALYs to allocate healthcare resources? 217 Do “reference point” effects justify extra value at the end of life? 220 Concluding thoughts 222 12 What Is a Justified Price for Pharmaceutical Drugs? 223 What is an ethically justified price? 223 What costs of research and developmentjustify price? 225 Is market competition a good determinant of drug price? 228 What makes it difficult to discern the true effectiveness of a drug? 231 Should value-basedpricing” be used to determine price? 233 What reforms are needed in markets and regulation? 237 Is patent protection compatible with globaljustice? 239 Concluding thoughts 241 13 Is It Ethical to Genetically Modify Humans? 242 What is gene therapy? 243 What is CRISPR? 244
Contents xiii What safety concerns does CRISPR raise? 246 Who was He Jiankui, and what did he do? 247 What was unethical about what He Jiankui did? 248 Can genetic modification of embryos to prevent disease be justified? 250 What about enhancement? 251 Does enhancement threaten authenticity? 253 Does enhancement violate autonomy? 253 Might enhancement be damaging to parent-child relationships? 254 Are genes more deterministic than environmental influences? 256 Is gene therapy worth the cost? 258 Is genetic enhancement incompatible with social justice? 259 Should we alter human evolution? 260 Concluding thoughts 265 NOTES 267 FURTHER READING 291 INDEX 299
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| adam_txt |
CONTENTS PREFACE XV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XIX 1 What Are the Philosophical Foundations of Bioethics? 1 What is “normative ethics ’’? 1 What are some important moral theories for bioethics? 4 How does utilitarian reasoning work? 5 What principles are featured in Kantian ethics? 10 What does Natural Law ethics contribute to bioethics? 12 What is the “principles approach” to bioethics? 15 Concluding thoughts 17 2 How Has the Shift from Paternalism to Autonomy Shaped Bioethics? What is paternalism in general? 18 18 How do strong and weak paternalism differ? 21 What is medical paternalism ? 23 What does autonomy mean in bioethics? 24
vlii Contents What Is informed consent? 25 What was the significance of the Belmont Report? 27 What historical forces led to the rejection of medical paternalism? 28 Do the effects of serious illness justify medical paternalism? 29 Do irrational choices justify medical paternalism? 29 Does respect for cultural differences justify deception? 30 How should doctors give bad news to patients? 31 Is deception justified in some “hard cases "? 33 How should bioethicists and healthcare professionals address racism ? 35 Concluding thoughts 39 3 Do Advance Directives Protect Patient Autonomy? 40 What is an advance directive for medical care? 40 What constitutes a relevant change of mind? 42 What is the “then-self/now-self” problem? 45 How have defenders of advance directives responded to this problem? 47 Can advance directives accommodate the then-self/now-self problem? 50 What communication challenges limit the use of advance directives? 53 Concluding thoughts 55 4 When Is Experimentation on Human Subjects Unethical? What principles for ethical research emerged in the Nuremberg Code? 57 57 What notable experiments influenced the development of medical research ethics? 59 Are randomized clinical trials ethically questionable? 64 When do placebo-control trials violate basic principles of medical ethics? 68 How do international contexts affect the ethics of trials? 70 When are “challenge” trials for new vaccines acceptable? 71 When do exclusions and priorities unjustly affect disadvantaged groups ? 74 Concluding thoughts 75
Contents 5 How Should Death Be Defined and Determined? ix 77 What is death? 77 What is brain death? 78 Are neurological criteria a better indicator of death? 79 What are the practical advantages of neurological criteria? 80 Are there scientific arguments in favor of brain death? 81 What are the arguments against brain death? 82 What is the significance of the case ofJahi McMath? 83 What would happen if we gave up brain death? 86 Should a higher-brain standard be adopted? 88 Is death an event or a process—and does it matter? 90 Concluding thoughts 91 6 Is Physician-Assisted Dying an Ethical Choice? 94 What is euthanasia? 94 What is the difference between voluntary and nonvoluntary euthanasia? 95 What was the Nazi “euthanasia"program? 96 What is self-administered physician-assisted dying? 97 What is the equal protection argument for PAD? 100 Where is self-administered PAD legal in the United States? 101 What is the legal status of PAD elsewhere tn the world? 102 What are the moral arguments in favor of PAD? 103 What are the moral arguments against PAD? 104 Is PAD inconsistent with the physician’s role? 106 Would legalizing PAD undermine palliative care? 106 Does legalizing PAD create a slippery slope? 107 Is there really a need for PAD? 109 Concluding thoughts 111
X Contents 7 Is Abortion an Ethical Choice? 113 What is the conservative view of the moral status of the unborn? 114 Why do moderate conservatives think human life begins after conception? 115 Is abortion always wrong for conservatives? 116 What is the liberal view of the moral status of the unborn? 118 What is the potentiality principle? 120 Does the person viewJustify infanticide? 121 How does the “future-like-ours ” theory offer anew approach to abortion? 123 How does the embodied minds view affect the debate? 124 What are the implications of the interest view for abortion? 126 How does the interest view support a gradualist approach? 127 What about late abortions? 129 What role does the right to bodily self-determination play? 130 133 Concluding thoughts 8 What Are the Implications of the Disability Critique? 135 What is prenatal testing? 136 What is preimplantation genetic testing? 137 What is the purpose of PT and PGT? 138 What is the DC’s objection to selective abortion? 141 What responses can be made to the DC? 143 Can prenatal testing be regarded as a preventive measure? 145 Does the choice of selective abortion display a bad parental attitude? 145 Concluding thoughts 148
Contents 9 What Ethical Issues Are Raised by Assisted Reproductive Technology? xi 150 How is Infertility defined, and what are its causes? 150 What medical procedures are used to treat infertility? 151 What ethical arguments favorART? 153 Is adoption a better alternative than ART? 154 What are the health risks ofiVF to women? 157 What are the health risks to offspring? 158 Are the offspring at risk of psychological harm? 160 Who should pay? 161 Is using ART to create nontraditional families ethically acceptable? 163 Does paying gamete donors or gestational carriers commodify reproduction? 164 Does payment exploit egg donors? 167 Does payment exploit gestational carders? 169 Is the use ofART for medical sex selection ethical? 172 What arguments support the use ofART for nonmedical sex selection? 173 What are the arguments against nonmedical sex selection? 173 Concluding thoughts 176 10 What Is Required for a Healthcare System to Be Just? 178 What questions ofjustice arise in comparing healthcare systems? 178 How do utilitarian views ofjustice apply to healthcare systems? 180 What does an egalitarian view ofjustice require? 182 What does libertarian justice imply for choice of a healthcare system? 185 How do “market failure” and “cost-shifting” affect health insurance? 187 What is unfair “free-riding”? 189 To what extent does free-riding affect arguments about insurance? 191 Why is insurance dangerous, and how can that danger be addressed? 193
xii Contents What role does “public health" play in a just system? 195 Can common ground be found in debates about healthcare systems? 197 Concluding thoughts 199 11 How Can Scarce Resources Be Allocated Justly? 201 Who should have priority for life-saving organ transplants? 202 tn a pandemic, who should get care first? 204 Should past behavior affect priority for care? 207 Should priorities be adjusted for structural inequities of health? 209 What priority, if any, should treatment have over prevention? 210 What should be included in the basic minimum available to everyone? 213 What is a “quality-adjusted life year”? 215 Is it ethical to use QALYs to allocate healthcare resources? 217 Do “reference point” effects justify extra value at the end of life? 220 Concluding thoughts 222 12 What Is a Justified Price for Pharmaceutical Drugs? 223 What is an ethically justified price? 223 What costs of research and developmentjustify price? 225 Is market competition a good determinant of drug price? 228 What makes it difficult to discern the true effectiveness of a drug? 231 Should "value-basedpricing” be used to determine price? 233 What reforms are needed in markets and regulation? 237 Is patent protection compatible with globaljustice? 239 Concluding thoughts 241 13 Is It Ethical to Genetically Modify Humans? 242 What is gene therapy? 243 What is CRISPR? 244
Contents xiii What safety concerns does CRISPR raise? 246 Who was He Jiankui, and what did he do? 247 What was unethical about what He Jiankui did? 248 Can genetic modification of embryos to prevent disease be justified? 250 What about enhancement? 251 Does enhancement threaten authenticity? 253 Does enhancement violate autonomy? 253 Might enhancement be damaging to parent-child relationships? 254 Are genes more deterministic than environmental influences? 256 Is gene therapy worth the cost? 258 Is genetic enhancement incompatible with social justice? 259 Should we alter human evolution? 260 Concluding thoughts 265 NOTES 267 FURTHER READING 291 INDEX 299 |
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| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:30:13Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:46:35Z |
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| spelling | Steinbock, Bonnie Verfasser (DE-588)1294987046 aut Bioethics what everyone needs to know Bonnie Steinbock and Paul T. Menzel New York Oxford Oxford University Press [2023] © 2023 xviii, 308 Seiten Porträts (der Verfasser auf dem Cover) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier [What everyone needs to know series] Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources The questions and dilemmas of bioethics touch everyone. Bioethics: What Everyone Needs to Know discusses the most difficult and controversial bioethical issues facing the public today, providing a way to think about them in a rigorous and thoughtful way. Topics include the philosophical and historical foundations of bioethics, advance directives, experimentation on human subjects, the definition of death, physician-assisted dying, abortion, disability, just healthcare systems, the allocation of scarce resources, pharmaceutical drug pricing, assisted reproductive technology, egg donation, surrogate motherhood, sex selection, and the genetic modification of humans. Race and gender are considered throughout, as are ethical issues raised by pandemics. Cover -- Half-Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 What Are the Philosophical Foundations of Bioethics? -- What is "normative ethics"? -- What are some important moral theories for bioethics? -- How does utilitarian reasoning work? -- What principles are featured in Kantian ethics? -- What does Natural Law ethics contribute to bioethics? -- What is the "principles approach" to bioethics? -- Concluding thoughts -- 2 How Has the Shift from Paternalism to Autonomy Shaped Bioethics? -- What is paternalism in general? -- How do strong and weak paternalism differ? -- What is medical paternalism? -- What does autonomy mean in bioethics? -- What is informed consent? -- What was the significance of the Belmont Report? -- What historical forces led to the rejection of medical paternalism? -- Do the effects of serious illness justify medical paternalism? -- Do irrational choices justify medical paternalism? -- Does respect for cultural differences justify deception? -- How should doctors give bad news to patients? -- Is deception justified in some "hard cases"? -- How should bioethicists and healthcare professionals address racism? -- Concluding thoughts -- 3 Do Advance Directives Protect Patient Autonomy? -- What is an advance directive for medical care? -- What constitutes a relevant change of mind? -- What is the "then-.self/.now-.self" problem? -- How have defenders of advance directives responded to this problem? -- Can advance directives accommodate the then-.self/.now-.self problem? -- What communication challenges limit the use of advance directives? -- Concluding thoughts -- 4 When Is Experimentation on Human Subjects Unethical? -- What principles for ethical research emerged in the Nuremberg Code? -- What notable experiments influenced the development of medical research ethics?. Bioethik (DE-588)4006791-9 gnd rswk-swf Bioethik (DE-588)4006791-9 s DE-604 Menzel, Paul T. 1942- (DE-588)1234099454 ctb Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-765798-0 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034076406&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Steinbock, Bonnie Bioethics what everyone needs to know Bioethik (DE-588)4006791-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006791-9 |
| title | Bioethics what everyone needs to know |
| title_auth | Bioethics what everyone needs to know |
| title_exact_search | Bioethics what everyone needs to know |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Bioethics what everyone needs to know |
| title_full | Bioethics what everyone needs to know Bonnie Steinbock and Paul T. Menzel |
| title_fullStr | Bioethics what everyone needs to know Bonnie Steinbock and Paul T. Menzel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bioethics what everyone needs to know Bonnie Steinbock and Paul T. Menzel |
| title_short | Bioethics |
| title_sort | bioethics what everyone needs to know |
| title_sub | what everyone needs to know |
| topic | Bioethik (DE-588)4006791-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bioethik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034076406&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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