Islam in Russia: religion, politics, and society
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | , , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boulder ; London
Lynne Rienner Publishers
2023
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | "Russia's Muslims, numbering some 15 million, constitute far from a homogeneous sociopolitical group. So ... What does it mean to be a Muslim in Russia today? How is the image of Islam constructed, and how do the country's Muslims--and non-Muslims--perceive and react to it? These are the questions that gave rise to this book. Using a multidisciplinary approach, the authors explore in what ways, and with what impact, Islam in contemporary Russia has been shaped by the interactions of the Soviet legacy, local cultures and languages, and external forces. They also address the influence of Islam on Russia's current Middle East policy. Their work is a rich and distinctive contribution to enhancing our understanding of the complexity and fluidity of Muslim identity in post-Soviet Russian politics and society." - Seite 205 |
| Beschreibung: | v, 205 Seiten Diagramme 23,5 x 15,5 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781955055376 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents 1 1 Islam in Russian Politics and Society Greg Simons, Marat Shterin, and Eric Shiraev 2 Muslims With and Without Islam Marat Shterin 11 3 Islamic Political Ideologies in Post-Soviet Russia Marlene Laruelle 31 4 Reporting on “Islam” and “Terror” in Russian vs. US Media Sergei A. Samoilenko, Olga Logunova, Sergey G. Davydov, and Eric Shiraev 49 5 Perceptions of the Hajj Zilya Khabibullina 69 6 Between Russia and Islam Rahim Rahimov 83 7 The Role of Islam in Russia’s Middle East Policy Nicolas Dreyer 109 8 The Impact of Islam on Russia-Iran Relations Hamidreza Azizi 131 9 Conclusion: What Have We Learned? Greg Simons, Marat Shterin, and Eric Shiraev References The Contributors Index About the Book 149 159 187 189 205 v
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Index Abbott, Tony, 53 Abdurrahman bin Zubair, 77-78 Afghan Civil War (1992-1996), 140 Afghanistan: anti-Soviet view, 91; counterterrorism campaigns, 118; effect on Iran-Russia relations, 137; external threat to Russia, 136; inter-Tajik talks, 139; US war in, 118 Akhmadov, Yuri, 101 Aliev, Timur, 103 Aliyev, Heydar, 92, 103 al-Nusra Front, 143 al-Qaeda, 101, 117 ambient Islam, 7, 13; combining with the Russian cultic milieu, 22; defining, 28-29(nl); the engagement of the state, 23-25; religious traditions drifting from religious institutions, 17-18; social grievances among Russian Muslims, 19-23; sources of, 150; unity through pilgrimage, 151 Andropov, Yuri, 90-91 anticolonial struggles, 4 anti-Islamic policy and campaigns, 91-92 antireligion campaigns, 84-94 antiterrorist policy: media frames of terrorism, 53, 56, 58-59, 66-67; Russia-Iran relations, 144,154155; Russia’s political narrative, 57-59; US and Russian involvement in Syria, 49-50; US and Russian policies, 58-59, 66 Arab Spring: Christian minorities in the Middle East, 123; Russian criticism of American policy, 120; Russian involvement in regional politics, 8, 111-112; Russian Muslim radicalization, 115; Russia’s conceptual response, 112113; strategic dimension of regional foreign policy, 117-118 Arab states, Russia’s mediating role in, 124-125 Asfendiarov, Sanzhar, 88 Ashirov, Nafigulla, 35-36 al-Assad, Bashar, 64(table), 129, 143 assimilation initiatives, 5 Astana process, 110 Astemirov, Anzor, 12 atheism, 2, 85, 87, 90-91 Atlanticism (foreign policy approach), 137-139 Aulia graves, 74-78 189
190 Index Axis of Resistance, 146 Azan (call to prayer), 85 Azerbaijanis, 92 al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr, 63, 64(table) Basayev, Shamil, 41-42, 98-99 Bashkirs, Hajj participation by, 71-73, 151 Bashkortostan, pilgrimage practices in, 2, 73-80 Beckford, James, 15-16 Bedouins, role of trade in the emergence of Islam, 88 Being Young and Muslim (Bayat and Herrera), 19, 23 Belarusians, 92-93 Beliaev, Evgeny, 88 Benevolence International Foundation, 101 Bennigsen, Alexander, 137 Bibarsov, Mukaddas, 32 bin Laden, Osama, 59 Bolshevism, 4, 38, 85, 87-89 Boston Globe newspaper, 60-62 Boston Marathon bombings, 60-62 Breivik, Anders, 57 Broxup, Marie, 137 Buddhism, 114 burial mounds, 77-78 Buryatsky, Said, 21-23 Bush, George, 64(table) Bush, Jeb, 64(table) caliphate of the Islamic State, 46, 109, 115-116 capitalism: as an instrument of religion, 87-89; shaping the Russian perception of terrorism, 57 cascading activation by the media, 53 Caucasian Islam, 114 Caucasus Emirate, 12,21, 102, 117, 126 censorship: Russian antiterrorist activities, 58 Central Asia: concerns over Islamic fundamentalism, 135-136; Islamic radicalization, 116; pragmatic co operation in Iran-Russia relations, 139-140; Russian domination of, 134-135 Central Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Russia, 72(table), 76 centralized Muslim authority, 3 Charlie Hebdo magazine, 58, 121 Chechen Republic, 2, 8; development of Muslim communities, 4; development of the Islamic image, 93-94; ethnonational and secessionist conflict, 84-94; Hajj quota distribution, 72(table); Iran’s policy towards, 140-141; ISIS recruitment, 117; as
Islamic state, 121-122; Islamization of radicalism, 99-102; Kadyrovism, 42^43; Kadyrov’s Islamic Putinism, 31-32; radicalism and violence, 83,106-107; Russian involvement in the OIC, 119; Russian Muslims’ integration into the global community, 151-152; Russid’s foreign policy concerns, 114 Chechen wars: chechenization of the conflict, 95-97; Dzhemal’s sympathies with, 41-42; end of, 104-105; media creation of Islamophobia, 6; radicalization of nationalism, 94-95; as resistance to central authorities, 102-103; Russian perspective, 97-99; as Russia’s war on terror, 103-104; shaping the perception of terrorism, 57 children: Chechen jihadists, 105 China: Russia’s Middle East policy, 120-121 Christian populations: Christian minorities in the Middle East, 123; ethnocentric labeling of terrorism in the United States, 56; state engagement with ambient Islam, 24
Index Christianity: Kadyrovism co-opting elements of, 44; media framing of Islam and terrorism, 64; religious education in Russian schools, 5; religious traditions drifting from religious institutions, 16. See also Russian Orthodox culture Circassians, 122 civilizational asset, Islam as, 154 civilizational coalitions, 120-121 civilizational identity, 112-113 “civilizing” Muslim Russia, 134—135 Clinton, Hillary, 64(table) colonialism: creating an us-them relationship, 50-51; Euro-Islam’s narrative, 38-39, 41 communism: finding in Islam, 87-88. See also Marxism community religion, Islam as, 85 conflict: allegiances and alliances in the Middle East, 109-111; civilizational counterweights in Russian policy, 129; collapse of the Soviet Union leading to, 84; construction of post-Soviet Muslim identity, 7; media construction of Muslim images, 152-153; pragmatic co-operation in Iran-Russia relations, 139-140; religion as a source of, 134; Russia-Islam interaction, 32. See also Chechen wars; Syria and the . Syrian civil war conflict resolution: Islam in IR and foreign policy, 133; Tehran Agreement, 140 containment policy, 138 conversion to Islam: Buryatsky, 21, 42; ethnic Russians, 157; Eurasianism, 22; Kadyrovists, 45; politicization of Islam, 31-32; reconciling Russian identity with, 46; Refakh movement members, 34-35 Council of Muftis, 35-36, 46 191 counterterrorism: Russia in Chechnya, 105-106; the US as the world’s policeman, 56 countervailing power, Russia as, 123 Crimea, 14, 106 cult of ancestors: Turkic peoples, 75 cult of saints, 44 cultic milieu, 15-16, 20-22, 29(n2)
cultic sites: grave of the Prophet’s companions, 77-78 Cultural Revolution, Lenin’s, 88, 90 culture: ambient Islam, 7; image construction by the media, 152153 Dagestan, Republic of, 2; ambient Islam, 17; causes of radicalization, 115; Chechen conflict, 98; development of Muslim communities, 4; engagement with ambient Islam, 25; Hajj quota distribution, 71-73; Russian view of the Chechen conflict, 99 dehumanization of the enemy, 51 deportations, 4, 85-86 diplomacy: diplomatic dimensions of Islam, 117-119, 154-155; Russian antiterrorist policy, 58-59; RussiaUS relations, 110-111 discrimination: anti-Islamic perception of Russia, 86-87; in-group behavior, 50-51 dissent, social and political, 156 Ditiakin, Valentin, 88 Doctrine of Information Security (2000), 57-58 domestic politics and policy: atheism as official policy, 90-92; Chechen Muslim migration to jihadi groups, 152; Eurasianist discourse, 141; Islamic lobby, 122-123; Putin’s “great power pragmatism” balancing foreign policy, 134; religion in international relations, 132; Russian perspective of the Chechen conflict, 97-99
192 Index domestic security: territorial integrity and cohesion, 114. See also safety and security domestic terrorism, 55-57 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 18 Dudaev, Djokhar, 41-42, 94-98 Dudurkaev, Asu, 105 Dugin, Alexander, 14, 16, 22, 35, 40 Dzhemal, Geydar, 15, 20-22, 33, 3942, 46 education, 3; Lenin’s Cultural Revolution, 87-88; religious education in Russian schools, 5 Egypt: Arab Spring uprising, 109; fate of Christian minorities, 123; ISIS terrorism, 127; as potential threat to Russia, 136; Russia’s Middle East policy, 124-125 electorate, Muslim, 32-36 episodic frames by the media, 54 eradication of religion, 84-94 Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, 64(table) ethnocentric perspective: terrorism discourse in the United States, 5556 ethnogenesis, 14 ethnonationalism: Russian-Muslim rift, 86 Eurasian Economic Union, 144 Eurasian Islam, 15 Eurasianism: influencing Russian Islamic identity, 150; origins and tenets, 20-22; rise of an Islamist Eurasianist geopolitics, 39-42; rising popularity, 14-15; Russia’s foreign policy discourse, 141 Eurasianist International Movement (EIM), 35 Eurasianist Party of Russia (EPR), 3435 Euro-Islam, 15, 36-39 Evrazi i Party, 35 exile of Muslim groups, 85-86 expansion of Islam, 89-90 external threats and influences: early threats from Islamic lands, 134- 135; influences on Muslim groups, 3; Iranian threat to the Soviet Union, 138; Islamic countries threat to Russia, 136; Islamization of Chechen radicalism, 100-102; media hype surrounding, 53; media portrayal of terrorism, 8; religion in international relations, 133; Russia’s anti-extremism strategy, 154-155;
Russia’s concerns over Iran, 136-137; securitization of ethnic identity, 50-51 extremism: Atlanticist foreign policy approach, 138; conflating with Islamism, 57-58; ethnic separatism and, 135-136; Eurasianist discourse, 141-142; Kadyrovism as Islamic Putinism, 42-45; Russian discourse on terrorism, 57; Russian internet censorship, 58; Russia’s concerns over Iran’s influence on, 143; shifting perception of, 12-13 Fardid, Ahmad, 42 fascism inspiring Turkish nationalists, 42 federal government: creating a uniquely Russian-Muslim identity, 157; function of the Hajj Committee, 70; postrevolutionary Iran, 131-132; regulation of the Hajj, 151. See also state authority federation treaty, 94 feudalist theory of Islam, 89 First Chechen War, 97; Arab Afghans’ presence in, 136; Dzhemal’s support for political Islam, 41; failed Chechnya-Russian federation treaty, 94-95; peace agreements, 96; radicalization resulting from, 97-98, 100. See also Chechen wars Foley, James, 63-64, 64(table), 66 folklore, patriotism and, 43-44 foreign fighters in Chechnya, 99-102, 104
Index foreign Islam, 6 foreign policy: Islam in IR and foreign policy, 133-134; Western Atlanticism, 137-139 foreign policy (Iran): economic export of the revolution, 142; Putin’s “great power pragmatism,” 144145 foreign policy (Russia), 6-7; Chechen Muslim migration to jihadi groups, 152; the continuing role of Islam, 157; Eurasianist discourse, 141; Eurocentric approach, 137-138; evaluation of Middle East foreign policy objectives, 124-128; evoking Chechen nationalism, 105-106; influence of Islam on, 153-155; Kadyrov’s sympathies with, 45; regional considerations in Middle East policy, 110; security considerations in the Middle East, 113-117; strategic considerations for Middle Eastern policy, 117-123 foreign policy (US): anti-Islamic foreign policies, 118-119; terrorism discourse, 55-56 Foreign Policy Concept (Russia), 112, 117, 127-128 framing by the media, 53-54, 59-64, 66-67 fundamentalism, 111, 113, 115-116, I29(n2), 135-137, 141-142. See also extremism; political Islam Gaintudin, Ravil, 18, 35 Gaspraly, Ismail, 37 gender relations, 3 genocide, Circassian, 122 global Islamic community, 151-152. See also Ummah global neo-jihad, 26-27 global politics: cultural and institutional positioning, 51-52; Islamic factors in Russia’s foreign policy, 128; rise of Islamist Eurasianist geopolitics, 39-42; 193 Russia as a countervailing power to the West, 123; Russia bridging the West and the Muslim world, 118-119; Russia’s regional and global policy objectives in the Middle East, 110,112-113; uniting force of religious pilgrimages, 6970; US and Russian antiterrorist policies, 59;
the US as the world’s policeman, 56 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 91, 96, 135 “great power pragmatism,” 144-145 Green Belt, 137 Grozny, Chechnya, 43-45, 58, 94-95, 97-98, 122 Gumilev, Lev, 14, 21 Hajj, 8,151; Hajjis from the Southern Urals, 73-74, 78-80; men’s impressions of female Hajjis, 80Sl; post-Soviet rise in Russian Muslim participation, 70-71; purpose and importance of, 69-70; quota distribution, 71-73 Hajj Committee, 151 Hamas, 41 Hanafi’ Islam, 2-3 Hasain-Bek, 76 Hezbollah, 41 Hizb ut-Tahrir movement, 116 Hollande, François, 64(table) holy places, pilgrimages to, 74-78 homelands, Soviet construction of, 2-3 honest brokers, 118, 124, 129(n7) humanitarian interventions, 134 Hussein, Saddam, 52, 64(table) Ibn Al-Khattab, 98, 136 identity: ambient faith and the construction of, 16-17; diversity of, 156-157; effect of Hajj participation, 73-74; effects of antireligion campaigns, 91-92; Islamic self-identification, 5-6; language and, 3, 31-32; religion as a source of, 134; Russia’s anti extremism strategy, 154-155;
194 Index Soviet-constructed culture and ethnie identity, 1-3; Tatar Islam, 3^1 identity, civilizational, 112-113 identity, cultural: Russia’s emphasis on, 119-120 identity, ethnic: ethnogenesis, 14-15; forced population transfers, 86; media framing of terrorism, 54; Refakh movement, 34-35; securitization of, 50-51; shaping Islam in Russia, 150; shift to religious identity, 11-12; state engagement with ambient Islam, 23-27 identity, group: Russian Muslims’ integration into the global community, 151-152 identity, individual, 6; engagement with ambient Islam, 18-19; shaping Islam in Russia, 150 identity, national: Chechen conflict, 95-97; radicalization of Islam in Chechnya, 106; Russian discourse on terrorism, 57; Russia’s emphasis on, 119-120; shaping Islam in Russia, 149-150; Tatar’s Euro-Islam, 36-37; a uniquely Russian-Muslim identity, 157 identity, religious: media framing of terrorism, 54-55; shift from ethnic identity to, 11-12 identity, transnational Islamist, 126 identity politics, the increasing role of religion in, 1-2 ideological square, 53 ideology: chechenization of the conflict, 97; Eurasianism, 15, 3942; factors in Russian Islamophobia, 5; framing terrorism, 52; influencing Russian Islamic identity, 150; Kadyrovism, 42-45; political conflict over religious expression, 13-17; preventing the politicization of Islam, 31-32; Russia’s anti extremism strategy, 154-155; Russia’s Arab Spring policy, 124; Soviet-era religious oppression, 84-85; Tatarstan’s Euro-Islam, 3639; tilting media constructions of reality, 52-53 image construction, 1, 152-153 Ingushetia,
Republic of, 2, 33, 72(table), 102, 115 international coalitions, 123 International Islamic Brigade, 136 International Islamic Committee, 40 international relations (IR): the connections with religion, 132134; factors shaping the Islamic vector, 7-8, 153-154; Hajj organization, 70; Russia’s role in international and regional politics in the Middle East, 112-113 internet censorship, 58 Iran: conflicting interests in Syria, 109-110; external threat to Russia, 136; international relations and religion, 132-133 Iran-Russia relations: age of pragmatic co-operation, 139-142; Chechnya policy, 140-141; Eurasianist discourse, 142; increasing cooperation and partnership, 143146; religious and political factors influencing, 146-147; the role of Islam in, 8; Russia’s anti extremism strategy, 154-155; Russia’s relations with an Islamic government, 136-137; Soviet era, 131-132; suspicion shadowing, 137-139 Iraq: Russia’s bombardment of ISIS, 127; US war in, 118. See also Islamic State in Iraq and Syria Islam, defining, 129(nl) Islamic awakening, 138 Islamic Central Muslim Board of Holy Rus’, 18 Islamic Committee of Russia, 33 Islamic Congress of Russia, 32-33
Index 195 foreign policy, 128-129. See also Islamic Eurasianism, 15 Islamic State in Iraq and Syria Islamic Marxism, 137 Islamophobia: factors contributing to, Islamic Party of Rebirth, 32, 40 5; the rise of terrorism in Europe The Islamic Project and Islamic and the Middle East, 49-50 Alternative (Malashenko), 25 Israel: conflicting interests in Syria, Islamic Putinism, 31-32, 42-45,151 109-110 Islamic Rebirth Party, 32-33, 40 itjtihad (critical thinking), 38 Islamic revival, 4 Islamic Revolution (Iran): anti-Soviet Jadidism, 37-39 view, 91; Dzhemal’s affinity to, 41; Iran’s attempts to export, 138- jama ats, 25, 45 Jews and Judaism, 11-12, 114 139, 142, 154; Islamization of jihad and jihadis: global appropriation Iran’s government, 131-132; of rhetoric and imagery, 26-27; Soviet concerns over, 136-137 migration of Chechen officials, Islamic socialism, 38 152; North Caucasus recruits, 126; Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS): binary opposition between Islam Russian Muslims’ involvement with, 12 and terrorism, 64-67; Caucasian Emirate, 12; Chechen jihadists, Jyllands-Posten newspaper, 121 104-105; contrasting Russian and Western values, 121; Kadar Zone, 25 Kadyrov, Ramzan, 18, 31, 36, 43-47, ethnonationalism and the Russian103, 121-122, 150-151 Muslim rift, 86; increasing global Kadyrovism, 42^17 awareness of terrorism, 49-50; Karimov, Islam, 121 most frequently mentioned Kazakhs and Kazakhstan, 2; ethnic individuals in the context of, and religious identity, 11; 64(table); recruiting Russian Eurasianist politics, 35; Hajj Muslims, 116-117; Russia’s participation, 73;
Iran’s inter-Tajik concerns over Iran’s influence on, talks, 139; Kadyrovism, 45-46 143; Russia’s policy objectives, Kepei, Giles, 19-20 126-129; St. Petersburg metro Kerry, John, 64(table) attack, 126; Syrian civil war, 109Khakimov, Rafael, 15, 36-39, 46 110; the threat of Islamic extremism, 135; US and Russian Khalitov, Ahmet, 40 Khan Kuchum, 35, 47(nl) media construction, 59-64, 153 Khasav-Yurt Accord (1996), 96 Islamic vector of foreign policy, 6-7, Khomeini, Ruhollah, 32, 138-139 153, 155 Islamism: Arab Spring, 115; Khrushchev, Nikita, 90 Kishiev, Kunta-haji, 44 Buryatsky’s expression of, 21-22; Klimovich, Lucian, 88-89 Chechen conflict, 98-99; conflating with extremism, 57-58; Kőbáné massacre, 63-64 defining, 129(nl); media frames of Kommersant newspaper, 60-63 Komsomolskaya pravda newspaper, 63 terrorism, 60-67; results of antiWestern sentiment, 118; RussianKosovo, 106 Kozyrev, Andrei, 138 Chechen relations, 105-106; Kravchuk, Leonid, 93 security considerations of Russian
196 Index Kriashens, 38-39, 47(n3) Kurdish People’s Protection Unit (YPG), 110 Kyrgyzstan: concerns over Islamic fundamentalism, 135; Iran’s inter Tajik talks, 139 language, identity and, 3, 31-32 Lavrov, Sergey, 64(table) law courts: state regulation of ambient Islam, 23-24 League of the Militant Atheists, 90 legitimacy of the Chechen government, 83-84 legitimizing role of religion, 133-134, 146-147 Lenin, Vladimir: Cultural Revolution, 90; Dzhemal’s Euro-Islam, 40-41; hostility to religion, 87-88; Islamic origins of communism, 89 liberalism: Khakimov’s Euro-Islam, 36-39 Limonov, Eduard, 40, 42 Lukashevich, Alexander, 64(table), 93 Malashenko, Alexey, 25, 103 Manoilo, Andrei, 120 Marxism: Dzhemal’s Euro-Islam, 4041; informing Dzhemal and Dugin’s radicalism, 21; Islamic, 137; Soviet atheism, 85; view of religion, 87-88 masculinity, post-Soviet, 18-19 Maskhadov, Aslan, 95-96, 98-99, 102 Massoud, Ahmed Shah, 140 Mdzhlis coalition, 33 media, 4; American discourse on terrorism, 55-56; binary portrayal of ISIS and terrorism, 65(fig.); the Chechen government’s self identification, 83-84; complexity and agendas of US and Russian media systems, 66-67; conflict resolution, 140; distributors of dominant cultural frames, 52-55; engagement with ambient Islam, 19; framing of terrorism and Islam, 49-50; image of Islam and ISIS in US and Russian newspapers, 59-64,152-153; legitimizing Dzhemal’s EuroIslam, 42; representations of Muslims, 6; Russian discourse on terrorism, 57-58 mediated Islam, 6 mediation: honest brokers, 129(n7); Russia as bridge between the West and the Muslim world,
118-119; Russian foreign policy objectives between the West and the Middle East, 124-125 Merkel, Angela, 64(table) Middle East and North Africa (MENA), 8; conflicting interests in Syria, 109-110; decline of Russian relations, 134; evaluation of foreign policy objectives, 124128; international, regional, and domestic factors influencing policy, 128-129, 153-154; Kadyrov’s connections to, 45; Russia’s regional and global policy objectives, 112-113; Russia’s response to the Arab Spring, 112113; security considerations for Russian policy, 113-117; strategic considerations for Russian policy, 117-123. See also Iran; Syria migration: anti-Muslim feeling in metropolitan areas, 4-5; Hajj quotas for Russian Muslims, 70; increasing ethnic tensions, 114; Islamic radicalization, 116; Russianization of Russia’s Islam, 31-32; Russia’s Muslim population, 2 Mironov, Sergei, 141 Misunderstanding Terrorism (Sageman), 26 Mitrofanov, Aleksei, 40 moderate Islam: Chechnya, 151-152; influence on Russian foreign
Index policy, 154; Islamic factors in Russia’s foreign policy, 128; Russian engagement with, 122123; Russian-Afghan alignment, 140; Soviet-era religious legacy, 83; state distinguishing between radicals and, 23-24 Mongols, Islamization of, 134 moral disengagement, 51 moral issues in ambient Islam, 7 Moskovsku komsomolets newspaper, 60-62 Mukhitdinov, Damir, 15, 18 Mukozhev, Musa, 12 Muromets, Ilya, 43 Muslim Brotherhood, 32, 122 Muslim-Islam relations, 13 national communism, 38 National Organization of Russian Muslims (NORM), 22, 46 national security. See safety and security nationalism: alternating with Islamism in Chechnya, 105-106; ethnonationalism and the RussianMuslim rift, 86; Islamization of radicalism in Chechnya, 99; legitimizing role of religion, 134; parallels with Islamic renewal, 3940; radicalization of nationalism in Chechnya, 94-95; Russian patriotism and Muslim identity, 151; Tatarstani Euro-Islam, 37 Navshirvanovs movement, 87-88 Nazim Al-Haqqani, 76-77 Nazis, Islamist sympathies for, 42 neo-Eurasianism, 14-15, 20-21,141 New Muslims Movement, 22, 25 New York limes newspaper, 60-63 Niiazov, Abdul-Vakhid, 33-36 nonconformity, radicalism as, 24—27 nonofficial Islam, 23-24 norms: legitimizing role of religion, 133-134 Northern Alliance, 140 197 Northern Caucasus, 12, 114; anti Russian Chechen conflict, 102ЮЗ; center of Islamic fundamentalism and terrorism, 115-116; Dzhemal’s support of terrorism in, 40-42; EPR, 34; fighters in Syria, 126; Hajj quota distribution, 71-73, 72(table), 151; history of Islam in Russia, 31-32; influences on Muslim communities, 3-4;
ISIS recruits, 143; Kadyrovism blending Islam with loyalty to Russia, 42-43; mutual co-optation process, 151; New Muslims reinvigorating Russian Muslims, 22-23; repatriation of Syria’s Muslim Circassians, 122; Russian domination of, 134-135; sources of Russian Islamophobia, 5; Syrian civil war, 128-129. See also Chechen Republic; Chechen wars Novaya gazeta newspaper, 60-62 Nur movement, 33, 40 Obama, Barack, 64(table), 110, 119 October Revolution, 87-88 official Islam, 23-24 Operation Enduring Freedom, 118 Operation Jihad, 98-99, 101-102 Operation Zero, 98-99 oppression, rejecting, 28,133 Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), 127; Iran’s role, 140-141; Russian Muslims at the Hajj, 70; Russia’s diplomatic role in the Islamic world, 118-119 Orlando nightclub shooting, 60-62 othering, the process of, 51-52, 54—56 out-group: portrayal of Muslims bounded by Islamic values, 26. See also us-them perception Pakistan: external threat to Russia, 136 Paris terror attacks, 60-64 passionarity of ethnic groups, 21
198 Index patriotism: ambient Islam competing for control, 18; Islamic agenda during peacetime, 150-151; Kadyrovism and Islamic Putinism, 43; use for controlling mass media, 58 peace agreement (Chechnya), 96 personal troubles, 12-13 Peskov, Dmitry, 144 pilgrimages, 8; Chechen branding of, 44; grave of the Prophet’s companions, 77-78; to local holy places, 74—76. See also Hajj political engagement: mobilizing a Muslim electorate, 32-36 political Islam: Central Asian parties and movements, 135-136; defining, 129(nl); Dzhemal’s worldview, 40—41; as political weakness, 129; religion in international relations, 132-133; role in regional and world politics, 117-118 Pölösin, Ali, 46 popular Islam, 75 population statistics for Russia: Muslim population, 2,129(n4); Muslims at the Hajj, 70; Muslims in Central Asia, 135; Siberia, 47(n2); traditional faiths, 114 population transfers, forced, 85-86 populism: Iran’s Islamic Revolution, 137 positioning, cultural and institutional, 50-52 pragmatism: cultural and institutional positioning, 50-51; media frame of ISIS, 66; pragmatic cooperation in Iran-Russia relations, 139-142; Putin’s “great power pragmatism,” 144—146; Russian foreign relations, 120-121 Primakov, Evgenii, 118, 141 primitive communism, 87-88 Prokhanov, Alexander, 14, 40 public issues, 12-13 puritanism, Kadyrovism as, 44-45 Pussy Riot, 121 Putin, Vladimir, 64(table); bilateral meetings with Iran, 144; Charlie Hebdo attacks, 121; Chechen support of, 121-123, 150-151; Crimea’s Christian background, 14; Dzhemal’s opposition, 40-42; “great power pragmatism,” 144֊ 145; Islamic
Putinism, 31-32,151; Kadyrovism, 42-45; military action in Chechnya, 98; Muslim political participation, 35-36; on religious heritage, 16; RussianBelarusian relationship, 93; US claims of exceptionalism, 119; USRussian relations, 110-111, 119120; on Western values, 130(nl0) quota for the Hajj, 70-73, 151 radical Islam: alignment of Russian traditions and values, 122; Chechen separatism, 83-84; defining, 129(nl); influencing Russia’s Middle East policy, 128129; Islamic Republic of Iran, 131-132; Islamization in Chechnya, 99-102; Kadyrovism co-opting elements of, 43-44; legitimizing religion, 146-147; media frame of Islam and terrorism, 65-66; radicalization of the Chechen conflict, 94-95; Russian-Iranian cooperation against, 144-145; Russia’s Middle East policy objectives, 124-126; shifting perception of, 12-13; state distinguishing between moderates and, 23-24; state imposition of Islamic identity on Muslims, 150 radicalism: academic debate over terrorism and, 19-20; conflict resolution, 140; effects of foreign Islamism on Russian Muslims, 2022; global trend of associating
Index Islam with, 21-22; IR scholars’ interest in Islamic revival, 132; Islamization of, 99; Islamization of the Chechen conflict, 106-107; media influence on perceptions of Muslim identity, 152; nonconformity as, 24—27; recent perceptions of Islam, 6; regions of terrorism and, 115-116; Russian perspective of the Chechen conflict, 97-98; Russia’s counterterrorism operations curbing, 105-106. See also political Islam; radical Islam Rafsanjani, Akbar Hashemi, 139, 142 Rahimov, Rahim, 151-152 Rakhimov, Murtaza, 77 Rakishev, Kenges, 45 Ramadan, 85 reality construction by mass media, 52-55 Refakh-Blagodenstvie movement, 3335 refugees, Syrian, 125, 130(nl2) regional events and politics: creating a uniquely Russian-Muslim identity, 157; organization of Russian Muslim pilgrimage, 69-70; regulation of the Hajj, 151; Russian policy in the Middle East, 110; shaping Islam in Russia, 149152. See also Middle East and North Africa Regulation of the Russian HajjMission, 70-71 Reisner, Mikhail, 88 religion-state separation, 8, 83,91-92 religiosity, 5-6, 114 religious freedom: Bolsheviks attracting Muslim populations, 8788; performing the Hajj, 70; pilgrimages to local holy places, 76-77 religious oppression, Soviet, 84-85 revisionist state, Iran as, 147 Rossiyskaya gazeta newspaper, 60-63 199 Rouhani, Hassan, 144 Roy, Oliver, 19-20 Russia-Chechnya agreement, 96 Russian Civil War, 87-88 Russian Orthodox culture: ambient Islam competing for control, 18; Crimea’s religious significance, 14; Dzhemal’s radicalization, 2021; equating religious and national virtues, 121; Kadyrovism and patriotism,
43; parallels with Islamic renewal, 39-40; religious education in Russian schools, 5; religious traditions drifting from religious institutions, 16; Russia’s traditional faiths, 114; Soviet-era religious oppression, 84-85 Russian passenger jet attack, 127 Sadikov, Maksud, 33 Sadulayev, Abdul Halim, 102-103 Sadur, Vali, 33 safety and security: creating an usthem relationship, 50-51; early threats from Islamic lands, 134135; ethnic profiling, 11-12; Muslim Circassians, 122-123; political Islam influencing policy decisions, 129; Russian involvement in the QIC, 118-119; Russian perception of terrorism, 57; Russian policy in the Middle East, 113-117; Russia’s anti extremism strategy, 154—155; Russia’s Muslim population, 2; securitization issues in the media, 53-54; shaping Islam in Russia, 149-150 Sageman, Mark, 26-27 St. Petersburg metro attack, 126 Salafi Islam, 4; Dagestani engagement with, 17; Dzhemal’s worldviews, 41-42; Kadyrovism and, 44; portrayal of transnational radicalism as, 26-27; religious traditions in the Southern Urals,
200 Index 75-77; returning to authentic Islamic roots, 22-23; Tatarstani Euro-Islam, 37 Salamworld, 36 Saudi Arabia: Hajj quota distribution, 72(table); role in the Second Chechen War, 136; Russian Muslims at the Hajj, 70-71, 7374; Russia’s Islamic radicalization, 116; Russia’s Middle East policy, 125 Second Chechen War, 6, 33,41-42, 98,102-103, 136 secular culture, 83; Chechen conflict, 84; Russia’s Middle East policy, 125; Soviet anti-religious campaigns, 91-92; Tatar model of Islam, 3; transformation of, 151152 self-identification, 5-6 self-positioning, 51-52 separatism: Chechen secessionism, 83-84; concerns about Muslim loyalty, 114; conflict resolution, 140; Georgia and Ukraine, 106; Russian discourse on terrorism, 57; threatening Russian territorial integrity, 135 September 11, 2001: effects on the perception of the Chechen conflict, 103-104; ethnonationalism and the Russian-Muslim rift, 86; framing the war on terror, 53; influence on the public perception of terrorism, 49-50; the narrative linking Islam and terrorism, 65-66; religion in international relations, 132; religious and ethnic identity, 11֊ 12; as a Zionist-CIA plot, 20 Seyfullah, Amir, 12 Shafi’ Islam, 2-3, 43 Shaimiev, Mintimer, 36-37 Shanghai Cooperation Organization, 144 sharia law: ambient Islam, 25; imposition in Chechnya, 101; Kadyrovism in Chechnya, 44; legal separatism, 115-116; purpose of pilgrimage, 80 Shia Islam: Dzhemal’s affiliation, 41; population statistics, 2; as revolutionary force, 20-21; Russia’s Middle East policy, 125, 127 Shoigu, Sergei, 35 Sidorov, Vadim, 22 Slavic ethnicities, 92
Slavophilic traditions, 18 Slezkin, Yuri, 1-2 social change, the role of ambient Islam in, 7,23 social protest movement, Islam as, 89 socialism. See Marxism sociological imagination, 12-13 Southern Urals: grave of the Prophet’s companions, 77-78; Hajj participation, 73-74, 78-80; Islamic radicalization, 116; pilgrimage practices, 8, 69-70, 74-75; traditions of Salafism and Sufism in, 75-77; women’s status, 81 Soviet era: emergence of anti-Islamic perceptions, 84—94; Hajj regulation, 79; influencing Islamic identity, 150; Iran as a threat to the Soviet Union, 136-137; IranSoviet relations, 131-132, 136֊ 137; Kadyrov’s traditionalism and nationalism, 43M4; mobilizing a Muslim electorate, 32; Muslim population figures, 129(n4); nationbuilding and constructing communism, 1-2; pilgrimages among Muslim communities, 76; political narrative on teσorism, 57-58; political religion, 16; treatment of religion, 86-90 Spiritual Boards of Muslims, 34-36, 41,46 Stalin, Joseph, 16; as martyred saint, 14; unified theory of Islam, 89-90
Index state authority: creating a uniquely Russian-Muslim identity, 157; engagement with ambient Islam, 23-27; Russian pragmatism and fundamental values, 120; Russia’s relations with Iran as an Islamic government, 136-137; shaping Islam in Russia, 149-152. See also federal government strategic considerations for foreign policy, 117-123 Sufism: Dagestani engagement with, 17; Islam’s conforming to communism, 87-88; Muslim loyalty to Moscow, 114-115; religious traditions in the Southern Urals, 75-77; as revolutionary force, 20-21 Sunni Islam, 32; Chechnya, 43; Dzhemal’s ambivalence over, 41; population statistics, 2; Russian fear of fundamentalism, 116; Russia’s Middle East policy, 125 Syria and the Syrian civil war: Chechen Muslim migration to jihadi groups, 152; conflicting interests in, 109110; impact on Russia’s Muslim population, 116; Iran-Russian relations, 143-144, 146-147; media construction of reality, 53; Muslim Circassians, 122-123; refugee numbers, 130(nl2); Russia as a countervailing power to the West, 123; Russian anti-terrorist activities, 144; Russian criticism of American policy, 120; Russian foreign policy objectives, 127; Russia’s Middle East policy, 125; Russia’s role as mediator, 124; shifting the Chechen conflict to, 104-105; US and Russian antiterrorist policies, 59; US and Russian media strategies surrounding, 50; US anti-Islam policy, 118. See also Islamic State in Iraq and Syria 201 Tadjuddin, Talgat, 18, 45^16 Tajikistan: concerns over Islamic fundamentalism, 135; Iran’s inter Tajik talks, 139; party mobilization, 32-33 Tajikistan Civil War, 139-140
Taliban, 140 Tamerlane, 77-78 Tasmagambetov, Imangali, 45 Tatar model of Islam, 3 Tatars and Tatarstan: engagement with ambient Islam, 18-19, 25; Eurasianism, 15; Euro-Islam, 36֊ 39; federation treaty, 94; Hajj participation, 73; Hajj quota distribution, 71-73, 72(table), 151; Muslim-Russian identity, 2; population statistics, 3,114; Siberian population, 47(n2); women’s engagement with ambient Islam, 18-19 Tatarstan-New Century Party, 36-37 Tehran Agreement, 139-140 terrorism: academic debate over radicalization and, 19-20; Charlie Hebdo attacks, 58,121; collapse of the Soviet Union, 135; defining, 50-51; Dzhemal’s worldviews, 41-42; ethnic separatism and, 135-136; Islamic Committee accusations, 40; media framing strategies, 7-8, 49-50, 54-55, 59-64, 152-153; as public threat, 126-127; regions of radicalization and, 115-116; Russian discourse, 57-59; Russia’s Middle East policy objectives, 124, 127; St. Petersburg metro attack, 126; shifting perception of, 12-13; US and Russian media framing of Islam and ISIS, 4, 59-64; US foreign policy and discourse, 5556 thematic framing by the media, 54 theology, Muslim identity without, 17
202 Index Tikhomirov, Alexander, 21 Tomara, Mikhail, 88 trade and commerce: driving news production and framing, 54-55; Hajj trips used for, 79; Iran-Russia relations, 142; role in the emergence of Islam, 87-89 traditional faiths, 114 Trump, Donald: effect on US-Russian relations, 110-111; view of Iran as terrorist nation, 144 Turkey: conflicting interests in Syria, 110, 127; Eurasianist International Movement, 35; external threats to Russia, 136; Russia’s Middle East policy, 125; Syrian cease-fire, 143-144 Turkic peoples: Jadid tradition, 37-38; pilgrimage practices, 74-75; pilgrimage to local holy places, 75-77 Udaltsov, Sergei, 42 Udugov, Movladi, 41-42, 96 Ukraine: Chechen separatism and, 106; decline in US-Russia relations, 110; decline of Russian relations, 134; Russian policy in the Middle East, 145; Soviet legacy in Russia-Ukraine relations, 92-93 Umakhanov, Ilyas, 70 Umarov, Doku, 103 Ummah: ambient Islam, 151; Bashkortostan’s holy places, 78; Chechen separatism, 83-84; Hajj participation, 73-75; the importance of pilgrimages, 76-77; Islam in IR and foreign policy, 133; principles of interaction with others, 133; the purpose of pilgrimage, 69-70, 80-81; resisting institutional framing of “legitimate” Islam, 156-157; spread of the Chechen conflict, 102; Tatarstani Euro-Islam, 36-37 Union of Muslims of Russia, 33 United Nations Security Council: Iran’s peacemaking role, 140 United Russia party, 34, 36-37 United States: anti-Islamic foreign policies, 118-119; decline of Russian relations, 134; Dzhemal’s Euro-Islam demonizing, 41; funding the Chechen conflict, 101;
media construction of Muslim images and terrorism, 8, 152-153; Russian and Iranian military operations in Syria, 143-144; terrorism discourse, 55-56; Trump’s view of Iran as terrorist nation, 144 urban migration, 4-5 urban-rural divides, 3 USA Today newspaper, 63 us-them perception: binary view of Islam and Islamism, 65-67; defining and characterizing terrorism, 50-51; ethnocentric labeling, 55-56; media portrayal of terrorism, 8; US and Russian media framing Islam and terrorism, 64-67,153 Uzbekistan and Uzbeks: concerns over Islamic fundamentalism, 135; Iran’s inter-Tajik talks, 139; St. Petersburg metro attack, 126 values and beliefs: contrasting Russian and Western values, 119-121; equating religious and national virtues, 121-122; media framing of terrorism, 54-55; Putin’s view of Western values, 130(nl0); state cooperation with religious institutions, 156 Volga region, 31, 70; Euro-Islam, 36֊ 37; Islamic radicalization, 115116; Kadyrovism, 45; mutual co optation process, 151; Russian domination of, 134-135; Russia’s traditional faiths, 114
Index Wahhabism, 35, 102; appeal to younger Muslims, 4; as external threat to Russia, 136; fatwa against, 45; importation into Chechnya, 98,101; Islamic Party of Rebirth, 32; Russian perception of radical Islam, 57-58; security considerations for Russian Middle East policy, 114—115; split over pure Islam, 27 Wall Street Journal newspaper, 60-64 war, culture of, 56-57 war on terrorism: Chechen conflict as Russia’s war on terror, 103-104; framing by the media, 53; impact on US-Russian relations, 153; the public perception of terrorism, 4950 Washington Post newspaper, 60-62 Western politics and values: antiIslamic foreign policies, 118-119; Atlanticist foreign policy, 137-139; civilizational counterweights in Russian policy, 129; contrasting Russian and Western values, 119121; decline in Russian relations, 110-111,134; Iran and Russia challenging Western hegemony, 203 147; Islamic Party of Rebirth mobilizing against, 32-33; Putin’s view of, 130(nl0); Russia’s Middle East policy objectives, 124, 153154. See also United States Westphalian international order, 132 women: adherence to Kadyrov requirements, 44-45; Hajjis from the Southern Urals, 79-80; men’s impressions of female Hajjis, SO81; Tatar women’s engagement with ambient Islam, 18-19 World War II: forced population transfers, 85-86 Wright Mills, Charles, 12-13 Ya’alon, Moshe, 64(table) Yakhin, Khalit, 33, 40 Yandarbiyev, Zelimkhan, 95, 98, 101 Yarullin, Vafa, 33 Yeltsin, Boris, 96, 138 youth: engagement with ambient Islam, 19 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 40 ziyarat (grave visiting), 74-78 Zubair bin Zait, 77-78 Zuganov,
Gennady, 14,16-17
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Contents 1 1 Islam in Russian Politics and Society Greg Simons, Marat Shterin, and Eric Shiraev 2 Muslims With and Without Islam Marat Shterin 11 3 Islamic Political Ideologies in Post-Soviet Russia Marlene Laruelle 31 4 Reporting on “Islam” and “Terror” in Russian vs. US Media Sergei A. Samoilenko, Olga Logunova, Sergey G. Davydov, and Eric Shiraev 49 5 Perceptions of the Hajj Zilya Khabibullina 69 6 Between Russia and Islam Rahim Rahimov 83 7 The Role of Islam in Russia’s Middle East Policy Nicolas Dreyer 109 8 The Impact of Islam on Russia-Iran Relations Hamidreza Azizi 131 9 Conclusion: What Have We Learned? Greg Simons, Marat Shterin, and Eric Shiraev References The Contributors Index About the Book 149 159 187 189 205 v
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Index Abbott, Tony, 53 Abdurrahman bin Zubair, 77-78 Afghan Civil War (1992-1996), 140 Afghanistan: anti-Soviet view, 91; counterterrorism campaigns, 118; effect on Iran-Russia relations, 137; external threat to Russia, 136; inter-Tajik talks, 139; US war in, 118 Akhmadov, Yuri, 101 Aliev, Timur, 103 Aliyev, Heydar, 92, 103 al-Nusra Front, 143 al-Qaeda, 101, 117 ambient Islam, 7, 13; combining with the Russian cultic milieu, 22; defining, 28-29(nl); the engagement of the state, 23-25; religious traditions drifting from religious institutions, 17-18; social grievances among Russian Muslims, 19-23; sources of, 150; unity through pilgrimage, 151 Andropov, Yuri, 90-91 anticolonial struggles, 4 anti-Islamic policy and campaigns, 91-92 antireligion campaigns, 84-94 antiterrorist policy: media frames of terrorism, 53, 56, 58-59, 66-67; Russia-Iran relations, 144,154155; Russia’s political narrative, 57-59; US and Russian involvement in Syria, 49-50; US and Russian policies, 58-59, 66 Arab Spring: Christian minorities in the Middle East, 123; Russian criticism of American policy, 120; Russian involvement in regional politics, 8, 111-112; Russian Muslim radicalization, 115; Russia’s conceptual response, 112113; strategic dimension of regional foreign policy, 117-118 Arab states, Russia’s mediating role in, 124-125 Asfendiarov, Sanzhar, 88 Ashirov, Nafigulla, 35-36 al-Assad, Bashar, 64(table), 129, 143 assimilation initiatives, 5 Astana process, 110 Astemirov, Anzor, 12 atheism, 2, 85, 87, 90-91 Atlanticism (foreign policy approach), 137-139 Aulia graves, 74-78 189
190 Index Axis of Resistance, 146 Azan (call to prayer), 85 Azerbaijanis, 92 al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr, 63, 64(table) Basayev, Shamil, 41-42, 98-99 Bashkirs, Hajj participation by, 71-73, 151 Bashkortostan, pilgrimage practices in, 2, 73-80 Beckford, James, 15-16 Bedouins, role of trade in the emergence of Islam, 88 Being Young and Muslim (Bayat and Herrera), 19, 23 Belarusians, 92-93 Beliaev, Evgeny, 88 Benevolence International Foundation, 101 Bennigsen, Alexander, 137 Bibarsov, Mukaddas, 32 bin Laden, Osama, 59 Bolshevism, 4, 38, 85, 87-89 Boston Globe newspaper, 60-62 Boston Marathon bombings, 60-62 Breivik, Anders, 57 Broxup, Marie, 137 Buddhism, 114 burial mounds, 77-78 Buryatsky, Said, 21-23 Bush, George, 64(table) Bush, Jeb, 64(table) caliphate of the Islamic State, 46, 109, 115-116 capitalism: as an instrument of religion, 87-89; shaping the Russian perception of terrorism, 57 cascading activation by the media, 53 Caucasian Islam, 114 Caucasus Emirate, 12,21, 102, 117, 126 censorship: Russian antiterrorist activities, 58 Central Asia: concerns over Islamic fundamentalism, 135-136; Islamic radicalization, 116; pragmatic co operation in Iran-Russia relations, 139-140; Russian domination of, 134-135 Central Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Russia, 72(table), 76 centralized Muslim authority, 3 Charlie Hebdo magazine, 58, 121 Chechen Republic, 2, 8; development of Muslim communities, 4; development of the Islamic image, 93-94; ethnonational and secessionist conflict, 84-94; Hajj quota distribution, 72(table); Iran’s policy towards, 140-141; ISIS recruitment, 117; as
Islamic state, 121-122; Islamization of radicalism, 99-102; Kadyrovism, 42^43; Kadyrov’s Islamic Putinism, 31-32; radicalism and violence, 83,106-107; Russian involvement in the OIC, 119; Russian Muslims’ integration into the global community, 151-152; Russid’s foreign policy concerns, 114 Chechen wars: chechenization of the conflict, 95-97; Dzhemal’s sympathies with, 41-42; end of, 104-105; media creation of Islamophobia, 6; radicalization of nationalism, 94-95; as resistance to central authorities, 102-103; Russian perspective, 97-99; as Russia’s war on terror, 103-104; shaping the perception of terrorism, 57 children: Chechen jihadists, 105 China: Russia’s Middle East policy, 120-121 Christian populations: Christian minorities in the Middle East, 123; ethnocentric labeling of terrorism in the United States, 56; state engagement with ambient Islam, 24
Index Christianity: Kadyrovism co-opting elements of, 44; media framing of Islam and terrorism, 64; religious education in Russian schools, 5; religious traditions drifting from religious institutions, 16. See also Russian Orthodox culture Circassians, 122 civilizational asset, Islam as, 154 civilizational coalitions, 120-121 civilizational identity, 112-113 “civilizing” Muslim Russia, 134—135 Clinton, Hillary, 64(table) colonialism: creating an us-them relationship, 50-51; Euro-Islam’s narrative, 38-39, 41 communism: finding in Islam, 87-88. See also Marxism community religion, Islam as, 85 conflict: allegiances and alliances in the Middle East, 109-111; civilizational counterweights in Russian policy, 129; collapse of the Soviet Union leading to, 84; construction of post-Soviet Muslim identity, 7; media construction of Muslim images, 152-153; pragmatic co-operation in Iran-Russia relations, 139-140; religion as a source of, 134; Russia-Islam interaction, 32. See also Chechen wars; Syria and the . Syrian civil war conflict resolution: Islam in IR and foreign policy, 133; Tehran Agreement, 140 containment policy, 138 conversion to Islam: Buryatsky, 21, 42; ethnic Russians, 157; Eurasianism, 22; Kadyrovists, 45; politicization of Islam, 31-32; reconciling Russian identity with, 46; Refakh movement members, 34-35 Council of Muftis, 35-36, 46 191 counterterrorism: Russia in Chechnya, 105-106; the US as the world’s policeman, 56 countervailing power, Russia as, 123 Crimea, 14, 106 cult of ancestors: Turkic peoples, 75 cult of saints, 44 cultic milieu, 15-16, 20-22, 29(n2)
cultic sites: grave of the Prophet’s companions, 77-78 Cultural Revolution, Lenin’s, 88, 90 culture: ambient Islam, 7; image construction by the media, 152153 Dagestan, Republic of, 2; ambient Islam, 17; causes of radicalization, 115; Chechen conflict, 98; development of Muslim communities, 4; engagement with ambient Islam, 25; Hajj quota distribution, 71-73; Russian view of the Chechen conflict, 99 dehumanization of the enemy, 51 deportations, 4, 85-86 diplomacy: diplomatic dimensions of Islam, 117-119, 154-155; Russian antiterrorist policy, 58-59; RussiaUS relations, 110-111 discrimination: anti-Islamic perception of Russia, 86-87; in-group behavior, 50-51 dissent, social and political, 156 Ditiakin, Valentin, 88 Doctrine of Information Security (2000), 57-58 domestic politics and policy: atheism as official policy, 90-92; Chechen Muslim migration to jihadi groups, 152; Eurasianist discourse, 141; Islamic lobby, 122-123; Putin’s “great power pragmatism” balancing foreign policy, 134; religion in international relations, 132; Russian perspective of the Chechen conflict, 97-99
192 Index domestic security: territorial integrity and cohesion, 114. See also safety and security domestic terrorism, 55-57 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 18 Dudaev, Djokhar, 41-42, 94-98 Dudurkaev, Asu, 105 Dugin, Alexander, 14, 16, 22, 35, 40 Dzhemal, Geydar, 15, 20-22, 33, 3942, 46 education, 3; Lenin’s Cultural Revolution, 87-88; religious education in Russian schools, 5 Egypt: Arab Spring uprising, 109; fate of Christian minorities, 123; ISIS terrorism, 127; as potential threat to Russia, 136; Russia’s Middle East policy, 124-125 electorate, Muslim, 32-36 episodic frames by the media, 54 eradication of religion, 84-94 Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, 64(table) ethnocentric perspective: terrorism discourse in the United States, 5556 ethnogenesis, 14 ethnonationalism: Russian-Muslim rift, 86 Eurasian Economic Union, 144 Eurasian Islam, 15 Eurasianism: influencing Russian Islamic identity, 150; origins and tenets, 20-22; rise of an Islamist Eurasianist geopolitics, 39-42; rising popularity, 14-15; Russia’s foreign policy discourse, 141 Eurasianist International Movement (EIM), 35 Eurasianist Party of Russia (EPR), 3435 Euro-Islam, 15, 36-39 Evrazi i Party, 35 exile of Muslim groups, 85-86 expansion of Islam, 89-90 external threats and influences: early threats from Islamic lands, 134- 135; influences on Muslim groups, 3; Iranian threat to the Soviet Union, 138; Islamic countries threat to Russia, 136; Islamization of Chechen radicalism, 100-102; media hype surrounding, 53; media portrayal of terrorism, 8; religion in international relations, 133; Russia’s anti-extremism strategy, 154-155;
Russia’s concerns over Iran, 136-137; securitization of ethnic identity, 50-51 extremism: Atlanticist foreign policy approach, 138; conflating with Islamism, 57-58; ethnic separatism and, 135-136; Eurasianist discourse, 141-142; Kadyrovism as Islamic Putinism, 42-45; Russian discourse on terrorism, 57; Russian internet censorship, 58; Russia’s concerns over Iran’s influence on, 143; shifting perception of, 12-13 Fardid, Ahmad, 42 fascism inspiring Turkish nationalists, 42 federal government: creating a uniquely Russian-Muslim identity, 157; function of the Hajj Committee, 70; postrevolutionary Iran, 131-132; regulation of the Hajj, 151. See also state authority federation treaty, 94 feudalist theory of Islam, 89 First Chechen War, 97; Arab Afghans’ presence in, 136; Dzhemal’s support for political Islam, 41; failed Chechnya-Russian federation treaty, 94-95; peace agreements, 96; radicalization resulting from, 97-98, 100. See also Chechen wars Foley, James, 63-64, 64(table), 66 folklore, patriotism and, 43-44 foreign fighters in Chechnya, 99-102, 104
Index foreign Islam, 6 foreign policy: Islam in IR and foreign policy, 133-134; Western Atlanticism, 137-139 foreign policy (Iran): economic export of the revolution, 142; Putin’s “great power pragmatism,” 144145 foreign policy (Russia), 6-7; Chechen Muslim migration to jihadi groups, 152; the continuing role of Islam, 157; Eurasianist discourse, 141; Eurocentric approach, 137-138; evaluation of Middle East foreign policy objectives, 124-128; evoking Chechen nationalism, 105-106; influence of Islam on, 153-155; Kadyrov’s sympathies with, 45; regional considerations in Middle East policy, 110; security considerations in the Middle East, 113-117; strategic considerations for Middle Eastern policy, 117-123 foreign policy (US): anti-Islamic foreign policies, 118-119; terrorism discourse, 55-56 Foreign Policy Concept (Russia), 112, 117, 127-128 framing by the media, 53-54, 59-64, 66-67 fundamentalism, 111, 113, 115-116, I29(n2), 135-137, 141-142. See also extremism; political Islam Gaintudin, Ravil, 18, 35 Gaspraly, Ismail, 37 gender relations, 3 genocide, Circassian, 122 global Islamic community, 151-152. See also Ummah global neo-jihad, 26-27 global politics: cultural and institutional positioning, 51-52; Islamic factors in Russia’s foreign policy, 128; rise of Islamist Eurasianist geopolitics, 39-42; 193 Russia as a countervailing power to the West, 123; Russia bridging the West and the Muslim world, 118-119; Russia’s regional and global policy objectives in the Middle East, 110,112-113; uniting force of religious pilgrimages, 6970; US and Russian antiterrorist policies, 59;
the US as the world’s policeman, 56 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 91, 96, 135 “great power pragmatism,” 144-145 Green Belt, 137 Grozny, Chechnya, 43-45, 58, 94-95, 97-98, 122 Gumilev, Lev, 14, 21 Hajj, 8,151; Hajjis from the Southern Urals, 73-74, 78-80; men’s impressions of female Hajjis, 80Sl; post-Soviet rise in Russian Muslim participation, 70-71; purpose and importance of, 69-70; quota distribution, 71-73 Hajj Committee, 151 Hamas, 41 Hanafi’ Islam, 2-3 Hasain-Bek, 76 Hezbollah, 41 Hizb ut-Tahrir movement, 116 Hollande, François, 64(table) holy places, pilgrimages to, 74-78 homelands, Soviet construction of, 2-3 honest brokers, 118, 124, 129(n7) humanitarian interventions, 134 Hussein, Saddam, 52, 64(table) Ibn Al-Khattab, 98, 136 identity: ambient faith and the construction of, 16-17; diversity of, 156-157; effect of Hajj participation, 73-74; effects of antireligion campaigns, 91-92; Islamic self-identification, 5-6; language and, 3, 31-32; religion as a source of, 134; Russia’s anti extremism strategy, 154-155;
194 Index Soviet-constructed culture and ethnie identity, 1-3; Tatar Islam, 3^1 identity, civilizational, 112-113 identity, cultural: Russia’s emphasis on, 119-120 identity, ethnic: ethnogenesis, 14-15; forced population transfers, 86; media framing of terrorism, 54; Refakh movement, 34-35; securitization of, 50-51; shaping Islam in Russia, 150; shift to religious identity, 11-12; state engagement with ambient Islam, 23-27 identity, group: Russian Muslims’ integration into the global community, 151-152 identity, individual, 6; engagement with ambient Islam, 18-19; shaping Islam in Russia, 150 identity, national: Chechen conflict, 95-97; radicalization of Islam in Chechnya, 106; Russian discourse on terrorism, 57; Russia’s emphasis on, 119-120; shaping Islam in Russia, 149-150; Tatar’s Euro-Islam, 36-37; a uniquely Russian-Muslim identity, 157 identity, religious: media framing of terrorism, 54-55; shift from ethnic identity to, 11-12 identity, transnational Islamist, 126 identity politics, the increasing role of religion in, 1-2 ideological square, 53 ideology: chechenization of the conflict, 97; Eurasianism, 15, 3942; factors in Russian Islamophobia, 5; framing terrorism, 52; influencing Russian Islamic identity, 150; Kadyrovism, 42-45; political conflict over religious expression, 13-17; preventing the politicization of Islam, 31-32; Russia’s anti extremism strategy, 154-155; Russia’s Arab Spring policy, 124; Soviet-era religious oppression, 84-85; Tatarstan’s Euro-Islam, 3639; tilting media constructions of reality, 52-53 image construction, 1, 152-153 Ingushetia,
Republic of, 2, 33, 72(table), 102, 115 international coalitions, 123 International Islamic Brigade, 136 International Islamic Committee, 40 international relations (IR): the connections with religion, 132134; factors shaping the Islamic vector, 7-8, 153-154; Hajj organization, 70; Russia’s role in international and regional politics in the Middle East, 112-113 internet censorship, 58 Iran: conflicting interests in Syria, 109-110; external threat to Russia, 136; international relations and religion, 132-133 Iran-Russia relations: age of pragmatic co-operation, 139-142; Chechnya policy, 140-141; Eurasianist discourse, 142; increasing cooperation and partnership, 143146; religious and political factors influencing, 146-147; the role of Islam in, 8; Russia’s anti extremism strategy, 154-155; Russia’s relations with an Islamic government, 136-137; Soviet era, 131-132; suspicion shadowing, 137-139 Iraq: Russia’s bombardment of ISIS, 127; US war in, 118. See also Islamic State in Iraq and Syria Islam, defining, 129(nl) Islamic awakening, 138 Islamic Central Muslim Board of Holy Rus’, 18 Islamic Committee of Russia, 33 Islamic Congress of Russia, 32-33
Index 195 foreign policy, 128-129. See also Islamic Eurasianism, 15 Islamic State in Iraq and Syria Islamic Marxism, 137 Islamophobia: factors contributing to, Islamic Party of Rebirth, 32, 40 5; the rise of terrorism in Europe The Islamic Project and Islamic and the Middle East, 49-50 Alternative (Malashenko), 25 Israel: conflicting interests in Syria, Islamic Putinism, 31-32, 42-45,151 109-110 Islamic Rebirth Party, 32-33, 40 itjtihad (critical thinking), 38 Islamic revival, 4 Islamic Revolution (Iran): anti-Soviet Jadidism, 37-39 view, 91; Dzhemal’s affinity to, 41; Iran’s attempts to export, 138- jama 'ats, 25, 45 Jews and Judaism, 11-12, 114 139, 142, 154; Islamization of jihad and jihadis: global appropriation Iran’s government, 131-132; of rhetoric and imagery, 26-27; Soviet concerns over, 136-137 migration of Chechen officials, Islamic socialism, 38 152; North Caucasus recruits, 126; Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS): binary opposition between Islam Russian Muslims’ involvement with, 12 and terrorism, 64-67; Caucasian Emirate, 12; Chechen jihadists, Jyllands-Posten newspaper, 121 104-105; contrasting Russian and Western values, 121; Kadar Zone, 25 Kadyrov, Ramzan, 18, 31, 36, 43-47, ethnonationalism and the Russian103, 121-122, 150-151 Muslim rift, 86; increasing global Kadyrovism, 42^17 awareness of terrorism, 49-50; Karimov, Islam, 121 most frequently mentioned Kazakhs and Kazakhstan, 2; ethnic individuals in the context of, and religious identity, 11; 64(table); recruiting Russian Eurasianist politics, 35; Hajj Muslims, 116-117; Russia’s participation, 73;
Iran’s inter-Tajik concerns over Iran’s influence on, talks, 139; Kadyrovism, 45-46 143; Russia’s policy objectives, Kepei, Giles, 19-20 126-129; St. Petersburg metro Kerry, John, 64(table) attack, 126; Syrian civil war, 109Khakimov, Rafael, 15, 36-39, 46 110; the threat of Islamic extremism, 135; US and Russian Khalitov, Ahmet, 40 Khan Kuchum, 35, 47(nl) media construction, 59-64, 153 Khasav-Yurt Accord (1996), 96 Islamic vector of foreign policy, 6-7, Khomeini, Ruhollah, 32, 138-139 153, 155 Islamism: Arab Spring, 115; Khrushchev, Nikita, 90 Kishiev, Kunta-haji, 44 Buryatsky’s expression of, 21-22; Klimovich, Lucian, 88-89 Chechen conflict, 98-99; conflating with extremism, 57-58; Kőbáné massacre, 63-64 defining, 129(nl); media frames of Kommersant newspaper, 60-63 Komsomolskaya pravda newspaper, 63 terrorism, 60-67; results of antiWestern sentiment, 118; RussianKosovo, 106 Kozyrev, Andrei, 138 Chechen relations, 105-106; Kravchuk, Leonid, 93 security considerations of Russian
196 Index Kriashens, 38-39, 47(n3) Kurdish People’s Protection Unit (YPG), 110 Kyrgyzstan: concerns over Islamic fundamentalism, 135; Iran’s inter Tajik talks, 139 language, identity and, 3, 31-32 Lavrov, Sergey, 64(table) law courts: state regulation of ambient Islam, 23-24 League of the Militant Atheists, 90 legitimacy of the Chechen government, 83-84 legitimizing role of religion, 133-134, 146-147 Lenin, Vladimir: Cultural Revolution, 90; Dzhemal’s Euro-Islam, 40-41; hostility to religion, 87-88; Islamic origins of communism, 89 liberalism: Khakimov’s Euro-Islam, 36-39 Limonov, Eduard, 40, 42 Lukashevich, Alexander, 64(table), 93 Malashenko, Alexey, 25, 103 Manoilo, Andrei, 120 Marxism: Dzhemal’s Euro-Islam, 4041; informing Dzhemal and Dugin’s radicalism, 21; Islamic, 137; Soviet atheism, 85; view of religion, 87-88 masculinity, post-Soviet, 18-19 Maskhadov, Aslan, 95-96, 98-99, 102 Massoud, Ahmed Shah, 140 Mdzhlis coalition, 33 media, 4; American discourse on terrorism, 55-56; binary portrayal of ISIS and terrorism, 65(fig.); the Chechen government’s self identification, 83-84; complexity and agendas of US and Russian media systems, 66-67; conflict resolution, 140; distributors of dominant cultural frames, 52-55; engagement with ambient Islam, 19; framing of terrorism and Islam, 49-50; image of Islam and ISIS in US and Russian newspapers, 59-64,152-153; legitimizing Dzhemal’s EuroIslam, 42; representations of Muslims, 6; Russian discourse on terrorism, 57-58 mediated Islam, 6 mediation: honest brokers, 129(n7); Russia as bridge between the West and the Muslim world,
118-119; Russian foreign policy objectives between the West and the Middle East, 124-125 Merkel, Angela, 64(table) Middle East and North Africa (MENA), 8; conflicting interests in Syria, 109-110; decline of Russian relations, 134; evaluation of foreign policy objectives, 124128; international, regional, and domestic factors influencing policy, 128-129, 153-154; Kadyrov’s connections to, 45; Russia’s regional and global policy objectives, 112-113; Russia’s response to the Arab Spring, 112113; security considerations for Russian policy, 113-117; strategic considerations for Russian policy, 117-123. See also Iran; Syria migration: anti-Muslim feeling in metropolitan areas, 4-5; Hajj quotas for Russian Muslims, 70; increasing ethnic tensions, 114; Islamic radicalization, 116; Russianization of Russia’s Islam, 31-32; Russia’s Muslim population, 2 Mironov, Sergei, 141 Misunderstanding Terrorism (Sageman), 26 Mitrofanov, Aleksei, 40 moderate Islam: Chechnya, 151-152; influence on Russian foreign
Index policy, 154; Islamic factors in Russia’s foreign policy, 128; Russian engagement with, 122123; Russian-Afghan alignment, 140; Soviet-era religious legacy, 83; state distinguishing between radicals and, 23-24 Mongols, Islamization of, 134 moral disengagement, 51 moral issues in ambient Islam, 7 Moskovsku komsomolets newspaper, 60-62 Mukhitdinov, Damir, 15, 18 Mukozhev, Musa, 12 Muromets, Ilya, 43 Muslim Brotherhood, 32, 122 Muslim-Islam relations, 13 national communism, 38 National Organization of Russian Muslims (NORM), 22, 46 national security. See safety and security nationalism: alternating with Islamism in Chechnya, 105-106; ethnonationalism and the RussianMuslim rift, 86; Islamization of radicalism in Chechnya, 99; legitimizing role of religion, 134; parallels with Islamic renewal, 3940; radicalization of nationalism in Chechnya, 94-95; Russian patriotism and Muslim identity, 151; Tatarstani Euro-Islam, 37 Navshirvanovs movement, 87-88 Nazim Al-Haqqani, 76-77 Nazis, Islamist sympathies for, 42 neo-Eurasianism, 14-15, 20-21,141 New Muslims Movement, 22, 25 New York limes newspaper, 60-63 Niiazov, Abdul-Vakhid, 33-36 nonconformity, radicalism as, 24—27 nonofficial Islam, 23-24 norms: legitimizing role of religion, 133-134 Northern Alliance, 140 197 Northern Caucasus, 12, 114; anti Russian Chechen conflict, 102ЮЗ; center of Islamic fundamentalism and terrorism, 115-116; Dzhemal’s support of terrorism in, 40-42; EPR, 34; fighters in Syria, 126; Hajj quota distribution, 71-73, 72(table), 151; history of Islam in Russia, 31-32; influences on Muslim communities, 3-4;
ISIS recruits, 143; Kadyrovism blending Islam with loyalty to Russia, 42-43; mutual co-optation process, 151; New Muslims reinvigorating Russian Muslims, 22-23; repatriation of Syria’s Muslim Circassians, 122; Russian domination of, 134-135; sources of Russian Islamophobia, 5; Syrian civil war, 128-129. See also Chechen Republic; Chechen wars Novaya gazeta newspaper, 60-62 Nur movement, 33, 40 Obama, Barack, 64(table), 110, 119 October Revolution, 87-88 official Islam, 23-24 Operation Enduring Freedom, 118 Operation Jihad, 98-99, 101-102 Operation Zero, 98-99 oppression, rejecting, 28,133 Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), 127; Iran’s role, 140-141; Russian Muslims at the Hajj, 70; Russia’s diplomatic role in the Islamic world, 118-119 Orlando nightclub shooting, 60-62 othering, the process of, 51-52, 54—56 out-group: portrayal of Muslims bounded by Islamic values, 26. See also us-them perception Pakistan: external threat to Russia, 136 Paris terror attacks, 60-64 passionarity of ethnic groups, 21
198 Index patriotism: ambient Islam competing for control, 18; Islamic agenda during peacetime, 150-151; Kadyrovism and Islamic Putinism, 43; use for controlling mass media, 58 peace agreement (Chechnya), 96 personal troubles, 12-13 Peskov, Dmitry, 144 pilgrimages, 8; Chechen branding of, 44; grave of the Prophet’s companions, 77-78; to local holy places, 74—76. See also Hajj political engagement: mobilizing a Muslim electorate, 32-36 political Islam: Central Asian parties and movements, 135-136; defining, 129(nl); Dzhemal’s worldview, 40—41; as political weakness, 129; religion in international relations, 132-133; role in regional and world politics, 117-118 Pölösin, Ali, 46 popular Islam, 75 population statistics for Russia: Muslim population, 2,129(n4); Muslims at the Hajj, 70; Muslims in Central Asia, 135; Siberia, 47(n2); traditional faiths, 114 population transfers, forced, 85-86 populism: Iran’s Islamic Revolution, 137 positioning, cultural and institutional, 50-52 pragmatism: cultural and institutional positioning, 50-51; media frame of ISIS, 66; pragmatic cooperation in Iran-Russia relations, 139-142; Putin’s “great power pragmatism,” 144—146; Russian foreign relations, 120-121 Primakov, Evgenii, 118, 141 primitive communism, 87-88 Prokhanov, Alexander, 14, 40 public issues, 12-13 puritanism, Kadyrovism as, 44-45 Pussy Riot, 121 Putin, Vladimir, 64(table); bilateral meetings with Iran, 144; Charlie Hebdo attacks, 121; Chechen support of, 121-123, 150-151; Crimea’s Christian background, 14; Dzhemal’s opposition, 40-42; “great power pragmatism,” 144֊ 145; Islamic
Putinism, 31-32,151; Kadyrovism, 42-45; military action in Chechnya, 98; Muslim political participation, 35-36; on religious heritage, 16; RussianBelarusian relationship, 93; US claims of exceptionalism, 119; USRussian relations, 110-111, 119120; on Western values, 130(nl0) quota for the Hajj, 70-73, 151 radical Islam: alignment of Russian traditions and values, 122; Chechen separatism, 83-84; defining, 129(nl); influencing Russia’s Middle East policy, 128129; Islamic Republic of Iran, 131-132; Islamization in Chechnya, 99-102; Kadyrovism co-opting elements of, 43-44; legitimizing religion, 146-147; media frame of Islam and terrorism, 65-66; radicalization of the Chechen conflict, 94-95; Russian-Iranian cooperation against, 144-145; Russia’s Middle East policy objectives, 124-126; shifting perception of, 12-13; state distinguishing between moderates and, 23-24; state imposition of Islamic identity on Muslims, 150 radicalism: academic debate over terrorism and, 19-20; conflict resolution, 140; effects of foreign Islamism on Russian Muslims, 2022; global trend of associating
Index Islam with, 21-22; IR scholars’ interest in Islamic revival, 132; Islamization of, 99; Islamization of the Chechen conflict, 106-107; media influence on perceptions of Muslim identity, 152; nonconformity as, 24—27; recent perceptions of Islam, 6; regions of terrorism and, 115-116; Russian perspective of the Chechen conflict, 97-98; Russia’s counterterrorism operations curbing, 105-106. See also political Islam; radical Islam Rafsanjani, Akbar Hashemi, 139, 142 Rahimov, Rahim, 151-152 Rakhimov, Murtaza, 77 Rakishev, Kenges, 45 Ramadan, 85 reality construction by mass media, 52-55 Refakh-Blagodenstvie movement, 3335 refugees, Syrian, 125, 130(nl2) regional events and politics: creating a uniquely Russian-Muslim identity, 157; organization of Russian Muslim pilgrimage, 69-70; regulation of the Hajj, 151; Russian policy in the Middle East, 110; shaping Islam in Russia, 149152. See also Middle East and North Africa Regulation of the Russian HajjMission, 70-71 Reisner, Mikhail, 88 religion-state separation, 8, 83,91-92 religiosity, 5-6, 114 religious freedom: Bolsheviks attracting Muslim populations, 8788; performing the Hajj, 70; pilgrimages to local holy places, 76-77 religious oppression, Soviet, 84-85 revisionist state, Iran as, 147 Rossiyskaya gazeta newspaper, 60-63 199 Rouhani, Hassan, 144 Roy, Oliver, 19-20 Russia-Chechnya agreement, 96 Russian Civil War, 87-88 Russian Orthodox culture: ambient Islam competing for control, 18; Crimea’s religious significance, 14; Dzhemal’s radicalization, 2021; equating religious and national virtues, 121; Kadyrovism and patriotism,
43; parallels with Islamic renewal, 39-40; religious education in Russian schools, 5; religious traditions drifting from religious institutions, 16; Russia’s traditional faiths, 114; Soviet-era religious oppression, 84-85 Russian passenger jet attack, 127 Sadikov, Maksud, 33 Sadulayev, Abdul Halim, 102-103 Sadur, Vali, 33 safety and security: creating an usthem relationship, 50-51; early threats from Islamic lands, 134135; ethnic profiling, 11-12; Muslim Circassians, 122-123; political Islam influencing policy decisions, 129; Russian involvement in the QIC, 118-119; Russian perception of terrorism, 57; Russian policy in the Middle East, 113-117; Russia’s anti extremism strategy, 154—155; Russia’s Muslim population, 2; securitization issues in the media, 53-54; shaping Islam in Russia, 149-150 Sageman, Mark, 26-27 St. Petersburg metro attack, 126 Salafi Islam, 4; Dagestani engagement with, 17; Dzhemal’s worldviews, 41-42; Kadyrovism and, 44; portrayal of transnational radicalism as, 26-27; religious traditions in the Southern Urals,
200 Index 75-77; returning to authentic Islamic roots, 22-23; Tatarstani Euro-Islam, 37 Salamworld, 36 Saudi Arabia: Hajj quota distribution, 72(table); role in the Second Chechen War, 136; Russian Muslims at the Hajj, 70-71, 7374; Russia’s Islamic radicalization, 116; Russia’s Middle East policy, 125 Second Chechen War, 6, 33,41-42, 98,102-103, 136 secular culture, 83; Chechen conflict, 84; Russia’s Middle East policy, 125; Soviet anti-religious campaigns, 91-92; Tatar model of Islam, 3; transformation of, 151152 self-identification, 5-6 self-positioning, 51-52 separatism: Chechen secessionism, 83-84; concerns about Muslim loyalty, 114; conflict resolution, 140; Georgia and Ukraine, 106; Russian discourse on terrorism, 57; threatening Russian territorial integrity, 135 September 11, 2001: effects on the perception of the Chechen conflict, 103-104; ethnonationalism and the Russian-Muslim rift, 86; framing the war on terror, 53; influence on the public perception of terrorism, 49-50; the narrative linking Islam and terrorism, 65-66; religion in international relations, 132; religious and ethnic identity, 11֊ 12; as a Zionist-CIA plot, 20 Seyfullah, Amir, 12 Shafi’ Islam, 2-3, 43 Shaimiev, Mintimer, 36-37 Shanghai Cooperation Organization, 144 sharia law: ambient Islam, 25; imposition in Chechnya, 101; Kadyrovism in Chechnya, 44; legal separatism, 115-116; purpose of pilgrimage, 80 Shia Islam: Dzhemal’s affiliation, 41; population statistics, 2; as revolutionary force, 20-21; Russia’s Middle East policy, 125, 127 Shoigu, Sergei, 35 Sidorov, Vadim, 22 Slavic ethnicities, 92
Slavophilic traditions, 18 Slezkin, Yuri, 1-2 social change, the role of ambient Islam in, 7,23 social protest movement, Islam as, 89 socialism. See Marxism sociological imagination, 12-13 Southern Urals: grave of the Prophet’s companions, 77-78; Hajj participation, 73-74, 78-80; Islamic radicalization, 116; pilgrimage practices, 8, 69-70, 74-75; traditions of Salafism and Sufism in, 75-77; women’s status, 81 Soviet era: emergence of anti-Islamic perceptions, 84—94; Hajj regulation, 79; influencing Islamic identity, 150; Iran as a threat to the Soviet Union, 136-137; IranSoviet relations, 131-132, 136֊ 137; Kadyrov’s traditionalism and nationalism, 43M4; mobilizing a Muslim electorate, 32; Muslim population figures, 129(n4); nationbuilding and constructing communism, 1-2; pilgrimages among Muslim communities, 76; political narrative on teσorism, 57-58; political religion, 16; treatment of religion, 86-90 Spiritual Boards of Muslims, 34-36, 41,46 Stalin, Joseph, 16; as martyred saint, 14; unified theory of Islam, 89-90
Index state authority: creating a uniquely Russian-Muslim identity, 157; engagement with ambient Islam, 23-27; Russian pragmatism and fundamental values, 120; Russia’s relations with Iran as an Islamic government, 136-137; shaping Islam in Russia, 149-152. See also federal government strategic considerations for foreign policy, 117-123 Sufism: Dagestani engagement with, 17; Islam’s conforming to communism, 87-88; Muslim loyalty to Moscow, 114-115; religious traditions in the Southern Urals, 75-77; as revolutionary force, 20-21 Sunni Islam, 32; Chechnya, 43; Dzhemal’s ambivalence over, 41; population statistics, 2; Russian fear of fundamentalism, 116; Russia’s Middle East policy, 125 Syria and the Syrian civil war: Chechen Muslim migration to jihadi groups, 152; conflicting interests in, 109110; impact on Russia’s Muslim population, 116; Iran-Russian relations, 143-144, 146-147; media construction of reality, 53; Muslim Circassians, 122-123; refugee numbers, 130(nl2); Russia as a countervailing power to the West, 123; Russian anti-terrorist activities, 144; Russian criticism of American policy, 120; Russian foreign policy objectives, 127; Russia’s Middle East policy, 125; Russia’s role as mediator, 124; shifting the Chechen conflict to, 104-105; US and Russian antiterrorist policies, 59; US and Russian media strategies surrounding, 50; US anti-Islam policy, 118. See also Islamic State in Iraq and Syria 201 Tadjuddin, Talgat, 18, 45^16 Tajikistan: concerns over Islamic fundamentalism, 135; Iran’s inter Tajik talks, 139; party mobilization, 32-33 Tajikistan Civil War, 139-140
Taliban, 140 Tamerlane, 77-78 Tasmagambetov, Imangali, 45 Tatar model of Islam, 3 Tatars and Tatarstan: engagement with ambient Islam, 18-19, 25; Eurasianism, 15; Euro-Islam, 36֊ 39; federation treaty, 94; Hajj participation, 73; Hajj quota distribution, 71-73, 72(table), 151; Muslim-Russian identity, 2; population statistics, 3,114; Siberian population, 47(n2); women’s engagement with ambient Islam, 18-19 Tatarstan-New Century Party, 36-37 Tehran Agreement, 139-140 terrorism: academic debate over radicalization and, 19-20; Charlie Hebdo attacks, 58,121; collapse of the Soviet Union, 135; defining, 50-51; Dzhemal’s worldviews, 41-42; ethnic separatism and, 135-136; Islamic Committee accusations, 40; media framing strategies, 7-8, 49-50, 54-55, 59-64, 152-153; as public threat, 126-127; regions of radicalization and, 115-116; Russian discourse, 57-59; Russia’s Middle East policy objectives, 124, 127; St. Petersburg metro attack, 126; shifting perception of, 12-13; US and Russian media framing of Islam and ISIS, 4, 59-64; US foreign policy and discourse, 5556 thematic framing by the media, 54 theology, Muslim identity without, 17
202 Index Tikhomirov, Alexander, 21 Tomara, Mikhail, 88 trade and commerce: driving news production and framing, 54-55; Hajj trips used for, 79; Iran-Russia relations, 142; role in the emergence of Islam, 87-89 traditional faiths, 114 Trump, Donald: effect on US-Russian relations, 110-111; view of Iran as terrorist nation, 144 Turkey: conflicting interests in Syria, 110, 127; Eurasianist International Movement, 35; external threats to Russia, 136; Russia’s Middle East policy, 125; Syrian cease-fire, 143-144 Turkic peoples: Jadid tradition, 37-38; pilgrimage practices, 74-75; pilgrimage to local holy places, 75-77 Udaltsov, Sergei, 42 Udugov, Movladi, 41-42, 96 Ukraine: Chechen separatism and, 106; decline in US-Russia relations, 110; decline of Russian relations, 134; Russian policy in the Middle East, 145; Soviet legacy in Russia-Ukraine relations, 92-93 Umakhanov, Ilyas, 70 Umarov, Doku, 103 Ummah: ambient Islam, 151; Bashkortostan’s holy places, 78; Chechen separatism, 83-84; Hajj participation, 73-75; the importance of pilgrimages, 76-77; Islam in IR and foreign policy, 133; principles of interaction with others, 133; the purpose of pilgrimage, 69-70, 80-81; resisting institutional framing of “legitimate” Islam, 156-157; spread of the Chechen conflict, 102; Tatarstani Euro-Islam, 36-37 Union of Muslims of Russia, 33 United Nations Security Council: Iran’s peacemaking role, 140 United Russia party, 34, 36-37 United States: anti-Islamic foreign policies, 118-119; decline of Russian relations, 134; Dzhemal’s Euro-Islam demonizing, 41; funding the Chechen conflict, 101;
media construction of Muslim images and terrorism, 8, 152-153; Russian and Iranian military operations in Syria, 143-144; terrorism discourse, 55-56; Trump’s view of Iran as terrorist nation, 144 urban migration, 4-5 urban-rural divides, 3 USA Today newspaper, 63 us-them perception: binary view of Islam and Islamism, 65-67; defining and characterizing terrorism, 50-51; ethnocentric labeling, 55-56; media portrayal of terrorism, 8; US and Russian media framing Islam and terrorism, 64-67,153 Uzbekistan and Uzbeks: concerns over Islamic fundamentalism, 135; Iran’s inter-Tajik talks, 139; St. Petersburg metro attack, 126 values and beliefs: contrasting Russian and Western values, 119-121; equating religious and national virtues, 121-122; media framing of terrorism, 54-55; Putin’s view of Western values, 130(nl0); state cooperation with religious institutions, 156 Volga region, 31, 70; Euro-Islam, 36֊ 37; Islamic radicalization, 115116; Kadyrovism, 45; mutual co optation process, 151; Russian domination of, 134-135; Russia’s traditional faiths, 114
Index Wahhabism, 35, 102; appeal to younger Muslims, 4; as external threat to Russia, 136; fatwa against, 45; importation into Chechnya, 98,101; Islamic Party of Rebirth, 32; Russian perception of radical Islam, 57-58; security considerations for Russian Middle East policy, 114—115; split over pure Islam, 27 Wall Street Journal newspaper, 60-64 war, culture of, 56-57 war on terrorism: Chechen conflict as Russia’s war on terror, 103-104; framing by the media, 53; impact on US-Russian relations, 153; the public perception of terrorism, 4950 Washington Post newspaper, 60-62 Western politics and values: antiIslamic foreign policies, 118-119; Atlanticist foreign policy, 137-139; civilizational counterweights in Russian policy, 129; contrasting Russian and Western values, 119121; decline in Russian relations, 110-111,134; Iran and Russia challenging Western hegemony, 203 147; Islamic Party of Rebirth mobilizing against, 32-33; Putin’s view of, 130(nl0); Russia’s Middle East policy objectives, 124, 153154. See also United States Westphalian international order, 132 women: adherence to Kadyrov requirements, 44-45; Hajjis from the Southern Urals, 79-80; men’s impressions of female Hajjis, SO81; Tatar women’s engagement with ambient Islam, 18-19 World War II: forced population transfers, 85-86 Wright Mills, Charles, 12-13 Ya’alon, Moshe, 64(table) Yakhin, Khalit, 33, 40 Yandarbiyev, Zelimkhan, 95, 98, 101 Yarullin, Vafa, 33 Yeltsin, Boris, 96, 138 youth: engagement with ambient Islam, 19 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 40 ziyarat (grave visiting), 74-78 Zubair bin Zait, 77-78 Zuganov,
Gennady, 14,16-17 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author2 | Simons, Gregory Šterin, Marat Shiraev, Eric 1960- |
| author2_role | edt edt edt |
| author2_variant | g s gs m š mš e s es |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1285971442 (DE-588)1047680386 (DE-588)12289247X |
| author_facet | Simons, Gregory Šterin, Marat Shiraev, Eric 1960- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048690378 |
| classification_rvk | BE 8607 MG 85270 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1376407043 (DE-599)BVBBV048690378 |
| discipline | Politologie Theologie / Religionswissenschaften |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie Theologie / Religionswissenschaften |
| era | Geschichte 1991-2020 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1991-2020 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV048690378 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:27:18Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:46:13Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781955055376 |
| language | English |
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| publisher | Lynne Rienner Publishers |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Islam in Russia religion, politics, and society edited by Gregory Simons, Marat Shterin, and Eric Shiraev Islam in Russia : religion, politics & society Boulder ; London Lynne Rienner Publishers 2023 v, 205 Seiten Diagramme 23,5 x 15,5 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "Russia's Muslims, numbering some 15 million, constitute far from a homogeneous sociopolitical group. So ... What does it mean to be a Muslim in Russia today? How is the image of Islam constructed, and how do the country's Muslims--and non-Muslims--perceive and react to it? These are the questions that gave rise to this book. Using a multidisciplinary approach, the authors explore in what ways, and with what impact, Islam in contemporary Russia has been shaped by the interactions of the Soviet legacy, local cultures and languages, and external forces. They also address the influence of Islam on Russia's current Middle East policy. Their work is a rich and distinctive contribution to enhancing our understanding of the complexity and fluidity of Muslim identity in post-Soviet Russian politics and society." - Seite 205 Geschichte 1991-2020 gnd rswk-swf Islambild (DE-588)4351632-4 gnd rswk-swf Muslim (DE-588)4040921-1 gnd rswk-swf Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Muslim (DE-588)4040921-1 s Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 s Islambild (DE-588)4351632-4 s Geschichte 1991-2020 z DE-604 Simons, Gregory (DE-588)1285971442 edt Šterin, Marat (DE-588)1047680386 edt Shiraev, Eric 1960- (DE-588)12289247X edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-955055-60-4 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034064597&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034064597&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034064597&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Islam in Russia religion, politics, and society Islambild (DE-588)4351632-4 gnd Muslim (DE-588)4040921-1 gnd Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4351632-4 (DE-588)4040921-1 (DE-588)4027743-4 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Islam in Russia religion, politics, and society |
| title_alt | Islam in Russia : religion, politics & society |
| title_auth | Islam in Russia religion, politics, and society |
| title_exact_search | Islam in Russia religion, politics, and society |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Islam in Russia religion, politics, and society |
| title_full | Islam in Russia religion, politics, and society edited by Gregory Simons, Marat Shterin, and Eric Shiraev |
| title_fullStr | Islam in Russia religion, politics, and society edited by Gregory Simons, Marat Shterin, and Eric Shiraev |
| title_full_unstemmed | Islam in Russia religion, politics, and society edited by Gregory Simons, Marat Shterin, and Eric Shiraev |
| title_short | Islam in Russia |
| title_sort | islam in russia religion politics and society |
| title_sub | religion, politics, and society |
| topic | Islambild (DE-588)4351632-4 gnd Muslim (DE-588)4040921-1 gnd Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Islambild Muslim Islam Russland Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034064597&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034064597&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034064597&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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