Communism's public sphere: culture as politics in Cold War Poland and East Germany
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Ithaca ; London
Cornell University Press
[2022]
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| Beschreibung: | xiii, 337 Seiten Illustrationen, Pläne 23,5 cm |
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Contents Acknowledgments ix xiii Abbreviations Introduction 1 1. Takeover: Reconstruction as Revolution 19 2. Planning: Workers and Cultural Mass Work 40 3. Nationalism: Public Protest and the Birth of National Communism 72 4. Pluralism: Individual Choice and Public-Opinion Polling 102 5. Consumerism: Cultured Consumption and Its Limits 129 6. Reform: The Promise and Peril of Controlled Revolt 157 7. Dissent: Normalization and Its 186 Discontents 8. Protest: Spaces of Opposition, Spaces of Dialogue Epilogue Notes Index 249 265 Bibliography 327 215 307
Bibliography Archives Archiv Bürgerbewegung Leipzig Archiwum Akt Nowych, Warsaw (AAN) Archiwum Narodowe w Krakowie, Kraków (ANK) Bundesarchiv, Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR (SAPMO BArch), Berlin Bundesbeauftragte für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen DDR (BStU) Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Leipzig Instytut Pamięci Narodowej (IPN), Kraków Sächsisches Staatsarchiv, Außenstelle Leipzig (SStAL) Stadtarchiv Leipzig (SAL) Periodicals Berliner Zeitung Börsenblatt für den deutschen Buchhandel Budujemy Socjalizm Dialog Dookoła Świata Dziennik Polski Dziennik urzędowy Prezydium Miejskiej Rady Narodowej w Krakowie Dziennik Ustaw Echo Krakowa/Echo Krakowskie Einheit Gazeta Krakowska/Gazeta Południowa Gazeta Wyborcza Głos Nowej Huty Grunau The Guardian Kraków Kultura Kultura i Społeczeństwo Leipziger Volkszeitung Neue Deutsche Uteratur Neues Deutschland The New York Review ofBooks 307
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Index Actually Existing Socialism, 14-15, 185, 189-90,192,194,294nl5 Adamski, Jan, 47 anticommunism, 6,13,17,163,189,209, 256,258,267n44 antisemitism. See Judaism and antisemitism Ark, 227 “Around Graphics,” 227,235 Arrival in the Everyday (Reimann), 164-65 art, commissioned, 42,60,115-16 art, modernist, 62,73,110, 152-53 art and artists (GDR) amateur art encouraged, 118 artists and uprisings, 77, 79,88-89 censorship of, 146 cultural exchange and, 93 cultural spending and, 204,213 dissidents and, 232 Eigen+Art, 232,254 employment of, 135-36 politics and, 58,115 post-unification, 253 protests and protest letters, 187, 205,213 SED and, 79,115-16,190 small exhibition spaces, 218-19 study trip to Poland, 113-14 Third German Art Show, 6 If art and artists (Poland) after Polish October, 161 amateur groups and, 62 applied art and literature, 62-63,133 autonomy of, 110-11 funding for the arts, 132-33, 202-3,213 Kraków Group, 111-12 Polish posters, 133-35 protests and protest letters, 187,213, 225-26 response to reform, 83 Solidarity and, 222 transformation of, 255-56 See also National Communism arts, centralization of, 65-66,79,85 Ashton, Dore, 111 Attack (journal), 232-34,238 Barbusse, Henri, 23 Barthels, Kurt, 117 Basic Treaty (1972), 197 Becher, Johannes R, 79 Beginning ofthe Story, The (Brandys), 64 Benda, Václav, 187,206-7,211 Bentzien, Hans, 136,143 Berlin Daily, 129 Biermann, Wolf, 187,204-6,209-10, 231 Bierut, Bolesław, 63,82,84 Big Beat (Passendorfer), 157-58 “Bikiniarz," 66 Bitterfeld Way, 117-19,122,124, 164-65,167,175 Black Book ofPolish Censorship, The, 146-47 Blaum,
Verena, 88 Blok, Alexander, 152 Bober, Jerzy, 162 Bolton, Jonathan, 188 Boniecki, Adam, 256 Bradley, Laura, 146 Brandt, Willy, 196 Brandys, Kazimierz, 153 Brandys, Marian, 64 Braun, Volker, 125 Bräunig, Werner, 165-68,179 Brecht, Bertolt, 99,199,230 Brezhnev, Leonid, 184-85,188 Broszkiewicz, Jerzy, 159-60,183-84, 202,223 Brother ofOur Cod, The (Wojtyla), 223 Bryll, Ernest, 198 Butlers, The, 175-78,184 327
328 INDEX Cabaret (Fosse), 134 Captive Mind, The (Miłosz), б, 67,69, 82,223 Catholic Intelligentsia Club, 227,229-30 Catholicism and Catholic Church, 37-38, 61-62,81,100,132,208,213, 221-22,227-28,228f censorship, 6-7,16,38,58,145, 151-52,223 censorship (GDR), 3,145-46,152 censorship (Poland), 146-47,152, 162,196 Letter of 34, 163 Center for the Study of Public Opinion (OBOP), 105-6,113,122,127 Central Institute for Youth Research (Leipzig), 13,122,193,218,253 Central Trade Union Commission (Poland), 44 Cepelia, 132-33 Charter 77,187-88,206 Chopin's Polonaise in А-Major in the Forge ofthe Kościuszko Steel Mill (Serwin-Oracki), 40-42 cinema, 138-39,147-51 cinemas (Kraków) profitability of, 131 public education and, 38 trade union tickets, 32 cinemas (Leipzig) Battle ofStalingrad, The (poster), 35f censorship and, 147-51 former Nazi control, 27 government control, 35 profitability of, 127,136 “The City: Leipzig Images,” 240,244 clubrooms, 25,67, 69-70,252,262. See also Nowa Huta Commission on Culture (Kraków), 19 Commission on Writers (Leipzig), 30 Committee for Entertainment Art, 193 Communiqué (underground journal), 207 Communist Party of Germany (KPD), 20,23 Congress of Polish Culture, 224-25 cultural mass work abandonment of, 131,159,194 alternative use of, 175 amateur music societies and, 49-50 communist message and, 41-42,46 factory funds for worker tickets, 47-48 field trips and workers, 62 implementation problems, 64-65 obsolete, 159 official propaganda and, 81 pioneer choir, 48f popularity of, 66 Stalinism and, 54,100,170 success of, 67-68 cultural matrix
administratorsand, 16 artists’ role, 9-11,101, 214 audiences and, 8,13 communism and, 7,12,39,256,263 cultured consumerism, 154 government attention, 7-8 gray zone, 10-11 public sphere, 18,71 Stalinism and, 101 transformation of art, 70 See also Actually Existing Socialism; National Communism; Stalinism cultural matrix (GDR) administrators and, 14, 67 censorship and, 145 communism and, 251 dissidents and, 216-17,220,242 government channels, 209-11 government control of, 218-19 obsolescence of, 194 social peace and, 192 stability of, 230 state sponsored underground, 250 working within the state, 244 cultural matrix (Poland) alternative matrix, 209,229,247 audiences and, 11 Church commissions and, 132 communism and, 252,254 independent culture outside, 227 political loyalty and, 234 rock and roll in, 173,176,178 Stalinism and, 100 cultural reconstruction, 20 cultural spaces arts oversight, 34-35 definition of, 6-7 disappearance of, 250 dissidents and, 256 Eastern Bloc commonality, 4 gathering places, 12 GDR Culture and Information Center, 246f political role of, 3,262 public opinion polls in, 13 repression in, 217
INDEX socialist prosperity and, 154 Stalinist model, 17-18 transformation of, 255 See Also National Communism cultural spaces (GDR) dialogue in, 240,244 dissidents and, 213 public expression of taste, 184 public opinion polls in, 122 cultural spaces (Poland) factory clubs, 71 future of, 249 galleries, 111 public education and, 38 repression in, 234,247 social interaction in, 11 underground spaces, 235-36 Culture Department (Kraków), 26-34, 112,162,170,201,234. See also Kraków House of Culture Culture Department (Leipzig), 23,26-34, 36,80,96,143,177-78,215,219, 224. See also Drobner, Boleslaw; House of the Light Muse; Leipzig City Theaters Culture League (GDR), 57,78,88,93 Curia Trial (Kraków), 81,161 Cyrankiewicz, Józef, 110,162 Czechoslovak Communist Party, 183-84 Czechoslovakia, 10,23,127,129,162,184-85, 187-88,195. See also Prague Spring Dialog (journal), 161 Divided Heaven (Wolf), 165,184 Drobner, Bolesław, 19-22,26-34, 36-39. See also Culture Department (Kraków) Dubček, Alexander, 184-85 Dubianski, René, 174 Dunham, Vera, 154 Dymna, Anna, 256,262 Eastern Bloc censorship and, 38 communism’s rise and collapse, 20, 216-17 consumerism, 129-30,140-45, 154-56 crisis moments, 15 cultural preference polling, 102-3 culture and social transformation, 41 culture oriented to East, 35,37 329 five- or six-year plans, 42-43,45,51, 59-60, 70 Moscow Center, 15 normalization policy, 188,195-97 oppositional attitudes, 215-16 perestroika, 238 public-opinion research on culture, 127-28,285Ո101 socialist culture, 141-43,197 social pressure, 16 Sovietization, 20,37,75,272n9 See also parallel
polis; Warsaw Pact East German Graphic Artists’ Union. See Union of Graphic Artists East Germany. See German Democratic Republic economics of culture applied art (GDR), 135 consumption (GDR), 141 financing and profitability, 136-37 government support, 44-45,131,213 lack of funding, 202-4 ' Polish funding model, 131-32 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 79,88 Eigen+Art gallery (Leipzig), 232-33,238,254 Electoral Voice (Kraków), 237 Elephant, The (Mrożek), 108 Eley, Geoff, 5 Estreicher, Karol, Jr., 38-39,52,88,117, 126,163,191 Examination Commission (Leipzig), 30 “Fairground” (Bräunig), 165-67,179 Family Matter, A (Lutowski), 51-52,54,62 Federal Republic of Germany economic miracle, 75 GDRand, 80,210-11 German unification and, 92 open borders, 70,76 press response to, 174 Federation of Evangelical Churches, 217 Filipowicz, Kornel, 237 Flying University, 208,210,223,230 Folk Music Workshop (GDR), 215,217-18 Forefathers’Eve (Mickiewicz), 180-82, 198-200 Fraser, Nancy, 15 Free German Youth (FDJ), 93,148-49, 165,175-76,178-80,193,218 Freyer, Hans, 120 Fröhlich, Paul, 145,179 Fuchs, Jurgen, 205,210
330 INDEX Fuhrmann, Eberhard, 215-17 Fulbrook, Mary, 217 Gallery of Socialist Realism, 41,64 Gawlik, Jan Paweł, 199-202 Gdańsk Accords, 223-26,229 GDR Writers’ Union, 77-78,92,204-5 German Communist Party (KPD), 20,23 German Democratic Republic (GDR) Berlin Wall, 95,114,165,175 co-opting opposition, 216-17,238 cultural exchange with West Germany, 80-81 expulsions and emigration, 45,75, 95, 187,205,210,215,238 Five-Year Plan, 43, 46,49,57, 93 founding, 34 German road to socialism, 90-91 jazz concerts in, 92 June 17th uprising, 72-74, 76-78, 276n5 national identity, 114 niche society, 217,220,233, 238-39,247 Polish reform model, 89-90 protests and protest letters, 187,196, 238,240-45,250 reunification prospect, 75-76,80,251 socialist national culture, 93-94 Soviet Union and sovereignty, 80 Stalin’s proposal for neutral Germany, 56 transformation of, 256-57,259-60 unification and, 258 uprisings in, 185,239-41 See also Federal Republic of Germany; New Course; Socialist Cultural Revolution German Sociological Association, 120 German-Soviet Friendship Society, 151 Getz, Stan, 110 Gewandhaus orchestra and concert hall (Leipzig) city control, 28 financing of, 27 rally and protests, 1,2f, 245f workers at, 7 See also Leipzig Six Gierek, Edward, 183,185,188-89,193-97, 200-201,207,212-13,221,235 Gombrowicz, Witold, 17 Gomulka, Wladyslaw anti-Soviet sentiment and, 151-52 Catholic Church and, 132 civic engagement, 183 Gomulka Blues, 90 market importance, 131 National Communism and, 87-88,163 party power, 222 Polish posters and, 135 Prague Spring critic, 184-85 reforms of, 99,137
reinstated in PZPR, 86 social critiques, 161-62 theater references, 160 Ulbricht and, 95-97,142,184-85 Warsaw speech, 100 Górka, Wiktor, 134 Graphic Art (journal), 232 Grieder, Peter, 75 Gross, Jan Tomasz, 20 Grotewohl, Otto, 44, 76 Grotowski, Jerzy, 86 Gumbert, Heather, 175 Guminer, Iakov, 43 Habermas, Jiirgen, 4-5,261-62 Hackenberg, Helmut, 243 Hager, Kurt, 191,238 Haley, Bill, 168-69,173 Halka (Moniuszko), 48,50 Harich, Wolfgang, 90-92 Hartig, Rudolf, 20-21,22f, 23,29-39. See also Culture Department (Leipzig) Häussler, Helmut, 150 Havel, Václav, 13,187,232 Helsinki Accords, 187-88,201 Herbert, Zbigniew, 108 Holuj, Tadeusz, 202 Honecker, Erich on Actually Existing Socialism, 185 cultural life and, 179,194-95 on expatriation, 187,205-6 fear of dismissal, 238 new generation of communist leaders, 188,191 popularity of, 196,212, 244 revisionism and, 189 on rock and roll, 180 selling art to the West, 211 transformative future, 213 on Western television, 192 “Hope for Nicaragua,” 219,230, 233 Houghton, Norris, 137-38 House of the Light Muse (Leipzig), 119,125
INDEX Houses of Culture, 12,32-34,46-49, 64,143 Hungary, 73,87, 90-91, 98,238 Husák, Gustav, 188,195 Independent Bureau for Public-Opinion Research, 226 Index (student publication), 208 Industrial Landscape (Schwimmer), 59 Information Bulletin (underground journal), 207 Inkarno (K. Brandys), 153 Institute for Public Opinion Research (GDR), 122 Interfactory Strike Committee (Gdańsk), 220 It Goes Its Way (Loest), 211 Jagiellonian University (UJ), 88,104-5, 110,117,120,162-63,170,182,191, 207-9 Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 225-26,236 Johannes R Becher Literature Institute, 146,163,165,167,205,209,211,230 John Paul II (pope), 16,221 Judaism and antisemitism, 24-25,182, 204,252 Kalka, Dieter, 230-31,238 Kantor, Tadeusz, 62,111-12,126,133 Kayser, Karl, 123-26,128 Kędra, Wladyslaw, 41-42 Khrushchev, Nikita, 84-85,87-90, 95, 108,119,130,238 Kijowski, Andrzej, 223-24 Kipper, Die (Braun), 125 Kipphardt, Heinar, 79 Kirov Machine Works, 67, 80, 91 Kirschner, Harald, 244-47 Kitliński, Zdzisław, 145 Klata, Jan, 260,262 Kołakowski, Leszek, 192 Koloski, Laurie, 62 Konieczny, Marian, 189 Konsument (The Consumer), 129,154, 186,211 Kopstein, Jeffrey, 136,177,180 Kotlarczyk, Mieczysław, 61-62 Kott, Jan, 86 Kraków access to the arts, 31-32 amateur music societies, 49-50 331 arts oversight, 34 City Council, 44 denazification, 25 leftist politics, 25-26 mass events in, 194 post World War II, 23-24,39 transition to peacetime, 25 See also Main Market Kraków Center for the Study of the Press, 105 Kraków clubs Club of Creative Youth, 108 Palace under the Rams, 107-8 Under the Lizards, 110 Krakow Echo, 168
Kraków House of Culture, 32, 34, 46-47, 50,107-8 Krakowiacy Song and Dance Ensemble, 62 Kraków Newspaper, 65,186,198,201 Krasowski, Jerzy, 159,223 Krenz, Egon, 243 Krylova, Anna, 104 Krzysztofory Gallery, 110-11,126 Kuckhoff, Armin, 148-49 Kundera, Milan, 6 Kunert, Christian, 210 Kurdesz (Drinking Song) (Bryll), 198-201 Kurella, Alfred, 117,146 Lange, Bernd-Lutz, 240,242-44 Lebow, Katherine, 257 Lehmann-Grube, Hinrich, 258 Leipzig access to the arts, 31-32, 34 amateur music societies, 49-50 denazification, 25 interwar period, 27 leftist politics, 25-26 post World War II, 24,39 transition to peacetime, 25 Leipzig City Theaters (STL), 52-54,93, 123-26,153 Basement Theater, 126 comedies added to repertoire, 78-79 Millionenschmidt, 124-25 Polish influence, 126 questionnaires to theatergoers, 125 repertoire and party goals, 124 Soviet plays performed, 80 Western culture at, 138 Leipzig Lathe Works newspaper, 53f Leipzig People’s Paper, 46,77,175,177,186
332 INDEX Leipzig Six, 3-4,242,247 Lem, Stanisław, 256 Lenin, Vladimir, 63, 189,190f, 192 Lenin Steel Mili, 50,189 Song and Dance Ensemble, 64, 66-68,169 House of Culture, 181f, 144f Letter (Zagajewski), 208 Letter of34,162-63 Letter of59,187-88,203,207-8 Liberation (Wyspiański), 200 Liebknecht, Karl, 23,25 Literary Life, 59-60, 63,108,112,160,223 Literary Press, 108 Loest, Erich, 56,60, 78,89,91-92,146, 178,206,209-11 Lovell, Jerzy, 171 Lutowski, Jerzy, 51 Lybke, Judy, 232-33,254 Machejek, Władysław, 59 Magnificent Seven, The (film), 147-50 Main Market (Kraków), 107-10,182 Main Office for the Control of Press, 146 Malige, Fred, 58-59 Malinowski, Bronisław, 104 Mandecki, Tadeusz, 131 Masur, Kurt, 1-3, 9-10,204,239-40, 242, 244 Mattheuer, Wolfgang, 209-12, 214, 298Ո135 Meetings in the Gewandhaus, 2,239 Meyer, Kurt, 239-40,242-43 Michnik, Adam, 208 Mickiewicz, Adam, 180,182,200 Miller, Toby, 8 Miłosz, Czesław, 6,58,69-70,82,87, 192,212,223 Ministry of Culture and Art (Poland) artists’ demands of, 202 arts oversight, 34-35 on censorship, 223 commissioned art, 60 drama contest, 198 financial support, 67 open discussion and, 84 on positive values, 260 Red-and-Blacks and, 169 stipend to Polish Writers’ Union, 59 subsidies to Rhapsodic Theater, 61 Ministry of Culture (GDR), 79,136-37, 145,150,167,177,204,215 Mittag, Günter, 141 Monday demonstrations (Leipzig), 2f, 244 Moniuszko, Stanisław, 48 Morawski, Jerzy, 106-7 Moscow Declaration (1957), 97-98,100 "Mother of Freedom, The” (Zwerenz), 88-89, 91 Mrożek, Sławomir, 108-9,112,161-62, 183-84 music and musicians (GDR) censorship and,
216 folk music protests, 215-16 jazz, 78,90-91 Leipzig protest march, 178-79 Leipzig Song Scene, 231 Leipzig Street Musicians, 237-40 Lipsi, 174 National Song Days, 231,234 professional dissidents, 230 rock and roll or "big beat,” 174-78,193 state control by licensing, 217-18 Western popular music, 153-54,155f, 173-74 Youth Communiqué, 175-76,178-79 music and musicians (Poland) at Under the Lizards, 91 rock and roll or “big beat,” 168-72, 172f, 173 rock musical, 157-59 students and youth, 170-71 unregistered festivals, 237-38 Mutterlose, Heinz, 116 Names ofPower, The (Broszkiewicz), 159-62,183,202,223 National Communism accountability to the nation, 18 admission of failure, 97-98 arts’ centrality in, 100,128,161 censorship and, 147 consumerism and, 137,155 contact with the West, 179 controlled revolt, 158-59 cultural matrix and, 101 end of, 185,213 Forefathers’ Eve demonstration, 182 in GDR, 95,99-100,178 Gierek and, 189 Gomułka and, 87,98-99,162 Letter of 34 and, 163 Names ofPower, The and, 202 New Course, 90 normalization policy, 195 openness to the West and, 173
INDEX opinion polling and, 103-4 personal choice and, 130,184 Polish October and, 162 popular culture and, 182-83 revision after Stalinism, 74 SED and, 91 socialist democracy and, 183-84 Soviet Union and sovereignty, 151 vision for the public, 14-15 young people and, 176 National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), 27 Nawratowicz, Barbara, 108 Nazis and Nazism, 19-20,23-27, 29-30,38 Neumann, Gert, 211 Neutsch, Erik, 75,165,184 New Course (GDR), 76-79,82,88, 90-92,95,206 New Culture, 83-84,89 New Economic System of Planning and Management (NES), 136,141, 176-77,179-80,286n32 New German Literature, 78,165-66 New Germany (newspaper), 120-21,142, 166-67,173-74,177,294nl5 New York Times, 111,137 November Night (Wyspiański), 200-201 Nowa Huta clubrooms, 46-47,65 Dawn Shopping Center, 253f field trips and articles about, 59-60 model community, 45 performances at, 66 redevelopment plans, 257 Rhapsodic Theater at, 62 Seventh Festival of Soviet Films, 68f socialist utopia, 81 sociology study in, 104 Song and Dance Ensemble, 50 See also Lenin Steel Mill; People’s Theater (Kraków) Ochab, Edward, 85-87 Oelssner, Fred, 141 Olczak-Ronikier, Joanna, 100 Old Theater (Kraków) building condition, 201-2 “Hamlet after the Twentieth Congress,” 86 Kurdesz popularity, 198-99 national classics in, 199 power of the public, 12 333 success of, 200-201 Tango at, 161 transformation of, 261-62 Western culture at, 137 "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences” (Khrushchev), 84 Out Loud (spoken journal), 227 Pannach, Gerulf, 210 parallel polis Charter 77 protest and, 187 definition of, 207
goals of, 211-12 response to reform, 246 underground and, 216,235-36 See also students and youth parallel polis (Poland) artists and, 217 Catholic Church and, 213 legalization of, 221 SKS and KOR, 209,226,229 Solidarity and, 222,225,237 underground and, 247 Passendorfer, Jerzy, 157,173 People’s Theater (Kraków), 159,161, 163,223 People’s Tribune; The, 153,170,289nll3 Peppermill cabaret, 89,91 Piskorz, Leszek, 12 “Poem for Adults” (Ważyk), 83,89, 98 Poland consumer price increases, 183 co-opting opposition, 222,229 elections, 237 expulsions and emigration, 212 martial law, 11,224-27,229,234-35,247 postcommunism in, 258-59 protests in, 187-88,196,203 repression in, 216-17,221,225 Six-Year Plans, 59-60 Sovietization, 75 uprisings in, 85-86,100,182-83, 185,221 See also Nowa Huta; Socialist Cultural Revolution Polish October chronicle of, 159,161 consumerism and, 183 cultural energy of, 100 effects of, 131 funding for the arts, 132 Kraków House of Culture and, 107 literary scene and, 108
334 INDEX Polish October (continued) Market Square and, 112-13 new regime, 88 posters and, 135 Stalinism rejection, 104-5 view in Leipzig, 89 Westward turn, 138 Writers’ Union and, 92,227 See also Names ofPower, The Polish Socialist Party (PPS), 19,21,25 Polish-Soviet Friendship Society, 151 Polish Students’Association, 110,170 Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR) artists and, 203,223,226-27 censorship and, 184 Church and, 88,229 crackdown by, 247 cultural policies and, 82 dissidents and, 187 economics and, 196 founding, 34,56 Leipzig visit, 186 Letter of 34 and, 163 limited reach, 96,99 National Communism and, 159 official propaganda and, 81-82 “Poem for Adults” response, 84 rock and roll and, 170 Sixth Congress, 197 Solidarity and, 221,225,236 stability and, 230 Third Congress, 142 Unification congress, 61 Western entertainment and, 235 Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR), Central Committee art and culture in, 197-98 artists and, 191-92 consumerism and, 141 criticism of USSR, 85 decree on “Overcoming the Cult of Personality,” 86 Gomulka in, 87 living standards promises, 59,82 political loyalty and, 234 students and, 167 theater and, 153,182 Writers’ Union and, 222 Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR), Kraków Provincial Committee (KW), 67,131,133,147,162,182-83,191-92, 194,198-99,202-3,224,234,259 Politics (journal), 170,200 Pomian, Krzysztof, 192 Pommert, Jochen, 242-43 Poplavskii, Stanislav, 86,88 Poznań protests, 51,85-88,160,229 Prague Spring, 13,127,184-85,193,213 Pravda, 15,189,195,294nl5 Presley, Elvis, 168,174,193 Preuß, Gunter, 205-6 Protestantism (GDR), 217
Przyboś, Julian, 58, 63 public opinion polling (GDR), 121-23, 125,193,218 public opinion polling (Poland), 106-7, 193-94. See also Center for the Study of Public Opinion public sphere artists and, 217 bourgeois, 38 communism and, 6,10,18,263 consumerism, 156 cultural, 11,16-17,39,261-62 cultural spaces and, 236,244,247-48, 250-51 GDR and Polish comparison, 17,259 Habermas’ definition, 5 Letter of 34 and, 163 local traditions and, 71 modifiers and, 6 normalization, 206 protests and, 213 rock and roll in, 159,185 West Germany and, 210-12 See also parallel polis Pyjas, Stanislaw, 207 Radio in the American Sector (RIAS), 72, 78,174 Radio Luxembourg, 174 Rational Cattle Breeding, 65 Raupach, Rudi, 215-16 Reimann, Andreas, 230 Reimann, Brigitte, 164-65, 167, 290n29 Rendezvous with the Light Muse, A, 119 Renft, Klaus, 174-77,194 Rhapsodic Theater (Kraków), 61-62 Richter, Hans Michael, 153 Rink, Arno, 254 Rudorf, Reginald, 90-92 Rumpf, Willi, 180 Sacrosong music festival, 228 samizdat publications, 208,210-12,217,233
INDEX Schmidt, Hubertus, 230-31,233 Schumann, Henry, 232 Schwimmer, Max, 58-59,270n47 “secret speech.” See Khrushchev, Nikita "SED’s New Tasks, The” (Ulbricht), 56 Serwin-Oracki, Mieczysław, 40-42,47 Siciński, Andrzej, 113 Siekierska, Jadwiga, 84 Siemieński, Maksymilian, 104-5 Signal (student publication), 208 Silberman, Marc, 6 sister cities, 186, 224, 244, 259-60 Skalds (Skaldowie), 171-73,176,184 Skilling, H. Gordon, 10 Skuszanka, Krystyna, 223 Słowacki Theater (Kraków), 7,31-32, 50-52,64,200,223 Socialist Cultural Revolution, 98 Socialist Cultural Revolution (GDR), 93-96, 99,123,135,142. See also worker productivity Socialist Cultural Revolution (Poland), 95,97 socialist democracy, 97,183-84 Socialist Realism, 57-59, 73-74,108, 152,275n76 Socialist Realism (GDR) artists and, 61, 70,114-15 Graphic Artists’ Union and, 60 ideological commitment, 56 USSR and, 55 Socialist Realism (Poland) artistsand, 63,114 rules of, 100 Stalinist art, 35 students and, 163 terroreticians, 62 theater and, 64 writers and, 83 Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), 2,56 "Clear-Cutting Plenum,” 179-80 consolidation of control, 75 expansion of, 94 Fifth Party Congress, 120-21 ideological crackdown on members, 92 Johannes R Becher Literature Institute and, 163-64 June 17th uprising response, 77-78 literature of arrival and, 165 new Ten Commandments, 94,142 popularity of, 196 reunification prospect, 92-93, 99 335 Second Party Conference, 75 West Germany and, 90 See also New Course Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), Central Committee, 58, 92,122-23, 179,189,193, 294nl5 Socialist Unity Party of
Germany (SED), Leipzig District Committee, 3, 242-3,259 sociology study (GDR), 120 sociology study (Poland), 104-5,112-13 Sokorski, Włodzimierz, 81-83,140 Solidarity trade union, 217,221-29, 235-37,246,256 "Solution, The” (Brecht), 99 “Song of Germany,” 72 Soviet Thaw, 79 Spiegel, Der, 123,168,192 Stalin, Joseph communism fits Poland quip, 17 death of, 73, 79 Katyń massacre, 85 neutral Germany proposal, 56 statue torn down, 276n4 writers as engineers of human souls, 43-44,55 Stalinism administrators and society, 14 artists and, 114,132 Bitterfeld Conference and, 118 cultural forms and, 73 cultural matrix and, 100-101 factory workers and arts in, 41,64 forum on, 244 legacy of, 109 Market Square and, 112 music and, 49 normalization policy, 195 Polish October and, 104 posters and, 133 postwar reconstruction and, 34,36-37, 271Ո85 Socialist Cultural Revolution and, 98 theater and, 54, 111 transition to National Communism, 15 writers and, 113 Starke, Johanna, 113-16,126 Stasi Biermann affair and, 187, 209 communists and, 259 Eigen+Art and, 232 Gert Neumann and, 211
336 INDEX Stasi (continued) growth of, 196 Hungarian affairs and, 90 professional dissidents and, 230-31 protest flyers and, 178,244 Soviet invasion of Hungary and, 90 underground press and, 233 State Commission for Cultural Affairs (GDR), 44, 79 State Dramatic Theaters (PTD), 52-53, 62, 65 Stern, Heinz, 177 Strittmatter, Erwin, 117 Structural Transformation ofthe Public Sphere, The (Habermas), 4 Strzyżewski, Tomasz, 147 Student Revolutionary Committee, 86-87 students and youth (GDR), 204-5,218. See also Bitterfeld Way; Johannes R. Becher Literature Institute students and youth (Poland), 110,182, 198-99,203,207-8. See also Jagiellonian University; music and musicians; Polish Students’ Association; Student Revolutionary Committee; Student Solidarity Committee Student Solidarity Committee (SKS), 207-12, 214,221,226-27,229 Sunday (journal), 88-89 Surdykowski, Jerzy, 203,237 Świerży, Waldemar, 134 Swinarski, Konrad, 199-201 Szajna, Józef, 159 Szczepański, Jan Józef, 182,226, 229,234 Szymborska, Wisława, 98,108,254-56 Tango (Mrożek), 161-62 Tęcza, Władysław, 51 Tejchma, Józef, 66 television, 139-40,192-93,235 Thaw, The (Ehrenburg), 79, 88 theater,51-52, 111, 146 theater (GDR), 52-53,153. See ako Leipzig City Theaters theater (Poland), 253 censorship and, 199,223 choice of plays, 54-55,198-200 contemporary plays in, 159-60 Cricot2,111-12 literatura rozrachunkowa (settling of accounts), 160-62 nationalization of theaters, 52 Theater 38,110 See also Forefathers’Eve Theater House (Leipzig), 243,252-53 Tischner, Józef, 256 Tito, Josip, 97 Tomorrow (magazine), 87 Trace ofStones
(Neutsch), 165,184 transnational public sphere, 4,15,260 Treia, Jerzy, 225 Tübke, Werner, 209-10,244 “Twelve, The" (Blok), 152 Ulbricht, Walter artists and, 57,117 Berlin Wall, 97 Bitterfeld Conference and, 119,174 collectivization and, 94 Fifth Party Congress, 121,142 Five-Year Plan, 43 Goatee, gut, and glasses slogan, 76 Gomulka and, 96 on Leipzig protest march, 179 New Course and, 91 political power of, 86 Prague Spring critic, 184-85 socialist national culture, 114,164 Socialist Realism and, 56, 61 sociology study, 120 unification debate, 92-93,95 West Germany and, 130 underground press (GDR), 233 underground press (Leipzig), 230, 232 underground press (Poland), 208,221, 223,226-27,235-36 Union of Graphic Artists, GDR (VBK), 60,114-16 Union of Polish Composers, 57 Union of Polish Graphic Artists (ZPAP), 57,60,79,132-34,189-90,203, 222,226 Union ofPolish Patriots, 21, 24 Union ofPolish Stage Artists, 29-30, 270n54 Union ofPolish Visual Artists, 29 Union ofPolish Writers, 29, 57, 59-61, 81,83,96,108,202,259 resolution and antireligious campaign, 59 Union of Socialist Youth, 170 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 43-44, 55, 70, 142 Universal Weekly, 228,256 “Unknown Man with Mustache,” 228
INDEX Urgently Seeking Shakespeare (Kipphardt), 79 Valley of the Clueless, 140,192 Vaudeville Romance:, A, 52 Visual Arts Workshop (Kraków), 227,229 Vogler, Henryk, 60,63,112 Völkel, Heinz, 113-15,126 Wagner, Siegfried, 91-92 Wajda, Andrzej, 200-201,254-55 Wałach, Stanisław, НО Walicki, Franciszek, 169 Wallis, Aleksander, 113,132-33 Warner, Michael, 12 Warsaw Pact, 80,87,129,184-85 Water Hen, The (Witkiewicz), 126 Ważyk, Adam, 83-84,89,98,100 We Are Building Socialism, 168 Weigel, Helene, 146 Weskott, Martin, 251 Western culture attack on, 179-80 attraction of, 114,120 consumerism, 140,144 elimination of, 93,112 fashions of, 174-75 in GDR, 138-39,192 insult of, 91 isolation from, 35 LPs of Western bands, 153-54 materialism of, 130 in Poland, 137-39 West Germany. See Federal Republic of Germany Wieczysty, Marian, 62 Witkiewicz, Stanislaw, 111, 126 Wojtyła, Karol, 61,221,223,228 Wolf, Christa, 9-10,165,184,250 worker productivity, 42-44,70,75,94, 136,143 337 Workers’ and Peasants’ State, 76,94 Workers’ Defense Committee (KOR), 187,203,207-8,210,220-22, 226-27,229 Workers’ Lute (Kraków), 49 Workers’ Opera, 48-51 Wötzel, Roland, 239-40,242-43 writers (GDR) anti-formalism campaign, 55-56 Bitterfeld Way and, 117-18 Circles of Writing Workers, 118 dangerous tendencies, 166-67 dissidents and, 231-32 literature of arrival, 164,166,290n29 Reading Lamp speaker series, 231-33,238 supervision of, 55-56 writers (Poland) after martial law, 227 after Stalinism, 113 expanded freedom, 108-9 party officials and, 112-13 supervision of, 55-56 Wyspiański, Stanislaw, 200, 261 Wyszyński, Stefan,
81,87,100 Young World, 174, 176 Yúdice, George, 8 Zagajewski, Adam, 208,234,236, 249-50 Zamoyski Museum, 63 Zhdanov, Andrei, 55, 63 Zieliński, Andrzej, 171,173 Zimmermann, Peter, 242 Znaniecki, Florian, 104 Żółkiewski, Stefan, 141 Zoń, Jerzy, 260 Zwerenz, Gerhard, 88-89,91-92 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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Contents Acknowledgments ix xiii Abbreviations Introduction 1 1. Takeover: Reconstruction as Revolution 19 2. Planning: Workers and Cultural Mass Work 40 3. Nationalism: Public Protest and the Birth of National Communism 72 4. Pluralism: Individual Choice and Public-Opinion Polling 102 5. Consumerism: Cultured Consumption and Its Limits 129 6. Reform: The Promise and Peril of Controlled Revolt 157 7. Dissent: Normalization and Its 186 Discontents 8. Protest: Spaces of Opposition, Spaces of Dialogue Epilogue Notes Index 249 265 Bibliography 327 215 307
Bibliography Archives Archiv Bürgerbewegung Leipzig Archiwum Akt Nowych, Warsaw (AAN) Archiwum Narodowe w Krakowie, Kraków (ANK) Bundesarchiv, Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR (SAPMO BArch), Berlin Bundesbeauftragte für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen DDR (BStU) Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Leipzig Instytut Pamięci Narodowej (IPN), Kraków Sächsisches Staatsarchiv, Außenstelle Leipzig (SStAL) Stadtarchiv Leipzig (SAL) Periodicals Berliner Zeitung Börsenblatt für den deutschen Buchhandel Budujemy Socjalizm Dialog Dookoła Świata Dziennik Polski Dziennik urzędowy Prezydium Miejskiej Rady Narodowej w Krakowie Dziennik Ustaw Echo Krakowa/Echo Krakowskie Einheit Gazeta Krakowska/Gazeta Południowa Gazeta Wyborcza Głos Nowej Huty Grunau The Guardian Kraków Kultura Kultura i Społeczeństwo Leipziger Volkszeitung Neue Deutsche Uteratur Neues Deutschland The New York Review ofBooks 307
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Index Actually Existing Socialism, 14-15, 185, 189-90,192,194,294nl5 Adamski, Jan, 47 anticommunism, 6,13,17,163,189,209, 256,258,267n44 antisemitism. See Judaism and antisemitism Ark, 227 “Around Graphics,” 227,235 Arrival in the Everyday (Reimann), 164-65 art, commissioned, 42,60,115-16 art, modernist, 62,73,110, 152-53 art and artists (GDR) amateur art encouraged, 118 artists and uprisings, 77, 79,88-89 censorship of, 146 cultural exchange and, 93 cultural spending and, 204,213 dissidents and, 232 Eigen+Art, 232,254 employment of, 135-36 politics and, 58,115 post-unification, 253 protests and protest letters, 187, 205,213 SED and, 79,115-16,190 small exhibition spaces, 218-19 study trip to Poland, 113-14 Third German Art Show, 6 If art and artists (Poland) after Polish October, 161 amateur groups and, 62 applied art and literature, 62-63,133 autonomy of, 110-11 funding for the arts, 132-33, 202-3,213 Kraków Group, 111-12 Polish posters, 133-35 protests and protest letters, 187,213, 225-26 response to reform, 83 Solidarity and, 222 transformation of, 255-56 See also National Communism arts, centralization of, 65-66,79,85 Ashton, Dore, 111 Attack (journal), 232-34,238 Barbusse, Henri, 23 Barthels, Kurt, 117 Basic Treaty (1972), 197 Becher, Johannes R, 79 Beginning ofthe Story, The (Brandys), 64 Benda, Václav, 187,206-7,211 Bentzien, Hans, 136,143 Berlin Daily, 129 Biermann, Wolf, 187,204-6,209-10, 231 Bierut, Bolesław, 63,82,84 Big Beat (Passendorfer), 157-58 “Bikiniarz," 66 Bitterfeld Way, 117-19,122,124, 164-65,167,175 Black Book ofPolish Censorship, The, 146-47 Blaum,
Verena, 88 Blok, Alexander, 152 Bober, Jerzy, 162 Bolton, Jonathan, 188 Boniecki, Adam, 256 Bradley, Laura, 146 Brandt, Willy, 196 Brandys, Kazimierz, 153 Brandys, Marian, 64 Braun, Volker, 125 Bräunig, Werner, 165-68,179 Brecht, Bertolt, 99,199,230 Brezhnev, Leonid, 184-85,188 Broszkiewicz, Jerzy, 159-60,183-84, 202,223 Brother ofOur Cod, The (Wojtyla), 223 Bryll, Ernest, 198 Butlers, The, 175-78,184 327
328 INDEX Cabaret (Fosse), 134 Captive Mind, The (Miłosz), б, 67,69, 82,223 Catholic Intelligentsia Club, 227,229-30 Catholicism and Catholic Church, 37-38, 61-62,81,100,132,208,213, 221-22,227-28,228f censorship, 6-7,16,38,58,145, 151-52,223 censorship (GDR), 3,145-46,152 censorship (Poland), 146-47,152, 162,196 Letter of 34, 163 Center for the Study of Public Opinion (OBOP), 105-6,113,122,127 Central Institute for Youth Research (Leipzig), 13,122,193,218,253 Central Trade Union Commission (Poland), 44 Cepelia, 132-33 Charter 77,187-88,206 Chopin's Polonaise in А-Major in the Forge ofthe Kościuszko Steel Mill (Serwin-Oracki), 40-42 cinema, 138-39,147-51 cinemas (Kraków) profitability of, 131 public education and, 38 trade union tickets, 32 cinemas (Leipzig) Battle ofStalingrad, The (poster), 35f censorship and, 147-51 former Nazi control, 27 government control, 35 profitability of, 127,136 “The City: Leipzig Images,” 240,244 clubrooms, 25,67, 69-70,252,262. See also Nowa Huta Commission on Culture (Kraków), 19 Commission on Writers (Leipzig), 30 Committee for Entertainment Art, 193 Communiqué (underground journal), 207 Communist Party of Germany (KPD), 20,23 Congress of Polish Culture, 224-25 cultural mass work abandonment of, 131,159,194 alternative use of, 175 amateur music societies and, 49-50 communist message and, 41-42,46 factory funds for worker tickets, 47-48 field trips and workers, 62 implementation problems, 64-65 obsolete, 159 official propaganda and, 81 pioneer choir, 48f popularity of, 66 Stalinism and, 54,100,170 success of, 67-68 cultural matrix
administratorsand, 16 artists’ role, 9-11,101, 214 audiences and, 8,13 communism and, 7,12,39,256,263 cultured consumerism, 154 government attention, 7-8 gray zone, 10-11 public sphere, 18,71 Stalinism and, 101 transformation of art, 70 See also Actually Existing Socialism; National Communism; Stalinism cultural matrix (GDR) administrators and, 14, 67 censorship and, 145 communism and, 251 dissidents and, 216-17,220,242 government channels, 209-11 government control of, 218-19 obsolescence of, 194 social peace and, 192 stability of, 230 state sponsored underground, 250 working within the state, 244 cultural matrix (Poland) alternative matrix, 209,229,247 audiences and, 11 Church commissions and, 132 communism and, 252,254 independent culture outside, 227 political loyalty and, 234 rock and roll in, 173,176,178 Stalinism and, 100 cultural reconstruction, 20 cultural spaces arts oversight, 34-35 definition of, 6-7 disappearance of, 250 dissidents and, 256 Eastern Bloc commonality, 4 gathering places, 12 GDR Culture and Information Center, 246f political role of, 3,262 public opinion polls in, 13 repression in, 217
INDEX socialist prosperity and, 154 Stalinist model, 17-18 transformation of, 255 See Also National Communism cultural spaces (GDR) dialogue in, 240,244 dissidents and, 213 public expression of taste, 184 public opinion polls in, 122 cultural spaces (Poland) factory clubs, 71 future of, 249 galleries, 111 public education and, 38 repression in, 234,247 social interaction in, 11 underground spaces, 235-36 Culture Department (Kraków), 26-34, 112,162,170,201,234. See also Kraków House of Culture Culture Department (Leipzig), 23,26-34, 36,80,96,143,177-78,215,219, 224. See also Drobner, Boleslaw; House of the Light Muse; Leipzig City Theaters Culture League (GDR), 57,78,88,93 Curia Trial (Kraków), 81,161 Cyrankiewicz, Józef, 110,162 Czechoslovak Communist Party, 183-84 Czechoslovakia, 10,23,127,129,162,184-85, 187-88,195. See also Prague Spring Dialog (journal), 161 Divided Heaven (Wolf), 165,184 Drobner, Bolesław, 19-22,26-34, 36-39. See also Culture Department (Kraków) Dubček, Alexander, 184-85 Dubianski, René, 174 Dunham, Vera, 154 Dymna, Anna, 256,262 Eastern Bloc censorship and, 38 communism’s rise and collapse, 20, 216-17 consumerism, 129-30,140-45, 154-56 crisis moments, 15 cultural preference polling, 102-3 culture and social transformation, 41 culture oriented to East, 35,37 329 five- or six-year plans, 42-43,45,51, 59-60, 70 Moscow Center, 15 normalization policy, 188,195-97 oppositional attitudes, 215-16 perestroika, 238 public-opinion research on culture, 127-28,285Ո101 socialist culture, 141-43,197 social pressure, 16 Sovietization, 20,37,75,272n9 See also parallel
polis; Warsaw Pact East German Graphic Artists’ Union. See Union of Graphic Artists East Germany. See German Democratic Republic economics of culture applied art (GDR), 135 consumption (GDR), 141 financing and profitability, 136-37 government support, 44-45,131,213 lack of funding, 202-4 ' Polish funding model, 131-32 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 79,88 Eigen+Art gallery (Leipzig), 232-33,238,254 Electoral Voice (Kraków), 237 Elephant, The (Mrożek), 108 Eley, Geoff, 5 Estreicher, Karol, Jr., 38-39,52,88,117, 126,163,191 Examination Commission (Leipzig), 30 “Fairground” (Bräunig), 165-67,179 Family Matter, A (Lutowski), 51-52,54,62 Federal Republic of Germany economic miracle, 75 GDRand, 80,210-11 German unification and, 92 open borders, 70,76 press response to, 174 Federation of Evangelical Churches, 217 Filipowicz, Kornel, 237 Flying University, 208,210,223,230 Folk Music Workshop (GDR), 215,217-18 Forefathers’Eve (Mickiewicz), 180-82, 198-200 Fraser, Nancy, 15 Free German Youth (FDJ), 93,148-49, 165,175-76,178-80,193,218 Freyer, Hans, 120 Fröhlich, Paul, 145,179 Fuchs, Jurgen, 205,210
330 INDEX Fuhrmann, Eberhard, 215-17 Fulbrook, Mary, 217 Gallery of Socialist Realism, 41,64 Gawlik, Jan Paweł, 199-202 Gdańsk Accords, 223-26,229 GDR Writers’ Union, 77-78,92,204-5 German Communist Party (KPD), 20,23 German Democratic Republic (GDR) Berlin Wall, 95,114,165,175 co-opting opposition, 216-17,238 cultural exchange with West Germany, 80-81 expulsions and emigration, 45,75, 95, 187,205,210,215,238 Five-Year Plan, 43, 46,49,57, 93 founding, 34 German road to socialism, 90-91 jazz concerts in, 92 June 17th uprising, 72-74, 76-78, 276n5 national identity, 114 niche society, 217,220,233, 238-39,247 Polish reform model, 89-90 protests and protest letters, 187,196, 238,240-45,250 reunification prospect, 75-76,80,251 socialist national culture, 93-94 Soviet Union and sovereignty, 80 Stalin’s proposal for neutral Germany, 56 transformation of, 256-57,259-60 unification and, 258 uprisings in, 185,239-41 See also Federal Republic of Germany; New Course; Socialist Cultural Revolution German Sociological Association, 120 German-Soviet Friendship Society, 151 Getz, Stan, 110 Gewandhaus orchestra and concert hall (Leipzig) city control, 28 financing of, 27 rally and protests, 1,2f, 245f workers at, 7 See also Leipzig Six Gierek, Edward, 183,185,188-89,193-97, 200-201,207,212-13,221,235 Gombrowicz, Witold, 17 Gomulka, Wladyslaw anti-Soviet sentiment and, 151-52 Catholic Church and, 132 civic engagement, 183 Gomulka Blues, 90 market importance, 131 National Communism and, 87-88,163 party power, 222 Polish posters and, 135 Prague Spring critic, 184-85 reforms of, 99,137
reinstated in PZPR, 86 social critiques, 161-62 theater references, 160 Ulbricht and, 95-97,142,184-85 Warsaw speech, 100 Górka, Wiktor, 134 Graphic Art (journal), 232 Grieder, Peter, 75 Gross, Jan Tomasz, 20 Grotewohl, Otto, 44, 76 Grotowski, Jerzy, 86 Gumbert, Heather, 175 Guminer, Iakov, 43 Habermas, Jiirgen, 4-5,261-62 Hackenberg, Helmut, 243 Hager, Kurt, 191,238 Haley, Bill, 168-69,173 Halka (Moniuszko), 48,50 Harich, Wolfgang, 90-92 Hartig, Rudolf, 20-21,22f, 23,29-39. See also Culture Department (Leipzig) Häussler, Helmut, 150 Havel, Václav, 13,187,232 Helsinki Accords, 187-88,201 Herbert, Zbigniew, 108 Holuj, Tadeusz, 202 Honecker, Erich on Actually Existing Socialism, 185 cultural life and, 179,194-95 on expatriation, 187,205-6 fear of dismissal, 238 new generation of communist leaders, 188,191 popularity of, 196,212, 244 revisionism and, 189 on rock and roll, 180 selling art to the West, 211 transformative future, 213 on Western television, 192 “Hope for Nicaragua,” 219,230, 233 Houghton, Norris, 137-38 House of the Light Muse (Leipzig), 119,125
INDEX Houses of Culture, 12,32-34,46-49, 64,143 Hungary, 73,87, 90-91, 98,238 Husák, Gustav, 188,195 Independent Bureau for Public-Opinion Research, 226 Index (student publication), 208 Industrial Landscape (Schwimmer), 59 Information Bulletin (underground journal), 207 Inkarno (K. Brandys), 153 Institute for Public Opinion Research (GDR), 122 Interfactory Strike Committee (Gdańsk), 220 It Goes Its Way (Loest), 211 Jagiellonian University (UJ), 88,104-5, 110,117,120,162-63,170,182,191, 207-9 Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 225-26,236 Johannes R Becher Literature Institute, 146,163,165,167,205,209,211,230 John Paul II (pope), 16,221 Judaism and antisemitism, 24-25,182, 204,252 Kalka, Dieter, 230-31,238 Kantor, Tadeusz, 62,111-12,126,133 Kayser, Karl, 123-26,128 Kędra, Wladyslaw, 41-42 Khrushchev, Nikita, 84-85,87-90, 95, 108,119,130,238 Kijowski, Andrzej, 223-24 Kipper, Die (Braun), 125 Kipphardt, Heinar, 79 Kirov Machine Works, 67, 80, 91 Kirschner, Harald, 244-47 Kitliński, Zdzisław, 145 Klata, Jan, 260,262 Kołakowski, Leszek, 192 Koloski, Laurie, 62 Konieczny, Marian, 189 Konsument (The Consumer), 129,154, 186,211 Kopstein, Jeffrey, 136,177,180 Kotlarczyk, Mieczysław, 61-62 Kott, Jan, 86 Kraków access to the arts, 31-32 amateur music societies, 49-50 331 arts oversight, 34 City Council, 44 denazification, 25 leftist politics, 25-26 mass events in, 194 post World War II, 23-24,39 transition to peacetime, 25 See also Main Market Kraków Center for the Study of the Press, 105 Kraków clubs Club of Creative Youth, 108 Palace under the Rams, 107-8 Under the Lizards, 110 Krakow Echo, 168
Kraków House of Culture, 32, 34, 46-47, 50,107-8 Krakowiacy Song and Dance Ensemble, 62 Kraków Newspaper, 65,186,198,201 Krasowski, Jerzy, 159,223 Krenz, Egon, 243 Krylova, Anna, 104 Krzysztofory Gallery, 110-11,126 Kuckhoff, Armin, 148-49 Kundera, Milan, 6 Kunert, Christian, 210 Kurdesz (Drinking Song) (Bryll), 198-201 Kurella, Alfred, 117,146 Lange, Bernd-Lutz, 240,242-44 Lebow, Katherine, 257 Lehmann-Grube, Hinrich, 258 Leipzig access to the arts, 31-32, 34 amateur music societies, 49-50 denazification, 25 interwar period, 27 leftist politics, 25-26 post World War II, 24,39 transition to peacetime, 25 Leipzig City Theaters (STL), 52-54,93, 123-26,153 Basement Theater, 126 comedies added to repertoire, 78-79 Millionenschmidt, 124-25 Polish influence, 126 questionnaires to theatergoers, 125 repertoire and party goals, 124 Soviet plays performed, 80 Western culture at, 138 Leipzig Lathe Works newspaper, 53f Leipzig People’s Paper, 46,77,175,177,186
332 INDEX Leipzig Six, 3-4,242,247 Lem, Stanisław, 256 Lenin, Vladimir, 63, 189,190f, 192 Lenin Steel Mili, 50,189 Song and Dance Ensemble, 64, 66-68,169 House of Culture, 181f, 144f Letter (Zagajewski), 208 Letter of34,162-63 Letter of59,187-88,203,207-8 Liberation (Wyspiański), 200 Liebknecht, Karl, 23,25 Literary Life, 59-60, 63,108,112,160,223 Literary Press, 108 Loest, Erich, 56,60, 78,89,91-92,146, 178,206,209-11 Lovell, Jerzy, 171 Lutowski, Jerzy, 51 Lybke, Judy, 232-33,254 Machejek, Władysław, 59 Magnificent Seven, The (film), 147-50 Main Market (Kraków), 107-10,182 Main Office for the Control of Press, 146 Malige, Fred, 58-59 Malinowski, Bronisław, 104 Mandecki, Tadeusz, 131 Masur, Kurt, 1-3, 9-10,204,239-40, 242, 244 Mattheuer, Wolfgang, 209-12, 214, 298Ո135 Meetings in the Gewandhaus, 2,239 Meyer, Kurt, 239-40,242-43 Michnik, Adam, 208 Mickiewicz, Adam, 180,182,200 Miller, Toby, 8 Miłosz, Czesław, 6,58,69-70,82,87, 192,212,223 Ministry of Culture and Art (Poland) artists’ demands of, 202 arts oversight, 34-35 on censorship, 223 commissioned art, 60 drama contest, 198 financial support, 67 open discussion and, 84 on positive values, 260 Red-and-Blacks and, 169 stipend to Polish Writers’ Union, 59 subsidies to Rhapsodic Theater, 61 Ministry of Culture (GDR), 79,136-37, 145,150,167,177,204,215 Mittag, Günter, 141 Monday demonstrations (Leipzig), 2f, 244 Moniuszko, Stanisław, 48 Morawski, Jerzy, 106-7 Moscow Declaration (1957), 97-98,100 "Mother of Freedom, The” (Zwerenz), 88-89, 91 Mrożek, Sławomir, 108-9,112,161-62, 183-84 music and musicians (GDR) censorship and,
216 folk music protests, 215-16 jazz, 78,90-91 Leipzig protest march, 178-79 Leipzig Song Scene, 231 Leipzig Street Musicians, 237-40 Lipsi, 174 National Song Days, 231,234 professional dissidents, 230 rock and roll or "big beat,” 174-78,193 state control by licensing, 217-18 Western popular music, 153-54,155f, 173-74 Youth Communiqué, 175-76,178-79 music and musicians (Poland) at Under the Lizards, 91 rock and roll or “big beat,” 168-72, 172f, 173 rock musical, 157-59 students and youth, 170-71 unregistered festivals, 237-38 Mutterlose, Heinz, 116 Names ofPower, The (Broszkiewicz), 159-62,183,202,223 National Communism accountability to the nation, 18 admission of failure, 97-98 arts’ centrality in, 100,128,161 censorship and, 147 consumerism and, 137,155 contact with the West, 179 controlled revolt, 158-59 cultural matrix and, 101 end of, 185,213 Forefathers’ Eve demonstration, 182 in GDR, 95,99-100,178 Gierek and, 189 Gomułka and, 87,98-99,162 Letter of 34 and, 163 Names ofPower, The and, 202 New Course, 90 normalization policy, 195 openness to the West and, 173
INDEX opinion polling and, 103-4 personal choice and, 130,184 Polish October and, 162 popular culture and, 182-83 revision after Stalinism, 74 SED and, 91 socialist democracy and, 183-84 Soviet Union and sovereignty, 151 vision for the public, 14-15 young people and, 176 National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), 27 Nawratowicz, Barbara, 108 Nazis and Nazism, 19-20,23-27, 29-30,38 Neumann, Gert, 211 Neutsch, Erik, 75,165,184 New Course (GDR), 76-79,82,88, 90-92,95,206 New Culture, 83-84,89 New Economic System of Planning and Management (NES), 136,141, 176-77,179-80,286n32 New German Literature, 78,165-66 New Germany (newspaper), 120-21,142, 166-67,173-74,177,294nl5 New York Times, 111,137 November Night (Wyspiański), 200-201 Nowa Huta clubrooms, 46-47,65 Dawn Shopping Center, 253f field trips and articles about, 59-60 model community, 45 performances at, 66 redevelopment plans, 257 Rhapsodic Theater at, 62 Seventh Festival of Soviet Films, 68f socialist utopia, 81 sociology study in, 104 Song and Dance Ensemble, 50 See also Lenin Steel Mill; People’s Theater (Kraków) Ochab, Edward, 85-87 Oelssner, Fred, 141 Olczak-Ronikier, Joanna, 100 Old Theater (Kraków) building condition, 201-2 “Hamlet after the Twentieth Congress,” 86 Kurdesz popularity, 198-99 national classics in, 199 power of the public, 12 333 success of, 200-201 Tango at, 161 transformation of, 261-62 Western culture at, 137 "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences” (Khrushchev), 84 Out Loud (spoken journal), 227 Pannach, Gerulf, 210 parallel polis Charter 77 protest and, 187 definition of, 207
goals of, 211-12 response to reform, 246 underground and, 216,235-36 See also students and youth parallel polis (Poland) artists and, 217 Catholic Church and, 213 legalization of, 221 SKS and KOR, 209,226,229 Solidarity and, 222,225,237 underground and, 247 Passendorfer, Jerzy, 157,173 People’s Theater (Kraków), 159,161, 163,223 People’s Tribune; The, 153,170,289nll3 Peppermill cabaret, 89,91 Piskorz, Leszek, 12 “Poem for Adults” (Ważyk), 83,89, 98 Poland consumer price increases, 183 co-opting opposition, 222,229 elections, 237 expulsions and emigration, 212 martial law, 11,224-27,229,234-35,247 postcommunism in, 258-59 protests in, 187-88,196,203 repression in, 216-17,221,225 Six-Year Plans, 59-60 Sovietization, 75 uprisings in, 85-86,100,182-83, 185,221 See also Nowa Huta; Socialist Cultural Revolution Polish October chronicle of, 159,161 consumerism and, 183 cultural energy of, 100 effects of, 131 funding for the arts, 132 Kraków House of Culture and, 107 literary scene and, 108
334 INDEX Polish October (continued) Market Square and, 112-13 new regime, 88 posters and, 135 Stalinism rejection, 104-5 view in Leipzig, 89 Westward turn, 138 Writers’ Union and, 92,227 See also Names ofPower, The Polish Socialist Party (PPS), 19,21,25 Polish-Soviet Friendship Society, 151 Polish Students’Association, 110,170 Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR) artists and, 203,223,226-27 censorship and, 184 Church and, 88,229 crackdown by, 247 cultural policies and, 82 dissidents and, 187 economics and, 196 founding, 34,56 Leipzig visit, 186 Letter of 34 and, 163 limited reach, 96,99 National Communism and, 159 official propaganda and, 81-82 “Poem for Adults” response, 84 rock and roll and, 170 Sixth Congress, 197 Solidarity and, 221,225,236 stability and, 230 Third Congress, 142 Unification congress, 61 Western entertainment and, 235 Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR), Central Committee art and culture in, 197-98 artists and, 191-92 consumerism and, 141 criticism of USSR, 85 decree on “Overcoming the Cult of Personality,” 86 Gomulka in, 87 living standards promises, 59,82 political loyalty and, 234 students and, 167 theater and, 153,182 Writers’ Union and, 222 Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR), Kraków Provincial Committee (KW), 67,131,133,147,162,182-83,191-92, 194,198-99,202-3,224,234,259 Politics (journal), 170,200 Pomian, Krzysztof, 192 Pommert, Jochen, 242-43 Poplavskii, Stanislav, 86,88 Poznań protests, 51,85-88,160,229 Prague Spring, 13,127,184-85,193,213 Pravda, 15,189,195,294nl5 Presley, Elvis, 168,174,193 Preuß, Gunter, 205-6 Protestantism (GDR), 217
Przyboś, Julian, 58, 63 public opinion polling (GDR), 121-23, 125,193,218 public opinion polling (Poland), 106-7, 193-94. See also Center for the Study of Public Opinion public sphere artists and, 217 bourgeois, 38 communism and, 6,10,18,263 consumerism, 156 cultural, 11,16-17,39,261-62 cultural spaces and, 236,244,247-48, 250-51 GDR and Polish comparison, 17,259 Habermas’ definition, 5 Letter of 34 and, 163 local traditions and, 71 modifiers and, 6 normalization, 206 protests and, 213 rock and roll in, 159,185 West Germany and, 210-12 See also parallel polis Pyjas, Stanislaw, 207 Radio in the American Sector (RIAS), 72, 78,174 Radio Luxembourg, 174 Rational Cattle Breeding, 65 Raupach, Rudi, 215-16 Reimann, Andreas, 230 Reimann, Brigitte, 164-65, 167, 290n29 Rendezvous with the Light Muse, A, 119 Renft, Klaus, 174-77,194 Rhapsodic Theater (Kraków), 61-62 Richter, Hans Michael, 153 Rink, Arno, 254 Rudorf, Reginald, 90-92 Rumpf, Willi, 180 Sacrosong music festival, 228 samizdat publications, 208,210-12,217,233
INDEX Schmidt, Hubertus, 230-31,233 Schumann, Henry, 232 Schwimmer, Max, 58-59,270n47 “secret speech.” See Khrushchev, Nikita "SED’s New Tasks, The” (Ulbricht), 56 Serwin-Oracki, Mieczysław, 40-42,47 Siciński, Andrzej, 113 Siekierska, Jadwiga, 84 Siemieński, Maksymilian, 104-5 Signal (student publication), 208 Silberman, Marc, 6 sister cities, 186, 224, 244, 259-60 Skalds (Skaldowie), 171-73,176,184 Skilling, H. Gordon, 10 Skuszanka, Krystyna, 223 Słowacki Theater (Kraków), 7,31-32, 50-52,64,200,223 Socialist Cultural Revolution, 98 Socialist Cultural Revolution (GDR), 93-96, 99,123,135,142. See also worker productivity Socialist Cultural Revolution (Poland), 95,97 socialist democracy, 97,183-84 Socialist Realism, 57-59, 73-74,108, 152,275n76 Socialist Realism (GDR) artists and, 61, 70,114-15 Graphic Artists’ Union and, 60 ideological commitment, 56 USSR and, 55 Socialist Realism (Poland) artistsand, 63,114 rules of, 100 Stalinist art, 35 students and, 163 terroreticians, 62 theater and, 64 writers and, 83 Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), 2,56 "Clear-Cutting Plenum,” 179-80 consolidation of control, 75 expansion of, 94 Fifth Party Congress, 120-21 ideological crackdown on members, 92 Johannes R Becher Literature Institute and, 163-64 June 17th uprising response, 77-78 literature of arrival and, 165 new Ten Commandments, 94,142 popularity of, 196 reunification prospect, 92-93, 99 335 Second Party Conference, 75 West Germany and, 90 See also New Course Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), Central Committee, 58, 92,122-23, 179,189,193, 294nl5 Socialist Unity Party of
Germany (SED), Leipzig District Committee, 3, 242-3,259 sociology study (GDR), 120 sociology study (Poland), 104-5,112-13 Sokorski, Włodzimierz, 81-83,140 Solidarity trade union, 217,221-29, 235-37,246,256 "Solution, The” (Brecht), 99 “Song of Germany,” 72 Soviet Thaw, 79 Spiegel, Der, 123,168,192 Stalin, Joseph communism fits Poland quip, 17 death of, 73, 79 Katyń massacre, 85 neutral Germany proposal, 56 statue torn down, 276n4 writers as engineers of human souls, 43-44,55 Stalinism administrators and society, 14 artists and, 114,132 Bitterfeld Conference and, 118 cultural forms and, 73 cultural matrix and, 100-101 factory workers and arts in, 41,64 forum on, 244 legacy of, 109 Market Square and, 112 music and, 49 normalization policy, 195 Polish October and, 104 posters and, 133 postwar reconstruction and, 34,36-37, 271Ո85 Socialist Cultural Revolution and, 98 theater and, 54, 111 transition to National Communism, 15 writers and, 113 Starke, Johanna, 113-16,126 Stasi Biermann affair and, 187, 209 communists and, 259 Eigen+Art and, 232 Gert Neumann and, 211
336 INDEX Stasi (continued) growth of, 196 Hungarian affairs and, 90 professional dissidents and, 230-31 protest flyers and, 178,244 Soviet invasion of Hungary and, 90 underground press and, 233 State Commission for Cultural Affairs (GDR), 44, 79 State Dramatic Theaters (PTD), 52-53, 62, 65 Stern, Heinz, 177 Strittmatter, Erwin, 117 Structural Transformation ofthe Public Sphere, The (Habermas), 4 Strzyżewski, Tomasz, 147 Student Revolutionary Committee, 86-87 students and youth (GDR), 204-5,218. See also Bitterfeld Way; Johannes R. Becher Literature Institute students and youth (Poland), 110,182, 198-99,203,207-8. See also Jagiellonian University; music and musicians; Polish Students’ Association; Student Revolutionary Committee; Student Solidarity Committee Student Solidarity Committee (SKS), 207-12, 214,221,226-27,229 Sunday (journal), 88-89 Surdykowski, Jerzy, 203,237 Świerży, Waldemar, 134 Swinarski, Konrad, 199-201 Szajna, Józef, 159 Szczepański, Jan Józef, 182,226, 229,234 Szymborska, Wisława, 98,108,254-56 Tango (Mrożek), 161-62 Tęcza, Władysław, 51 Tejchma, Józef, 66 television, 139-40,192-93,235 Thaw, The (Ehrenburg), 79, 88 theater,51-52, 111, 146 theater (GDR), 52-53,153. See ako Leipzig City Theaters theater (Poland), 253 censorship and, 199,223 choice of plays, 54-55,198-200 contemporary plays in, 159-60 Cricot2,111-12 literatura rozrachunkowa (settling of accounts), 160-62 nationalization of theaters, 52 Theater 38,110 See also Forefathers’Eve Theater House (Leipzig), 243,252-53 Tischner, Józef, 256 Tito, Josip, 97 Tomorrow (magazine), 87 Trace ofStones
(Neutsch), 165,184 transnational public sphere, 4,15,260 Treia, Jerzy, 225 Tübke, Werner, 209-10,244 “Twelve, The" (Blok), 152 Ulbricht, Walter artists and, 57,117 Berlin Wall, 97 Bitterfeld Conference and, 119,174 collectivization and, 94 Fifth Party Congress, 121,142 Five-Year Plan, 43 Goatee, gut, and glasses slogan, 76 Gomulka and, 96 on Leipzig protest march, 179 New Course and, 91 political power of, 86 Prague Spring critic, 184-85 socialist national culture, 114,164 Socialist Realism and, 56, 61 sociology study, 120 unification debate, 92-93,95 West Germany and, 130 underground press (GDR), 233 underground press (Leipzig), 230, 232 underground press (Poland), 208,221, 223,226-27,235-36 Union of Graphic Artists, GDR (VBK), 60,114-16 Union of Polish Composers, 57 Union of Polish Graphic Artists (ZPAP), 57,60,79,132-34,189-90,203, 222,226 Union ofPolish Patriots, 21, 24 Union ofPolish Stage Artists, 29-30, 270n54 Union ofPolish Visual Artists, 29 Union ofPolish Writers, 29, 57, 59-61, 81,83,96,108,202,259 resolution and antireligious campaign, 59 Union of Socialist Youth, 170 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 43-44, 55, 70, 142 Universal Weekly, 228,256 “Unknown Man with Mustache,” 228
INDEX Urgently Seeking Shakespeare (Kipphardt), 79 Valley of the Clueless, 140,192 Vaudeville Romance:, A, 52 Visual Arts Workshop (Kraków), 227,229 Vogler, Henryk, 60,63,112 Völkel, Heinz, 113-15,126 Wagner, Siegfried, 91-92 Wajda, Andrzej, 200-201,254-55 Wałach, Stanisław, НО Walicki, Franciszek, 169 Wallis, Aleksander, 113,132-33 Warner, Michael, 12 Warsaw Pact, 80,87,129,184-85 Water Hen, The (Witkiewicz), 126 Ważyk, Adam, 83-84,89,98,100 We Are Building Socialism, 168 Weigel, Helene, 146 Weskott, Martin, 251 Western culture attack on, 179-80 attraction of, 114,120 consumerism, 140,144 elimination of, 93,112 fashions of, 174-75 in GDR, 138-39,192 insult of, 91 isolation from, 35 LPs of Western bands, 153-54 materialism of, 130 in Poland, 137-39 West Germany. See Federal Republic of Germany Wieczysty, Marian, 62 Witkiewicz, Stanislaw, 111, 126 Wojtyła, Karol, 61,221,223,228 Wolf, Christa, 9-10,165,184,250 worker productivity, 42-44,70,75,94, 136,143 337 Workers’ and Peasants’ State, 76,94 Workers’ Defense Committee (KOR), 187,203,207-8,210,220-22, 226-27,229 Workers’ Lute (Kraków), 49 Workers’ Opera, 48-51 Wötzel, Roland, 239-40,242-43 writers (GDR) anti-formalism campaign, 55-56 Bitterfeld Way and, 117-18 Circles of Writing Workers, 118 dangerous tendencies, 166-67 dissidents and, 231-32 literature of arrival, 164,166,290n29 Reading Lamp speaker series, 231-33,238 supervision of, 55-56 writers (Poland) after martial law, 227 after Stalinism, 113 expanded freedom, 108-9 party officials and, 112-13 supervision of, 55-56 Wyspiański, Stanislaw, 200, 261 Wyszyński, Stefan,
81,87,100 Young World, 174, 176 Yúdice, George, 8 Zagajewski, Adam, 208,234,236, 249-50 Zamoyski Museum, 63 Zhdanov, Andrei, 55, 63 Zieliński, Andrzej, 171,173 Zimmermann, Peter, 242 Znaniecki, Florian, 104 Żółkiewski, Stefan, 141 Zoń, Jerzy, 260 Zwerenz, Gerhard, 88-89,91-92 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| author | Kunakhovich, Kyrill 1948- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1205684956 |
| author_facet | Kunakhovich, Kyrill 1948- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kunakhovich, Kyrill 1948- |
| author_variant | k k kk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048651501 |
| classification_rvk | MG 92070 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1356698284 (DE-599)BVBBV048651501 |
| discipline | Politologie |
| era | Geschichte 1944-1990 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1944-1990 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Krakau (DE-588)4073760-3 gnd Leipzig (DE-588)4035206-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Krakau Leipzig |
| id | DE-604.BV048651501 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:19:49Z |
| indexdate | 2024-10-28T13:00:45Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781501767043 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034026283 |
| oclc_num | 1356698284 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-521 DE-29 DE-255 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-521 DE-29 DE-255 DE-188 |
| physical | xiii, 337 Seiten Illustrationen, Pläne 23,5 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230315 DHB_BSB_FID |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Cornell University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kunakhovich, Kyrill 1948- Verfasser (DE-588)1205684956 aut Communism's public sphere culture as politics in Cold War Poland and East Germany Kyrill Kunakhovich Ithaca ; London Cornell University Press [2022] ©2022 xiii, 337 Seiten Illustrationen, Pläne 23,5 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1944-1990 gnd rswk-swf Kommunismus (DE-588)4031892-8 gnd rswk-swf Kunstfreiheit (DE-588)4033433-8 gnd rswk-swf Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd rswk-swf Politische Kultur (DE-588)4046540-8 gnd rswk-swf Dissens (DE-588)4150216-4 gnd rswk-swf Kulturleben (DE-588)4126540-3 gnd rswk-swf Meinungsfreiheit (DE-588)4038463-9 gnd rswk-swf Krakau (DE-588)4073760-3 gnd rswk-swf Leipzig (DE-588)4035206-7 gnd rswk-swf Communism and culture / Poland / Kraków / History / 20th century Communism and culture / Germany / Leipzig / History / 20th century Politics and culture / Poland / Kraków / History / 20th century Politics and culture / Germany / Leipzig / History / 20th century Poland / Cultural policy Germany (East) / Cultural policy Communism and culture Cultural policy Germany (East) Germany / Leipzig Poland Poland / Kraków 1900-1999 History Krakau (DE-588)4073760-3 g Leipzig (DE-588)4035206-7 g Kommunismus (DE-588)4031892-8 s Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 s Kulturleben (DE-588)4126540-3 s Politische Kultur (DE-588)4046540-8 s Kunstfreiheit (DE-588)4033433-8 s Meinungsfreiheit (DE-588)4038463-9 s Dissens (DE-588)4150216-4 s Geschichte 1944-1990 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-5017-6706-7 (DE-604)BV048854023 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-5017-6705-0 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034026283&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034026283&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034026283&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Kunakhovich, Kyrill 1948- Communism's public sphere culture as politics in Cold War Poland and East Germany Kommunismus (DE-588)4031892-8 gnd Kunstfreiheit (DE-588)4033433-8 gnd Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd Politische Kultur (DE-588)4046540-8 gnd Dissens (DE-588)4150216-4 gnd Kulturleben (DE-588)4126540-3 gnd Meinungsfreiheit (DE-588)4038463-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4031892-8 (DE-588)4033433-8 (DE-588)4125698-0 (DE-588)4046540-8 (DE-588)4150216-4 (DE-588)4126540-3 (DE-588)4038463-9 (DE-588)4073760-3 (DE-588)4035206-7 |
| title | Communism's public sphere culture as politics in Cold War Poland and East Germany |
| title_auth | Communism's public sphere culture as politics in Cold War Poland and East Germany |
| title_exact_search | Communism's public sphere culture as politics in Cold War Poland and East Germany |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Communism's public sphere culture as politics in Cold War Poland and East Germany |
| title_full | Communism's public sphere culture as politics in Cold War Poland and East Germany Kyrill Kunakhovich |
| title_fullStr | Communism's public sphere culture as politics in Cold War Poland and East Germany Kyrill Kunakhovich |
| title_full_unstemmed | Communism's public sphere culture as politics in Cold War Poland and East Germany Kyrill Kunakhovich |
| title_short | Communism's public sphere |
| title_sort | communism s public sphere culture as politics in cold war poland and east germany |
| title_sub | culture as politics in Cold War Poland and East Germany |
| topic | Kommunismus (DE-588)4031892-8 gnd Kunstfreiheit (DE-588)4033433-8 gnd Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd Politische Kultur (DE-588)4046540-8 gnd Dissens (DE-588)4150216-4 gnd Kulturleben (DE-588)4126540-3 gnd Meinungsfreiheit (DE-588)4038463-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kommunismus Kunstfreiheit Kultur Politische Kultur Dissens Kulturleben Meinungsfreiheit Krakau Leipzig |
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| work_keys_str_mv | AT kunakhovichkyrill communismspublicspherecultureaspoliticsincoldwarpolandandeastgermany |