Defender of the faithful: the life and thought of Rabbi Levi Yitshak of Berdychiv
"Defender of the Faithful is an intellectual and religious biography of Levi Yitshak of Berdychiv (1740-1809), one of the most fascinating and colorful Hasidic leaders of his time. Featuring examples of Levi Yitshak's extraordinary texts alongside insightful analysis, Arthur Green examines...
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Waltham, Massachusetts
Brandeis University Press
[2022]
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| Schriftenreihe: | The Tauber Institute series for the study of European Jewry
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| Zusammenfassung: | "Defender of the Faithful is an intellectual and religious biography of Levi Yitshak of Berdychiv (1740-1809), one of the most fascinating and colorful Hasidic leaders of his time. Featuring examples of Levi Yitshak's extraordinary texts alongside insightful analysis, Arthur Green examines both Levi Yitshak's theology and broader philosophy"-- |
| Beschreibung: | xii, 280 Seiten Karten 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781684581016 |
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xi Preface and Acknowledgments Introduction PART I i Levi Yitshak as Hasidic Leader 1 The Life and Times of an Eighteenth-Century Rabbi 2 Levi Yitshak in the Maggid’s Circle: 13 The Challenge of Leadership and the Hasidic Response 3 First Steps: The Evidence of Shemuah Tovah 4 The Hasidic Tsaddik and the Quest for Models 5 The Mezritch Circle: A Later Look PART II 52 67 85 Mystic Disciple and Teacher 6 Translating the Transcendent 7 The Mystic and the Religious Revival 8 The Question of Miracles 9 An Emerging Religious Personality 138 97 114 127 10 Pleasures Sublime and Worldly in the Religious Life 11 Defending the Commandments 12 Interpreting Torah 13 Looking into the Future? Abbreviations Notes 213 Bibliography Index 211 273 261 191 201 177 154 43
BIBLIOGRAPHY PRIMARY SOURCES Section i: Classical Rabbinic Sources Mishnah Jerusalem Talmud Babylonian Talmud RaSHI and Tosafot to the Talmud Tosefta Mekhilta Sifrey Bereshit Rabbah Shemot Rabbah Va-Yiqra Rabbah Be-Midbar Rabbah Devarim Rabbah Midrash Tehillim Tanhuma Section 2: Medieval and Early Modern Sources (pre- and non-Hasidic) Note: Parentheses indicate first publication; edition consulted listed as necessary. Arzey Levanon. (Venice, 1601). Bahyaben Asher. Biur ‘al ha-Torah. (Naples, 1492). . Edited by C. Chavel. Jerusalem: Mossad ha֊Rav Kook, 1971. Bar Sheshet, Yaakov. Sefer ha-Emunah veha-Bitahon. (Venice, 1601). Caro, Yosef. Shulhan Arukh. (Venice, 1565). Cordovero, Moshe. Pardes Rimmonim. (Salonika, 1584). De Vidas, Eliyahu. Reshit Hokhmah. (Venice, 1579). Gikatilla, Yosef. Sha arey Orah. (Mantua, Riva di Trento, 1561). Horowitz, Yeshayahu. Shney Luhot ha-Berit. (Amsterdam, 1648).
262 Bibliography Ibn Gabbai, Meir. Avodat ha-Kodesh. (Venice, 1545?)· . Sod ha-Shabbat: lhe Mystery of the Sabbath. Translated by Elliot Ginsburg. Al bany: State University of New York Press, 1989. . Secrets of Creation. Selection from ‘Avodat ha-Kodesh. Translated and annotated by A. Green, with commentary by H. Smith and illuminations by D. Band (Forth coming). Ibn Paquda, Bahya. Hovot ha-Levavot. (Naples, 1490). Isserles, Moshe. Mappah la-Shulhan ‘Arukh. (Cracow, 1569-71). Luria, Yişhaq (attributed). Sefer ha-Kavvanot. (Venice, 1620). Maarekhet ha-Elohut. (Ferrara, 1557). Maimon, Moshe ben (Maimonides). Mishneh Torah. (Rome, 1469). Nahman, Moshe ben (Nahmanides). Perush al ha-Torah. (Rome, 1469). Peri ‘Etş Hadar. (Venice, 1718). Sefer ha-Razim. Edited by Mordecai Margaliot. Jerusalem: Yediot Aharonot, 1966. . Sepher ha-Razim: The Book of the Mysteries. Translated by Μ. Morgan. Chico CA: Scholars’ Press, 1983. Shelomo ben Yişhaq (RaSHI). Perush al ha-Torah. (Rome, 1469). Spira, Nathan Neta. Megalleh Amukot. (Cracow, 1637). Tikkuney Zohar. (Mantua, 1558). Vital, Hayyim and Shmuel (attributed). Peri ‘Ets Hayyim. (Korzec, 1782). . Shaar ha-Pesukim. (Jerusalem, 1863). . Sha arey Kedushah. (Amsterdam, 1715). Yehudah Loew ben Bezalel (MaHaRaL). Or Hadash. (Prague, 1600). ed. Bnei Brak, 1972 Zohar (Mantua, 1558-60; Cremona, 1560). . Translated by Daniel Matt et al., vols. 1-12. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004-2017. Section 3: Hasidic Sources Alpha Beta. Tzvi Hirsh of Nadworna. (Nowy Dwór, 1799). Amtahat Binyamin. Binyamin of Zalozhtse. Commentary on Kohelet.
Minkovtsy, 1796. ‘Avodat Yisra‘el. Yisra’el Hapstein of Kozienice. (Josefow, 1842). Jerusalem: Siftey Şadiqqim, 1993. Buşina Di-Nehora. Barukh of Miedzhybosh. (Lviv, 1880). . he-Hadash. Brooklyn: Makhon Be’er Yişhaq, 1998. . ha-Shalem. Lviv: R. Margulies, n.d.[i93O?]. Degel Mahaneh Efrayim. Moshe Hayyim Efrayim of Sudilkow. (Korzec, 1810). Jerusa lem: Makhon Siftey Tsaddikim, 2012. Geulat Yisrael. Yehoshua Avraham ben Yisra’el. (Ostrog, 1821). Hesed le-Avraham. Avraham ha-Mal’akh. (Chernovtsy, 1851).
Bibliography 263 Iggeret ha-Kodesh. Shneur Zalman of Liadi. (Slawuta, 1797). Brooklyn: Kehot, 1973. Imrey Tsaddikim. Warsaw, 1896. Kedushat Levi. Levi Yitshaq of Berdichev. (Slawuta, 1798; Berdychiv, 1811). Edited by Michael Aryeh Rand. Jerusalem: Makhon Hadrat Hen, 2010. Keter Torah. Meir ben Levi Yitshak. (Mezirov, 1803; Zhitomir, 1806). Kitvey Kodesh. Dov Baer of Mezritch. Lviv, 1862. Likkutey MoHaRaN. Nahman of Bratslav. (Ostrog, 1808; Mogilev, 1811). Likkutim Yekarim. Edited by Meshullam Feibush Heller of Zbarash. (Lviv, 1794) Jerusa lem: Menahem Roth, 1974. Maggid Devarav le-Yaaqov. Dov Baer of Mezritch. (Korzec, 1781). Edited by Rivka Schatz-Uffenheimer. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1978. Me’or ’Eynayim. Menahem Nahum of Chernobyl. (Slawuta, 1798). . Edited by Yitshaq Shim'on Oesterreicher. Jerusalem, 2012. . Jerusalem: Peer Mikdoshim, 2015. NoUrn Elimelekh. Elimelekh of Leżajsk. (Lviv, 1788). Edited by Gedalyahu Nig’al. Jeru salem: Mossad Harav Kook, 1978. Or Һа-Emet. Dov Baer of Mezritch. (Zhitomir, 1901). Brooklyn: Y. Μ. Wieseltier, i960. Or Torah. Dov Baer of Mezritch. (Korzec, 1804) Jerusalem, 1968. Peri ha-Arets. Menahem Mendel of Vitebsk. (Kapust, 1814). Pitgamin Kaddishin. Yehoshua Avraham ben Yisra’el. (Partial reprint of Ge’ulat Yisra’el). Warsaw, 1887. Shema" Shelomo. Shelomo of Karlin, (n.p., 1928). Shemen Һа-Tov. Tzvi Yehezkel Mikhelson. (Piotrkov, 1905). Shemu‘ah Tovah. Dov Baer of Mezritch and Levi Yişhaq of Berdichev. (Warsaw, 1938) Brooklyn, 1983. Shivhey ha-Besht. (Kapust, 1815). . Edited by Avraham Rubenstein. Jerusalem: Reuven Mass, 1991. . In
Praise of the Baal Shem Tov. Translated and edited by Dan Ben-Amos and Jerome R. Mintz. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, 1993. Shivhey Tsaddikim. Anonymous. (Warsaw, 1883). Sidduro shel Shabbat. Hayyim Tirer of Chernovtsy. (Mohilev, 1813). Siftey Tsaddikim. Pinhas of Dinovitz. (Lviv, 1865). Tanya (Likkutey Amarim). Shne’ur Zalman of Liadi. (Slawuta, 1797), Brooklyn: Kehot, 1973Tiferei ‘Uziel. Uziel Meisels. (Warsaw, 1863). Toledot Ya‘akov Yosef. Yacakov Yosef of Polonnoye. (Korzec, 1780) Jerusalem: Eichen, 2011. Torey Zahav. Binyamin of Zalozhtse. (Mohilev, 1816). Jerusalem: Makhon Şimhat Olam, 2013.
264 Bibliography Tsavaat Ha-RiVaSH. (n.p. [Russia/Poland], 1793). Brooklyn: Kehot, 1975. Tseror ha-Hayyim. edited by N. N. ha-Kohen, n. p., 1913 (reprinted Jerusalem, n.d.). Yosher Divrey Emet. Meshullam Feibush of Zbarasz. (Mukachevo, 1905). [Sefer ha-] Zekhirot. Levi Yitshak of Berdychiv. (Mezirov, 1794). Zikhron Tov. Anonymous. (Piotrkow, 1892). SECONDARY SOURCES Aliasi, Yişhaq. Encyclopedia of Hasidism. Jerusalem: Mossad Harav Kook, 1986 (Hebrew). Altshuler, Mor. Rabbi Meshulam Feibush Heller and His Place in Early Hasidism. Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1995 (Hebrew). Anonymous. Niflo'os Beys Halevi, (n.p., n.d) (Yiddish). Anonymous. Niflo’os Kedushas Levi. Bilgoray (n.d.) (Yiddish). Anonymous. Sippurim Nifla’im be-Yiddish. Brooklyn, 1987, v. 2. Anonymous. Toldat Ha-Mehabber in Mukachevo 1939 edition of Kedushat Levi. Assaf, David. “‘Bat? Dino Le-halka’ah: He-Hasid ke-Adam Metsahek [“A Girl! He Ought to Be Whipped!”: The Hasid as Homo Ludens].” In Let the Old Make Wayfor the New: Studies in the Social and Cultural History of Eastern European Jewry Pre sented to Immanuel Etkes, edited by David Assaf and Ada Rapoport-Albert. Jerusalem: Zalman Shazar Center, 2009 (Hebrew). , and Raya Haran. “‘She-Yatse’ah Shemuah she-Ba Mashiah Ben David’: Or Ha- dash ‘al ‘Aliyat ha-Hasidim bi-Shenat 5537.” Zion 61, no. 3 (1996): 319-46. Ben-Shlomo, Yosef. Torat ha-Elohut shel Rabbi Moshe Cordovero. Jerusalem: Mossad Bialik, 1965. Berger, David. “Miracles and the Natural Order in Nahmanides.” In Rabbi Moses Nahmanides (Ramban): Explorations in His Religious and Literary Virtuosity,
edited by Isadore Twersky, 107-28. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993. Berger, Israel. ‘Eser Tsahtsahot (part of his Sefer Zekhut Yisra’eľ). Piotrkow: H. H. Palman, 1913. Böttrich, Christian. “Melchizedek among Russian Saints: The History of Melchizedek between Jews and Slavs.” In The Bible in Slavonic Tradition (Studia Judeoslavonica #9). Leiden: Brill, 2016. Brown, Benjamin. Like a Ship on a Stormy Sea: The Story of Karlin Hasidism. Jerusa lem: Zalman Shazar Institute, 2019 (Hebrew). Cooper, Levi. “Rabbanut, Halakha, Lamdanut: Hebetim Alumim be-Toldot ha-Rav Levi Yitshak mi-Berdychiv.” In Rabbi Levi Yitshak mi-Berdychiv, edited by Zvi Mark and Ro’i Horen. Rishon Le-Zion, Israel: Yedioth Aharonoth, 2017.
Bibliography 265 Derbarmdiger, Michael, ed. Yalkut Kedushat Levi. Brooklyn: Mekhon Kedushat Levi, 2004. Dresner, Samuel H. Levi Yizhak of Berdichev. New York: Hartmore House, 1974. . The Zaddik: The Doctrine of the Zaddik According to the Writings of Rabbi Yaa kov Yosef of Polnoy. New York: Schocken, 1974. Elior, Rachel. Unity of Opposites: The Mystical Theosophy of HaBaD. Jerusalem: Mossad Bialik, 1992 (Hebrew). Enelow, Hyman. “Kawwana: The Struggle for Inwardness in Judaism (Meditation as a Preparation for Prayer.”) Reprinted in Zen and Hasidism, 98-194. Hoboken, NJ: Ktav, 1978. Etkes, Immanuel. The Besht: Magician, Mystic, and Leader. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2005. . “The Early Hasidic ‘Court.’” In Text and Context: Essays in Modern Jewish History and Historiography in Honor of ismar Schorsch, edited by Eli Lederhendler. New York: Jewish Theological Press, 2005. . On the Motivation for Hasidic Immigration (aliyah) to the Land of Israel.” Jewish History 27, nos. 2-4 (2013): 337-35. . Rabbi Shneur Zalman ofLiady: The Origins of Chabad Hasidism. Waltham MA: Brandeis University Press, 2015. Fishbane, Michael. “To Jump for Joy.” Journal of Jewish Thought dr Philosophy 6, no.2 (1997): 371-87· Garb, Jonathan. Manifestations of Power in Jewish Mysticism. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 2005 (Hebrew). Gellman, Uri. The Emergence of Hasidism in Poland. Jerusalem: Zalman Shazar Insti tute, 2018 (Hebrew). Ginsburg, Elliot. The Sabbath in Classical Kabbalah. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989. Ginzburg, Louis. Legends of the Jews. 7 vols. Philadelphia: Jewish
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2ЬЬ Bibliography Green, Arthur. “Around the Maggid’s Table: Tzaddik, Leadership, and Popularization in the Circle of Dov Baer of Międzyrzecz.” In The Heart of the Matter. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2015. . “Around the Maggid’s Table: Tzaddik, Leadership, and Popularization in the Circle of Dov Baer of Międzyrzecz.” Zion 78, no. 1 (2012): 73-106 (Hebrew). . “Buber, Scholem, and the Me’or ‘Eynayim.” In Swimming against the Current: Reimagining Jewish Tradition in the Twenty-First Century: Essays in Honor of Rabbi Chaim Seidler-Feller, edited by David N. Myers and Shaul Seidler-Feller. Boston: Academic Studies Press, forthcoming. . Devotion and Commandment: The Faith of Abraham in the Hasidic Imagination. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1989. . “God’s Need for Man: A Unitive Approach to the Writings of Abraham Joshua Heschel.” Modern Judaism 35, no. 3 (2015): 247-61. . A Guide to the Zohar. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004. . “The Hasidic Homily: Mystical Performance and Hermeneutical Process.” In As a Perennial Spring: A Festschrift Honoring Rabbi Dr. Norman Lamm, edited by Bentsi Cohen, 237-64. New York: Downhill Publishing LLC, 2013. . “The Hasidic Tsaddik and the Charism of Relationship.” in Essays in Honor of Moshe Idel (forthcoming). Jerusalem, 2022. . “Hasidism and Its Changing History.” Jewish History 27, nos. 2-4, Special Issue: Toward a New History of Hasidism (2013): 319-336. . “Hillel Zeitlin and Neo-Hasidic Readings of the Zohar.” Kabbalah 22 (2010): 59-78· . “Judaism as a Path of Love.” In Be-Ron Yahad: Studies in Honor ofNehemia
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INDEX Aaron, 58 Abimelech, 76 Abraham: angels and, 71; bowing and, 105; characteristics of, 69; commandments and, 184,187,188-89; Melchizedek and, 185; mitsvot and, 187-88,189; overview of, 75-77; pleading with God by, 68, 83; prophecy and, 152; Torah observance by, 187, 200 Aggadah, 177 Aharon of Karlin, R., 22, 85 Aharon of Zhitomir, R., 6,32 ahavah (passionate love of God), 55,56,108 Akiva, R„ 203-4 alef 106,114-15 ‘am ha-arets, 133 angel (sar), 40, 71,124-25 ani (I), 105 apologia, 116 arousal, 159,160,163,166,169 arousal from below, 71,130,131,141,157 Aryeh Leib of Shpola, R. (Elder of Shpola), 33.135 Asher of Stolin, R„ 89,90-91 avodah be-gashmiyyut (serving God through ordinary human deeds), 112, 169,174,180 ‘Avodat Yisra’el, 87 Avraham, R. “the Angel,” 55,86,134,186 Avraham of Kalisk, R., 88,90,91 awe (yirah), 56,108,119-20 ayin (naught/nothingness), 100,104-6,108, 131,182, 202 ba’al shem, 15,143 Ba’al Shem Tov (BeSHT). See Israel Ba’al Shem Tov, R. (BeSHT) Bak, Yisra’el, 38 bal moifes (wonderworker), 136 bara’ (created), 115 Barukh of Miedzybozsh, R., 33,42,90,91,135 battey midrash (houses of study), 14 beginning/wisdom (hokhmah), 106 being (yesh), 100,182,185, 202 Berakhat, 37 Berdychiv, 29-32,34-36,37-38, 89,150,178 Berger, Yisra’el, 7 BeSHT. See Israel Ba’al Shem Tov, R. (BeSHT) Binyamin of Zalozhtsy, R., 175 Birkát David (Wahrman), 33 bitahon (trust in God), 72,140-41 bittul (self-negation), 108 blessing, from tsaddik (righteous one), 90, 122-24,125,127,131,132-33.154-55.161, 175 bodhisattva, 84 body, human, 180-81 bowing, 105-6 brain, 199 Brest-Litovsk (Brisk),
21, 85 Brody, 47 burning bush, 78,175 Catherine II of Russia, 47, 62-63 cedar tree, tsaddik (righteous one) as, 67-68
274 Index censorship, 38-39 Chernobyl, 87 children, 166,167 Christianity, 185-86 clarity, divine, 111 commandments: Abraham and, 184-85,187, 188-89; enjoyment within, 154; physical pleasure within, 173; within the Torah, 180-81. See also mitsvot compassion, 71,127,138,141,142,147,149 competition, 56-57 “Conduct Literature” of Hasidism, 24 Cordovero, R. Moshe, 99,107 Council of the Four Lands, 13-14, 22-23,47 creation, 115-16 Cutting Down the Haughty: Knives of Flint (Zemir aritsim), 60 Da'at Kedoshim (Wahrman), 33 Darkhey Yesharim, 215mi David (King), 104-5, Ч2 David of Makow, R„ 87 Derbarmdiker family, 93 devequt (mystical attachment to God), 56, 102 devotional life, 103,158-59 divine pleasure (ta’anug), 155 divine pleasure/contentment (nahat), 155 divine pleasure/sexual pleasure (sha’ashua), 155 dor ha-arets (generation that will inherit the land), 133,134,135 dor ha-arets (worldly generation), 79 dor ha-midbar (generation of the wilderness), 133 Dov Baer (Maggid): anti-worldly mysticism of, 138; BeSHT and, 44,113; bitahon notion of, 140; characteristics of, 44,110, 143, 236-37Ո6; circle of, 43-51, 69,77, 134,138,186; death of, 3, 55,60; disciples of, 43, 55; divinity viewpoint of, 202; as ecstatic mystic, 98-99; as father, 114; followers of, 18; healing of, 44; influence of, 136; Levi Yitshak and, 43-51,101-2, 113, 216Ո17; overview of, 98; quote of, 167; sermons of, 101; study by, 99-100; style and teachings of, 46,106-107; theology of, 99-100; viewpoint of, 160,161,175-76, 202-3; work of, 44; writings of, 5 Dresner, Samuel, 7 Dubnov, Simon, 3, 6,18-19 dynasty, formation
of, 42 ecstatic mystic, 98-99 Edom, 150 education, 14,16 Egypt, 144-45 Eldad and Medad, 56 Eleazar, R„ 25-27 Eliezer, R., 191, 201 Eliezer Ha-Levi, R., 22 Elijah, 193 Elimelekh of Leżajsk, R., 16,34,45,51, 69, 87,145,176, 206 Elior, Rachel, 3 emunah (faith), 140 encomia, 6 Ephraim of Sudilkow, R„ 192 Esther, 129,130,146-47,205 Etkes, Emanuel, 3 evil inclinations, 27, 65 exiled son, 117-19 expanded consciousness (gadlut), 129 eyn so/(endless source of being), 115 fasting, 34 father, love from, 164,165,166 fear of sin (yir’at het), 119-20 fear or awe of God (yir’at hashem), 119 festivals, 129,130. See also specificfestivals fire, symbolism of, 197-98 forgiveness, 127,138,149 friendship, 120-21 gadlut (expanded consciousness), 129 Galicia, 17, 87 Gelman, Uriel, 3 Gershon of Kitov, R., 99 Ge’ulat Yisra’el, 213-14Ո9 gevurah shebi-gevurah (pure rigor), 153
Index gezerah (decree), 196 God: active role of, 129; as alef cracked open, 115; attachment to, 113; blessings from, 156; as Cause of Causes, 115; characteristics of, 115,147; compassion of, 147,149; creation by, 115-16; empowerment to, 157,158; erotic love and, 249Ո25; as Father, 164,167-68; forgiveness of, 149; glory of, 104; goodness of, 144; hasid and, 164-165; holiness of, 53-54; human empowerment of, 155; intimate encounter with, 186; Israel and, 120-21,130,143-45,147,156; kisses from, 125; merit counting by, 142; miracles from, 128; Nothing and, 100; as parent, 164,167-68, 250-51Ո39; within physical things, 169; pleasure to, 161,162, 163,166-67,168; presence of, 125,128; as primal Kabbalist, 100; punishment from, 152; service to, 54,160,173,196; as source of pleasure, 168; spark of, 172; supernaturalism and, 207-8; trust in, 72,140-41; tsaddikim authority from, 201; tsimtsum (self-reduction or concentration of divinity) and, 204-5; victory from, 130; will of, 127,182,195, 203; worship of, 183 Golden Calf, 81, 83 Combiner, Avraham Abele, 222Ո91 good deeds, as worship, 183 Guterman, Moshe Zvi, 33 Guttman, Matityahu, 7 HaBaD, 1, 86, 89,93,107 halakhah, 6,177,178 Hanina ben Dosa, 50 Hannah, 83 Hanukkah, 127,128,130 Hapstein, R. Israel, 87 hasid, 41-42,48,61-62,114,164-65 hasidim, 29,37,40,46, 61,86,88,90,179 Hasidism: bans regarding, 61; central texts of, 7-8; challenges of, 72; changes regarding, 1; controversy regarding, 122; defined, 67; denunciations of, 60; 275 devotional mysticism within, 101,154, 158; as doctrine, 89; duality within, no; emergence of, 97;
essential teachings of, 70,97-98,103,104,116; folk, 22; as form of classical Jewish pietism, 177; within Galicia, 87; growth of, 134-35,136; justification for, 132; of Karlin, 86; leader claim within, 50; leadership within, 7475; legal diversity and flexibility within, 252m; master-disciple model within, 48; as Midrashic art renaissance, 177; moral growth approach within, 149; as mystical revival, 9; origin of, 15, 47; overview of, 2-3; within Poland, 87; preaching styles within, 110-11; profound teachings of, 134; scripture interpretation within, 192; self-humiliation within, 24-25; spread of, 55,69,127; studies regarding, 3; values within, 55 haskamot, 6 Hayyim Наук) of Amdur, R., 85,105, no, 186 Hayyim of Chernovtsy, R., 165 Hebrew printing/print houses, 37,38-39 Heller, Meshullam Feibush, R., 59 Heschel, Abraham Joshua, 3 hesed (quality of divine compassion), 76, 131,170 Hezekiah, 73 hiddur mitsvah, 160-61 histakkel (gazing), 104-5, in, 112 186 hitlahavut (fiery religious enthusiasm), 102 hiyyut (life energy), 124 hokhmah (wisdom/beginning), 106 holiness, 159 holiness of God, 53-54, 81-82 Holy Land, 86 holy spirit (ruah ha֊kodesh), 27 homiletics (drash), 89 Honi the Circle-maker, 50 Horodezky, Shmuel Abba, 3 Horowitz, Isaiah, 181 Horowitz, R. Shmelke, 18,45 Horowitz, R. Ya’akov Yitshak, 87 houses of study (battey midrash), 14
276 Index human body, 180-81 Karlin, 22 humility, 103-4,105 katnut (ordinary mind), 129 Hungary, 1,41 Katznellen-bogen, R. Avraham, 23,24 I (ani), 105 kavvanah (inwardness), 178 idolatry, of money, 27 Kedushat Levi (Levi Yitshak): Kauffman, Tsippi, 3 Isaac, 75 commandment theme within, 187-88; Isaiah, 73 defense of Israel theme within, 145-46; Ishmael, 150 elliptical references within, no; Gods Israel: final warning to, 198; as Gods exiled pleasure theme within, 163; love child, 118-19; Gods love for, 120-21,130, and passionate longing within, 120; 143-45,147 156; mitsvot and, 181-82; mitsvot within, 181; overview of, 4-5; power and strength to, 155; Purim and, publishing of, 213Ո3; quote within, 115, 130; Torah and, 128,146,150-51,196-97; 205-7; sermons within, 53,101-2; tsaddik toughness of, 82; will of God and, 203 references within, 84; viewpoints within, Israel Baal Shem Tov, R. (BeSHT): burial place of, 87; creativity by, 177-78; 133; writings within, 32 Kelalot ha-Nisim (Principles ofMiracles), 152 disciples of, 43; Dov Baer and, 44, Kierkegaard, Søren, 120 113; Hasidism and, 43; influence of, kissing, 121,125 49; journey of, 125; legacy of, 90; Kitover, R. Gershon, 143 overview of, 19,98; quote of, 109,166; klalyisra’el, 142 responsibility of, 143; Shabbat viewpoint Korzec, 37 of, 163; shamanic practices of, 99; studies Kozienice, library of, 52 regarding, 3; teachings of, 49,169; Krasner, R. Hayyim, 34 viewpoint of, 148-49,159; work of, 15 Isseries, R. Moshe, 56-57 language, Dov Baer’s study of, 100 Ivan the Terrible, 221П81 law, 77-78,177 Jacob, 75 Levinstein,
Joseph, 6,18-19 Jacob Joseph of Polonnoye, R,, 159 Levi Yitshak: accusations regarding, 25-27; Leib Sarah’s, R., 46,91 Jews, 39,135,150,151,177,208. See aho Israel authority of, 178; characteristics of, 20,31, Joseph, 51,75 127,138-39,142,176,216-17Ո19; charitable Joshua, 56,181 work of, 20-21; childhood of, 17; children Joshua, R., 201 of, 21; contract termination of, 21, 27-28; Judaism, 9 death of, 41; debate victory of, 23-25; judgment, 149 disciples of, 32-33; emotional language justification, 186 of, 122; influence of, 31-32; intellectual life of, 32; leadership of, 60; legacy of, Kabbalah, 97,100,157,163 1; marriage of, 17-18; as mystic scholar, Kabbalistic doctrine, 9,155,156,157 140; overview of, 1,2; practices of, 20; Kabbalistic revival, 179 prayer practices of, 126; as preacher, 134; kahal (organized Jewish community), 14, quotes/sermons of, 5,34,52-59։ 60-66, Kalisker, R. Avraham, 90,134 67-68, 69-70, 72-74, 76,78-79 83. 89, 92,101-102,103,105-106,107,108-109, Kamínka, R. Shmuel, 34 111,112-113,121-122,123-124,139,140-142, 225Ո21
Index 144,146,147,148,149,152-53,156,160, 161-62,164,165-66,167-68,170,181,182, 183,188-89,194 195-96,198,199, 201-3, 205-7,208; as rabbi, 136,139,149,179-80; as rav, 32; recommendations of, 6; style and teachings of, 46; tales regarding, 2; as teacher, 102,119; as thinker, 7,10; traits of, 2; travels of, 40-41; viewpoint of, 131; writings of, 4-6, 29,39 limbs and sinews, 180-81,184,187 limmud zekhut, 70-71 Lithuania, 41, 85 Loew, R., 127-28 love (ahavah), 56,119 love of God, 143-45,147 249Ո25 Lubartów, Lublin district, 17 Luria, R. Yitshak, 99 Lurianic instruction, 180 Maccabees, 130 Magen Avraham, 42 Maggid. See Dov Baer maggid (communal preacher), 16 MaHaRaL of Prague, 127-28 mahashavah (realm of divine thought), 109-10 Maimon, Salomon, 101 Maimonides, 107-8,158 Margolin, Ron, 3 Mark, Zvi, 3 maskilim, 37 mating, 158 meditation, 106 Meir (son of Levi Yitshak), 21,31,41-42 Meir, R., 17 Meisels, R. Uziel, 21 Melchizedek, 76,185 melits tov/melits yosher (one who intervenes/speaks out), 141,142 Menahem Mendel of Vitebsk, R., 85,86,92, no, 134 Menahem Nahum of Chernobyl, R„ 3, 42, 87,135-36,169,170,171-72,173 Me’or ‘Eynayim (Menahem Nahum of Chernobyl), 87,143,169,174 2.ΊΊ mercy, of tsaddik (righteous one), 142 merkavah voyagers, 124-125 mesirut nefesh (dedication), 183 Mezritch, 41 Mezritch circle, 43-44 Michelson, Avraham, 215mi middah, 76 Miedzybosh, 87,90,98 miracles, 127,131,133 mitsvat ‘onah, 160 mitsvot (commandments): Abraham and, 184-85,187-88,189; authority of, 197; daily life within, 180; within Kabbalistic doctrine, 157; within Kedushat Levi (Levi Yitshak), 181;
Levi Yitshak’s viewpoint regarding, 160-61,181-82,183-84; rabbi’s role regarding, 15; reward for, 182; Torah and, 179 Moabites, 39 money, 27,90 moral failure, 148 moral treatises (sifrey mussar), 170 Mordecai, 132,133 Mordechai of Chernobyl, R., 33,42 Moses: arguments with God by, 83,148; burning bush and, 175; final warning of, 198; God and, 71; humility of, 103-4; instruction to, 124; Korah and, 58; leadership of, 146,193; mitsvot and, 181; Noah and, 68; overview of, 77-82; prayer of, 84; Torah and, 146; viewpoint of, 56 music, 132 mystic, ecstatic, 98-99 mystical attachment to God (devequt), 56, 102 nahat (divine pleasure/contentment), 155 Nahmanides (Nahman, R. Moshe ben), 110, 128,130-31,156 Nahman of Bratslav, R., 1,16,109,209 Nahman of Kossov, R„ 193 naught/nothingness (ayin), 100,104-6,108, 131,182,202 Nebuchadnezzar, 132,152 nes nistar (hidden miracle), 128,129-30
278 Index neutralization of messianism, 143 Noah, 68,69,75,83,157 Noah, R., 89 No’am Elimelekh (Elimelekh), 87 Oholiav, 111 Okan ha-Dibbur (Realm of Speech), 100 ‘Olam ha-Mahashavah (Realm of Thought), 100 Orah Hayyim, 56-57 Or haEmet, 46-47 Or ha-Me’ir, 87,143 Ostrog, 37 parables, 116-18,150-51,152 pele (wonder), 106 Peretz family, 18-19 Peri ‘Ets Hayyim (Vital), 180 Perl bat Yisrael Peretz (wife of Levi Yitshak), 17,19,21 Pesah, 145 Petrovsky-Shtern, Yohanan, 34-36 Pharaoh, 76,152 piety, 56-57,76-77 pilpul (intellectual gymnastics), 48 Pinhas of Dinowitz, R., 45,199, 206 Pinsk, 21, 22-23, 27-29, 85,150,178 Plato, 79 pleasure: arousal within, 169; awakening of, 160; example of, 166; in fulfilling God’s command, 164; God and, 161,162,163, 166-67,168; Levi Yitshaks viewpoint regarding, 160-63; within serince to God, 168; sexual, 171 Poland, 1, 47, 60, 62-63, 82-83, 87 Polish Hasidism, 86-87 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, xiv political philosophy, 63-64 Praga, 23-25 prayer, 20,125,154, 250-51Ո39 Prayer of Elijah, 116 preachers, 69-71,110-11,192 presence of God, 125,128 pride, 204 priesthood, 185-86 Pri ha-Arets, 86 prophecy, 228Ո12 prophets, 195 purification, 53-54,159 Purim, 127,128,129,130,132,146 rabbi: corruption in appointment process of, 216Ո13; defined, 13; educational role of, 14; education requirements of, 13; as final authority, 14,49-50; as legal authority, 13,14; mitsvot role of, 15; pastoral role of, 15; as rav av bet din, 13; ritual behavior expectations of, 14; roles of, 13,178; titles of, 218Ո40; Torah interpretation authority of, 191 Rachel, 183 Radziwill,
Eleonora, 34 Radziwill, Mateusz Mikolai Udalryk, 34-36 Radziwill family, 30 rain/the corporeal (geshem), 234mi Raphael, R., 22 Rapoport-Albert, Ada, 3 rav av bet din. See rabbi rebbe, 15,16 reentry, process of, 111-12 repentance, 82 Republic (Plato), 79 Rosenberg, Yudl, 6 Rosh Hashanah, 148 Rosman, Moshe, 3 Rovno, 41 ruah ha-kodesh (holy spirit), 27 Russian government, 38,39 Ryczywół, 18,139,150, 215П10 Sagiv, Gadi, 3 Samuel, 83 sar (angel), 40 Satan, 146-47.173-74 Schatz-Uffenheimer, Rivka, 3,8,180 Schneersohn, R. Menahem Mendel, 1 Schneersohns, 93 Scholem, Gershom, 3,143 Scripture, shock therapy through, 177-78 Sebal, Shemuel ben Yissachar Ber, 37
Index Sefer ha-Razim, 124-25 sefirot, 155 self-articulation, 100-101 self-humiliation, 24-25, 218036 self-negation (bittul), 108 self-reduction or concentration of divinity (tsimtsum), 100, 204-5 seminal emissions, 160,166 service to God, 54,160,168,173,196 serving God through ordinary human deeds ('avodah be-gashmiyyut), 112,169, 174,180 sexual pleasure, 170-71,174 sha’ashua (divine pleasure/sexual pleasure), 155 Shabbat, 144,163 shefa (in flux), 124 shekhinah, 76,157,158 Shema (“Hear, О Israel”), 109 Shemen Һа-Tov, 215Ո11 Shemu’ah Tovah (Dov Baer and Levi Yitshak), 5, 52-55, 60-63,74 81-82,120 Shever Poshe’im (Breaking the Sinners), 87 Shimon ben Yohai, 51 Shir ha-Kavod, 116 Shlomo of Karlin, R., 22,59-60, 91 Shmelke, R., 23-24, 215П11 Shne’ur Zalman, R.: accusations against, 88; doctrine of, 134; imprisonment of, 87; as Levi Yitshak’s follower, 16-17; within the Maggid’s circle, 45; quote of, 206; studies regarding, 3; Tanya, 86, 88-89, 134; viewpoint of, 176,186; work of, 86, 91, 92-93 Shub, Yoshe, 6 Siebenbürgen, 41 sifrey mussar (moral treatises), 170 Sinai, Mount, 129 sinews and limbs, 180-81,184,187 Six Remembrances (Levi Yitshak), 5,144 Slavuta, 37 smallness, realization of, 103-4 Song of Songs, 125,146,157-58,174 Song of the Sea, 198-200 Sosia, Sarah, 17 279 spies incident, 81, 83 study and observance of the specific commandments (torah u-mitsvot), 170 Sukkot, 142 supernaturalism, 207-8 ta’anug (divine pleasure), 155 talmid hakham, 226Ո34 talmud torah, 179-80 Tanya (Shne’ur Zalman), 86, 88-89,134 tate in himl, 114 TeYKU (it shall stand), 193 Tikkuney Teshuvah, 159
Tikkuney Zohar, 116,119 tikkun ha-middot (improvement of Israel’s behavior), 145 Tishby, Isaiah, 143 Toledot Aharon (Aharon), 6 Torah: Abraham and, 187, 200; commandments within, 180-81; generational understanding of, 193-94, 196; imagery of, 197-198; interpretation of, 191-200; Israel and, 128,146,150-51, 196-97; kavvanah (inwardness) and, 178; Levi Yitshak’s sermons and, 75, 187; mitsvot (commandment) and, 179; obligations of, 129; sermons regarding, 5; written versus oral, 201 torah u-mitsvot (study and observance of the specific commandments), 170 tsaddik mefursam (as public figure), 67 tsaddik/tsaddikim (righteous one): authority of, 196,201,202, 205-207; blessing and healing from, 90,122-24,125,127, 131,132-133.135.153.154-55,161,175; as challenging God, 147; characteristics of, 67-68,70-71, 84; compassion of, 142; David as prototype of, 132; defined, 48, 55,67,225Ո22; devotional rise of, 108-9; divine decree nullification by, 132; empowerment from, 158; extreme, 207; goal of, 51; God’s special love for, 122; God’s will and, 127; growth of, 176; Hasidic community around, 49; hasid versus, 61-62; healing the spirit by, 136;
280 Index hidden versus public, 69-70; humility of, 104; influence of, 204; intermarriage by, 93; as intermediary, 79-81; Joseph as, 51; love of, 117; love of Israel by, 148; as man of God, 206; as melits tov (one who intervenes/speaks out), 142; mercy of, 142; miracles and, 133; Mordecai as prototype of, 132; Moses as, 84; power of, 40,195,208; prophecy state of, 107; prophets as, 195; religious consciousness of, 109; role of, 50, 51,71,72,79,100,147, 209; selflessness of, 125-26; sufferings of, 27; supernatural powers of, 132; supplication abilities of, 122-24; types of, 68,185; as uplifting Israel, 145; wandering by, 72-74; will of God and, 203; worldly matters involvement of, 122; as yesod, 158-59 tsar, sermons regarding, 65-66 Tseygengold, Aharon, 6 tsimtsum (self-reduction or concentration of divinity), 100, 204-5 Two Tablets of the Covenant (Horowitz), 181 Ukraine, 1 Ukrainian Hasidic elite, 93 Vilna, 21-22,28,47 Vital, R. Hayyim, 116 Vital, Shmuel, 180 Vladymir Volynsk (Ludmir), 85 Wahrman, Avraham David, 32-33 Walden, Aaron, 45 Weiss, Joseph, 3 white space, significance of, 199 wisdom/beginning (hokhmah), 106 Wolf, Ze’ev, 87 Wolhyn district, 30 wonder (pele), 106 wonderworker (bal moifes), 136 world events, within sermons, 9 worldly generation (dor ha-arets), 79 worldly goods, enjoyment within, 154 worship, 54,154,164,168-69,183 Ya’akov Yitshak, R., 3 Yaakov Yosef of Polonnoye, R., 47,113,148, 168 Yalkuț Kedushat Levi, 213Ո9 Yehiel Mikhl of Zloczov, R„ 42, 59,90,135 Yehoshua, R., 191 Yehudah Һе-Hasid, R„ 116 Yehudah Leib, R., 89 yesh (being), 100,182,185, 202
yeshivah, 23,30,178 yesod (foundation), 50-51,158-59 yir’ah (awe), 56,108,119-20 yir’at hashem (fear or awe of God), 119 yir’at het (fear of sin), 119-20 Yisrael of Pikov, R., 6 Yisrael Yitshak, 21 Yissakhar Ber of Zloczow, R., 17 Yitshak of Drohobycz, R„ 59 Yitshak of Neskhiz (Nesukhoyshe), R., 33-34 Yom Kippur, 142,146-147 Zacharias of Koffa, 221Ո81 Żelechów, 19, 41,82-83 Zemir ‘Aritsim u-Harvot Tsurim, 60,229Ո24 Zikhron Tov, 33-34 zivvuga kaddisha, 157 Zohar, 115,165 Zusya of Anipol, R., 46,72, 89,91 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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xi Preface and Acknowledgments Introduction PART I i Levi Yitshak as Hasidic Leader 1 The Life and Times of an Eighteenth-Century Rabbi 2 Levi Yitshak in the Maggid’s Circle: 13 The Challenge of Leadership and the Hasidic Response 3 First Steps: The Evidence of Shemuah Tovah 4 The Hasidic Tsaddik and the Quest for Models 5 The Mezritch Circle: A Later Look PART II 52 67 85 Mystic Disciple and Teacher 6 Translating the Transcendent 7 The Mystic and the Religious Revival 8 The Question of Miracles 9 An Emerging Religious Personality 138 97 114 127 10 Pleasures Sublime and Worldly in the Religious Life 11 Defending the Commandments 12 Interpreting Torah 13 Looking into the Future? Abbreviations Notes 213 Bibliography Index 211 273 261 191 201 177 154 43
BIBLIOGRAPHY PRIMARY SOURCES Section i: Classical Rabbinic Sources Mishnah Jerusalem Talmud Babylonian Talmud RaSHI and Tosafot to the Talmud Tosefta Mekhilta Sifrey Bereshit Rabbah Shemot Rabbah Va-Yiqra Rabbah Be-Midbar Rabbah Devarim Rabbah Midrash Tehillim Tanhuma Section 2: Medieval and Early Modern Sources (pre- and non-Hasidic) Note: Parentheses indicate first publication; edition consulted listed as necessary. Arzey Levanon. (Venice, 1601). Bahyaben Asher. Biur ‘al ha-Torah. (Naples, 1492). . Edited by C. Chavel. Jerusalem: Mossad ha֊Rav Kook, 1971. Bar Sheshet, Yaakov. Sefer ha-Emunah veha-Bitahon. (Venice, 1601). Caro, Yosef. Shulhan Arukh. (Venice, 1565). Cordovero, Moshe. Pardes Rimmonim. (Salonika, 1584). De Vidas, Eliyahu. Reshit Hokhmah. (Venice, 1579). Gikatilla, Yosef. Sha arey Orah. (Mantua, Riva di Trento, 1561). Horowitz, Yeshayahu. Shney Luhot ha-Berit. (Amsterdam, 1648).
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INDEX Aaron, 58 Abimelech, 76 Abraham: angels and, 71; bowing and, 105; characteristics of, 69; commandments and, 184,187,188-89; Melchizedek and, 185; mitsvot and, 187-88,189; overview of, 75-77; pleading with God by, 68, 83; prophecy and, 152; Torah observance by, 187, 200 Aggadah, 177 Aharon of Karlin, R., 22, 85 Aharon of Zhitomir, R., 6,32 ahavah (passionate love of God), 55,56,108 Akiva, R„ 203-4 alef 106,114-15 ‘am ha-arets, 133 angel (sar), 40, 71,124-25 ani (I), 105 apologia, 116 arousal, 159,160,163,166,169 arousal from below, 71,130,131,141,157 Aryeh Leib of Shpola, R. (Elder of Shpola), 33.135 Asher of Stolin, R„ 89,90-91 avodah be-gashmiyyut (serving God through ordinary human deeds), 112, 169,174,180 ‘Avodat Yisra’el, 87 Avraham, R. “the Angel,” 55,86,134,186 Avraham of Kalisk, R., 88,90,91 awe (yirah), 56,108,119-20 ayin (naught/nothingness), 100,104-6,108, 131,182, 202 ba’al shem, 15,143 Ba’al Shem Tov (BeSHT). See Israel Ba’al Shem Tov, R. (BeSHT) Bak, Yisra’el, 38 bal moifes (wonderworker), 136 bara’ (created), 115 Barukh of Miedzybozsh, R., 33,42,90,91,135 battey midrash (houses of study), 14 beginning/wisdom (hokhmah), 106 being (yesh), 100,182,185, 202 Berakhat, 37 Berdychiv, 29-32,34-36,37-38, 89,150,178 Berger, Yisra’el, 7 BeSHT. See Israel Ba’al Shem Tov, R. (BeSHT) Binyamin of Zalozhtsy, R., 175 Birkát David (Wahrman), 33 bitahon (trust in God), 72,140-41 bittul (self-negation), 108 blessing, from tsaddik (righteous one), 90, 122-24,125,127,131,132-33.154-55.161, 175 bodhisattva, 84 body, human, 180-81 bowing, 105-6 brain, 199 Brest-Litovsk (Brisk),
21, 85 Brody, 47 burning bush, 78,175 Catherine II of Russia, 47, 62-63 cedar tree, tsaddik (righteous one) as, 67-68
274 Index censorship, 38-39 Chernobyl, 87 children, 166,167 Christianity, 185-86 clarity, divine, 111 commandments: Abraham and, 184-85,187, 188-89; enjoyment within, 154; physical pleasure within, 173; within the Torah, 180-81. See also mitsvot compassion, 71,127,138,141,142,147,149 competition, 56-57 “Conduct Literature” of Hasidism, 24 Cordovero, R. Moshe, 99,107 Council of the Four Lands, 13-14, 22-23,47 creation, 115-16 Cutting Down the Haughty: Knives of Flint (Zemir aritsim), 60 Da'at Kedoshim (Wahrman), 33 Darkhey Yesharim, 215mi David (King), 104-5, Ч2 David of Makow, R„ 87 Derbarmdiker family, 93 devequt (mystical attachment to God), 56, 102 devotional life, 103,158-59 divine pleasure (ta’anug), 155 divine pleasure/contentment (nahat), 155 divine pleasure/sexual pleasure (sha’ashua), 155 dor ha-arets (generation that will inherit the land), 133,134,135 dor ha-arets (worldly generation), 79 dor ha-midbar (generation of the wilderness), 133 Dov Baer (Maggid): anti-worldly mysticism of, 138; BeSHT and, 44,113; bitahon notion of, 140; characteristics of, 44,110, 143, 236-37Ո6; circle of, 43-51, 69,77, 134,138,186; death of, 3, 55,60; disciples of, 43, 55; divinity viewpoint of, 202; as ecstatic mystic, 98-99; as father, 114; followers of, 18; healing of, 44; influence of, 136; Levi Yitshak and, 43-51,101-2, 113, 216Ո17; overview of, 98; quote of, 167; sermons of, 101; study by, 99-100; style and teachings of, 46,106-107; theology of, 99-100; viewpoint of, 160,161,175-76, 202-3; work of, 44; writings of, 5 Dresner, Samuel, 7 Dubnov, Simon, 3, 6,18-19 dynasty, formation
of, 42 ecstatic mystic, 98-99 Edom, 150 education, 14,16 Egypt, 144-45 Eldad and Medad, 56 Eleazar, R„ 25-27 Eliezer, R., 191, 201 Eliezer Ha-Levi, R., 22 Elijah, 193 Elimelekh of Leżajsk, R., 16,34,45,51, 69, 87,145,176, 206 Elior, Rachel, 3 emunah (faith), 140 encomia, 6 Ephraim of Sudilkow, R„ 192 Esther, 129,130,146-47,205 Etkes, Emanuel, 3 evil inclinations, 27, 65 exiled son, 117-19 expanded consciousness (gadlut), 129 eyn so/(endless source of being), 115 fasting, 34 father, love from, 164,165,166 fear of sin (yir’at het), 119-20 fear or awe of God (yir’at hashem), 119 festivals, 129,130. See also specificfestivals fire, symbolism of, 197-98 forgiveness, 127,138,149 friendship, 120-21 gadlut (expanded consciousness), 129 Galicia, 17, 87 Gelman, Uriel, 3 Gershon of Kitov, R., 99 Ge’ulat Yisra’el, 213-14Ո9 gevurah shebi-gevurah (pure rigor), 153
Index gezerah (decree), 196 God: active role of, 129; as alef cracked open, 115; attachment to, 113; blessings from, 156; as Cause of Causes, 115; characteristics of, 115,147; compassion of, 147,149; creation by, 115-16; empowerment to, 157,158; erotic love and, 249Ո25; as Father, 164,167-68; forgiveness of, 149; glory of, 104; goodness of, 144; hasid and, 164-165; holiness of, 53-54; human empowerment of, 155; intimate encounter with, 186; Israel and, 120-21,130,143-45,147,156; kisses from, 125; merit counting by, 142; miracles from, 128; Nothing and, 100; as parent, 164,167-68, 250-51Ո39; within physical things, 169; pleasure to, 161,162, 163,166-67,168; presence of, 125,128; as primal Kabbalist, 100; punishment from, 152; service to, 54,160,173,196; as source of pleasure, 168; spark of, 172; supernaturalism and, 207-8; trust in, 72,140-41; tsaddikim authority from, 201; tsimtsum (self-reduction or concentration of divinity) and, 204-5; victory from, 130; will of, 127,182,195, 203; worship of, 183 Golden Calf, 81, 83 Combiner, Avraham Abele, 222Ո91 good deeds, as worship, 183 Guterman, Moshe Zvi, 33 Guttman, Matityahu, 7 HaBaD, 1, 86, 89,93,107 halakhah, 6,177,178 Hanina ben Dosa, 50 Hannah, 83 Hanukkah, 127,128,130 Hapstein, R. Israel, 87 hasid, 41-42,48,61-62,114,164-65 hasidim, 29,37,40,46, 61,86,88,90,179 Hasidism: bans regarding, 61; central texts of, 7-8; challenges of, 72; changes regarding, 1; controversy regarding, 122; defined, 67; denunciations of, 60; 275 devotional mysticism within, 101,154, 158; as doctrine, 89; duality within, no; emergence of, 97;
essential teachings of, 70,97-98,103,104,116; folk, 22; as form of classical Jewish pietism, 177; within Galicia, 87; growth of, 134-35,136; justification for, 132; of Karlin, 86; leader claim within, 50; leadership within, 7475; legal diversity and flexibility within, 252m; master-disciple model within, 48; as Midrashic art renaissance, 177; moral growth approach within, 149; as mystical revival, 9; origin of, 15, 47; overview of, 2-3; within Poland, 87; preaching styles within, 110-11; profound teachings of, 134; scripture interpretation within, 192; self-humiliation within, 24-25; spread of, 55,69,127; studies regarding, 3; values within, 55 haskamot, 6 Hayyim Наук) of Amdur, R., 85,105, no, 186 Hayyim of Chernovtsy, R., 165 Hebrew printing/print houses, 37,38-39 Heller, Meshullam Feibush, R., 59 Heschel, Abraham Joshua, 3 hesed (quality of divine compassion), 76, 131,170 Hezekiah, 73 hiddur mitsvah, 160-61 histakkel (gazing), 104-5, in, 112 186 hitlahavut (fiery religious enthusiasm), 102 hiyyut (life energy), 124 hokhmah (wisdom/beginning), 106 holiness, 159 holiness of God, 53-54, 81-82 Holy Land, 86 holy spirit (ruah ha֊kodesh), 27 homiletics (drash), 89 Honi the Circle-maker, 50 Horodezky, Shmuel Abba, 3 Horowitz, Isaiah, 181 Horowitz, R. Shmelke, 18,45 Horowitz, R. Ya’akov Yitshak, 87 houses of study (battey midrash), 14
276 Index human body, 180-81 Karlin, 22 humility, 103-4,105 katnut (ordinary mind), 129 Hungary, 1,41 Katznellen-bogen, R. Avraham, 23,24 I (ani), 105 kavvanah (inwardness), 178 idolatry, of money, 27 Kedushat Levi (Levi Yitshak): Kauffman, Tsippi, 3 Isaac, 75 commandment theme within, 187-88; Isaiah, 73 defense of Israel theme within, 145-46; Ishmael, 150 elliptical references within, no; Gods Israel: final warning to, 198; as Gods exiled pleasure theme within, 163; love child, 118-19; Gods love for, 120-21,130, and passionate longing within, 120; 143-45,147 156; mitsvot and, 181-82; mitsvot within, 181; overview of, 4-5; power and strength to, 155; Purim and, publishing of, 213Ո3; quote within, 115, 130; Torah and, 128,146,150-51,196-97; 205-7; sermons within, 53,101-2; tsaddik toughness of, 82; will of God and, 203 references within, 84; viewpoints within, Israel Baal Shem Tov, R. (BeSHT): burial place of, 87; creativity by, 177-78; 133; writings within, 32 Kelalot ha-Nisim (Principles ofMiracles), 152 disciples of, 43; Dov Baer and, 44, Kierkegaard, Søren, 120 113; Hasidism and, 43; influence of, kissing, 121,125 49; journey of, 125; legacy of, 90; Kitover, R. Gershon, 143 overview of, 19,98; quote of, 109,166; klalyisra’el, 142 responsibility of, 143; Shabbat viewpoint Korzec, 37 of, 163; shamanic practices of, 99; studies Kozienice, library of, 52 regarding, 3; teachings of, 49,169; Krasner, R. Hayyim, 34 viewpoint of, 148-49,159; work of, 15 Isseries, R. Moshe, 56-57 language, Dov Baer’s study of, 100 Ivan the Terrible, 221П81 law, 77-78,177 Jacob, 75 Levinstein,
Joseph, 6,18-19 Jacob Joseph of Polonnoye, R,, 159 Levi Yitshak: accusations regarding, 25-27; Leib Sarah’s, R., 46,91 Jews, 39,135,150,151,177,208. See aho Israel authority of, 178; characteristics of, 20,31, Joseph, 51,75 127,138-39,142,176,216-17Ո19; charitable Joshua, 56,181 work of, 20-21; childhood of, 17; children Joshua, R., 201 of, 21; contract termination of, 21, 27-28; Judaism, 9 death of, 41; debate victory of, 23-25; judgment, 149 disciples of, 32-33; emotional language justification, 186 of, 122; influence of, 31-32; intellectual life of, 32; leadership of, 60; legacy of, Kabbalah, 97,100,157,163 1; marriage of, 17-18; as mystic scholar, Kabbalistic doctrine, 9,155,156,157 140; overview of, 1,2; practices of, 20; Kabbalistic revival, 179 prayer practices of, 126; as preacher, 134; kahal (organized Jewish community), 14, quotes/sermons of, 5,34,52-59։ 60-66, Kalisker, R. Avraham, 90,134 67-68, 69-70, 72-74, 76,78-79 83. 89, 92,101-102,103,105-106,107,108-109, Kamínka, R. Shmuel, 34 111,112-113,121-122,123-124,139,140-142, 225Ո21
Index 144,146,147,148,149,152-53,156,160, 161-62,164,165-66,167-68,170,181,182, 183,188-89,194 195-96,198,199, 201-3, 205-7,208; as rabbi, 136,139,149,179-80; as rav, 32; recommendations of, 6; style and teachings of, 46; tales regarding, 2; as teacher, 102,119; as thinker, 7,10; traits of, 2; travels of, 40-41; viewpoint of, 131; writings of, 4-6, 29,39 limbs and sinews, 180-81,184,187 limmud zekhut, 70-71 Lithuania, 41, 85 Loew, R., 127-28 love (ahavah), 56,119 love of God, 143-45,147 249Ո25 Lubartów, Lublin district, 17 Luria, R. Yitshak, 99 Lurianic instruction, 180 Maccabees, 130 Magen Avraham, 42 Maggid. See Dov Baer maggid (communal preacher), 16 MaHaRaL of Prague, 127-28 mahashavah (realm of divine thought), 109-10 Maimon, Salomon, 101 Maimonides, 107-8,158 Margolin, Ron, 3 Mark, Zvi, 3 maskilim, 37 mating, 158 meditation, 106 Meir (son of Levi Yitshak), 21,31,41-42 Meir, R., 17 Meisels, R. Uziel, 21 Melchizedek, 76,185 melits tov/melits yosher (one who intervenes/speaks out), 141,142 Menahem Mendel of Vitebsk, R., 85,86,92, no, 134 Menahem Nahum of Chernobyl, R„ 3, 42, 87,135-36,169,170,171-72,173 Me’or ‘Eynayim (Menahem Nahum of Chernobyl), 87,143,169,174 2.ΊΊ mercy, of tsaddik (righteous one), 142 merkavah voyagers, 124-125 mesirut nefesh (dedication), 183 Mezritch, 41 Mezritch circle, 43-44 Michelson, Avraham, 215mi middah, 76 Miedzybosh, 87,90,98 miracles, 127,131,133 mitsvat ‘onah, 160 mitsvot (commandments): Abraham and, 184-85,187-88,189; authority of, 197; daily life within, 180; within Kabbalistic doctrine, 157; within Kedushat Levi (Levi Yitshak), 181;
Levi Yitshak’s viewpoint regarding, 160-61,181-82,183-84; rabbi’s role regarding, 15; reward for, 182; Torah and, 179 Moabites, 39 money, 27,90 moral failure, 148 moral treatises (sifrey mussar), 170 Mordecai, 132,133 Mordechai of Chernobyl, R., 33,42 Moses: arguments with God by, 83,148; burning bush and, 175; final warning of, 198; God and, 71; humility of, 103-4; instruction to, 124; Korah and, 58; leadership of, 146,193; mitsvot and, 181; Noah and, 68; overview of, 77-82; prayer of, 84; Torah and, 146; viewpoint of, 56 music, 132 mystic, ecstatic, 98-99 mystical attachment to God (devequt), 56, 102 nahat (divine pleasure/contentment), 155 Nahmanides (Nahman, R. Moshe ben), 110, 128,130-31,156 Nahman of Bratslav, R., 1,16,109,209 Nahman of Kossov, R„ 193 naught/nothingness (ayin), 100,104-6,108, 131,182,202 Nebuchadnezzar, 132,152 nes nistar (hidden miracle), 128,129-30
278 Index neutralization of messianism, 143 Noah, 68,69,75,83,157 Noah, R., 89 No’am Elimelekh (Elimelekh), 87 Oholiav, 111 Okan ha-Dibbur (Realm of Speech), 100 ‘Olam ha-Mahashavah (Realm of Thought), 100 Orah Hayyim, 56-57 Or haEmet, 46-47 Or ha-Me’ir, 87,143 Ostrog, 37 parables, 116-18,150-51,152 pele (wonder), 106 Peretz family, 18-19 Peri ‘Ets Hayyim (Vital), 180 Perl bat Yisrael Peretz (wife of Levi Yitshak), 17,19,21 Pesah, 145 Petrovsky-Shtern, Yohanan, 34-36 Pharaoh, 76,152 piety, 56-57,76-77 pilpul (intellectual gymnastics), 48 Pinhas of Dinowitz, R., 45,199, 206 Pinsk, 21, 22-23, 27-29, 85,150,178 Plato, 79 pleasure: arousal within, 169; awakening of, 160; example of, 166; in fulfilling God’s command, 164; God and, 161,162,163, 166-67,168; Levi Yitshaks viewpoint regarding, 160-63; within serince to God, 168; sexual, 171 Poland, 1, 47, 60, 62-63, 82-83, 87 Polish Hasidism, 86-87 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, xiv political philosophy, 63-64 Praga, 23-25 prayer, 20,125,154, 250-51Ո39 Prayer of Elijah, 116 preachers, 69-71,110-11,192 presence of God, 125,128 pride, 204 priesthood, 185-86 Pri ha-Arets, 86 prophecy, 228Ո12 prophets, 195 purification, 53-54,159 Purim, 127,128,129,130,132,146 rabbi: corruption in appointment process of, 216Ո13; defined, 13; educational role of, 14; education requirements of, 13; as final authority, 14,49-50; as legal authority, 13,14; mitsvot role of, 15; pastoral role of, 15; as rav av bet din, 13; ritual behavior expectations of, 14; roles of, 13,178; titles of, 218Ո40; Torah interpretation authority of, 191 Rachel, 183 Radziwill,
Eleonora, 34 Radziwill, Mateusz Mikolai Udalryk, 34-36 Radziwill family, 30 rain/the corporeal (geshem), 234mi Raphael, R., 22 Rapoport-Albert, Ada, 3 rav av bet din. See rabbi rebbe, 15,16 reentry, process of, 111-12 repentance, 82 Republic (Plato), 79 Rosenberg, Yudl, 6 Rosh Hashanah, 148 Rosman, Moshe, 3 Rovno, 41 ruah ha-kodesh (holy spirit), 27 Russian government, 38,39 Ryczywół, 18,139,150, 215П10 Sagiv, Gadi, 3 Samuel, 83 sar (angel), 40 Satan, 146-47.173-74 Schatz-Uffenheimer, Rivka, 3,8,180 Schneersohn, R. Menahem Mendel, 1 Schneersohns, 93 Scholem, Gershom, 3,143 Scripture, shock therapy through, 177-78 Sebal, Shemuel ben Yissachar Ber, 37
Index Sefer ha-Razim, 124-25 sefirot, 155 self-articulation, 100-101 self-humiliation, 24-25, 218036 self-negation (bittul), 108 self-reduction or concentration of divinity (tsimtsum), 100, 204-5 seminal emissions, 160,166 service to God, 54,160,168,173,196 serving God through ordinary human deeds ('avodah be-gashmiyyut), 112,169, 174,180 sexual pleasure, 170-71,174 sha’ashua (divine pleasure/sexual pleasure), 155 Shabbat, 144,163 shefa (in flux), 124 shekhinah, 76,157,158 Shema (“Hear, О Israel”), 109 Shemen Һа-Tov, 215Ո11 Shemu’ah Tovah (Dov Baer and Levi Yitshak), 5, 52-55, 60-63,74 81-82,120 Shever Poshe’im (Breaking the Sinners), 87 Shimon ben Yohai, 51 Shir ha-Kavod, 116 Shlomo of Karlin, R., 22,59-60, 91 Shmelke, R., 23-24, 215П11 Shne’ur Zalman, R.: accusations against, 88; doctrine of, 134; imprisonment of, 87; as Levi Yitshak’s follower, 16-17; within the Maggid’s circle, 45; quote of, 206; studies regarding, 3; Tanya, 86, 88-89, 134; viewpoint of, 176,186; work of, 86, 91, 92-93 Shub, Yoshe, 6 Siebenbürgen, 41 sifrey mussar (moral treatises), 170 Sinai, Mount, 129 sinews and limbs, 180-81,184,187 Six Remembrances (Levi Yitshak), 5,144 Slavuta, 37 smallness, realization of, 103-4 Song of Songs, 125,146,157-58,174 Song of the Sea, 198-200 Sosia, Sarah, 17 279 spies incident, 81, 83 study and observance of the specific commandments (torah u-mitsvot), 170 Sukkot, 142 supernaturalism, 207-8 ta’anug (divine pleasure), 155 talmid hakham, 226Ո34 talmud torah, 179-80 Tanya (Shne’ur Zalman), 86, 88-89,134 tate in himl, 114 TeYKU (it shall stand), 193 Tikkuney Teshuvah, 159
Tikkuney Zohar, 116,119 tikkun ha-middot (improvement of Israel’s behavior), 145 Tishby, Isaiah, 143 Toledot Aharon (Aharon), 6 Torah: Abraham and, 187, 200; commandments within, 180-81; generational understanding of, 193-94, 196; imagery of, 197-198; interpretation of, 191-200; Israel and, 128,146,150-51, 196-97; kavvanah (inwardness) and, 178; Levi Yitshak’s sermons and, 75, 187; mitsvot (commandment) and, 179; obligations of, 129; sermons regarding, 5; written versus oral, 201 torah u-mitsvot (study and observance of the specific commandments), 170 tsaddik mefursam (as public figure), 67 tsaddik/tsaddikim (righteous one): authority of, 196,201,202, 205-207; blessing and healing from, 90,122-24,125,127, 131,132-133.135.153.154-55,161,175; as challenging God, 147; characteristics of, 67-68,70-71, 84; compassion of, 142; David as prototype of, 132; defined, 48, 55,67,225Ո22; devotional rise of, 108-9; divine decree nullification by, 132; empowerment from, 158; extreme, 207; goal of, 51; God’s special love for, 122; God’s will and, 127; growth of, 176; Hasidic community around, 49; hasid versus, 61-62; healing the spirit by, 136;
280 Index hidden versus public, 69-70; humility of, 104; influence of, 204; intermarriage by, 93; as intermediary, 79-81; Joseph as, 51; love of, 117; love of Israel by, 148; as man of God, 206; as melits tov (one who intervenes/speaks out), 142; mercy of, 142; miracles and, 133; Mordecai as prototype of, 132; Moses as, 84; power of, 40,195,208; prophecy state of, 107; prophets as, 195; religious consciousness of, 109; role of, 50, 51,71,72,79,100,147, 209; selflessness of, 125-26; sufferings of, 27; supernatural powers of, 132; supplication abilities of, 122-24; types of, 68,185; as uplifting Israel, 145; wandering by, 72-74; will of God and, 203; worldly matters involvement of, 122; as yesod, 158-59 tsar, sermons regarding, 65-66 Tseygengold, Aharon, 6 tsimtsum (self-reduction or concentration of divinity), 100, 204-5 Two Tablets of the Covenant (Horowitz), 181 Ukraine, 1 Ukrainian Hasidic elite, 93 Vilna, 21-22,28,47 Vital, R. Hayyim, 116 Vital, Shmuel, 180 Vladymir Volynsk (Ludmir), 85 Wahrman, Avraham David, 32-33 Walden, Aaron, 45 Weiss, Joseph, 3 white space, significance of, 199 wisdom/beginning (hokhmah), 106 Wolf, Ze’ev, 87 Wolhyn district, 30 wonder (pele), 106 wonderworker (bal moifes), 136 world events, within sermons, 9 worldly generation (dor ha-arets), 79 worldly goods, enjoyment within, 154 worship, 54,154,164,168-69,183 Ya’akov Yitshak, R., 3 Yaakov Yosef of Polonnoye, R., 47,113,148, 168 Yalkuț Kedushat Levi, 213Ո9 Yehiel Mikhl of Zloczov, R„ 42, 59,90,135 Yehoshua, R., 191 Yehudah Һе-Hasid, R„ 116 Yehudah Leib, R., 89 yesh (being), 100,182,185, 202
yeshivah, 23,30,178 yesod (foundation), 50-51,158-59 yir’ah (awe), 56,108,119-20 yir’at hashem (fear or awe of God), 119 yir’at het (fear of sin), 119-20 Yisrael of Pikov, R., 6 Yisrael Yitshak, 21 Yissakhar Ber of Zloczow, R., 17 Yitshak of Drohobycz, R„ 59 Yitshak of Neskhiz (Nesukhoyshe), R., 33-34 Yom Kippur, 142,146-147 Zacharias of Koffa, 221Ո81 Żelechów, 19, 41,82-83 Zemir ‘Aritsim u-Harvot Tsurim, 60,229Ո24 Zikhron Tov, 33-34 zivvuga kaddisha, 157 Zohar, 115,165 Zusya of Anipol, R., 46,72, 89,91 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| id | DE-604.BV048650505 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:19:33Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T08:41:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781684581016 |
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| series2 | The Tauber Institute series for the study of European Jewry |
| spelling | Grin, Artur 1941- Verfasser (DE-588)142080780 aut Defender of the faithful the life and thought of Rabbi Levi Yitshak of Berdychiv Arthur Green Waltham, Massachusetts Brandeis University Press [2022] xii, 280 Seiten Karten 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The Tauber Institute series for the study of European Jewry "Defender of the Faithful is an intellectual and religious biography of Levi Yitshak of Berdychiv (1740-1809), one of the most fascinating and colorful Hasidic leaders of his time. Featuring examples of Levi Yitshak's extraordinary texts alongside insightful analysis, Arthur Green examines both Levi Yitshak's theology and broader philosophy"-- Levi Isaak ben-Meir aus Berditschew 1740-1809 (DE-588)120890887 gnd rswk-swf Levi Isaac ben Meir / of Berdichev / 1740-1809 Rabbis / Ukraine / Berdychiv / Biography Hasidim / Ukraine / Berdychiv / Biography RELIGION / Judaism / General Hasidim Rabbis Ukraine / Berdychiv Biographies (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content Levi Isaak ben-Meir aus Berditschew 1740-1809 (DE-588)120890887 p DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034025305&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034025305&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034025305&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Grin, Artur 1941- Defender of the faithful the life and thought of Rabbi Levi Yitshak of Berdychiv Levi Isaak ben-Meir aus Berditschew 1740-1809 (DE-588)120890887 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)120890887 (DE-588)4006804-3 |
| title | Defender of the faithful the life and thought of Rabbi Levi Yitshak of Berdychiv |
| title_auth | Defender of the faithful the life and thought of Rabbi Levi Yitshak of Berdychiv |
| title_exact_search | Defender of the faithful the life and thought of Rabbi Levi Yitshak of Berdychiv |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Defender of the faithful the life and thought of Rabbi Levi Yitshak of Berdychiv |
| title_full | Defender of the faithful the life and thought of Rabbi Levi Yitshak of Berdychiv Arthur Green |
| title_fullStr | Defender of the faithful the life and thought of Rabbi Levi Yitshak of Berdychiv Arthur Green |
| title_full_unstemmed | Defender of the faithful the life and thought of Rabbi Levi Yitshak of Berdychiv Arthur Green |
| title_short | Defender of the faithful |
| title_sort | defender of the faithful the life and thought of rabbi levi yitshak of berdychiv |
| title_sub | the life and thought of Rabbi Levi Yitshak of Berdychiv |
| topic | Levi Isaak ben-Meir aus Berditschew 1740-1809 (DE-588)120890887 gnd |
| topic_facet | Levi Isaak ben-Meir aus Berditschew 1740-1809 Biografie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034025305&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034025305&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034025305&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT grinartur defenderofthefaithfulthelifeandthoughtofrabbileviyitshakofberdychiv |