The forgotten appeasement of 1920: Lloyd-George, Lenin and Poland
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| Schriftenreihe: | Routledge histories of Central and Eastern Europe
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Contents List offigures Map Foreword Acknowledgments List of abbreviations ix xi xii xvi xvii 1 Introduction PART ONE The dream of an independent Poland and “concepts of the world” 1 Trouble with Polish independence 2 Limits to the power (and imagination) of the winners: A view from Versailles 3 4 13 15 20 Was Pilsudski a tool in French hands? France and Poland’s Eastern policy (January-April 1920) Powerlessness: Washington respecting the Soviet Empire and the threat to Polish independence 37 52 PART TWO The Polish crisis: A short course 5 Between Lloyd George’s brand of peace and peace Pilsudski style (January-April 1920) 63 65
viii Contents 6 The game for Ukraine (May 1920) 77 7 Toward the Curzon Line (June-July 1920) 83 8 The Politburo’s response (July 1920) 91 9 Peace at any price (to Poland) 100 PART THREE How does the imperial brain work? 117 10 Balfour, or shunning chaos 119 11 Lewis Namier, or revenge on a map (of Poland) 130 12 Kerr and Hankey, the two secretaries 151 13 The right man in the wrong place: Horace Rumbold in Warsaw 158 14 Lloyd George and his powerless ministers Curzon and Churchill 176 15 The Vox Populi and its representatives 200 16 The brainstorm andits“appeasement” (June—August 1920) 212 17 Coda 241 PART FOUR Polish annexes and questions 251 18 Left hand side free:Pilsudski’s policyof appeasement 253 19 Questions aboutthe Peace of Riga 274 Notes Bibliography Index 291 329 341
Bibliography Archival materials Great Britain Churchill College, Cambridge (CCC): Churchill Papers (CHAR) Maurice Hankey Papers (HNKy). National Archives, Kew, London (NA): Cabinet Papers (CAB) Foreign Office (FO) War Office (WO) National Records of Scotland, Edinburgh (NRS): Philip Kerr Papers (PK) Oxford University, Bodleian Library (OU-BL): Horace Rumbold Papers (RP) Parliamentary Archives, London (PA): Lloyd George Papers (LG) USA Columbia University Library, Manuscript Collections - Bakhmeteff Archive, New York: Evgenii Sablin Collection P.S. Makhrov Collection Hoover Institution; Hugh Gibson Papers Jôzef Pilsudski Institute of America in New York (IJP); Akta Adiutantury Generalnej Naczelnego Dowôdztwa (AGND) http://archiwa.pilsudski.org/dokum en t.php?nonav=l nrar = 70 l nrz esp=2 sygn=15 handle=701.180/10304 seria=0 Papiery gen.Tadeusza Rozwadowskiego Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Washington, DC; Bainbridge Colby Papers Breckinridge Long Papers
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Index Xote: Page numbers in italics refers to figures. Abernon, Edgar Vincent d’ 101, 105-6, 111, 112, 183, 227, 228, 229, 233, 237, 238, 303, 304, 305, 314, 320 Alexander I Romanov, Emperor of Russia 16, 120, 121, 127 Alexander II Romanov, Emperor of Russia 176, 181 Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hessen-Darmstadt), Empress of Russia 40 Asquith, Herbert 125, 135, 153, 177, 179, 192, 198, 200, 202-3, 207, 209, 250, 317 Atatürk Kemal Mustafa see Kemal, Mustafa Attlee, Clement Richard 209 Bacon, Francis 119 Bakhmeteff, Boris Alexandrovich (also spelled Bakhmetieff or Bakhmetev) 11, 53, 54, 60, 278, 282-3, 290, 293, 296, 324, 327 Baldwin, Stanley 241, 244 Balfour, Arthur James 27, 117, 119-129, 156, 249, 306-7, 335, 340; Anglo-French Entente Cordiale (April 8, 1904) 123; Balfour Declaration (November 2, 1917) 123; beliefs about civilization 127-8, 150; Congress of Berlin (1878) 122, 123; early life and family 119-20, 122, 123-4, 177, 203; his Conservative government 135; memorandum “Poland” (October 1918) 128-9, 130-4, 139, 142-3, 298; memorandum “The Peace Settlement in Europe” (October 1916) 65, 119, 124-7, 247, 274; memorandum to President Theodore Roosevelt (1909) 124, 242; political career and philosophy 123—4, 241—2, 242, 247, 249; powerlessness as Foreign Secretary 137, 138, 151-2, 158; relationship with Kerr 152; relationship with Namier 136—7, 138; role in Stanley Baldwin’s government 241, 244; sense of superiority 154, 247; succession by Lord Curzon 154, 158, 182, 183 Balfour, Blanche (née Cecil) 119 Barthou, Louis 30-1, 44 Bauer, Gustav 20 Beatty, David Richard 233
Beck, Jozef Snr. 257 Beck, JozefJr 257 Benn, William Wedgwood 202 Bernstein, Jakub Chaim 134 Bernstein, Jozef see Niemirowski, Jozef Bernstein, Ludwik see Namier, Lewis Bernstein Berthelot, Philippe 41, 44, 45, 89 Bevin, Ernest 110, 209-10 Bismarck, Otto von (Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck-Schönhausen) 122, 162, 177 Boerner, Ignacy (misspelled Brenner) 254, 256, 257, 258 Bonar Law, Andrew see Law, Andrew Bonar Branting, Karl Hjalmar 60, 298 Breckinridge Long, Samuel see Long, Samuel Breckinridge Brenner, Ignacy see Boerner, Ignacy Bryant, F. Russell 228, 303, 308, 320
342 Index Budyonny, Semyon Mikhailovich 174, 224 Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich 92, 93, 96, 102, 103, 113 Bulak-Balachowicz, Stanislaw (Stanislav Nikodimovich Bulak-Balakhovich) 261, 268 Byron, George Gordon 121 Cachin, Marcel 50 Gambon, Henri 48, 296 Gambon, Pierre Paul 108, 305 Carley, Michael Jabara 41, 50 294, 295, 29, 299, 326 Carton de Wiart, Adrian 74, 229 Castlereagh, Robert Stewart 120-1, 126, 127 Catherine II (Sophie von AnhaltZerbst-Dornburg), Empress Regnant ofRussia 16 Cecil, Blanche see Balfour, Blanche Cecil, Robert, 1st Earl of Salisbury (1563-1612) 119 Cecil, Robert (Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, 1864-1958) 80, 119, 154, 203, 204, 205, 207-9, 211, 249, 317 Chamberlain, Joseph Austen 152, 191, 194, 240, 291 Chamberlain, Neville 4, 123, 153, 242, 245 Chaplin, Charlie (Charles Spencer Chaplin) 159 Chicherin, Georgy Vasilyevich 69, 96, 302, 303, 304; aim of creating conflict between Britain and France 108, 218; arguments for accepting the British offer 95—6, 113, 114, 301; correspondence with Joffe 270; correspondence with Kamenev 286—7; correspondence with Kopp 87-8, 266, 267-9, 277, 279-80; correspondence with Litvinov 91, 302; correspondence with the British government 88, 98—9, 100, 101, 103, 104, 221, 224, 227, 230, 302, 303, 304; delegation to Genoa conference (April 1922) 241; hosting of British delegation to Russia 201; negotiations 84-5, 92, 93, 95-6, 213; peace offer 69; Treaty of Rapallo 241 Chinda, Sutemi 222 Chopin, Fryderyk (Frédéric Chopin) 119 Churchill, Jeanette “Jennie” (née Jerome) 185 Churchill, John, 1st
Duke of Marlborough 185 Churchill, Randolph Henry Spencer (1849-1895) 183 Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer (1874-1965) 4, 10, 11, 106, 107, 114. 118, 203, 216, 250, 319, 320, 322, 329; change of political parties 183-4; complaint about Kerr’s influence 152-3; criticism of 200, 201, 205-6; dismissal from Asquith's government 125; early life and family 183, 185; Gallipoli Campaign 184; hostility to Bolshevism 184, 191, 197, 211; interventionism 155-6, 184-5, 192, 201; opposition to Lloyd George’s policy on Poland 79-80, 104, 192, 195, 196-7, 231-2; opposition to negotiations with Russia 66, 79-80, 101, 194, 212, 238, 239-40, 248, 304; policy of aid to White Russia 185, 192, 193, 206; position on appeasement 245, 246; position on the Polish offensive in Ukraine 81, 214; position on the Transcaucasian republics 66, 67-8; Potsdam Conference 244; relationship with Hankey 153-4. 243; relationship with Lloyd George 176-199, 178, 183, 184, 191, 192, 196-7, 198, 202, 245, 248, 250. 298. 309, 313-16, 317, 318; support for Savinkov 194, 220, 319, 321; Tehran Conference 217, 243, 244; view of ideologies 198; view of Poland 185, 190, 191, 203, 226, 232, 238, 300, 320; wartime Cabinet 176, 243; Yalta Conference 4, 217, 244, 246 Clemenceau, Georges Benjamin 27, 38, 50, 198, 212; election defeat 40, 66, 70, 178, 195; meeting with Lloyd George and Nitti 66—7, 195, 294; openness to negotiations with Russia 39-40, 41, 42, 43; proposal of a cordon sanitaire 41, 68, 194-5, 196; recommendations to Patek 41-2, 44. 46, 69, 309 Clynes, John Robert 202, 203, 204, 206, 209-10, 211, 317
Index Colby, Bainbridge 11, 25, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59-60, 68, 108, 282, 285, 296, 297 Cornwallis-West, George Frederick Myddleton 185 Curzon, George Nathaniel 2, 9, 56, 66, 68, 81, 83-90, 106, 111, 117, 133, 135, 149, 168, 170, 216, 231, 241, 245, 307, 309, 319-20; appointment as Foreign Secretary 154, 158; concern for British Empire territories 32, 67, 165, 183, 185, 189, 191, 195, 205, 217, 328; correspondence with Rumbold 73, 75, 79, 172, 173, 293, 299, 300, 301-04, 311-12, 321; early life and family 177, 182; meeting with Berthelot 89; memorandum (October 3, 1919) 185-9, 191-2, 193, 194; note (July 11, 1920) 2, 88-9, 90, 91-2, 93, 94, 95, 96-7, 98, 102, 103, 107, 113, 114, 116, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 230; opposition to agreement with the Bolsheviks 66; political career 182—3, 243-4; powerlessness as Foreign Secretary 88, 137, 152, 154, 158, 176-199, 183, 233, 244, 314-16; proposal for military intervention in Azerbaijan and Georgia 67, 68, 196; relationship with Churchill 191, 192, 194, 196, 212; relationship with Kerr 79; relationship with Lloyd George 178-9, 183, 191-2, 198; Spa Conference 222 Daniels, Josephus 59 Danilevsky, Nikolai Yakovlevich 279 Daszynski, Ignacy 206, 268, 269, 270 Davies, Norman 181, 182, 299, 302, 303, 309, 311, 314, 315, 317, 320 Davis, John William 191, 297, 316 Davis, Norman Hesekiah 53, 57—8 Dabrowski, Stefan 285 Dabski, Jan 266-7, 267, 270, 272, 285 Debo, Richard K. 287-8, 298, 299, 303, 316, 320, 327, 334 Denikin, Anton Ivanovich 18, 31, 67, 69, 70, 165, 172, 186, 188, 226, 255, 311; Churchill’s policy of aid to 191, 192, 196, 206, 293;
defeat 17, 30, 38, 191, 253, 257; Giertych on 271, 272; letter to Pilsudski 253, 323; march on Moscow 253, 256-58, 262—3; military successes 18, 256, 257; Pilsudski on 265; reluctance to make 343 concessions to Poland 33, 172, 188; talks with Mackinder 31-2, 33, 167, 190, 315 Disraeli, Benjamin, Lord Beaconsfield 122-3 Dmowski, Roman 24, 26, 136, 137, 138, 139-40, 141, 142, 231, 272, 292, 307, 308 Drummond, Eric 137, 138, 307 Dworzaczek, Wlodzimierz 133 Dzerzhinsky, Felix Edmundovich (original Polish spelling Feliks Dzierzynski) 102, 107, 207, 208, 323 Dzhugashvili, Iosif Vissarionovich see Stalin, Joseph Eddy, Mary Baker 151 Eden, Robert Anthony 217 Elizabeth I, Queen of England and Ireland 119 Faisal I, bin Al-Hussein bin Ali AliHashemi, King of Syria 21 Fisher, Herbert Albert Laurens 194 Fisher, Louis 256 Fitzalan-Howard, Anne see Kerr, Anne Fitzalan-Howard, Henry Granville, 14th Duke of Norfolk 151 Foch, Ferdinand 50, 86-7, 220, 228, 301, 319; correspondence with Millerand 264, 284, 327; Foch plan 67—8, 284-6, 288; meeting with Hankey 228; opposition to use of Polish forces 45—6, 69, 295; Spa Conference 220—222; talks with Patek 42, 69-70, 73, 295, 299 Fredro, Aleksander v Fry, Michael 199, 211, 222, 248, 313, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322 Gade, John Allyne 57 Garlinski, Jozef 261 Gascoyne-Cecil, Robert Arthur Talbot, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury 119, 122, 128 Geddes, Auckland Campbell (1879-1954) 56, 215, 219, 297, 318, 319 Geddes, Eric Campbell 194 George, William (d. 1864), father of David Lloyd George 176 George V, King of the United Kingdom and the British
Dominions, Emperor of India 153, 161, 172, 177, 178, 202, 244, 311, 312
344 Index Gibson, Hugh Simons 26-7, 28, 55, 70, 71, 72, 293, 297, 299, 329 Giertych, Jçdrzej 271-3, 307, 325 Gilbert, Martin 298, 300, 301 311, 314, 315, 316 Giolitti, Giovanni 43, 114, 237, 238, 239, 264, 284, 287, 302 Gmurczyk-Wronska, Malgorzata 221-2, 316, 319 Goebbels, Joseph 246 Got’e, Yuri Vladimirovich 280, 326 Grabski, Stanislaw 260, 261, 270, 272 Grabski, Wladyslaw Dominik 86, 87, 88, 90, 198, 205, 222-25, 301, 328 Gregory, John Duncan 168-9, 170, 171, 312, 315, 322 Grey, Edward, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon (1862-1933) 135, 152, 209, 317 Guinness, Walter Edward, 1st Baron Moyne (1880-1944) 203, 317 Habsburg dynasty 2, 29, 133, 220, 310 Hacha, Emil 224 Haking, Richard 288—9, 327 Hankey, Adeline (née Adeline Hermine Gertrude Ernestine de Smidt) 156, 229, 231, 319, 320 Hankey, Maurice Pascal Alers, 1st Baron Hankey (1877-1963) 10-11, 33, 106, 117, 150, 151-57, 164, 239, 242-3, 245, 249, 309-10, 320, 329; Allied mission to Warsaw 105, 108, 227, 228-31, 233, 234, 304; attitude to other countries 164; attitude to Poland 101, 156, 157, 163, 226-7, 231, 237-9, 240, 303; correspondence with dAbernon 105-6; diary 173, 174, 175, 178, 213, 302; disregard of Rumbold’s report 173, 312; early life and family 153, 156, 157, 231; relationship with Churchill 153—4, 243, 316; relationship with Kerr 150; relationship with Lloyd George 153, 154, 228, 242-3, 245, 249, 305, 313, 318, 320, 321, 322; role in drafting Curzon’s note 89, 107; Spa Conference 220, 221, 222, 225, 226-7; supervision of the War Cabinet Office 152, 153 Hardinge, Charles, 1st Baron Hardinge (1858-1944) 73, 162,
165, 166, 170, 172, 299, 311, 312, 322 Headlam-Morley, James 140, 308 Henrys, Paul Prosper 46, 51, 229-30, 295 Herbert, Zbigniew 261 Hitler, Adolf 3-4, 5, 123, 149, 161, 224, 241-2, 245-6, 250, 281, 282, 291 Hoare, Reginald Hervey 244 Hochberg von Pless, Daisy (Mary Theresa Olivia, née Cornwallis-West) 185 Hohenzollern dynasty 2 Hoover, Herbert Clark 53, 293, 329 Horne, Robert Stevenson 194 House, Edward Mandell 65, 298 Hughes, Michael 211, 314, 317 Humbert-Droz, Jules 280, 326 Huxley, Aldous 135 Iranek-Osmecki, Kazimierz 261 Jakobson, Roman Osipovich 278, 326 Joffe, Adolf Abramovich 267, 270, 324. 326 John Sobieski, King of Poland 185 Joyce, James 160, 311 Joyce, John Stanislaus (1884-1955), brother ofjames Joyce 160 Jusserand, JeanJules 113, 228, 229, 305 Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich 92, 93 Kamenev, Lev Borisovich (Leo Rosenfeld or Lev Borisovich Rozenfeld) 9, 35, 113, 246, 301, 302. 303, 304, 305, 327; aim of creating conflict between Britain and France 108; intercepted cables 109-10, 232-3, 238; invitation to London conference 2, 104; letter to Lloyd George 111, 112, 236, 237; Soviet delegation to London 55, 92, 93, 94. 95-6, 101, 107, 108, 109, 198, 227, 231, 232-4, 238, 240; view of Lloyd George 286—7; view on Curzon’s note 93-4, 95, 96, 113; visit to the House of Commons 57, 111, 236 Kamenev, Sergey 102 Kapp, Wolfgang 20, 30, 50 Karski see Marchlewski, Julian Kemal, Mustafa (Atatiirk) 21 Kennan, George Frost 15-16, 116, 248. 291, 296, 322 Kenworthy, Joseph Montague, 10th Baron Strabolgi 202, 205, 206, 209, 211, 212, 249
Index Kerensky, Alexander Fyodorovich 186 Kerr, Anne 151 Kerr, John William Robert, 7th Marquess of Lothian 151 Kerr, Philip Henry, 11th Marquess ofLothian 10, 101, 107, 117, 139, 146, 149-50, 151-157, 183, 231, 233, 299, 309-10, 329; belief in British supremacy 151-2, 154-5; belief in federalism 151-2, 242, 249; correspondence with Auckland Geddes 56, 215, 219, 297, 318-9; correspondence with Bonar Law 221, 319; correspondence with Drummond 137, 138, 307; correspondence with Hoare 244, 322; correspondence with Rumbold 86, 162-5, 166, 170, 195, 218, 226, 301, 311, 318-9, 321; Curzon Line 149—50, 243; early life and family 151, 153, 177; influence of Namier 137—9, 154, 162, 308—9; meetings with Lied 173-4, 212-3, 215, 313, 318; memorandum to Lloyd George about Russia and Poland 78-9; mission in Bern 154; opposition to interventionism 155-6; position on Ukraine 225; relationship with Churchill 152-3, 196, 316; relationship with Lloyd George 79, 88. 89, 152-3, 154, 178, 180, 300, 312, 322; role in authoring Curzon’s note 88; Spa Conference 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225; talks in Bern 160; view of Eastern Europe 154, 157; views on appeasement 161-2, 242, 245, 248 Kerr, Ralph Drury (1837-1916) 151 Kipling, Joseph Rudyard 155 Kissinger, Henry 15-16, 116, 248, 291, 322 Kolchak, Alexander Vasilyevich 30, 38, 69, 172, 188, 192, 206, 226, 256, 265 Komarnicki, Titus (Tytus) 255-6, 294, 298, 299, 300, 322 Kon, Feliks Yakovlevich 207 Kopp, Viktor Leontievich 87—8, 266, 267-9, 270, 271, 277, 279-80, 281, 287, 290, 324, 325, 326 Korab Kucharski, Henryk 138, 308 Kosciuszko, Tadeusz 121
Kossakowski, Michal 257, 323 Kot, Stanislaw 134, 149 345 Krasin, Leonid Borisovich 88, 92, 93, 96, 198, 221, 246, 318; aim of creating conflict between Britain and France 218; career 212; intercepted cables 109-10, 232-3, 238; Soviet delegation to London 55, 83—5, 101, 107, 109, 173, 174, 204, 205, 213, 215, 216, 217-18, 227, 231-4, 240 Krestinsky, Nikolay Nikolayevich 92 Krzyzanowski, Adam 256, 323 Kujawski see Marchlewski, Julian Kukiel, Marian 134, 149 Kulinski, Mieczyslaw 270 Kunicki, Ryszard 267—9, 270, 271 Kutrzeba, Tadeusz 256, 262, 300 Lansbury, George 201, 210 Lansdowne, Lord Henry see PettyFitzmaurice, Henry Charles Keith, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne Lansing, Robert 24—6, 28, 53, 54, 68, 292, 293, 299, 315 Laroche, Jules 41; 44 Lastouski, Vaclau 290 Lastouski, Waclau see Lastouski, Vaclau Law, Andrew Bonar 107, 179, 182, 191, 194, 195, 231, 233; correspondence with Kerr 221, 319; House of Commons debates 202, 203—4, 206, 209, 210, 214, 225, 317; as Prime Minister 243; view of Churchill 184 Leeper, Reginald “Rex” Wildig Allen 219, 231-2, 318, 319, 320 Lem, Stanislaw 224 Lenin, Vladimir (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov) 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 34, 35, 36, 50, 55, 60, 66, 92-3, 105, 111, 114, 116, 125, 149, 158, 196, 204, 209, 215, 227, 234, 239, 241, 260, 281, 283, 286, 290, 291, 301, 302, 304, 316, 324, 325, 326, 330; aim of creating conflict between Britain and France 107—8; attempt to discredit Pilsudski 254—5; British support for 2, 3, 74, 80-1, 199, 200, 201, 202, 205, 207, 209-11, 212, 230, 232, 237, 317; correspondence with Stalin 94, 103, 113, 275, 278, 288, 303, 325;
Curzon’s note 2, 94, 95, 113, 116, 225; instructions to Chicherin 84-5, 103, 302; Lloyd George’s view of 68, 81, 196, 199, 204, 221-4, 237-8, 248, 250; objective of lasting peace
346 Index 125; peace offer 69, 71, 72; plan for Sovietization 3, 96-8, 107, 275, 276, 287, 288; rumors 215, 216; Second Congress of the Third International 96, 102—3; secret talks with Pilsudski’s emissaries 10, 253, 256, 257, 258, 262, 266-9, 270; Treaty of Riga 276, 280-1; view of French involvement in Poland 50; view of the London negotiations 92—3, 96, 114 Lentin, Antony 5, 6, 249, 291, 310, 322 Leygues, Georges 284, 327 Lied, Jonas 173-4, 212-13, 215, 312, 313, 318 Lindley, Francis Oswald 166, 311, 312 Litvinov, Maxim Maximovich (Meir Henoch Mojszewicz WallachFinkelstein) 45, 83, 91, 213, 302 Lloyd, Richard 176 Lloyd George, David 1, 6, 9, 10, 21, 29, 31, 32, 60, 117; Allied conference in London 73-4; Allied mission to Warsaw 105, 227, 228; arguments for negotiations with Russia 32—4, 66-7, 75, 78-9, 80-1, 83-4, 103, 104, 192, 193; attempt to rectify the Versailles order 86, 111-12, 113, 116, 264, 286, 289, 290; cessation of support for White Russia 31, 66, 185, 192; Colby Note 58, 59; correspondence with Kerr 242; correspondence with President Wilson 56, 57, 61; correspondence with Rumbold 100, 234; correspondence with Smuts 7; death 176, 246; declaration ofBritish war objectives (January 5, 1918) 156; disregard for the role of ideology 36, 68, 81, 84, 116, 150, 166, 198, 199, 248; disregard of intercepted Russian cables 109-10, 232—3, 239; disregard of Rumbold’s report 173, 174; domination of the Cabinet 178-9, 182, 183, 191-2; early life and family 176—7, 178; end of premiership 241; enjoyment of luxury 173, 178; exertion of pressure on France 39, 44, 45, 49;
Fontainebleau Memorandum 155; goal of a new European order 212; Great War 128, 177, 199, 211, 246—7, 248; House of Commons debates 206-7, 208, 209; influence of Namier 134, 137-9, 143, 150, 168, 170, 180, 193; invitation of Soviet delegation to London 1-2, 55; lack of interest in other countries 164; London peace conference proposal 2. 55-6, 57, 90, 104, 221, 238-9, 240, 241, 249—50, 287-8; meetings with Patek 70, 72-3, 74, 166; meeting with Clemenceau 194-5; meeting with Giolitti 238—9, 287; meeting with Millerand at Lympne Castle 108-9, 234, 236; mistress 138, 173, 178, 180, 193; opposition from Lord Cecil 203, 207-9; Paris Peace Conference 65, 88—9, 177, 178; policy of appeasement 2-3, 57, 161, 185, 193, 194, 195-6, 197-9, 206, 211, 245-7, 248, 249-50, 283—4, 286; policy of “peace through trade” 66, 67, 68, 69, 72, 84, 115, 199, 218; political thinking 179-80, 197-9; pressure on Poland to negotiate with Russia 106—7, 235, 236, 237-8; pro-Polish gestures 231; reaction to Chicherin’s notes 100, 101, 221, 227, 230; rejection of the Foch plan 67-8; relationship with Churchill 178, 183, 184, 191, 192, 196-7, 198, 245; relationship with Hankey 153, 154, 243; relationship with Kerr 79, 88, 152-3, 154, 180; San Remo Conference 50, 75, 170, 173, 178; Spa Conference 86—7, 88, 89, 101, 205, 218, 219, 220, 221-4, 226; speeches 110-11, 177, 193, 204-5, 206-7, 246; talks with Polk 190-1; talks with the Soviet delegation 81, 84-6, 107, 108, 173, 204-5, 213, 215-17, 218, 231, 232—4, 239—40; use ofEastern Galicia 2-3, 89-90, 218-19, 223, 224, 225-6: view of concessions to Germany 6, 65,
247; view of Poland 150, 154, 162, 163, 166, 174-5, 180-1, 182, 195, 238, 245, 247; view of the SovietPolish war 108-9, 110-11, 212-14, 215, 219-20, 231, 234-5 Lloyd George, Megan 138, 173 Lodge, Henry Cabot 24 Long, Samuel Breckinridge 11, 52, 55. 296, 329 Long, Walter Hume, 1st Viscount Long 240 Lothian, Marquesses of 151 Lothian, 7th Marquess see Kerr, John William Robert
Index Ludendorff, Erich 281 Lüttwitz, Walther von 20, 30, 50 Lados, Aleksander 270 Lobodowski, Jozef 259 Mackiewicz, Jozef 255, 256, 257-62, 263-6, 271, 272, 273, 323, 324, 325, 330 Mackinder, Halford John 31—3, 135, 165, 167, 190, 196, 203, 293, 311, 315, 317 Maclean, Donald Charles Hugh (1864-1932) 203 MacMillan, Margaret Olwen 21, 292, 293, 300, 313 MacMillan, Maurice Harold 135 Maisky, Ivan Mikhailovich 245, 322 Makhrov, Petr Semenovich 265, 268, 285-6, 324, 327, 329 Maklakov, Vasily Alekseyevich 60, 278, 324, 326 Malone, Patrick (1859-1939) 205-6 Mannerheim, Carl GustafEmil 165, 311 Marchlewski, Julian (aka Karski, Kujawski) 102, lo7, 207, 208, 254, 257, 293, 269 Margolin, Arnol’d Davidovich 225 319 Marx, Karl 3, 53, 163, 176, 266 Masaryk, Tomas Garrigue 105, 228—9, 320 Matsui, Keishirö 76 Matveev, Gennady Filipovich 274—5 Mickiewicz, Adam 119 Miedzinski, Boguslaw 262, 324 Millerand, Alexandre 30, 31, 36, 39, 59, 66, 70, 114, 195, 231, 233, 287, 290, 294, 295, 296, 299, 301, 305, 327; Allied conference in London 73—4; aspects of position on Poland 283-4; divergence from British policy on Poland 104—5, 112—13, 264; goal of strengthening Poland 46, 47-8, 283; meeting with Hankey 228; meeting with Lloyd George at Lympne Castle 108-9, 234, 236; meeting with Pilsudski 40; opposition to negotiations with Soviet Russia 35, 41, 44, 45, 85, 87; opposition to the Bolsheviks 31, 33-4, 41; provision of military equipment to Poland 50; public support 43-4; San Remo Conference 50, 75; Spa Conference 87, 88, 101, 222, 223 347 Milner, Alfred, 1st Viscount Milner 151, 152, 310 Molotov,
Vyacheslav Mikhailovich 245-6, 280, 318 Müller, Hermann (1876-1931) 20 Mykhayliv, Leonid 79 Namier, Julia (née Iulia Michaelovna Kazarina) 140, 307, 308, 309 Namier, Lewis Bernstein (also Ludwik Bernstein or Ludwik Niemirowski) viii, 117, 130-50, 132, 242, 307-309, 315, 322; commentary on Poland 75, 139-49, 150, 167, 169, 170, 171, 247; criticism of appeasement 241-2; early career at the Foreign Office 135-6; early life and family 134-5, 141-2; hostility to Dmowski 136-7, 138, 139, 140, 141; influence on Kerr 137-9, 154, 162; influence on Lloyd George 134, 137-9, 143, 150, 168-70, 180, 193, 245, 247; lack of critical appraisal of Russia 150; lessening of prejudice toward Poland 241; manipulation of information 138-9, 202; map 130-34, 218-19, 241 Napoleon I (Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French) 119-20, 121, 123, 126, 320 Nicholas II Romanov, Emperor of Russia 18, 40, 65, 83-4, 100, 131, 136-7, 146, 181, 322 Nicholas I Romanov, Emperor of Russia 119, 121, 181 Niemirowski, Jozef (Jozef Bernstein) 134, 141, 142, 308 Niemirowski, Ludwik see Namier, Lewis Bernstein Nitti, Francesco Saviero 39, 43, 45, 66, 73, 75, 195 Norfolk, 14th Duke of see FitzalanHoward, Henry Granville Noulens, Joseph 38 Nowak-Kielbikowa, Maria 190, 299, 300, 301, 304, 308, 315, 319 Officer, Lawrence H. 310 Oman, Charles William Chadwick 137 Paderewski, Ignacy Jan 140, 141, 165, 172, 180-1, 205, 228, 285, 308, 313, 314, 317, 320, 327 Paléologue, Maurice 40-1, 48, 284, 327
348 Index Palmerston see Temple, Henry John, 3rd Viscount Palmerston Panafieu, Hector André de 46-7, 47, 229, 284, 295, 296, 305, 327 Pareto, Vilfredo Federico Damaso 135 Patek, Stanislaw 42, 44, 48, 69-70, 71, 71, 72-3, 74-5, 77, 86, 166, 167, 195, 198, 213, 221-2, 295, 296, 299, 300, 311 Pelczynski, Tadeusz (1892-1985) 261, 323 Percy, Eustace Sutherland Campbell, Baron Percy of Newcastle 135 Pétain, Henri Philippe 246 Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia 188 Petliura, Symon Vasyl’ovich 19, 69, 70, 77, 79, 80, 82, 171, 173, 204, 213, 214, 214, 257, 290, 301, 326 Petty-Fitzmaurice, Henry Charles Keith, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne 135 Pilsudski, Jôzef 11, 26-7, 31, 32, 33, 37-51, 39, 65-76, 69, 75, 84, 97, 121, 134, 139, 290, 292, 293, 294-6, 298-300, 308, 311, 315, 316, 320, 323, 324, 328, 329; attempt to gain support from the Entente Powers 17—19, 70—2, 74; Battle of Warsaw 238; Curzon’s memorandum 189; Eastern policy 17-18, 50, 147; explanation of the Bolshevik threat 26—28; Giertych on 271—2; Hankey’s view of 105, 228, 229-30, 231; hostility toward imperial Russia 265—6, 273; idea of a “third Russia” 263, 327; Kyiv operation 76, 77—8, 79-81, 171, 173, 201; Lloyd George’s view of 175, 234—5; Mackiewicz on 255-6, 257-61, 262, 264-6, 271; meeting with Makhrov 265, 286, 327; meeting with Millerand 40; Namier’s view of 140, 141, 147; opposition from Pralon 46, 70; Polish enemies 104, 285; program for a federative state 141, 142, 270; Rumbold’s view of 161, 165, 167, 171, 172—3, 174; secret talks with Lenin’s emissaries 10, 256—273; sovereignty of Polish policy 37, 50-1; Soviet
attempts to discredit 254-5; support from France 46, 50—1, 109, 228—30, 284; suspension of anti-Bolshevik offensive 253—273; talks with Mackinder 31, 32, 190; telegram from King George V 172, 202; Western politicians’ views of 35; Wilno operation 140, 141 Polk, Frank Lyon 53, 68, 190, 315 Pound, Ezra 160, 311 Pragier, Adam 261-2 Pralon, Eugène 46, 70, 295, 299 Purcell, Albert Arthur (1872-1935) 201 Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich 3 Raczynski, Edward 246 Radcliffe, Percy Pollexfen de Blaquiere 229, 230, 236-7, 318, 320, 321 Radek, Karl Berngardovich (Karol Sobelsohn) 102, 255, 269, 323 Radetzky, Joseph (Johann Josef Wenzel Anton Franz Karl, Graf Radetzky von Radetz) 119 Ribbentrop, Joachim von 245—6, 280 Riddell, George Allardice, Baron Riddell 100, 303, 304, 309 Romanov dynasty 2, 6-7, 22, 53, 81, 114, 188, 220, 256, 258, 259, 263 Romer, Eugeniusz 133, 307 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 4, 52—3. 217, 243 Roosevelt, Theodore 124, 242 Rothschild, Lionel Walter, 2nd Baron Rothschild 123 Rozwadowski, Tadeusz 220—1, 238. 260, 277, 300, 319, 325, 329 Rumbold, Horace George Montagu (Sir Horace George Montagu Rumbold, 9th Baronet) 10, 117, 158-175, 159, 250, 293, 299, 300, 301, 303, 310-313, 315, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 329; appointment as envoy 158-9, 160; aversion to Bolshevism 165-6; correspondence with Curzon 73, 75, 79, 172, 173; correspondence with Gregory 168, 170; correspondence with Hankey 237; correspondence with Hardinge 166-7, 170; correspondence with Kerr 86, 162-5, 166, 170, 195, 218, 226; correspondence with Leeper 219; correspondence with Lloyd George 100, 234, 236—7;
correspondence with Louisa Anne Rumbold 219, 226, 235; departure from Warsaw 244-5; diplomatic career 159—61; early life and family
Index 159; on East Galicia 226; in literature 160; meeting with Mykhayliv 79; meeting with the Allied mission 229, 231; opposition to appeasement 161, 245, 250; recommendations about Poland 145, 161-2, 164-5, 167-8, 169, 170-3, 174, 175; talks with the Polish government 70, 72, 73, 75 Rumbold, Horace (Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet) 159—60 Rumbold, Louisa Anne 219, 226, 235 Russell, Bertrand Arthur William 201, 316 Russell, Odo (Sir Odo William Theophilus Russell) 215, 318 Said, Edward 163, 311 Salisbury (3rd Marquess of Salisbury) see Gascoyne-Cecil, Robert Arthur Talbot Sapieha, Eustachy 270, 286, 327 Sassoon, Philip Albert Gustave David 178, 312 Savinkov, Boris Viktorovich 191, 194, 220, 263, 268, 271, 316, 319 Schaetzel de Merxhausen, Tadeusz 261 Schroeder, Paul W. 121, 306 Sforza, Carlo 104, 222, 302 Shaw, Tom (Thomas, 1872-1938) 201, 205, 208, 209-10, 317 Sienkiewicz, Henryk 134 Sieradzki, Jôzef 256, 323 Sikorski, Wladyslaw 134, 260 Simons, Walter 287 Skrzyhski, Aleksander 48, 50-1, 154 Skulski, Leopold 70, 74, 77, 299, 300 Smidt, Adeline Hermine Gertrude Ernestine de see Hankey, Adeline Smilga, Ivar Tenisovich (Ivars Smilga) 102, 303, 304, 327 Smuts, Jan Christian 5, 6, 7, 154, 155, 181, 243, 246, 274-5, 291, 310, 313-4 Snowden, Ethel 201 Snowden, Philip 201 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isayevich 253 Sommerstein, Mojzesz (Maurycy) 134 Sosnkowski, Kazimierz 77, 78, 254, 300, 323, 330 Spargo, John 53, 54, 57, 59-60, 282, 296, 297, 298 Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich (Iosif Vissarionovich Jughashvili or 349 Dzhugashvili) 1, 4, 9, 35, 59, 93, 96, 102; correspondence with Lenin
94, 103, 113, 275, 278, 288, 302, 325; correspondence with Trotsky 93, 304; Curzon Line 90, 113; early life and family 178; Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 245-6, 282; as policymaker 92, 94-5; President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Great Powers concept 52-3; President Truman’s policy of containment 59; talks with France 31; view of Poland as part of a “screening wall” 17, 277-8; World War II 116, 149, 217, 243, 244, 245-6, 250, 255, 260, 318; Yalta Conference 4, 217, 246 Stevenson, Frances 138, 173, 178, 180, 193 Struve, Peter (Pyotr aka Petr) Berngardovich 60 Tchaikovsky, Nikolai Vasilyevich (1851-1926) 60, 186 Temple, Henry John, 3rd Viscount Palmerston 176 Thomas, James Henry (1874-1949) 204, 209-10, 317 Thomas Aquinas 178 Tocqueville, Alexis-Henri-Charles Clérel de 197 Toporska, Barbara 263 Toye, Richard 211, 313, 314, 315, 313, 317, 322 Toynbee, Arnold 134, 135, 307 Trqmpczynski, Wojciech 172 Trotsky, Leon (Lev Davidovich Bronstein) 9, 34, 35, 95—6, 210, 223, 270, 283, 303, 304, 318, 325, 326, 327; Brest negotiations 92; Curzon’s note 2, 93, 98, 102, 113; plans to Sovietize Poland 103—4, 203-4; as a policymaker 92; rumors 215, 216 Trubetzkoy (Trubetskoy), Nikolai Sergeyevich 278, 279, 288, 326 Truman, Harry S. 59 Tukhachevsky, Mikhail Nikolayevich 110, 255, 305 Turner, Benjamin (Ben) 201, 317 Ullman, Richard 198, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 305, 315, 316, 319, 321, 322 Unszlicht (Unshlikht), Iosif Stanislavovich 97, 98, 102, 113, 303
350 Index Vandervelde, Émile 60 Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria), Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 119, 203 Vorovsky, Vatslav Vatslavovich 114 Washington, George 245 Wedgwood, Josiah Clement, 1st Baron Wedgwood 192, 209, 211 Wçdziagolski, Karol 263, 324 Wellesley, Arthur, 1st Duke of Wellington 119-20, 121, 123, 127, 306 Wellington see Wellesley, Arthur Weygand, Maxime 101, 104, 111, 220, 222, 228, 229, 230, 234, 235, 260 Wielinski, Edmund 134 William II Hohenzollern, German Emperor and King of Prussia 185 Williams, Harold (1876-1928) 210, 211 Wilson, Henry Hughes 155, 195—6, 220, 221, 232, 233, 239, 316, 319, 320, 321 Wilson, Thomas Woodrow 27, 28, 36, 60, 65, 155, 198, 282, 297, 298, 305; correspondence with Lloyd George 56, 57, 61, 108; Fourteen Points 7-8, 23—4, 128; on the Great War 5-6; health problems 28, 61, 178; Nobel Peace Prize 60; policy of passivity 58-9, 108; view of Bolshevism 25-6, 108, 219; vision of new world order 24-5, 52-5, 212 Wingate, Francis Reginald 135 Wise, Edward Frank 66, 67, 107, 174. 195, 213, 216, 231, 247, 249 Witos, Wincenty 206, 231 Wrangel, Pyotr Nikolayevich 17, 60, 80; Allied mission of support 236, 293, 318, 324, 327; assumes command of White Russian forces 30; Mackiewicz on 259, 260, 261, 264-5, 266, 271-2; relations with Britain 84, 93, 205, 215, 216, 217. 225, 238, 285; relations with France 84, 113, 264, 283, 284; Soviet approach 91, 93, 94, 99, 216-7, 267, 268, 269—70; Treaty of Riga 259, 278, 282-3, 284-5, 286, 290 Wyndham, Percy 17-18, 159, 292 Yudenich, Nikolai Nikolayevich 192, 258 Zamoyski, Maurycy
Klemens 48-9, 49. 295, 296 Zinoviev, Grigory Yevseyevich 92, 96, 102, 103, 113 Zeligowski, Lucjan 270 Bayerische | Staatsbibliothek j MOnchen ^ J |
| adam_txt |
Contents List offigures Map Foreword Acknowledgments List of abbreviations ix xi xii xvi xvii 1 Introduction PART ONE The dream of an independent Poland and “concepts of the world” 1 Trouble with Polish independence 2 Limits to the power (and imagination) of the winners: A view from Versailles 3 4 13 15 20 Was Pilsudski a tool in French hands? France and Poland’s Eastern policy (January-April 1920) Powerlessness: Washington respecting the Soviet Empire and the threat to Polish independence 37 52 PART TWO The Polish crisis: A short course 5 Between Lloyd George’s brand of peace and peace Pilsudski style (January-April 1920) 63 65
viii Contents 6 The game for Ukraine (May 1920) 77 7 Toward the Curzon Line (June-July 1920) 83 8 The Politburo’s response (July 1920) 91 9 Peace at any price (to Poland) 100 PART THREE How does the imperial brain work? 117 10 Balfour, or shunning chaos 119 11 Lewis Namier, or revenge on a map (of Poland) 130 12 Kerr and Hankey, the two secretaries 151 13 The right man in the wrong place: Horace Rumbold in Warsaw 158 14 Lloyd George and his powerless ministers Curzon and Churchill 176 15 The Vox Populi and its representatives 200 16 The brainstorm andits“appeasement” (June—August 1920) 212 17 Coda 241 PART FOUR Polish annexes and questions 251 18 Left hand side free:Pilsudski’s policyof appeasement 253 19 Questions aboutthe Peace of Riga 274 Notes Bibliography Index 291 329 341
Bibliography Archival materials Great Britain Churchill College, Cambridge (CCC): Churchill Papers (CHAR) Maurice Hankey Papers (HNKy). National Archives, Kew, London (NA): Cabinet Papers (CAB) Foreign Office (FO) War Office (WO) National Records of Scotland, Edinburgh (NRS): Philip Kerr Papers (PK) Oxford University, Bodleian Library (OU-BL): Horace Rumbold Papers (RP) Parliamentary Archives, London (PA): Lloyd George Papers (LG) USA Columbia University Library, Manuscript Collections - Bakhmeteff Archive, New York: Evgenii Sablin Collection P.S. Makhrov Collection Hoover Institution; Hugh Gibson Papers Jôzef Pilsudski Institute of America in New York (IJP); Akta Adiutantury Generalnej Naczelnego Dowôdztwa (AGND) http://archiwa.pilsudski.org/dokum en t.php?nonav=l nrar = 70 l nrz esp=2 sygn=15 handle=701.180/10304 seria=0 Papiery gen.Tadeusza Rozwadowskiego Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Washington, DC; Bainbridge Colby Papers Breckinridge Long Papers
330 Bibliography Russia The Russian State Archive of Social and Political History (Российский государственный архив социально-политической истории), Moscow (RGASPI): F 5, series 1 [Lenin’s Politburo] F 17, series 2 [minutes of the meetings of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party (b)]
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Index Xote: Page numbers in italics refers to figures. Abernon, Edgar Vincent d’ 101, 105-6, 111, 112, 183, 227, 228, 229, 233, 237, 238, 303, 304, 305, 314, 320 Alexander I Romanov, Emperor of Russia 16, 120, 121, 127 Alexander II Romanov, Emperor of Russia 176, 181 Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hessen-Darmstadt), Empress of Russia 40 Asquith, Herbert 125, 135, 153, 177, 179, 192, 198, 200, 202-3, 207, 209, 250, 317 Atatürk Kemal Mustafa see Kemal, Mustafa Attlee, Clement Richard 209 Bacon, Francis 119 Bakhmeteff, Boris Alexandrovich (also spelled Bakhmetieff or Bakhmetev) 11, 53, 54, 60, 278, 282-3, 290, 293, 296, 324, 327 Baldwin, Stanley 241, 244 Balfour, Arthur James 27, 117, 119-129, 156, 249, 306-7, 335, 340; Anglo-French Entente Cordiale (April 8, 1904) 123; Balfour Declaration (November 2, 1917) 123; beliefs about civilization 127-8, 150; Congress of Berlin (1878) 122, 123; early life and family 119-20, 122, 123-4, 177, 203; his Conservative government 135; memorandum “Poland” (October 1918) 128-9, 130-4, 139, 142-3, 298; memorandum “The Peace Settlement in Europe” (October 1916) 65, 119, 124-7, 247, 274; memorandum to President Theodore Roosevelt (1909) 124, 242; political career and philosophy 123—4, 241—2, 242, 247, 249; powerlessness as Foreign Secretary 137, 138, 151-2, 158; relationship with Kerr 152; relationship with Namier 136—7, 138; role in Stanley Baldwin’s government 241, 244; sense of superiority 154, 247; succession by Lord Curzon 154, 158, 182, 183 Balfour, Blanche (née Cecil) 119 Barthou, Louis 30-1, 44 Bauer, Gustav 20 Beatty, David Richard 233
Beck, Jozef Snr. 257 Beck, JozefJr 257 Benn, William Wedgwood 202 Bernstein, Jakub Chaim 134 Bernstein, Jozef see Niemirowski, Jozef Bernstein, Ludwik see Namier, Lewis Bernstein Berthelot, Philippe 41, 44, 45, 89 Bevin, Ernest 110, 209-10 Bismarck, Otto von (Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck-Schönhausen) 122, 162, 177 Boerner, Ignacy (misspelled Brenner) 254, 256, 257, 258 Bonar Law, Andrew see Law, Andrew Bonar Branting, Karl Hjalmar 60, 298 Breckinridge Long, Samuel see Long, Samuel Breckinridge Brenner, Ignacy see Boerner, Ignacy Bryant, F. Russell 228, 303, 308, 320
342 Index Budyonny, Semyon Mikhailovich 174, 224 Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich 92, 93, 96, 102, 103, 113 Bulak-Balachowicz, Stanislaw (Stanislav Nikodimovich Bulak-Balakhovich) 261, 268 Byron, George Gordon 121 Cachin, Marcel 50 Gambon, Henri 48, 296 Gambon, Pierre Paul 108, 305 Carley, Michael Jabara 41, 50 294, 295, 29, 299, 326 Carton de Wiart, Adrian 74, 229 Castlereagh, Robert Stewart 120-1, 126, 127 Catherine II (Sophie von AnhaltZerbst-Dornburg), Empress Regnant ofRussia 16 Cecil, Blanche see Balfour, Blanche Cecil, Robert, 1st Earl of Salisbury (1563-1612) 119 Cecil, Robert (Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, 1864-1958) 80, 119, 154, 203, 204, 205, 207-9, 211, 249, 317 Chamberlain, Joseph Austen 152, 191, 194, 240, 291 Chamberlain, Neville 4, 123, 153, 242, 245 Chaplin, Charlie (Charles Spencer Chaplin) 159 Chicherin, Georgy Vasilyevich 69, 96, 302, 303, 304; aim of creating conflict between Britain and France 108, 218; arguments for accepting the British offer 95—6, 113, 114, 301; correspondence with Joffe 270; correspondence with Kamenev 286—7; correspondence with Kopp 87-8, 266, 267-9, 277, 279-80; correspondence with Litvinov 91, 302; correspondence with the British government 88, 98—9, 100, 101, 103, 104, 221, 224, 227, 230, 302, 303, 304; delegation to Genoa conference (April 1922) 241; hosting of British delegation to Russia 201; negotiations 84-5, 92, 93, 95-6, 213; peace offer 69; Treaty of Rapallo 241 Chinda, Sutemi 222 Chopin, Fryderyk (Frédéric Chopin) 119 Churchill, Jeanette “Jennie” (née Jerome) 185 Churchill, John, 1st
Duke of Marlborough 185 Churchill, Randolph Henry Spencer (1849-1895) 183 Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer (1874-1965) 4, 10, 11, 106, 107, 114. 118, 203, 216, 250, 319, 320, 322, 329; change of political parties 183-4; complaint about Kerr’s influence 152-3; criticism of 200, 201, 205-6; dismissal from Asquith's government 125; early life and family 183, 185; Gallipoli Campaign 184; hostility to Bolshevism 184, 191, 197, 211; interventionism 155-6, 184-5, 192, 201; opposition to Lloyd George’s policy on Poland 79-80, 104, 192, 195, 196-7, 231-2; opposition to negotiations with Russia 66, 79-80, 101, 194, 212, 238, 239-40, 248, 304; policy of aid to White Russia 185, 192, 193, 206; position on appeasement 245, 246; position on the Polish offensive in Ukraine 81, 214; position on the Transcaucasian republics 66, 67-8; Potsdam Conference 244; relationship with Hankey 153-4. 243; relationship with Lloyd George 176-199, 178, 183, 184, 191, 192, 196-7, 198, 202, 245, 248, 250. 298. 309, 313-16, 317, 318; support for Savinkov 194, 220, 319, 321; Tehran Conference 217, 243, 244; view of ideologies 198; view of Poland 185, 190, 191, 203, 226, 232, 238, 300, 320; wartime Cabinet 176, 243; Yalta Conference 4, 217, 244, 246 Clemenceau, Georges Benjamin 27, 38, 50, 198, 212; election defeat 40, 66, 70, 178, 195; meeting with Lloyd George and Nitti 66—7, 195, 294; openness to negotiations with Russia 39-40, 41, 42, 43; proposal of a cordon sanitaire 41, 68, 194-5, 196; recommendations to Patek 41-2, 44. 46, 69, 309 Clynes, John Robert 202, 203, 204, 206, 209-10, 211, 317
Index Colby, Bainbridge 11, 25, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59-60, 68, 108, 282, 285, 296, 297 Cornwallis-West, George Frederick Myddleton 185 Curzon, George Nathaniel 2, 9, 56, 66, 68, 81, 83-90, 106, 111, 117, 133, 135, 149, 168, 170, 216, 231, 241, 245, 307, 309, 319-20; appointment as Foreign Secretary 154, 158; concern for British Empire territories 32, 67, 165, 183, 185, 189, 191, 195, 205, 217, 328; correspondence with Rumbold 73, 75, 79, 172, 173, 293, 299, 300, 301-04, 311-12, 321; early life and family 177, 182; meeting with Berthelot 89; memorandum (October 3, 1919) 185-9, 191-2, 193, 194; note (July 11, 1920) 2, 88-9, 90, 91-2, 93, 94, 95, 96-7, 98, 102, 103, 107, 113, 114, 116, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 230; opposition to agreement with the Bolsheviks 66; political career 182—3, 243-4; powerlessness as Foreign Secretary 88, 137, 152, 154, 158, 176-199, 183, 233, 244, 314-16; proposal for military intervention in Azerbaijan and Georgia 67, 68, 196; relationship with Churchill 191, 192, 194, 196, 212; relationship with Kerr 79; relationship with Lloyd George 178-9, 183, 191-2, 198; Spa Conference 222 Daniels, Josephus 59 Danilevsky, Nikolai Yakovlevich 279 Daszynski, Ignacy 206, 268, 269, 270 Davies, Norman 181, 182, 299, 302, 303, 309, 311, 314, 315, 317, 320 Davis, John William 191, 297, 316 Davis, Norman Hesekiah 53, 57—8 Dabrowski, Stefan 285 Dabski, Jan 266-7, 267, 270, 272, 285 Debo, Richard K. 287-8, 298, 299, 303, 316, 320, 327, 334 Denikin, Anton Ivanovich 18, 31, 67, 69, 70, 165, 172, 186, 188, 226, 255, 311; Churchill’s policy of aid to 191, 192, 196, 206, 293;
defeat 17, 30, 38, 191, 253, 257; Giertych on 271, 272; letter to Pilsudski 253, 323; march on Moscow 253, 256-58, 262—3; military successes 18, 256, 257; Pilsudski on 265; reluctance to make 343 concessions to Poland 33, 172, 188; talks with Mackinder 31-2, 33, 167, 190, 315 Disraeli, Benjamin, Lord Beaconsfield 122-3 Dmowski, Roman 24, 26, 136, 137, 138, 139-40, 141, 142, 231, 272, 292, 307, 308 Drummond, Eric 137, 138, 307 Dworzaczek, Wlodzimierz 133 Dzerzhinsky, Felix Edmundovich (original Polish spelling Feliks Dzierzynski) 102, 107, 207, 208, 323 Dzhugashvili, Iosif Vissarionovich see Stalin, Joseph Eddy, Mary Baker 151 Eden, Robert Anthony 217 Elizabeth I, Queen of England and Ireland 119 Faisal I, bin Al-Hussein bin Ali AliHashemi, King of Syria 21 Fisher, Herbert Albert Laurens 194 Fisher, Louis 256 Fitzalan-Howard, Anne see Kerr, Anne Fitzalan-Howard, Henry Granville, 14th Duke of Norfolk 151 Foch, Ferdinand 50, 86-7, 220, 228, 301, 319; correspondence with Millerand 264, 284, 327; Foch plan 67—8, 284-6, 288; meeting with Hankey 228; opposition to use of Polish forces 45—6, 69, 295; Spa Conference 220—222; talks with Patek 42, 69-70, 73, 295, 299 Fredro, Aleksander v Fry, Michael 199, 211, 222, 248, 313, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322 Gade, John Allyne 57 Garlinski, Jozef 261 Gascoyne-Cecil, Robert Arthur Talbot, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury 119, 122, 128 Geddes, Auckland Campbell (1879-1954) 56, 215, 219, 297, 318, 319 Geddes, Eric Campbell 194 George, William (d. 1864), father of David Lloyd George 176 George V, King of the United Kingdom and the British
Dominions, Emperor of India 153, 161, 172, 177, 178, 202, 244, 311, 312
344 Index Gibson, Hugh Simons 26-7, 28, 55, 70, 71, 72, 293, 297, 299, 329 Giertych, Jçdrzej 271-3, 307, 325 Gilbert, Martin 298, 300, 301 311, 314, 315, 316 Giolitti, Giovanni 43, 114, 237, 238, 239, 264, 284, 287, 302 Gmurczyk-Wronska, Malgorzata 221-2, 316, 319 Goebbels, Joseph 246 Got’e, Yuri Vladimirovich 280, 326 Grabski, Stanislaw 260, 261, 270, 272 Grabski, Wladyslaw Dominik 86, 87, 88, 90, 198, 205, 222-25, 301, 328 Gregory, John Duncan 168-9, 170, 171, 312, 315, 322 Grey, Edward, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon (1862-1933) 135, 152, 209, 317 Guinness, Walter Edward, 1st Baron Moyne (1880-1944) 203, 317 Habsburg dynasty 2, 29, 133, 220, 310 Hacha, Emil 224 Haking, Richard 288—9, 327 Hankey, Adeline (née Adeline Hermine Gertrude Ernestine de Smidt) 156, 229, 231, 319, 320 Hankey, Maurice Pascal Alers, 1st Baron Hankey (1877-1963) 10-11, 33, 106, 117, 150, 151-57, 164, 239, 242-3, 245, 249, 309-10, 320, 329; Allied mission to Warsaw 105, 108, 227, 228-31, 233, 234, 304; attitude to other countries 164; attitude to Poland 101, 156, 157, 163, 226-7, 231, 237-9, 240, 303; correspondence with dAbernon 105-6; diary 173, 174, 175, 178, 213, 302; disregard of Rumbold’s report 173, 312; early life and family 153, 156, 157, 231; relationship with Churchill 153—4, 243, 316; relationship with Kerr 150; relationship with Lloyd George 153, 154, 228, 242-3, 245, 249, 305, 313, 318, 320, 321, 322; role in drafting Curzon’s note 89, 107; Spa Conference 220, 221, 222, 225, 226-7; supervision of the War Cabinet Office 152, 153 Hardinge, Charles, 1st Baron Hardinge (1858-1944) 73, 162,
165, 166, 170, 172, 299, 311, 312, 322 Headlam-Morley, James 140, 308 Henrys, Paul Prosper 46, 51, 229-30, 295 Herbert, Zbigniew 261 Hitler, Adolf 3-4, 5, 123, 149, 161, 224, 241-2, 245-6, 250, 281, 282, 291 Hoare, Reginald Hervey 244 Hochberg von Pless, Daisy (Mary Theresa Olivia, née Cornwallis-West) 185 Hohenzollern dynasty 2 Hoover, Herbert Clark 53, 293, 329 Horne, Robert Stevenson 194 House, Edward Mandell 65, 298 Hughes, Michael 211, 314, 317 Humbert-Droz, Jules 280, 326 Huxley, Aldous 135 Iranek-Osmecki, Kazimierz 261 Jakobson, Roman Osipovich 278, 326 Joffe, Adolf Abramovich 267, 270, 324. 326 John Sobieski, King of Poland 185 Joyce, James 160, 311 Joyce, John Stanislaus (1884-1955), brother ofjames Joyce 160 Jusserand, JeanJules 113, 228, 229, 305 Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich 92, 93 Kamenev, Lev Borisovich (Leo Rosenfeld or Lev Borisovich Rozenfeld) 9, 35, 113, 246, 301, 302. 303, 304, 305, 327; aim of creating conflict between Britain and France 108; intercepted cables 109-10, 232-3, 238; invitation to London conference 2, 104; letter to Lloyd George 111, 112, 236, 237; Soviet delegation to London 55, 92, 93, 94. 95-6, 101, 107, 108, 109, 198, 227, 231, 232-4, 238, 240; view of Lloyd George 286—7; view on Curzon’s note 93-4, 95, 96, 113; visit to the House of Commons 57, 111, 236 Kamenev, Sergey 102 Kapp, Wolfgang 20, 30, 50 Karski see Marchlewski, Julian Kemal, Mustafa (Atatiirk) 21 Kennan, George Frost 15-16, 116, 248. 291, 296, 322 Kenworthy, Joseph Montague, 10th Baron Strabolgi 202, 205, 206, 209, 211, 212, 249
Index Kerensky, Alexander Fyodorovich 186 Kerr, Anne 151 Kerr, John William Robert, 7th Marquess of Lothian 151 Kerr, Philip Henry, 11th Marquess ofLothian 10, 101, 107, 117, 139, 146, 149-50, 151-157, 183, 231, 233, 299, 309-10, 329; belief in British supremacy 151-2, 154-5; belief in federalism 151-2, 242, 249; correspondence with Auckland Geddes 56, 215, 219, 297, 318-9; correspondence with Bonar Law 221, 319; correspondence with Drummond 137, 138, 307; correspondence with Hoare 244, 322; correspondence with Rumbold 86, 162-5, 166, 170, 195, 218, 226, 301, 311, 318-9, 321; Curzon Line 149—50, 243; early life and family 151, 153, 177; influence of Namier 137—9, 154, 162, 308—9; meetings with Lied 173-4, 212-3, 215, 313, 318; memorandum to Lloyd George about Russia and Poland 78-9; mission in Bern 154; opposition to interventionism 155-6; position on Ukraine 225; relationship with Churchill 152-3, 196, 316; relationship with Lloyd George 79, 88. 89, 152-3, 154, 178, 180, 300, 312, 322; role in authoring Curzon’s note 88; Spa Conference 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225; talks in Bern 160; view of Eastern Europe 154, 157; views on appeasement 161-2, 242, 245, 248 Kerr, Ralph Drury (1837-1916) 151 Kipling, Joseph Rudyard 155 Kissinger, Henry 15-16, 116, 248, 291, 322 Kolchak, Alexander Vasilyevich 30, 38, 69, 172, 188, 192, 206, 226, 256, 265 Komarnicki, Titus (Tytus) 255-6, 294, 298, 299, 300, 322 Kon, Feliks Yakovlevich 207 Kopp, Viktor Leontievich 87—8, 266, 267-9, 270, 271, 277, 279-80, 281, 287, 290, 324, 325, 326 Korab Kucharski, Henryk 138, 308 Kosciuszko, Tadeusz 121
Kossakowski, Michal 257, 323 Kot, Stanislaw 134, 149 345 Krasin, Leonid Borisovich 88, 92, 93, 96, 198, 221, 246, 318; aim of creating conflict between Britain and France 218; career 212; intercepted cables 109-10, 232-3, 238; Soviet delegation to London 55, 83—5, 101, 107, 109, 173, 174, 204, 205, 213, 215, 216, 217-18, 227, 231-4, 240 Krestinsky, Nikolay Nikolayevich 92 Krzyzanowski, Adam 256, 323 Kujawski see Marchlewski, Julian Kukiel, Marian 134, 149 Kulinski, Mieczyslaw 270 Kunicki, Ryszard 267—9, 270, 271 Kutrzeba, Tadeusz 256, 262, 300 Lansbury, George 201, 210 Lansdowne, Lord Henry see PettyFitzmaurice, Henry Charles Keith, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne Lansing, Robert 24—6, 28, 53, 54, 68, 292, 293, 299, 315 Laroche, Jules 41; 44 Lastouski, Vaclau 290 Lastouski, Waclau see Lastouski, Vaclau Law, Andrew Bonar 107, 179, 182, 191, 194, 195, 231, 233; correspondence with Kerr 221, 319; House of Commons debates 202, 203—4, 206, 209, 210, 214, 225, 317; as Prime Minister 243; view of Churchill 184 Leeper, Reginald “Rex” Wildig Allen 219, 231-2, 318, 319, 320 Lem, Stanislaw 224 Lenin, Vladimir (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov) 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 34, 35, 36, 50, 55, 60, 66, 92-3, 105, 111, 114, 116, 125, 149, 158, 196, 204, 209, 215, 227, 234, 239, 241, 260, 281, 283, 286, 290, 291, 301, 302, 304, 316, 324, 325, 326, 330; aim of creating conflict between Britain and France 107—8; attempt to discredit Pilsudski 254—5; British support for 2, 3, 74, 80-1, 199, 200, 201, 202, 205, 207, 209-11, 212, 230, 232, 237, 317; correspondence with Stalin 94, 103, 113, 275, 278, 288, 303, 325;
Curzon’s note 2, 94, 95, 113, 116, 225; instructions to Chicherin 84-5, 103, 302; Lloyd George’s view of 68, 81, 196, 199, 204, 221-4, 237-8, 248, 250; objective of lasting peace
346 Index 125; peace offer 69, 71, 72; plan for Sovietization 3, 96-8, 107, 275, 276, 287, 288; rumors 215, 216; Second Congress of the Third International 96, 102—3; secret talks with Pilsudski’s emissaries 10, 253, 256, 257, 258, 262, 266-9, 270; Treaty of Riga 276, 280-1; view of French involvement in Poland 50; view of the London negotiations 92—3, 96, 114 Lentin, Antony 5, 6, 249, 291, 310, 322 Leygues, Georges 284, 327 Lied, Jonas 173-4, 212-13, 215, 312, 313, 318 Lindley, Francis Oswald 166, 311, 312 Litvinov, Maxim Maximovich (Meir Henoch Mojszewicz WallachFinkelstein) 45, 83, 91, 213, 302 Lloyd, Richard 176 Lloyd George, David 1, 6, 9, 10, 21, 29, 31, 32, 60, 117; Allied conference in London 73-4; Allied mission to Warsaw 105, 227, 228; arguments for negotiations with Russia 32—4, 66-7, 75, 78-9, 80-1, 83-4, 103, 104, 192, 193; attempt to rectify the Versailles order 86, 111-12, 113, 116, 264, 286, 289, 290; cessation of support for White Russia 31, 66, 185, 192; Colby Note 58, 59; correspondence with Kerr 242; correspondence with President Wilson 56, 57, 61; correspondence with Rumbold 100, 234; correspondence with Smuts 7; death 176, 246; declaration ofBritish war objectives (January 5, 1918) 156; disregard for the role of ideology 36, 68, 81, 84, 116, 150, 166, 198, 199, 248; disregard of intercepted Russian cables 109-10, 232—3, 239; disregard of Rumbold’s report 173, 174; domination of the Cabinet 178-9, 182, 183, 191-2; early life and family 176—7, 178; end of premiership 241; enjoyment of luxury 173, 178; exertion of pressure on France 39, 44, 45, 49;
Fontainebleau Memorandum 155; goal of a new European order 212; Great War 128, 177, 199, 211, 246—7, 248; House of Commons debates 206-7, 208, 209; influence of Namier 134, 137-9, 143, 150, 168, 170, 180, 193; invitation of Soviet delegation to London 1-2, 55; lack of interest in other countries 164; London peace conference proposal 2. 55-6, 57, 90, 104, 221, 238-9, 240, 241, 249—50, 287-8; meetings with Patek 70, 72-3, 74, 166; meeting with Clemenceau 194-5; meeting with Giolitti 238—9, 287; meeting with Millerand at Lympne Castle 108-9, 234, 236; mistress 138, 173, 178, 180, 193; opposition from Lord Cecil 203, 207-9; Paris Peace Conference 65, 88—9, 177, 178; policy of appeasement 2-3, 57, 161, 185, 193, 194, 195-6, 197-9, 206, 211, 245-7, 248, 249-50, 283—4, 286; policy of “peace through trade” 66, 67, 68, 69, 72, 84, 115, 199, 218; political thinking 179-80, 197-9; pressure on Poland to negotiate with Russia 106—7, 235, 236, 237-8; pro-Polish gestures 231; reaction to Chicherin’s notes 100, 101, 221, 227, 230; rejection of the Foch plan 67-8; relationship with Churchill 178, 183, 184, 191, 192, 196-7, 198, 245; relationship with Hankey 153, 154, 243; relationship with Kerr 79, 88, 152-3, 154, 180; San Remo Conference 50, 75, 170, 173, 178; Spa Conference 86—7, 88, 89, 101, 205, 218, 219, 220, 221-4, 226; speeches 110-11, 177, 193, 204-5, 206-7, 246; talks with Polk 190-1; talks with the Soviet delegation 81, 84-6, 107, 108, 173, 204-5, 213, 215-17, 218, 231, 232—4, 239—40; use ofEastern Galicia 2-3, 89-90, 218-19, 223, 224, 225-6: view of concessions to Germany 6, 65,
247; view of Poland 150, 154, 162, 163, 166, 174-5, 180-1, 182, 195, 238, 245, 247; view of the SovietPolish war 108-9, 110-11, 212-14, 215, 219-20, 231, 234-5 Lloyd George, Megan 138, 173 Lodge, Henry Cabot 24 Long, Samuel Breckinridge 11, 52, 55. 296, 329 Long, Walter Hume, 1st Viscount Long 240 Lothian, Marquesses of 151 Lothian, 7th Marquess see Kerr, John William Robert
Index Ludendorff, Erich 281 Lüttwitz, Walther von 20, 30, 50 Lados, Aleksander 270 Lobodowski, Jozef 259 Mackiewicz, Jozef 255, 256, 257-62, 263-6, 271, 272, 273, 323, 324, 325, 330 Mackinder, Halford John 31—3, 135, 165, 167, 190, 196, 203, 293, 311, 315, 317 Maclean, Donald Charles Hugh (1864-1932) 203 MacMillan, Margaret Olwen 21, 292, 293, 300, 313 MacMillan, Maurice Harold 135 Maisky, Ivan Mikhailovich 245, 322 Makhrov, Petr Semenovich 265, 268, 285-6, 324, 327, 329 Maklakov, Vasily Alekseyevich 60, 278, 324, 326 Malone, Patrick (1859-1939) 205-6 Mannerheim, Carl GustafEmil 165, 311 Marchlewski, Julian (aka Karski, Kujawski) 102, lo7, 207, 208, 254, 257, 293, 269 Margolin, Arnol’d Davidovich 225 319 Marx, Karl 3, 53, 163, 176, 266 Masaryk, Tomas Garrigue 105, 228—9, 320 Matsui, Keishirö 76 Matveev, Gennady Filipovich 274—5 Mickiewicz, Adam 119 Miedzinski, Boguslaw 262, 324 Millerand, Alexandre 30, 31, 36, 39, 59, 66, 70, 114, 195, 231, 233, 287, 290, 294, 295, 296, 299, 301, 305, 327; Allied conference in London 73—4; aspects of position on Poland 283-4; divergence from British policy on Poland 104—5, 112—13, 264; goal of strengthening Poland 46, 47-8, 283; meeting with Hankey 228; meeting with Lloyd George at Lympne Castle 108-9, 234, 236; meeting with Pilsudski 40; opposition to negotiations with Soviet Russia 35, 41, 44, 45, 85, 87; opposition to the Bolsheviks 31, 33-4, 41; provision of military equipment to Poland 50; public support 43-4; San Remo Conference 50, 75; Spa Conference 87, 88, 101, 222, 223 347 Milner, Alfred, 1st Viscount Milner 151, 152, 310 Molotov,
Vyacheslav Mikhailovich 245-6, 280, 318 Müller, Hermann (1876-1931) 20 Mykhayliv, Leonid 79 Namier, Julia (née Iulia Michaelovna Kazarina) 140, 307, 308, 309 Namier, Lewis Bernstein (also Ludwik Bernstein or Ludwik Niemirowski) viii, 117, 130-50, 132, 242, 307-309, 315, 322; commentary on Poland 75, 139-49, 150, 167, 169, 170, 171, 247; criticism of appeasement 241-2; early career at the Foreign Office 135-6; early life and family 134-5, 141-2; hostility to Dmowski 136-7, 138, 139, 140, 141; influence on Kerr 137-9, 154, 162; influence on Lloyd George 134, 137-9, 143, 150, 168-70, 180, 193, 245, 247; lack of critical appraisal of Russia 150; lessening of prejudice toward Poland 241; manipulation of information 138-9, 202; map 130-34, 218-19, 241 Napoleon I (Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French) 119-20, 121, 123, 126, 320 Nicholas II Romanov, Emperor of Russia 18, 40, 65, 83-4, 100, 131, 136-7, 146, 181, 322 Nicholas I Romanov, Emperor of Russia 119, 121, 181 Niemirowski, Jozef (Jozef Bernstein) 134, 141, 142, 308 Niemirowski, Ludwik see Namier, Lewis Bernstein Nitti, Francesco Saviero 39, 43, 45, 66, 73, 75, 195 Norfolk, 14th Duke of see FitzalanHoward, Henry Granville Noulens, Joseph 38 Nowak-Kielbikowa, Maria 190, 299, 300, 301, 304, 308, 315, 319 Officer, Lawrence H. 310 Oman, Charles William Chadwick 137 Paderewski, Ignacy Jan 140, 141, 165, 172, 180-1, 205, 228, 285, 308, 313, 314, 317, 320, 327 Paléologue, Maurice 40-1, 48, 284, 327
348 Index Palmerston see Temple, Henry John, 3rd Viscount Palmerston Panafieu, Hector André de 46-7, 47, 229, 284, 295, 296, 305, 327 Pareto, Vilfredo Federico Damaso 135 Patek, Stanislaw 42, 44, 48, 69-70, 71, 71, 72-3, 74-5, 77, 86, 166, 167, 195, 198, 213, 221-2, 295, 296, 299, 300, 311 Pelczynski, Tadeusz (1892-1985) 261, 323 Percy, Eustace Sutherland Campbell, Baron Percy of Newcastle 135 Pétain, Henri Philippe 246 Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia 188 Petliura, Symon Vasyl’ovich 19, 69, 70, 77, 79, 80, 82, 171, 173, 204, 213, 214, 214, 257, 290, 301, 326 Petty-Fitzmaurice, Henry Charles Keith, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne 135 Pilsudski, Jôzef 11, 26-7, 31, 32, 33, 37-51, 39, 65-76, 69, 75, 84, 97, 121, 134, 139, 290, 292, 293, 294-6, 298-300, 308, 311, 315, 316, 320, 323, 324, 328, 329; attempt to gain support from the Entente Powers 17—19, 70—2, 74; Battle of Warsaw 238; Curzon’s memorandum 189; Eastern policy 17-18, 50, 147; explanation of the Bolshevik threat 26—28; Giertych on 271—2; Hankey’s view of 105, 228, 229-30, 231; hostility toward imperial Russia 265—6, 273; idea of a “third Russia” 263, 327; Kyiv operation 76, 77—8, 79-81, 171, 173, 201; Lloyd George’s view of 175, 234—5; Mackiewicz on 255-6, 257-61, 262, 264-6, 271; meeting with Makhrov 265, 286, 327; meeting with Millerand 40; Namier’s view of 140, 141, 147; opposition from Pralon 46, 70; Polish enemies 104, 285; program for a federative state 141, 142, 270; Rumbold’s view of 161, 165, 167, 171, 172—3, 174; secret talks with Lenin’s emissaries 10, 256—273; sovereignty of Polish policy 37, 50-1; Soviet
attempts to discredit 254-5; support from France 46, 50—1, 109, 228—30, 284; suspension of anti-Bolshevik offensive 253—273; talks with Mackinder 31, 32, 190; telegram from King George V 172, 202; Western politicians’ views of 35; Wilno operation 140, 141 Polk, Frank Lyon 53, 68, 190, 315 Pound, Ezra 160, 311 Pragier, Adam 261-2 Pralon, Eugène 46, 70, 295, 299 Purcell, Albert Arthur (1872-1935) 201 Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich 3 Raczynski, Edward 246 Radcliffe, Percy Pollexfen de Blaquiere 229, 230, 236-7, 318, 320, 321 Radek, Karl Berngardovich (Karol Sobelsohn) 102, 255, 269, 323 Radetzky, Joseph (Johann Josef Wenzel Anton Franz Karl, Graf Radetzky von Radetz) 119 Ribbentrop, Joachim von 245—6, 280 Riddell, George Allardice, Baron Riddell 100, 303, 304, 309 Romanov dynasty 2, 6-7, 22, 53, 81, 114, 188, 220, 256, 258, 259, 263 Romer, Eugeniusz 133, 307 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 4, 52—3. 217, 243 Roosevelt, Theodore 124, 242 Rothschild, Lionel Walter, 2nd Baron Rothschild 123 Rozwadowski, Tadeusz 220—1, 238. 260, 277, 300, 319, 325, 329 Rumbold, Horace George Montagu (Sir Horace George Montagu Rumbold, 9th Baronet) 10, 117, 158-175, 159, 250, 293, 299, 300, 301, 303, 310-313, 315, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 329; appointment as envoy 158-9, 160; aversion to Bolshevism 165-6; correspondence with Curzon 73, 75, 79, 172, 173; correspondence with Gregory 168, 170; correspondence with Hankey 237; correspondence with Hardinge 166-7, 170; correspondence with Kerr 86, 162-5, 166, 170, 195, 218, 226; correspondence with Leeper 219; correspondence with Lloyd George 100, 234, 236—7;
correspondence with Louisa Anne Rumbold 219, 226, 235; departure from Warsaw 244-5; diplomatic career 159—61; early life and family
Index 159; on East Galicia 226; in literature 160; meeting with Mykhayliv 79; meeting with the Allied mission 229, 231; opposition to appeasement 161, 245, 250; recommendations about Poland 145, 161-2, 164-5, 167-8, 169, 170-3, 174, 175; talks with the Polish government 70, 72, 73, 75 Rumbold, Horace (Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet) 159—60 Rumbold, Louisa Anne 219, 226, 235 Russell, Bertrand Arthur William 201, 316 Russell, Odo (Sir Odo William Theophilus Russell) 215, 318 Said, Edward 163, 311 Salisbury (3rd Marquess of Salisbury) see Gascoyne-Cecil, Robert Arthur Talbot Sapieha, Eustachy 270, 286, 327 Sassoon, Philip Albert Gustave David 178, 312 Savinkov, Boris Viktorovich 191, 194, 220, 263, 268, 271, 316, 319 Schaetzel de Merxhausen, Tadeusz 261 Schroeder, Paul W. 121, 306 Sforza, Carlo 104, 222, 302 Shaw, Tom (Thomas, 1872-1938) 201, 205, 208, 209-10, 317 Sienkiewicz, Henryk 134 Sieradzki, Jôzef 256, 323 Sikorski, Wladyslaw 134, 260 Simons, Walter 287 Skrzyhski, Aleksander 48, 50-1, 154 Skulski, Leopold 70, 74, 77, 299, 300 Smidt, Adeline Hermine Gertrude Ernestine de see Hankey, Adeline Smilga, Ivar Tenisovich (Ivars Smilga) 102, 303, 304, 327 Smuts, Jan Christian 5, 6, 7, 154, 155, 181, 243, 246, 274-5, 291, 310, 313-4 Snowden, Ethel 201 Snowden, Philip 201 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isayevich 253 Sommerstein, Mojzesz (Maurycy) 134 Sosnkowski, Kazimierz 77, 78, 254, 300, 323, 330 Spargo, John 53, 54, 57, 59-60, 282, 296, 297, 298 Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich (Iosif Vissarionovich Jughashvili or 349 Dzhugashvili) 1, 4, 9, 35, 59, 93, 96, 102; correspondence with Lenin
94, 103, 113, 275, 278, 288, 302, 325; correspondence with Trotsky 93, 304; Curzon Line 90, 113; early life and family 178; Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 245-6, 282; as policymaker 92, 94-5; President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Great Powers concept 52-3; President Truman’s policy of containment 59; talks with France 31; view of Poland as part of a “screening wall” 17, 277-8; World War II 116, 149, 217, 243, 244, 245-6, 250, 255, 260, 318; Yalta Conference 4, 217, 246 Stevenson, Frances 138, 173, 178, 180, 193 Struve, Peter (Pyotr aka Petr) Berngardovich 60 Tchaikovsky, Nikolai Vasilyevich (1851-1926) 60, 186 Temple, Henry John, 3rd Viscount Palmerston 176 Thomas, James Henry (1874-1949) 204, 209-10, 317 Thomas Aquinas 178 Tocqueville, Alexis-Henri-Charles Clérel de 197 Toporska, Barbara 263 Toye, Richard 211, 313, 314, 315, 313, 317, 322 Toynbee, Arnold 134, 135, 307 Trqmpczynski, Wojciech 172 Trotsky, Leon (Lev Davidovich Bronstein) 9, 34, 35, 95—6, 210, 223, 270, 283, 303, 304, 318, 325, 326, 327; Brest negotiations 92; Curzon’s note 2, 93, 98, 102, 113; plans to Sovietize Poland 103—4, 203-4; as a policymaker 92; rumors 215, 216 Trubetzkoy (Trubetskoy), Nikolai Sergeyevich 278, 279, 288, 326 Truman, Harry S. 59 Tukhachevsky, Mikhail Nikolayevich 110, 255, 305 Turner, Benjamin (Ben) 201, 317 Ullman, Richard 198, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 305, 315, 316, 319, 321, 322 Unszlicht (Unshlikht), Iosif Stanislavovich 97, 98, 102, 113, 303
350 Index Vandervelde, Émile 60 Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria), Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 119, 203 Vorovsky, Vatslav Vatslavovich 114 Washington, George 245 Wedgwood, Josiah Clement, 1st Baron Wedgwood 192, 209, 211 Wçdziagolski, Karol 263, 324 Wellesley, Arthur, 1st Duke of Wellington 119-20, 121, 123, 127, 306 Wellington see Wellesley, Arthur Weygand, Maxime 101, 104, 111, 220, 222, 228, 229, 230, 234, 235, 260 Wielinski, Edmund 134 William II Hohenzollern, German Emperor and King of Prussia 185 Williams, Harold (1876-1928) 210, 211 Wilson, Henry Hughes 155, 195—6, 220, 221, 232, 233, 239, 316, 319, 320, 321 Wilson, Thomas Woodrow 27, 28, 36, 60, 65, 155, 198, 282, 297, 298, 305; correspondence with Lloyd George 56, 57, 61, 108; Fourteen Points 7-8, 23—4, 128; on the Great War 5-6; health problems 28, 61, 178; Nobel Peace Prize 60; policy of passivity 58-9, 108; view of Bolshevism 25-6, 108, 219; vision of new world order 24-5, 52-5, 212 Wingate, Francis Reginald 135 Wise, Edward Frank 66, 67, 107, 174. 195, 213, 216, 231, 247, 249 Witos, Wincenty 206, 231 Wrangel, Pyotr Nikolayevich 17, 60, 80; Allied mission of support 236, 293, 318, 324, 327; assumes command of White Russian forces 30; Mackiewicz on 259, 260, 261, 264-5, 266, 271-2; relations with Britain 84, 93, 205, 215, 216, 217. 225, 238, 285; relations with France 84, 113, 264, 283, 284; Soviet approach 91, 93, 94, 99, 216-7, 267, 268, 269—70; Treaty of Riga 259, 278, 282-3, 284-5, 286, 290 Wyndham, Percy 17-18, 159, 292 Yudenich, Nikolai Nikolayevich 192, 258 Zamoyski, Maurycy
Klemens 48-9, 49. 295, 296 Zinoviev, Grigory Yevseyevich 92, 96, 102, 103, 113 Zeligowski, Lucjan 270 Bayerische | Staatsbibliothek j MOnchen ^ J |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Nowak, Andrzej |
| author2 | Bałuk-Ulewiczowa, Teresa 1951- |
| author2_role | trl |
| author2_variant | t b u tbu |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1208807552 (DE-588)134122828 |
| author_facet | Nowak, Andrzej Bałuk-Ulewiczowa, Teresa 1951- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Nowak, Andrzej |
| author_variant | a n an |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048642419 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 1060 NQ 4690 NQ 5055 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1381307625 (DE-599)BVBBV048642419 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1920 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1920 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV048642419 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:18:02Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T04:10:12Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781032434636 |
| language | English |
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| physical | xv, 350 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts |
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| publisher | Routledge |
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| series2 | Routledge histories of Central and Eastern Europe |
| spelling | Nowak, Andrzej Verfasser (DE-588)1208807552 aut The forgotten appeasement of 1920 Lloyd-George, Lenin and Poland Andrzej Nowak ; translated from Polish by Teresa Bałuk-Ulewiczowa [und 4 weitere] London ; New York Routledge [2023] xv, 350 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Routledge histories of Central and Eastern Europe Geschichte 1920 gnd rswk-swf Polnisch-Sowjetischer Krieg 1919-1921 (DE-588)4076206-3 gnd rswk-swf Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 s Geschichte 1920 z DE-604 Polnisch-Sowjetischer Krieg 1919-1921 (DE-588)4076206-3 s Bałuk-Ulewiczowa, Teresa 1951- (DE-588)134122828 trl Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 978-1-032-43465-0 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-003-36744-4 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034017325&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034017325&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034017325&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Nowak, Andrzej The forgotten appeasement of 1920 Lloyd-George, Lenin and Poland Polnisch-Sowjetischer Krieg 1919-1921 (DE-588)4076206-3 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4076206-3 (DE-588)4003846-4 (DE-588)4022153-2 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | The forgotten appeasement of 1920 Lloyd-George, Lenin and Poland |
| title_auth | The forgotten appeasement of 1920 Lloyd-George, Lenin and Poland |
| title_exact_search | The forgotten appeasement of 1920 Lloyd-George, Lenin and Poland |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The forgotten appeasement of 1920 Lloyd-George, Lenin and Poland |
| title_full | The forgotten appeasement of 1920 Lloyd-George, Lenin and Poland Andrzej Nowak ; translated from Polish by Teresa Bałuk-Ulewiczowa [und 4 weitere] |
| title_fullStr | The forgotten appeasement of 1920 Lloyd-George, Lenin and Poland Andrzej Nowak ; translated from Polish by Teresa Bałuk-Ulewiczowa [und 4 weitere] |
| title_full_unstemmed | The forgotten appeasement of 1920 Lloyd-George, Lenin and Poland Andrzej Nowak ; translated from Polish by Teresa Bałuk-Ulewiczowa [und 4 weitere] |
| title_short | The forgotten appeasement of 1920 |
| title_sort | the forgotten appeasement of 1920 lloyd george lenin and poland |
| title_sub | Lloyd-George, Lenin and Poland |
| topic | Polnisch-Sowjetischer Krieg 1919-1921 (DE-588)4076206-3 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Polnisch-Sowjetischer Krieg 1919-1921 Außenpolitik Großbritannien Sowjetunion |
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