Self-spreading biotechnology and international law: prevention, responsibility, and liability in a transboundary context
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Baden-Baden
Nomos
2022
|
| Ausgabe: | 1st edition |
| Schriftenreihe: | Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht
Volume 316 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 808 Seiten 22.7 cm x 15.3 cm |
| ISBN: | 9783848773770 3848773775 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Beck, Felix |d 1990- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1275016146 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Self-spreading biotechnology and international law |b prevention, responsibility, and liability in a transboundary context |c Felix Beck |
| 250 | |a 1st edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Baden-Baden |b Nomos |c 2022 | |
| 300 | |a 808 Seiten |c 22.7 cm x 15.3 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht |v Volume 316 | |
| 502 | |b Dissertation |c Albert-Ludwig-Universität Freiburg |d 2021 | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Internationales Recht |0 (DE-588)4027447-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Biotechnologie |0 (DE-588)4069491-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Grenzüberschreitende Umweltbelastung |0 (DE-588)4134979-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 653 | |a Cartagena Protocol | ||
| 653 | |a Convention on Biological Diversity | ||
| 653 | |a Genome Editing | ||
| 653 | |a HEGAAs | ||
| 653 | |a Liability | ||
| 653 | |a International Law | ||
| 653 | |a Prevention | ||
| 653 | |a State Responsibility | ||
| 653 | |a Transboundary Harm | ||
| 653 | |a Biodiversity Compact | ||
| 653 | |a Biotechnologie | ||
| 653 | |a völkerrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit und Haftung beim grenzüberschreitenden Einsatz von Biotechnologie | ||
| 653 | |a selbstausbreitende Biotechnologie | ||
| 653 | |a gene drives | ||
| 653 | |a Rechtsquellen des Völkerrechts | ||
| 653 | |a Gewohnheitsrecht | ||
| 653 | |a Völkerrechtliche Verträge | ||
| 653 | |a soft law | ||
| 653 | |a Genomeditierung | ||
| 653 | |a Malaria | ||
| 653 | |a living modified organisms | ||
| 653 | |a Cartagena-Protokoll | ||
| 653 | |a Nagoya/Kuala-Lumpur-Haftungsprotokoll | ||
| 653 | |a Staatenverantwortlichkeit | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804184657044963328 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | OVERVIEW
OF
CHAPTERS
TABLE
OF
ABBREVIATIONS
27
INTRODUCTION
35
PART
ONE:
SELF-SPREADING
BIOTECHNOLOGY
CHALLENGES
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
45
CHAPTER
1:
THE
EMERGENCE
OF
SELF-SPREADING
BIOTECHNOLOGY
47
CHAPTER
2;
CONCEPTS
AND
TERMS
RELEVANT
TO
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
CAUSED
BY
BIOTECHNOLOGY
107
PART
TWO:
PREVENTION
OF
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
129
CHAPTER
3:
THE
REGULATION
OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY
IN
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
131
CHAPTER
4:
PREVENTION
OF
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
FROM
BIOTECHNOLOGY
UNDER
CUSTOMARY
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
247
CHAPTER
5:
THE
INTERNATIONAL
GOVERNANCE
OF
ENGINEERED
GENE
DRIVES
317
PART
THREE:
OPERATOR
LIABILITY
365
CHAPTER
6:
THE
NAGOYA
-
KUALA
LUMPUR
SUPPLEMENTARY
PROTOCOL
ON
REDRESS
AND
LIABILITY
367
CHAPTER
7:
A
PRIVATE
LIABILITY
SCHEME:
THE
BIODIVERSITY
COMPACT
461
7
CHAPTER
8:
A
CUSTOMARY
OBLIGATION
TO
ENSURE
PROMPT
AND
ADEQUATE
COMPENSATION
FOR
TRANSBOUNDARY
DAMAGE?
477
PART
FOUR:
RESPONSIBILITY
AND
LIABILITY
OF
STATES
493
CHAPTER
9:
STATE
RESPONSIBILITY
FOR
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
CAUSED
BY
BIOTECHNOLOGY
495
CHAPTER
10:
STRICT
STATE
LIABILITY
FOR
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM?
595
CHAPTER
11:
COMPENSATION
FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
IN
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
617
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
665
SUMMARY
OF
RESULTS
671
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
IN
DEUTSCHER
SPRACHE
689
TABLE
OF
CASES
713
TABLE
OF
TREATIES
AND
INSTRUMENTS
721
BIBLIOGRAPHY
743
8
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
TABLE
OF
ABBREVIATIONS
27
INTRODUCTION
35
PART
ONE:
SELF-SPREADING
BIOTECHNOLOGY
CHALLENGES
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
45
CHAPTER
1:
THE
EMERGENCE
OF
SELF-SPREADING
BIOTECHNOLOGY
47
A.
PRINCIPLES
OF
GENETICS
AND
MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY
48
I.
BASICS
OF
MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY
48
II.
NATURAL
GENETIC
CHANGE
AND
INHERITANCE
51
1.
GENETIC
MUTATION
51
2.
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
53
3.
MENDEL
S
LAWS
OF
INHERITANCE
54
III.
ANTHROPOGENIC
GENETIC
CHANGE
54
B.
GENOME
EDITING
56
I.
FUNCTIONING
OF
GENOME
EDITING
57
II.
ENGINEERED
NUCLEASE
TECHNIQUES
FOR
SITE-SPECIFIC
DNA
CLEAVAGE
59
1.
ZINC
FINGER
NUCLEASES
59
2.
TRANSCRIPTION
ACTIVATOR-LIKE
EFFECTOR
NUCLEASES
60
3.
CRISPR-CAS
61
III.
APPLICATIONS
OF
GENOME
EDITING
TECHNIQUES
65
1.
AGRICULTURE
65
2.
BASIC
RESEARCH
AND
MEDICINE
67
3.
HUMAN
GERMLINE
EDITING
69
4.
INDUSTRIAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY
70
IV.
TECHNICAL
CHALLENGES
OF
CRISPR-CAS
BASED
GENOME
EDITING
70
1.
OFF-TARGET
EFFECTS
70
2.
GENETIC
MOSAICISM
72
3.
IN
VIVO
DELIVERY
OF
CRISPR-CAS
COMPONENTS
72
9
V.
ENVIRONMENTAL
RISKS
AND
ETHICAL
CONCERNS
CONNECTED
TO
THE
USE
OF
GENOME
EDITING
73
1.
ALLEGED
ENVIRONMENTAL
RISKS
OF
GENOME
EDITING
IN
AGRICULTURE
73
2.
RISKS
AND
ETHICAL
CONCERNS
RELATING
TO
HUMAN
GENOME
EDITING
75
C.
ENGINEERED
GENE
DRIVES
77
I.
NATURAL
GENE
DRIVE
MECHANISMS
78
1.
OVER-REPLICATION
MECHANISMS
78
2.
INTERFERENCE
MECHANISMS
73
II.
DEVELOPMENT
OF
ENGINEERED
GENE
DRIVES
81
III.
POTENTIAL
APPLICATIONS
OF
ENGINEERED
GENE
DRIVES
83
1.
CONTROL
OF
VECTOR-BORNE
DISEASES
84
A)
MODIFICATION
DRIVES
84
B)
SUPPRESSION
DRIVES
85
C)
CURRENT
STATE
OF
DEVELOPMENT
86
2.
CONTROL
OF
INVASIVE
SPECIES
88
3.
AGRICULTURE
89
IV.
LIMITATIONS
AND
RISKS
OF
APPLYING
ENGINEERED
GENE
DRIVES
89
1.
LIMITATIONS
OF
CURRENT
GENE
DRIVE
TECHNIQUES
90
2.
RISKS
RELATED
TO
GENE
DRIVE
APPLICATIONS
91
A)
UNINTENDED
GEOGRAPHIC
SPREAD
92
B)
INTENDED
BUT
UNAUTHORIZED
SPREAD
92
C)
UNDESIRED
SPREAD
TO
NON-TARGET
SPECIES
93
D)
DUAL
USE
OF
GENE
DRIVE
TECHNIQUES
94
3.
POTENTIAL
ECOLOGICAL
EFFECTS
OF
SUPPRESSING
A
TARGET
SPECIES
94
4.
POTENTIAL TRANSBOUNDARY
EFFECTS
OF
GENE
DRIVES
96
D.
HORIZONTAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
GENETIC
ALTERATION
AGENTS
(HEGAAS)
97
E.
SELF-SPREADING
BIOTECHNOLOGY
NOT
INVOLVING
GENETIC
ALTERATION
OF
THE
TARGET
ORGANISM
99
I.
USE
OF
GENETICALLY
MODIFIED
VIRUSES
IN
PLANT
PEST
CONTROL
100
II.
SELF-DISSEMINATING
VACCINES
101
III.
MASS
RELEASES
OF
STERILE
GENETICALLY
MODIFIED
INSECTS
103
IV.
USE
OF
WOLBACHIA
TO
SUPPRESS
MOSQUITO-VECTORED
INFECTIOUS
DISEASES
104
F.
SUMMARY
105
10
CHAPTER
2:
CONCEPTS
AND
TERMS
RELEVANT
TO
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
CAUSED
BY
BIOTECHNOLOGY
107
A.
GENETICALLY
MODIFIED
AND
LIVING
MODIFIED
ORGANISMS
108
B.
TYPES
OF
DAMAGE
POTENTIALLY
CAUSED
BY
LMOS
109
C.
THE
DISTINCTION
BETWEEN
RESPONSIBILITY
AND
LIABILITY
112
D.
THE
POLLUTER-PAYS
PRINCIPLE:
STATE
OR
OPERATOR
LIABILITY?
114
E.
STANDARDS
OF
LIABILITY:
FAULT-BASED,
OBJECTIVE,
STRICT,
AND
ABSOLUTE
LIABILITY
116
F.
PROCEDURAL
ISSUES
IN
ENFORCING
CIVIL
LIABILITY
IN
A
TRANSBOUNDARY
CONTEXT
119
G.
CIVIL
LIABILITY
AND
ADMINISTRATIVE
LIABILITY
FOR
DAMAGE
TO
THE
ENVIRONMENT
123
H.
SUMMARY
AND
OUTLOOK
126
PART
TWO:
PREVENTION
OF
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
129
CHAPTER
3:
THE
REGULATION
OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY
IN
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
131
A.
THE
CARTAGENA
PROTOCOL
ON
BIOSAFETY
132
I.
SCOPE
133
1.
SUBJECT
MATTER:
LIVING
MODIFIED
ORGANISMS
OBTAINED
THROUGH
MODERN
BIOTECHNOLOGY
134
A)
LIVING
ORGANISM
135
B)
GENETIC
MATERIAL
136
C)
NOVEL
COMBINATION
OF
GENETIC
MATERIAL
138
D)
OBTAINED
THROUGH
THE
USE
OF
MODERN
BIOTECHNOLOGY
140
AA)
APPLICATION
OF
IN
VITRO
NUCLEIC
ACID
TECHNIQUES...
140
BB)
...
THAT
OVERCOME
NATURAL
PHYSIOLOGICAL
REPRODUCTIVE
OR
RECOMBINATION
BARRIERS.
..
143
CC)
...
AND
THAT
ARE
NOT
TECHNIQUES
USED
IN
TRADITIONAL
BREEDING
AND
SELECTION
145
E)
COVERAGE
OF
CERTAIN
NEW
AND
EMERGING
TECHNIQUES
147
AA)
GENOME
EDITING
147
BB)
ENGINEERED
GENE
DRIVES
148
CC)
GENETICALLY
MODIFIED
VIRUSES
150
11
DD)
TECHNIQUES
THAT
HARNESS
NATURAL
MECHANISMS
OF
SELF-PROPAGATION
(WOLBACHIA)
150
2.
RESTRICTION
TO
HAZARDOUS
LMOS?
151
3.
ACTIVITIES
COVERED
BY
THE
PROTOCOL
153
4.
EXEMPTION
FOR
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENT
OF
LMOS
WHICH
ARE
PHARMACEUTICALS
(ARTICLE
5)
155
5.
CONCLUSIONS
157
IL
SUBSTANTIVE
PROVISIONS
158
1.
ADVANCE
INFORMED
AGREEMENT
PROCEDURE
FOR
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENTS
OF
LMOS
159
A)
SCOPE
OF
THE
AI
A
PROVISIONS
160
B)
PROCEDURE
OF
OBTAINING
AN
ADVANCE
INFORMED
AGREEMENT
FROM
THE
PARTY
OF
IMPORT
161
C)
RISK
ASSESSMENT
161
D)
ROLE
OF
THE
PRECAUTIONARY
PRINCIPLE
IN
DECISION
MAKING
(ARTICLE
10(6))
163
E)
ROLE
OF
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
CONSIDERATIONS
IN
DECISION
MAKING
(ARTICLE
26)
164
F)
RULES
FOR
LMOS
INTENDED
FOR
DIRECT
USE
AS
FOOD
OR
FEED,
OR
FOR
PROCESSING
(ARTICLE
11)
167
G)
EXEMPTION
OF
CONTAINED
USE
AND
LMO-FFP:
THE
INTENDED
USE
PROBLEM
168
AA)
GENUINE
AND
DISGUISED
CHANGES
TO
THE
INTENDED
USE
169
BB)
RESPONSIBILITIES
OF
EXPORTING
PARTIES
171
CC)
RESPONSIBILITIES
OF
IMPORTING
PARTIES
172
H)
CONCLUSIONS
173
2.
RISK
MANAGEMENT
AND
PREPAREDNESS
174
A)
RISK
MANAGEMENT
(ARTICLE
16)
174
AA)
OBLIGATION
TO
ESTABLISH
APPROPRIATE
RISK
MANAGEMENT
MEASURES
(PARA.
1)
174
BB)
IMPOSITION
OF
PREVENTIVE
MEASURES
BASED
ON
RISK
ASSESSMENT
(PARA.
2)
176
CC)
PREVENTION
OF
UNINTENTIONAL
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENTS
(PARA.
3)
177
DD)
APPROPRIATE
OBSERVATION
PERIOD
FOR
ANY
LMO
(PARA.
4)
181
EE)
OBLIGATION
TO
COOPERATE
(PARA.
5)
182
B)
NOTIFICATION
IN
CASE
OF
UNINTENTIONAL
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENTS
(ARTICLE
17)
182
12
C)
ILLEGAL
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENTS
(ARTICLE
25)
184
AA)
PREVENTION
OF
ILLEGAL
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENTS
(PARA.
1)
184
BB)
OBLIGATION
TO
DISPOSE
OF
THE
LMO
IN
CASE
OF
AN
ILLEGAL
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENT
(PARA.
2)
186
D)
HANDLING,
TRANSPORT,
PACKAGING,
AND
IDENTIFICATION
(ARTICLE
18(1))
188
E)
CONCLUSIONS
189
3.
INFORMATION-SHARING
THROUGH
THE
BIOSAFETY
CLEARING
HOUSE
(ARTICLE
20)
190
4.
APPLICATION
IN
RELATION
TO
NON-PARTIES
(ARTICLE
24)
192
5.
UPWARD
DEROGATION
(ARTICLES
2(4)
AND
14)
194
6.
LIABILITY
AND
REDRESS
(ARTICLE
27)
195
III.
CONCLUSIONS
196
IV.
EXCURSUS:
THE
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
THE
CARTAGENA
PROTOCOL
AND
EU
BIOTECHNOLOGY
LAW
197
1.
THE
EUROPEAN
UNION
S
LEGAL
FRAMEWORK
FOR
GMOS
198
2.
SCOPE
OF
THE
GMO
REGIME
IN
THE
EUROPEAN
UNION
200
3.
COMPATIBILITY
OF
THE
EUROPEAN
GMO
REGIME
WITH
THE
CARTAGENA
PROTOCOL
202
B.
CONVENTION
ON
BIOLOGICAL
DIVERSITY
205
I.
JURISDICTIONAL
SCOPE
(ARTICLE
4)
206
II.
PREVENTION
OF
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
(ARTICLE
3)
206
III.
REGULATION
AND
CONTROL
OF
RISKS
ASSOCIATED
WITH
THE
USE
AND
RELEASE
OF
LIVING
MODIFIED
ORGANISMS
(ARTICLE
8(G))
207
IV.
PROVISION
OF
INFORMATION
TO
PARTIES
RECEIVING
LMOS
(ARTICLE
19(4))
209
V.
CONTROL
OF
INVASIVE
ALIEN
SPECIES
(ARTICLE
8(H))
209
VI.
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
AND
MINIMIZATION
OF
ADVERSE
IMPACTS
(ARTICLE
14(1))
212
1.
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
ASSESSMENTS
(LIT.
A)
212
2.
PROCEDURAL
OBLIGATIONS
(LIT.
C
AND
D)
213
VIL
EXAMINATION
OF
THE
ISSUE
OF
LIABILITY
AND
REDRESS
(ARTICLE
14(2))
213
VIII.
ARE
ERADICATION
PROGRAMMES
PROHIBITED
UNDER
THE
CBD?
215
IX.
CONCLUSIONS
216
C.
INTERNATIONAL
TRADE
LAW
217
I.
KEY
PROVISIONS
OF
INTERNATIONAL
TRADE
LAW
217
13
II.
AGREEMENT
ON
SANITARY
AND
PHYTOSANITARY
MEASURES:
POTENTIAL
SOURCE
OF
CONFLICT
WITH
THE
CARTAGENA
PROTOCOL
218
III.
RESOLVING
POTENTIAL
CONFLICTS
BETWEEN
INTERNATIONAL
TRADE
LAW
AND
THE
CARTAGENA
PROTOCOL
222
D.
INTERNATIONAL
PLANT
PROTECTION
CONVENTION
225
E.
WORLD
ORGANISATION
FOR
ANIMAL
HEALTH
227
F.
CODEX
ALIMENTARIUS
229
G.
UNITED
NATIONS
CONVENTION
ON
THE
LAW
OF
THE
SEA
230
H.
INTERNATIONAL
REGULATIONS
ON
THE
TRANSPORT
OF
HAZARDOUS
GOODS
231
I.
INTERNATIONAL
HEALTH
REGULATIONS
233
J.
DISARMAMENT
AND
HUMANITARIAN
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
234
I.
BIOLOGICAL
WEAPONS
CONVENTION
235
II.
ENMOD
CONVENTION
240
III.
INTERNATIONAL
HUMANITARIAN
LAW
241
IV.
CONCLUSIONS
242
K.
SUMMARY
242
CHAPTER
4:
PREVENTION
OF
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
FROM
BIOTECHNOLOGY
UNDER
CUSTOMARY
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
247
A.
THE
LEGAL
FOUNDATION
OF
THE
OBLIGATION
TO
PREVENT
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
247
B.
SCOPE
OF
THE
OBLIGATION
TO
PREVENT
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
251
I.
HARM
252
II.
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
253
1.
EXTRATERRITORIAL
TRANSBOUNDARY HARM
254
2.
HARM
TO
AREAS
BEYOND
NATIONAL
JURISDICTION
255
3.
HARM
TO
GLOBAL
COMMONS
256
III.
HARM
CAUSED
BY
PHYSICAL
CONSEQUENCES
258
IV.
THE
THRESHOLD
OF
SIGNIFICANT
HARM
262
V.
RISK
OF
HARM
266
VI.
FORESEEABILITY
OF
HARM
AND
THE
ROLE
OF
PRECAUTION
266
1.
FORESEEABILITY
AS
A
PRECONDITION
OF
PREVENTION
266
2.
THE
PRECAUTIONARY
PRINCIPLE
(OR
APPROACH)
267
3.
PRECAUTION
AND
THE
BURDEN
OF
PROOF
271
4.
PRECAUTION
IN
THE
AREA
OF
BIOSAFETY
272
14
VII.
LIVING
MODIFIED
ORGANISMS
AND
THE
RISK
OF
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
272
1.
SCHOLARLY
OPINIONS
273
2.
TRANSBOUNDARY
EFFECTS
OF
LMOS
AND
THE
NOTION
OF
SIGNIFICANT
HARM
274
3.
ANTICIPATION
OF
RISK
277
VIII.
CONCLUSIONS
277
C.
PREVENTION
OF
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
AS
AN
OBLIGATION
OF
DUE
DILIGENCE
278
D.
PROCEDURAL
DUTIES
IN
THE
CONTEXT
OF
PREVENTION
281
I.
ADOPTION
AND
ENFORCEMENT
OF
EFFECTIVE
DOMESTIC
REGULATION
282
II.
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
(OR
RISK)
ASSESSMENT
283
1.
LEGAL
STATUS
284
2.
TRIGGERS
OF
THE
OBLIGATION
286
3.
PROCESS
AND
CONTENT
OF
EIAS
287
4.
STANDARDS
FOR
RISK
ASSESSMENTS
OF
LMOS/GMOS
288
5.
CONCLUSIONS
289
III.
USE
OF
THE
BEST
AVAILABLE
TECHNOLOGIES
289
IV.
COOPERATION
291
1.
NOTIFICATION
291
A)
TIMING
292
B)
ADDRESSEES
293
C)
CONTENT
294
D)
PROCEDURE
294
2.
EXCHANGE
OF
INFORMATION
295
3.
CONSULTATIONS
AND
NEGOTIATIONS
296
V.
PUBLIC
PARTICIPATION
298
1.
LEGAL
STATUS
UNDER
GENERAL
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
299
2.
PUBLIC
PARTICIPATION
UNDER
THE
CARTAGENA
PROTOCOL
300
3.
GMOS
UNDER
THE
AARHUS
CONVENTION
300
A)
STATUS
QUO
300
B)
THE
GMO
AMENDMENT
301
C)
THE
LUCCA
GUIDELINES
302
VI.
OBLIGATIONS
WHEN
DAMAGE
IS
IMMINENT
OR
INEVITABLE
303
1.
NOTIFICATION
IN
EMERGENCY
SITUATIONS
303
2.
OBLIGATION
TO
CONTROL
AND
MITIGATE
DAMAGE
304
VII.
CONCLUSIONS
305
15
E.
ESTABLISHING
BREACHES
OF
THE
OBLIGATION
TO
PREVENT
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
305
I.
OCCURRENCE
OF
HARM
AS
AN
INDICATION
OF
A
BREACH
306
II.
OCCURRENCE
OF
HARM
AS
A
PREREQUISITE
OF
A
BREACH
308
III.
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
PROCEDURAL
AND
SUBSTANTIVE
OBLIGATIONS
OF
PREVENTION
311
F.
SUMMARY
314
CHAPTER
5:
THE
INTERNATIONAL
GOVERNANCE
OF
ENGINEERED
GENE
DRIVES
317
A.
THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF
COP
DECISION
14/19
318
B.
LEGAL
STATUS
OF
COP
DECISION
14/19
321
I.
FUNCTIONS
OF
COP
DECISIONS
321
II.
COP
DECISIONS
AS
SOFT
LAW
323
III.
SOFT
LAW
STATUS
OF
DECISION
14/19
FOR
PARTIES
TO
THE
CBD
325
IV.
EFFECT
ON
NON-PARTIES
325
C.
SUBSTANCE,
CONTEXT,
AND
CONSEQUENCES
OF
COP
DECISION
14/19
326
I.
PRECAUTIONARY
APPROACH
(OR
PRINCIPLE)
326
1.
REFERENCES
TO
PRECAUTION
IN
EARLIER
COP
DECISIONS
327
2.
EARLY
DEPLOYMENT
OF
GENE
DRIVES
AS
A
PRECAUTIONARY
MEASURE?
327
3.
ASSESSMENT
329
II.
PRECONDITIONS
FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
RELEASES
OF
ENGINEERED
GENE
DRIVES
329
1.
SCIENTIFICALLY
SOUND
CASE-BY-CASE
RISK
ASSESSMENT
329
A)
STATUS
OF
THE
OBLIGATION
UNDER
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
330
B)
THE
CARTAGENA
PROTOCOL
S
AHTEG
ON
RISK
ASSESSMENT
330
AA)
GUIDANCE
ON
RISK
ASSESSMENT
AND
MONITORING
OF
LMOS
331
BB)
ADDITIONAL
GUIDANCE
ON
RISK
ASSESSMENT
OF
ENGINEERED
GENE
DRIVES
333
C)
ASSESSMENT
335
2.
APPROPRIATE
RISK
MANAGEMENT
MEASURES
336
A)
STATUS
OF
THE
OBLIGATION
UNDER
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
336
16
B)
PROPOSED
RISK
MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIES
FOR
GENE
DRIVES
AS
BEST
AVAILABLE
TECHNIQUES
?
336
AA)
PHASED
PATHWAY
TO
THE
DEPLOYMENT
OF
GENE
DRIVES
337
BB)
SELF-LIMITING
GENE
DRIVES
338
C)
ASSESSMENT
339
3.
FREE,
PRIOR
AND
INFORMED
CONSENT
339
A)
STATUS
OF
THE
OBLIGATION
UNDER
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
340
AA)
CBD
MO
OTZ
KUXTAL
VOLUNTARY
GUIDELINES
340
BB)
UNITED
NATIONS
DECLARATION
ON
THE
RIGHTS
OF
INDIGENOUS
PEOPLES
341
CC)
ASSESSMENT
342
B)
EXCURSUS:
CONSENT
OF
INDIVIDUALS
AS
A
HUMAN
RIGHTS
REQUIREMENT?
343
4.
CONCLUSIONS
346
III.
SAFETY
OF
SYNTHETIC
BIOLOGY
IN
CONTAINED
USE
347
1.
NO
BINDING
INTERNATIONAL
RULES
ON
LMOS
IN
CONTAINED
USE
348
2.
THE
WHO
LABORATORY
BIOSAFETY
MANUAL
349
3.
EXCURSUS:
REGULATION
OF
GENE
DRIVES
IN
CONTAINED
USE
IN
THE
EUROPEAN
UNION
351
4.
CONTAINMENT
STANDARDS
FOR
GENE
DRIVES
FORMULATED
BY
RESEARCHERS
353
IV.
CONCLUSIONS
354
D.
GOVERNANCE
OF
(POTENTIAL)
TRANSBOUNDARY
SPREADS
355
I.
REGULATION
OF
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENTS
UNDER
THE
CARTAGENA
PROTOCOL
356
1.
LIKELY
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENTS
AS
INTENTIONAL
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENTS?
356
2.
PROPOSAL
FOR
A
CLARIFICATION
358
II.
TRANSBOUNDARY
SPREADS
AND
THE
OBLIGATION
TO
PREVENT
SIGNIFICANT
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
359
E.
SUMMARY
AND
OUTLOOK
361
17
PART
THREE:
OPERATOR
LIABILITY
365
CHAPTER
6:
THE
NAGOYA
-
KUALA
LUMPUR
SUPPLEMENTARY
PROTOCOL
ON
REDRESS
AND
LIABILITY
367
A.
NEGOTIATING
HISTORY
368
B.
SCOPE
373
I.
SUBJECT
MATTER:
LIVING
MODIFIED
ORGANISMS
373
1.
LMOS
THAT
ARE
PHARMACEUTICALS
FOR
HUMANS
374
2.
PRODUCTS
DERIVED
FROM
LMOS
375
IL
DAMAGE
TO
BIOLOGICAL
DIVERSITY
377
1.
BIOLOGICAL
DIVERSITY
378
2.
ADVERSE
EFFECTS
ON
THE
CONSERVATION
AND
SUSTAINABLE
USE
OF
BIOLOGICAL
DIVERSITY
379
A)
ADVERSE
EFFECTS
ON
CONSERVATION
380
B)
ADVERSE
EFFECTS
ON
SUSTAINABLE
USE
381
C)
CONCLUSIONS
382
3.
THRESHOLD
OF
DAMAGE:
MEASURABLE
AND
SIGNIFICANT
383
4.
RISKS
TO
HUMAN
HEALTH
384
5.
DOMESTIC
CRITERIA
TO
ADDRESS
DAMAGE
386
6.
TYPES
OF
DAMAGE
NOT
ADDRESSED
BY
THE
SUPPLEMENTARY
PROTOCOL
387
7.
CONCLUSIONS
388
III.
DAMAGE
RESULTING
FROM
LMOS
WHICH
FIND
THEIR
ORIGIN
IN
A
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENT
(ARTICLE
3(1))
389
1.
DAMAGE
RESULTING
FROM
AUTHORIZED
USES
FOLLOWING
INTENTIONAL
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENT
(ARTICLE
3(2))
389
2.
DAMAGE
RESULTING
FROM
UNINTENTIONAL
MOVEMENTS
(ARTICLE
3(3))
391
3.
DAMAGE
RESULTING
FROM
ILLEGAL
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENTS
(ARTICLE
3(3))
392
4.
DAMAGE
RESULTING
FROM
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENTS
FROM
NON-PARTIES
(ARTICLE
3(7))
392
5.
DAMAGE
RESULTING
FROM
LMOS
IN
TRANSIT
393
6.
DAMAGED
CAUSED
BY
DOMESTIC
ACTIVITIES
WITH
LMOS
393
7.
CONCLUSIONS
394
IV.
TEMPORAL
SCOPE
(ARTICLE
3(4))
394
V.
SPATIAL
SCOPE
(ARTICLE
3(5))
395
VI.
CONCLUSIONS
397
18
C.
ADMINISTRATIVE
LIABILITY:
RESPONSE
MEASURES
TO
REDRESS
DAMAGE
TO
BIOLOGICAL
DIVERSITY
397
I.
MEANING
AND
SCOPE
OF
RESPONSE
MEASURES
399
II.
IDENTIFICATION
OF
THE
LIABLE
OPERATOR
401
III.
ESTABLISHMENT
OF
A
CAUSAL
LINK
AND
STANDARD
OF
PROOF
(ARTICLE
4)
406
IV.
IMPLEMENTATION
OF
RESPONSE
MEASURES
(ARTICLE
5)
409
1.
REQUIREMENT
OF
THE
OPERATOR
TO
TAKE
RESPONSE
MEASURES
(PARA.
1)
409
2.
RESPONSIBILITIES
OF
THE
COMPETENT
AUTHORITY
(PARA.
2)
411
3.
MEASURES
WHEN
THERE
IS
A
THREAT
OF
DAMAGE
(PARA.
3)
412
4.
RESPONSE
MEASURES
TAKEN
INSTEAD
OF
THE
RESPONSIBLE
OPERATOR
(PARA.
4)
413
5.
RECOVERY
OF
EXPENSES
BY
THE
COMPETENT
AUTHORITY
(PARA.
5)
414
6.
REASONING
AND
LEGAL
REVIEW
OF
DECISIONS
(PARA.
6)
416
V.
TRANSPOSITION
INTO
DOMESTIC
LAW
417
1.
PROVISION
OF
RULES
AND
PROCEDURES
THAT
ADDRESS
DAMAGE
(ARTICLE
12(1))
417
2.
RESPONSE
MEASURES
ALREADY
ADDRESSED
BY
DOMESTIC
CIVIL
LIABILITY
LAW
(ARTICLE
5(7))
419
3.
IMPLEMENTATION
OF
RESPONSE
MEASURES
IN
ACCORDANCE
WITH
DOMESTIC
LAW
(ARTICLE
5(8))
421
VI.
CONCLUSIONS
421
D.
CIVIL
LIABILITY
FOR
MATERIAL
AND
PERSONAL
INJURY
423
I.
SCOPE:
MATERIAL
OR
PERSONAL
DAMAGE
ASSOCIATED
WITH
BIODIVERSITY
DAMAGE
423
1.
MATERIAL
OR
PERSONAL
DAMAGE
423
2.
DAMAGE
ASSOCIATED
WITH
BIODIVERSITY
DAMAGE
425
II.
PROVISION
OF
ADEQUATE
RULES
AND
PROCEDURES
ON
CIVIL
LIABILITY
(ARTICLE
12(2))
426
III.
LIST
OF
ELEMENTS
TO
BE
ADDRESSED
WHEN
DEVELOPING
CIVIL
LIABILITY
LAW
(ARTICLE
12(3))
427
IV.
THE
MEANING
OF
ADEQUATE
RULES
AND
PROCEDURES
428
V.
CONCLUSIONS
429
VI.
EXCURSUS:
DRAFT
GUIDELINES
ON
CIVIL
LIABILITY
AND
REDRESS
430
E.
OTHER
PROVISIONS
433
I.
EXEMPTIONS
FROM
LIABILITY,
TIME
AND
FINANCIAL
LIMITS,
AND
RIGHT
OF
RECOURSE
(ARTICLES
6
TO
9)
433
19
IL
FINANCIAL
SECURITY
(ARTICLE
10)
435
1.
RIGHT
OF
PARTIES
TO
PROVIDE
FOR
FINANCIAL
SECURITY
(PARA.
1)
436
2.
CONSISTENCY
OF
FINANCIAL
SECURITY
PROVISIONS
WITH
EXISTING
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
(PARA.
2)
438
3.
STUDY
ON
FINANCIAL
SECURITY
MECHANISMS
(PARA.
3)
439
4.
CONCLUSIONS
440
III.
RELATIONSHIP
TO
STATE
RESPONSIBILITY
(ARTICLE
11)
441
IV.
REVIEW
OF
EFFECTIVENESS
(ARTICLE
13)
441
V.
RELATIONSHIP
TO
RIGHTS
AND
OBLIGATIONS
UNDER
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
(ARTICLE
16)
442
VI.
GOVERNANCE
AND
PROCESS-RELATED
PROVISIONS
(ARTICLES
14
TO
21)
443
F.
ISSUES
NOT
ADDRESSED
BY
THE
SUPPLEMENTARY
PROTOCOL
444
I.
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
444
II.
DESIGNATION
OF
A
COMPETENT
AUTHORITY
445
III.
RIGHT
OF
AFFECTED
INDIVIDUALS
TO
REQUEST
ACTION
446
IV.
INTERNATIONAL
COORDINATION
OF
RESPONSE
MEASURES
447
V.
JURISDICTION,
APPLICABLE
LAW,
AND
MUTUAL
RECOGNITION
AND
ENFORCEMENT
OF
JUDGMENTS
448
G.
EXCURSUS:
CROPLIFE
INTERNATIONAL
S
IMPLEMENTATION
GUIDE
450
I.
PROPOSED
SCOPE
OF
DOMESTIC
IMPLEMENTING
LEGISLATION
451
II.
IDENTIFICATION
OF
THE
LIABLE
OPERATOR
AND
EXEMPTIONS
451
III.
DETERMINATION
OF
DAMAGE
452
IV.
IDENTIFICATION
OF
SUITABLE
RESPONSE
MEASURES
453
V.
CIVIL
LIABILITY
453
VI.
CONCLUSIONS
454
H.
SUMMARY
AND
OUTLOOK
455
CHAPTER
7:
A
PRIVATE
LIABILITY
SCHEME:
THE
BIODIVERSITY
COMPACT
461
A.
MEMBERSHIP
463
B.
SCOPE
464
C.
CAUSATION,
IDENTIFICATION
OF
THE
PARTY
LIABLE
AND
STANDARD
OF
LIABILITY
465
D.
DEFENCES
467
E.
RESPONSE
468
F.
FINANCIAL
CAPS
AND
TIME
LIMITS
469
20
G.
CLAIMS
PROCESS,
ARBITRATION
AND
ENFORCEMENT
471
H.
CONCLUSIONS
473
CHAPTER
8:
A
CUSTOMARY
OBLIGATION
TO
ENSURE
PROMPT
AND
ADEQUATE
COMPENSATION
FOR
TRANSBOUNDARY
DAMAGE?
477
A.
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
AND
USE
OF
TERMS
478
B.
REQUIREMENT
TO
ENSURE
PROMPT
AND
ADEQUATE
COMPENSATION
480
I.
THE
STANDARD
OF
PROMPT
AND
ADEQUATE
COMPENSATION
481
II.
IMPOSITION
OF
STRICT
OPERATOR
LIABILITY
482
III.
COMPENSATION
FUNDING
483
C.
OBLIGATION
TO
PROVIDE
FOR
RESPONSE
MEASURES
484
D.
OBLIGATION
TO
PROVIDE
FOR
INTERNATIONAL
AND
DOMESTIC
REMEDIES
486
E.
RELATIONSHIP
TO
THE
LAW
OF
STATE
RESPONSIBILITY
487
F.
LEGAL
STATUS:
EMERGING
CUSTOMARY
INTERNATIONAL
LAW?
489
PART
FOUR:
RESPONSIBILITY
AND
LIABILITY
OF
STATES
493
CHAPTER
9:
STATE
RESPONSIBILITY
FOR
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
CAUSED
BY
BIOTECHNOLOGY
495
A.
REQUIREMENTS
OF
THE
INTERNATIONAL
RESPONSIBILITY
OF
A
STATE
497
I.
CONDUCT
CONSISTING
OF
AN
ACTION
OR
OMISSION
498
II.
ATTRIBUTION
499
1.
CONDUCT
BY
STATE
ORGANS
AND
PERSONS
EXERCISING
GOVERNMENTAL
AUTHORITY
500
2.
CONDUCT
BY
PERSONS
INSTRUCTED
OR CONTROLLED
BY
THE
STATE
502
A)
THE
CRITERIA
FOR
ATTRIBUTION
UNDER
ARTICLE
8
ARSIWA
502
AA)
INSTRUCTION
503
BB)
DIRECTION
505
CC)
CONTROL
505
B)
ATTRIBUTION
OF
PRIVATE
ACTIVITIES
CAUSING
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
510
AA)
REGULATORY
OVERSIGHT
510
BB)
ENTERPRISES
OWNED
AND
CONTROLLED
BY
A
STATE
511
21
CC)
RESEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMENT
ACTIVITIES
BY
PUBLIC
AND
GOVERNMENTAL
INSTITUTIONS
514
DD)
STATE-FUNDED
RESEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMENT
ACTIVITIES
516
3.
ATTRIBUTION
OF
CONDUCT
ACKNOWLEDGED
AND
ADOPTED
BY
THE
STATE
AS
ITS
OWN
517
4.
ATTRIBUTION
BY
LEX
SPECIALIS
NORMS
517
5.
ATTRIBUTION
OF
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
THROUGH
HUMAN
RIGHTS
LAW?
518
6.
CONCLUSIONS
520
III.
BREACH
OF
AN
INTERNATIONAL
OBLIGATION
521
1.
INTERNATIONAL
OBLIGATION
OF
ANY
ORIGIN
OR
CHARACTER
521
2.
CONDUCT
IN
BREACH
OF
THE
OBLIGATION
523
3.
NO
REQUIREMENT
OF
FAULT
523
IV.
CIRCUMSTANCES
PRECLUDING
WRONGFULNESS
524
1.
CONSENT
525
2.
SELF-DEFENCE
525
3.
COUNTERMEASURES
526
4.
FORCE
MAJEURE
527
5.
NECESSITY
528
6.
REPARATION
IN
THE
EVENT
OF
A
CIRCUMSTANCE
PRECLUDING
WRONGFULNESS
531
B.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
OF
INTERNATIONAL
RESPONSIBILITY
533
I.
OBLIGATIONS
OF
CESSATION
AND
NON-REPETITION
534
II.
OBLIGATION
TO
MAKE
FULL
REPARATION
535
1.
RECOVERABLE
INJURY
536
2.
CAUSATION
537
A)
PROOF
OF
CAUSALITY
FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
538
B)
HARM
WITHIN
THE
AMBIT
OF
THE
RULE
BREACHED
542
C)
CONCURRENT
CAUSES
OF
DAMAGE
AND
SHARED
RESPONSIBILITY
542
3.
FORMS
OF
REPARATION
544
A)
RESTITUTION
544
AA)
OBJECTIVE
OF
RESTITUTION
545
BB)
RESTITUTION
NOT
MATERIALLY
IMPOSSIBLE
546
CC)
DISPROPORTIONALITY
OF
RESTITUTION
547
B)
COMPENSATION
548
AA)
LOSS
OF
LIFE
AND
PERSONAL
INJURY
549
BB)
PROPERTY
DAMAGE
550
CC)
LOSS
OF
PROFITS
OR
INCOME
551
22
DD)
DAMAGE
TO
THE
ENVIRONMENT
553
EE)
PUNITIVE
DAMAGES
554
FF)
INTEREST
555
C)
SATISFACTION
556
4.
CONTRIBUTION
TO
THE
INJURY
AND
FAILURE
TO
MITIGATE
DAMAGE
557
III.
RIGHT
TO
TAKE
COUNTERMEASURES
559
C.
IMPLEMENTATION
OF
STATE
RESPONSIBILITY
561
I.
STANDING
TO
INVOKE
STATE
RESPONSIBILITY
561
1.
INVOCATION
OF
RESPONSIBILITY
BY
INJURED
STATES
562
2.
INVOCATION
OF
RESPONSIBILITY
BY
NON-INJURED
STATES
565
A)
RIGHT
OF
NON-INJURED
STATES
TO
INVOKE
RESPONSIBILITY
566
B)
REMEDIES
AVAILABLE
TO
NON-INJURED
STATES
569
II.
CLAIMS
FOR
INJURED
NATIONALS
571
1.
THE
LAW
OF
DIPLOMATIC
PROTECTION
IN
CASES
OF
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
571
2.
THE
REQUIREMENT
TO
EXHAUST
LOCAL
REMEDIES
IN
CASES
OF
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
573
III.
INVOCATION
AND
ENFORCEMENT
OF
STATE
RESPONSIBILITY
577
1.
THE
CLAIMS
PROCESS
ENVISAGED
IN
THE
ARSIWA
577
2.
SETTLEMENT
OF
DISPUTES
578
3.
NON-COMPLIANCE
PROCEDURES
582
A)
THE
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISM
UNDER
THE
CARTAGENA
PROTOCOL
583
AA)
ROLE,
FUNCTIONS
AND
PROCEDURES
583
BB)
RECENT
PRACTICE
586
CC)
LEGAL
STATUS
587
B)
THE
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
NON-COMPLIANCE
PROCEDURES
AND
STATE
RESPONSIBILITY
588
4.
CONCLUSIONS
590
D.
SUMMARY
AND
OUTLOOK
591
CHAPTER
10:
STRICT
STATE
LIABILITY
FOR
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM?
595
A.
INTERNATIONAL
TREATIES
598
B.
STATE
PRACTICE
604
C.
HUMAN
RIGHTS
LAW
609
D.
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
COMMISSION
610
23
E.
CONCLUSIONS
614
CHAPTER
11:
COMPENSATION
FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
IN
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
617
A.
THE
REPARATIVE
APPROACH:
MITIGATING,
EVALUATING,
AND
RESTORING
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
620
I.
TYPES
OF
RESPONSE
MEASURES
SUBJECT
TO
REIMBURSEMENT
622
1.
MITIGATION
MEASURES
622
2.
RESTORATION
MEASURES
623
3.
EVALUATION
MEASURES
626
IL
LIMITATIONS
TO
COMPENSABILITY
628
1.
LIMITATION
TO
REASONABLE
MEASURES
628
2.
LIMITATION
OF
REIMBURSEMENT
TO
INCREMENTAL
AND
EXTRAORDINARY
EXPENSES
630
3.
LIMITATION
OF
RESTORATION
COSTS
TO
THE
MONETARY
VALUE
OF
THE
IMPAIRED
ENVIRONMENT?
632
III
.
COMPENSABILITY
OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
SOLIDARITY
COSTS
632
B.
THE
COMPENSATORY
APPROACH:
MONETARY
COMPENSATION
FOR
DAMAGE
TO
THE
ENVIRONMENT
633
I.
COMPENSABILITY
OF
PURE
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
635
1.
THE
PRACTICE
OF
INTERNATIONAL
LIABILITY
TREATIES
635
2.
THE
STANCE
OF
THE
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
COMMISSION
637
3.
COMPENSABILITY
OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
IN
THE
UNITED
NATIONS
COMPENSATION
COMMISSION
638
4.
COMPENSATION
OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
BEFORE
THE
INTERNATIONAL
COURT
OF
JUSTICE
(CASE
OF
COSTA
RIVA
V.
NICARAGUA)
639
5.
CONCLUSIONS
642
II.
FORMS
OF
COMPENSATION
FOR
DAMAGE
TO
THE
ENVIRONMENT
643
1.
COMPENSATORY
RESTORATION
644
2.
MONETARY
VALUATION
OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
646
A)
VALUATION
BASED
ON
MARKET
PRICES
647
B)
NON-MARKET-BASED
VALUATION
TECHNIQUES
648
C)
BENEFIT
(OR
VALUE)
TRANSFER
METHOD
651
D)
COSTS
FOR
HYPOTHETICAL
RESPONSE
MEASURES
651
3.
CONCLUSIONS
652
III.
CASE
STUDY:
VALUATION
OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
IN
THE
CERTAIN
ACTIVITIES
CASE
BEFORE
THE
ICJ
654
1.
COSTA
RICA
S
ECOSYSTEM
SERVICES
APPROACH
654
24
2.
NICARAGUA
S
REPLACEMENT
COSTS
APPROACH
3.
NICARAGUA
S
CORRECTED
ANALYSIS
4.
THE
COURT
S
JUDGMENT:
OVERALL
ASSESSMENT
OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
5.
ASSESSMENT
C.
SUMMARY
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
SUMMARY
OF
RESULTS
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
IN
DEUTSCHER
SPRACHE
TABLE
OF
CASES
TABLE
OF
TREATIES
AND
INSTRUMENTS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
655
656
656
658
662
665
671
689
713
721
743
25
|
| adam_txt |
OVERVIEW
OF
CHAPTERS
TABLE
OF
ABBREVIATIONS
27
INTRODUCTION
35
PART
ONE:
SELF-SPREADING
BIOTECHNOLOGY
CHALLENGES
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
45
CHAPTER
1:
THE
EMERGENCE
OF
SELF-SPREADING
BIOTECHNOLOGY
47
CHAPTER
2;
CONCEPTS
AND
TERMS
RELEVANT
TO
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
CAUSED
BY
BIOTECHNOLOGY
107
PART
TWO:
PREVENTION
OF
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
129
CHAPTER
3:
THE
REGULATION
OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY
IN
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
131
CHAPTER
4:
PREVENTION
OF
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
FROM
BIOTECHNOLOGY
UNDER
CUSTOMARY
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
247
CHAPTER
5:
THE
INTERNATIONAL
GOVERNANCE
OF
ENGINEERED
GENE
DRIVES
317
PART
THREE:
OPERATOR
LIABILITY
365
CHAPTER
6:
THE
NAGOYA
-
KUALA
LUMPUR
SUPPLEMENTARY
PROTOCOL
ON
REDRESS
AND
LIABILITY
367
CHAPTER
7:
A
PRIVATE
LIABILITY
SCHEME:
THE
'
BIODIVERSITY
COMPACT
'
461
7
CHAPTER
8:
A
CUSTOMARY
OBLIGATION
TO
ENSURE
PROMPT
AND
ADEQUATE
COMPENSATION
FOR
TRANSBOUNDARY
DAMAGE?
477
PART
FOUR:
RESPONSIBILITY
AND
LIABILITY
OF
STATES
493
CHAPTER
9:
STATE
RESPONSIBILITY
FOR
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
CAUSED
BY
BIOTECHNOLOGY
495
CHAPTER
10:
STRICT
STATE
LIABILITY
FOR
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM?
595
CHAPTER
11:
COMPENSATION
FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
IN
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
617
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
665
SUMMARY
OF
RESULTS
671
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
IN
DEUTSCHER
SPRACHE
689
TABLE
OF
CASES
713
TABLE
OF
TREATIES
AND
INSTRUMENTS
721
BIBLIOGRAPHY
743
8
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
TABLE
OF
ABBREVIATIONS
27
INTRODUCTION
35
PART
ONE:
SELF-SPREADING
BIOTECHNOLOGY
CHALLENGES
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
45
CHAPTER
1:
THE
EMERGENCE
OF
SELF-SPREADING
BIOTECHNOLOGY
47
A.
PRINCIPLES
OF
GENETICS
AND
MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY
48
I.
BASICS
OF
MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY
48
II.
NATURAL
GENETIC
CHANGE
AND
INHERITANCE
51
1.
GENETIC
MUTATION
51
2.
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
53
3.
MENDEL
'
S
LAWS
OF
INHERITANCE
54
III.
ANTHROPOGENIC
GENETIC
CHANGE
54
B.
GENOME
EDITING
56
I.
FUNCTIONING
OF
GENOME
EDITING
57
II.
ENGINEERED
NUCLEASE
TECHNIQUES
FOR
SITE-SPECIFIC
DNA
CLEAVAGE
59
1.
ZINC
FINGER
NUCLEASES
59
2.
TRANSCRIPTION
ACTIVATOR-LIKE
EFFECTOR
NUCLEASES
60
3.
CRISPR-CAS
61
III.
APPLICATIONS
OF
GENOME
EDITING
TECHNIQUES
65
1.
AGRICULTURE
65
2.
BASIC
RESEARCH
AND
MEDICINE
67
3.
HUMAN
GERMLINE
EDITING
69
4.
INDUSTRIAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY
70
IV.
TECHNICAL
CHALLENGES
OF
CRISPR-CAS
BASED
GENOME
EDITING
70
1.
OFF-TARGET
EFFECTS
70
2.
GENETIC
MOSAICISM
72
3.
IN
VIVO
DELIVERY
OF
CRISPR-CAS
COMPONENTS
72
9
V.
ENVIRONMENTAL
RISKS
AND
ETHICAL
CONCERNS
CONNECTED
TO
THE
USE
OF
GENOME
EDITING
73
1.
ALLEGED
ENVIRONMENTAL
RISKS
OF
GENOME
EDITING
IN
AGRICULTURE
73
2.
RISKS
AND
ETHICAL
CONCERNS
RELATING
TO
HUMAN
GENOME
EDITING
75
C.
ENGINEERED
GENE
DRIVES
77
I.
NATURAL
GENE
DRIVE
MECHANISMS
78
1.
OVER-REPLICATION
MECHANISMS
78
2.
INTERFERENCE
MECHANISMS
73
II.
DEVELOPMENT
OF
ENGINEERED
GENE
DRIVES
81
III.
POTENTIAL
APPLICATIONS
OF
ENGINEERED
GENE
DRIVES
83
1.
CONTROL
OF
VECTOR-BORNE
DISEASES
84
A)
MODIFICATION
DRIVES
84
B)
SUPPRESSION
DRIVES
85
C)
CURRENT
STATE
OF
DEVELOPMENT
86
2.
CONTROL
OF
INVASIVE
SPECIES
88
3.
AGRICULTURE
89
IV.
LIMITATIONS
AND
RISKS
OF
APPLYING
ENGINEERED
GENE
DRIVES
89
1.
LIMITATIONS
OF
CURRENT
GENE
DRIVE
TECHNIQUES
90
2.
RISKS
RELATED
TO
GENE
DRIVE
APPLICATIONS
91
A)
UNINTENDED
GEOGRAPHIC
SPREAD
92
B)
INTENDED
BUT
UNAUTHORIZED
SPREAD
92
C)
UNDESIRED
SPREAD
TO
NON-TARGET
SPECIES
93
D)
DUAL
USE
OF
GENE
DRIVE
TECHNIQUES
94
3.
POTENTIAL
ECOLOGICAL
EFFECTS
OF
SUPPRESSING
A
TARGET
SPECIES
94
4.
POTENTIAL TRANSBOUNDARY
EFFECTS
OF
GENE
DRIVES
96
D.
HORIZONTAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
GENETIC
ALTERATION
AGENTS
(HEGAAS)
97
E.
SELF-SPREADING
BIOTECHNOLOGY
NOT
INVOLVING
GENETIC
ALTERATION
OF
THE
TARGET
ORGANISM
99
I.
USE
OF
GENETICALLY
MODIFIED
VIRUSES
IN
PLANT
PEST
CONTROL
100
II.
SELF-DISSEMINATING
VACCINES
101
III.
MASS
RELEASES
OF
STERILE
GENETICALLY
MODIFIED
INSECTS
103
IV.
USE
OF
WOLBACHIA
TO
SUPPRESS
MOSQUITO-VECTORED
INFECTIOUS
DISEASES
104
F.
SUMMARY
105
10
CHAPTER
2:
CONCEPTS
AND
TERMS
RELEVANT
TO
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
CAUSED
BY
BIOTECHNOLOGY
107
A.
'
GENETICALLY
MODIFIED
'
AND
'
LIVING
MODIFIED
'
ORGANISMS
108
B.
TYPES
OF
DAMAGE
POTENTIALLY
CAUSED
BY
LMOS
109
C.
THE
DISTINCTION
BETWEEN
'
RESPONSIBILITY
'
AND
'
LIABILITY
'
112
D.
THE
'
POLLUTER-PAYS
'
PRINCIPLE:
STATE
OR
OPERATOR
LIABILITY?
114
E.
STANDARDS
OF
LIABILITY:
FAULT-BASED,
OBJECTIVE,
STRICT,
AND
ABSOLUTE
LIABILITY
116
F.
PROCEDURAL
ISSUES
IN
ENFORCING
CIVIL
LIABILITY
IN
A
TRANSBOUNDARY
CONTEXT
119
G.
CIVIL
LIABILITY
AND
'
ADMINISTRATIVE
LIABILITY
'
FOR
DAMAGE
TO
THE
ENVIRONMENT
123
H.
SUMMARY
AND
OUTLOOK
126
PART
TWO:
PREVENTION
OF
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
129
CHAPTER
3:
THE
REGULATION
OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY
IN
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
131
A.
THE
CARTAGENA
PROTOCOL
ON
BIOSAFETY
132
I.
SCOPE
133
1.
SUBJECT
MATTER:
LIVING
MODIFIED
ORGANISMS
OBTAINED
THROUGH
MODERN
BIOTECHNOLOGY
134
A)
LIVING
ORGANISM
135
B)
GENETIC
MATERIAL
136
C)
'
NOVEL
COMBINATION
'
OF
GENETIC
MATERIAL
138
D)
OBTAINED
THROUGH
THE
USE
OF
MODERN
BIOTECHNOLOGY
140
AA)
'
APPLICATION
OF
IN
VITRO
NUCLEIC
ACID
TECHNIQUES.
'
140
BB)
".
THAT
OVERCOME
NATURAL
PHYSIOLOGICAL
REPRODUCTIVE
OR
RECOMBINATION
BARRIERS.
.
'
143
CC)
".
AND
THAT
ARE
NOT
TECHNIQUES
USED
IN
TRADITIONAL
BREEDING
AND
SELECTION
'
145
E)
COVERAGE
OF
CERTAIN
NEW
AND
EMERGING
TECHNIQUES
147
AA)
GENOME
EDITING
147
BB)
ENGINEERED
GENE
DRIVES
148
CC)
GENETICALLY
MODIFIED
VIRUSES
150
11
DD)
TECHNIQUES
THAT
HARNESS
NATURAL
MECHANISMS
OF
SELF-PROPAGATION
(WOLBACHIA)
150
2.
RESTRICTION
TO
HAZARDOUS
LMOS?
151
3.
ACTIVITIES
COVERED
BY
THE
PROTOCOL
153
4.
EXEMPTION
FOR
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENT
OF
LMOS
WHICH
ARE
PHARMACEUTICALS
(ARTICLE
5)
155
5.
CONCLUSIONS
157
IL
SUBSTANTIVE
PROVISIONS
158
1.
ADVANCE
INFORMED
AGREEMENT
PROCEDURE
FOR
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENTS
OF
LMOS
159
A)
SCOPE
OF
THE
AI
A
PROVISIONS
160
B)
PROCEDURE
OF
OBTAINING
AN
ADVANCE
INFORMED
AGREEMENT
FROM
THE
PARTY
OF
IMPORT
161
C)
RISK
ASSESSMENT
161
D)
ROLE
OF
THE
PRECAUTIONARY
PRINCIPLE
IN
DECISION
MAKING
(ARTICLE
10(6))
163
E)
ROLE
OF
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
CONSIDERATIONS
IN
DECISION
MAKING
(ARTICLE
26)
164
F)
RULES
FOR
LMOS
INTENDED
FOR
DIRECT
USE
AS
FOOD
OR
FEED,
OR
FOR
PROCESSING
(ARTICLE
11)
167
G)
EXEMPTION
OF
CONTAINED
USE
AND
LMO-FFP:
THE
'
INTENDED
USE
'
PROBLEM
168
AA)
GENUINE
AND
DISGUISED
CHANGES
TO
THE
INTENDED
USE
169
BB)
RESPONSIBILITIES
OF
EXPORTING
PARTIES
171
CC)
RESPONSIBILITIES
OF
IMPORTING
PARTIES
172
H)
CONCLUSIONS
173
2.
RISK
MANAGEMENT
AND
PREPAREDNESS
174
A)
RISK
MANAGEMENT
(ARTICLE
16)
174
AA)
OBLIGATION
TO
ESTABLISH
APPROPRIATE
RISK
MANAGEMENT
MEASURES
(PARA.
1)
174
BB)
IMPOSITION
OF
PREVENTIVE
MEASURES
BASED
ON
RISK
ASSESSMENT
(PARA.
2)
176
CC)
PREVENTION
OF
UNINTENTIONAL
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENTS
(PARA.
3)
177
DD)
APPROPRIATE
OBSERVATION
PERIOD
FOR
ANY
LMO
(PARA.
4)
181
EE)
OBLIGATION
TO
COOPERATE
(PARA.
5)
182
B)
NOTIFICATION
IN
CASE
OF
UNINTENTIONAL
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENTS
(ARTICLE
17)
182
12
C)
ILLEGAL
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENTS
(ARTICLE
25)
184
AA)
PREVENTION
OF
ILLEGAL
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENTS
(PARA.
1)
184
BB)
OBLIGATION
TO
DISPOSE
OF
THE
LMO
IN
CASE
OF
AN
ILLEGAL
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENT
(PARA.
2)
186
D)
HANDLING,
TRANSPORT,
PACKAGING,
AND
IDENTIFICATION
(ARTICLE
18(1))
188
E)
CONCLUSIONS
189
3.
INFORMATION-SHARING
THROUGH
THE
BIOSAFETY
CLEARING
HOUSE
(ARTICLE
20)
190
4.
APPLICATION
IN
RELATION
TO
NON-PARTIES
(ARTICLE
24)
192
5.
UPWARD
DEROGATION
(ARTICLES
2(4)
AND
14)
194
6.
LIABILITY
AND
REDRESS
(ARTICLE
27)
195
III.
CONCLUSIONS
196
IV.
EXCURSUS:
THE
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
THE
CARTAGENA
PROTOCOL
AND
EU
BIOTECHNOLOGY
LAW
197
1.
THE
EUROPEAN
UNION
'
S
LEGAL
FRAMEWORK
FOR
GMOS
198
2.
SCOPE
OF
THE
GMO
REGIME
IN
THE
EUROPEAN
UNION
200
3.
COMPATIBILITY
OF
THE
EUROPEAN
GMO
REGIME
WITH
THE
CARTAGENA
PROTOCOL
202
B.
CONVENTION
ON
BIOLOGICAL
DIVERSITY
205
I.
JURISDICTIONAL
SCOPE
(ARTICLE
4)
206
II.
PREVENTION
OF
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
(ARTICLE
3)
206
III.
REGULATION
AND
CONTROL
OF
RISKS
ASSOCIATED
WITH
THE
USE
AND
RELEASE
OF
LIVING
MODIFIED
ORGANISMS
(ARTICLE
8(G))
207
IV.
PROVISION
OF
INFORMATION
TO
PARTIES
RECEIVING
LMOS
(ARTICLE
19(4))
209
V.
CONTROL
OF
INVASIVE
ALIEN
SPECIES
(ARTICLE
8(H))
209
VI.
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
AND
MINIMIZATION
OF
ADVERSE
IMPACTS
(ARTICLE
14(1))
212
1.
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
ASSESSMENTS
(LIT.
A)
212
2.
PROCEDURAL
OBLIGATIONS
(LIT.
C
AND
D)
213
VIL
EXAMINATION
OF
THE
ISSUE
OF
LIABILITY
AND
REDRESS
(ARTICLE
14(2))
213
VIII.
ARE
ERADICATION
PROGRAMMES
PROHIBITED
UNDER
THE
CBD?
215
IX.
CONCLUSIONS
216
C.
INTERNATIONAL
TRADE
LAW
217
I.
KEY
PROVISIONS
OF
INTERNATIONAL
TRADE
LAW
217
13
II.
AGREEMENT
ON
SANITARY
AND
PHYTOSANITARY
MEASURES:
POTENTIAL
SOURCE
OF
CONFLICT
WITH
THE
CARTAGENA
PROTOCOL
218
III.
RESOLVING
POTENTIAL
CONFLICTS
BETWEEN
INTERNATIONAL
TRADE
LAW
AND
THE
CARTAGENA
PROTOCOL
222
D.
INTERNATIONAL
PLANT
PROTECTION
CONVENTION
225
E.
WORLD
ORGANISATION
FOR
ANIMAL
HEALTH
227
F.
CODEX
ALIMENTARIUS
229
G.
UNITED
NATIONS
CONVENTION
ON
THE
LAW
OF
THE
SEA
230
H.
INTERNATIONAL
REGULATIONS
ON
THE
TRANSPORT
OF
HAZARDOUS
GOODS
231
I.
INTERNATIONAL
HEALTH
REGULATIONS
233
J.
DISARMAMENT
AND
HUMANITARIAN
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
234
I.
BIOLOGICAL
WEAPONS
CONVENTION
235
II.
ENMOD
CONVENTION
240
III.
INTERNATIONAL
HUMANITARIAN
LAW
241
IV.
CONCLUSIONS
242
K.
SUMMARY
242
CHAPTER
4:
PREVENTION
OF
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
FROM
BIOTECHNOLOGY
UNDER
CUSTOMARY
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
247
A.
THE
LEGAL
FOUNDATION
OF
THE
OBLIGATION
TO
PREVENT
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
247
B.
SCOPE
OF
THE
OBLIGATION
TO
PREVENT
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
251
I.
HARM
252
II.
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
253
1.
'
EXTRATERRITORIAL
'
TRANSBOUNDARY HARM
254
2.
HARM
TO
AREAS
BEYOND
NATIONAL
JURISDICTION
255
3.
HARM
TO
'
GLOBAL
COMMONS
'
256
III.
HARM
CAUSED
BY
'
PHYSICAL
CONSEQUENCES
'
258
IV.
THE
THRESHOLD
OF
'
SIGNIFICANT
'
HARM
262
V.
RISK
OF
HARM
266
VI.
FORESEEABILITY
OF
HARM
AND
THE
ROLE
OF
PRECAUTION
266
1.
FORESEEABILITY
AS
A
PRECONDITION
OF
PREVENTION
266
2.
THE
PRECAUTIONARY
PRINCIPLE
(OR
APPROACH)
267
3.
PRECAUTION
AND
THE
BURDEN
OF
PROOF
271
4.
PRECAUTION
IN
THE
AREA
OF
BIOSAFETY
272
14
VII.
LIVING
MODIFIED
ORGANISMS
AND
THE
RISK
OF
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
272
1.
SCHOLARLY
OPINIONS
273
2.
TRANSBOUNDARY
EFFECTS
OF
LMOS
AND
THE
NOTION
OF
'
SIGNIFICANT
HARM
'
274
3.
ANTICIPATION
OF
RISK
277
VIII.
CONCLUSIONS
277
C.
PREVENTION
OF
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
AS
AN
OBLIGATION
OF
'
DUE
DILIGENCE
'
278
D.
PROCEDURAL
DUTIES
IN
THE
CONTEXT
OF
PREVENTION
281
I.
ADOPTION
AND
ENFORCEMENT
OF
EFFECTIVE
DOMESTIC
REGULATION
282
II.
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
(OR
RISK)
ASSESSMENT
283
1.
LEGAL
STATUS
284
2.
TRIGGERS
OF
THE
OBLIGATION
286
3.
PROCESS
AND
CONTENT
OF
EIAS
287
4.
STANDARDS
FOR
RISK
ASSESSMENTS
OF
LMOS/GMOS
288
5.
CONCLUSIONS
289
III.
USE
OF
THE
BEST
AVAILABLE
TECHNOLOGIES
289
IV.
COOPERATION
291
1.
NOTIFICATION
291
A)
TIMING
292
B)
ADDRESSEES
293
C)
CONTENT
294
D)
PROCEDURE
294
2.
EXCHANGE
OF
INFORMATION
295
3.
CONSULTATIONS
AND
NEGOTIATIONS
296
V.
PUBLIC
PARTICIPATION
298
1.
LEGAL
STATUS
UNDER
GENERAL
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
299
2.
PUBLIC
PARTICIPATION
UNDER
THE
CARTAGENA
PROTOCOL
300
3.
GMOS
UNDER
THE
AARHUS
CONVENTION
300
A)
STATUS
QUO
300
B)
THE
GMO
AMENDMENT
301
C)
THE
LUCCA
GUIDELINES
302
VI.
OBLIGATIONS
WHEN
DAMAGE
IS
IMMINENT
OR
INEVITABLE
303
1.
NOTIFICATION
IN
EMERGENCY
SITUATIONS
303
2.
OBLIGATION
TO
CONTROL
AND
MITIGATE
DAMAGE
304
VII.
CONCLUSIONS
305
15
E.
ESTABLISHING
BREACHES
OF
THE
OBLIGATION
TO
PREVENT
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
305
I.
OCCURRENCE
OF
HARM
AS
AN
INDICATION
OF
A
BREACH
306
II.
OCCURRENCE
OF
HARM
AS
A
PREREQUISITE
OF
A
BREACH
308
III.
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
PROCEDURAL
AND
SUBSTANTIVE
OBLIGATIONS
OF
PREVENTION
311
F.
SUMMARY
314
CHAPTER
5:
THE
INTERNATIONAL
GOVERNANCE
OF
ENGINEERED
GENE
DRIVES
317
A.
THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF
COP
DECISION
14/19
318
B.
LEGAL
STATUS
OF
COP
DECISION
14/19
321
I.
FUNCTIONS
OF
COP
DECISIONS
321
II.
COP
DECISIONS
AS
'
SOFT
LAW
'
323
III.
SOFT
LAW
STATUS
OF
DECISION
14/19
FOR
PARTIES
TO
THE
CBD
325
IV.
EFFECT
ON
NON-PARTIES
325
C.
SUBSTANCE,
CONTEXT,
AND
CONSEQUENCES
OF
COP
DECISION
14/19
326
I.
PRECAUTIONARY
APPROACH
(OR
PRINCIPLE)
326
1.
REFERENCES
TO
PRECAUTION
IN
EARLIER
COP
DECISIONS
327
2.
EARLY
DEPLOYMENT
OF
GENE
DRIVES
AS
A
PRECAUTIONARY
MEASURE?
327
3.
ASSESSMENT
329
II.
PRECONDITIONS
FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
RELEASES
OF
ENGINEERED
GENE
DRIVES
329
1.
SCIENTIFICALLY
SOUND
CASE-BY-CASE
RISK
ASSESSMENT
329
A)
STATUS
OF
THE
OBLIGATION
UNDER
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
330
B)
THE
CARTAGENA
PROTOCOL
'
S
AHTEG
ON
RISK
ASSESSMENT
330
AA)
GUIDANCE
ON
RISK
ASSESSMENT
AND
MONITORING
OF
LMOS
331
BB)
ADDITIONAL
GUIDANCE
ON
RISK
ASSESSMENT
OF
ENGINEERED
GENE
DRIVES
333
C)
ASSESSMENT
335
2.
APPROPRIATE
RISK
MANAGEMENT
MEASURES
336
A)
STATUS
OF
THE
OBLIGATION
UNDER
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
336
16
B)
PROPOSED
RISK
MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIES
FOR
GENE
DRIVES
AS
'
BEST
AVAILABLE
TECHNIQUES
'
?
336
AA)
PHASED
PATHWAY
TO
THE
DEPLOYMENT
OF
GENE
DRIVES
337
BB)
SELF-LIMITING
GENE
DRIVES
338
C)
ASSESSMENT
339
3.
FREE,
PRIOR
AND
INFORMED
CONSENT
339
A)
STATUS
OF
THE
OBLIGATION
UNDER
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
340
AA)
CBD
MO
'
OTZ
KUXTAL
VOLUNTARY
GUIDELINES
340
BB)
UNITED
NATIONS
DECLARATION
ON
THE
RIGHTS
OF
INDIGENOUS
PEOPLES
341
CC)
ASSESSMENT
342
B)
EXCURSUS:
CONSENT
OF
INDIVIDUALS
AS
A
HUMAN
RIGHTS
REQUIREMENT?
343
4.
CONCLUSIONS
346
III.
SAFETY
OF
SYNTHETIC
BIOLOGY
IN
CONTAINED
USE
347
1.
NO
BINDING
INTERNATIONAL
RULES
ON
LMOS
IN
CONTAINED
USE
348
2.
THE
WHO
LABORATORY
BIOSAFETY
MANUAL
349
3.
EXCURSUS:
REGULATION
OF
GENE
DRIVES
IN
CONTAINED
USE
IN
THE
EUROPEAN
UNION
351
4.
CONTAINMENT
STANDARDS
FOR
GENE
DRIVES
FORMULATED
BY
RESEARCHERS
353
IV.
CONCLUSIONS
354
D.
GOVERNANCE
OF
(POTENTIAL)
TRANSBOUNDARY
SPREADS
355
I.
REGULATION
OF
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENTS
UNDER
THE
CARTAGENA
PROTOCOL
356
1.
'
LIKELY
'
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENTS
AS
'
INTENTIONAL
'
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENTS?
356
2.
PROPOSAL
FOR
A
CLARIFICATION
358
II.
TRANSBOUNDARY
SPREADS
AND
THE
OBLIGATION
TO
PREVENT
SIGNIFICANT
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
359
E.
SUMMARY
AND
OUTLOOK
361
17
PART
THREE:
OPERATOR
LIABILITY
365
CHAPTER
6:
THE
NAGOYA
-
KUALA
LUMPUR
SUPPLEMENTARY
PROTOCOL
ON
REDRESS
AND
LIABILITY
367
A.
NEGOTIATING
HISTORY
368
B.
SCOPE
373
I.
SUBJECT
MATTER:
LIVING
MODIFIED
ORGANISMS
373
1.
LMOS
THAT
ARE
PHARMACEUTICALS
FOR
HUMANS
374
2.
PRODUCTS
DERIVED
FROM
LMOS
375
IL
DAMAGE
TO
BIOLOGICAL
DIVERSITY
377
1.
BIOLOGICAL
DIVERSITY
378
2.
ADVERSE
EFFECTS
ON
THE
CONSERVATION
AND
SUSTAINABLE
USE
OF
BIOLOGICAL
DIVERSITY
379
A)
ADVERSE
EFFECTS
ON
CONSERVATION
380
B)
ADVERSE
EFFECTS
ON
SUSTAINABLE
USE
381
C)
CONCLUSIONS
382
3.
THRESHOLD
OF
DAMAGE:
'
MEASURABLE
'
AND
'
SIGNIFICANT
'
383
4.
RISKS
TO
HUMAN
HEALTH
384
5.
DOMESTIC
CRITERIA
TO
ADDRESS
DAMAGE
386
6.
TYPES
OF
DAMAGE
NOT
ADDRESSED
BY
THE
SUPPLEMENTARY
PROTOCOL
387
7.
CONCLUSIONS
388
III.
DAMAGE
RESULTING
FROM
LMOS
'
WHICH
FIND
THEIR
ORIGIN
IN
A
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENT
'
(ARTICLE
3(1))
389
1.
DAMAGE
RESULTING
FROM
AUTHORIZED
USES
FOLLOWING
INTENTIONAL
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENT
(ARTICLE
3(2))
389
2.
DAMAGE
RESULTING
FROM
UNINTENTIONAL
MOVEMENTS
(ARTICLE
3(3))
391
3.
DAMAGE
RESULTING
FROM
ILLEGAL
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENTS
(ARTICLE
3(3))
392
4.
DAMAGE
RESULTING
FROM
TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENTS
FROM
NON-PARTIES
(ARTICLE
3(7))
392
5.
DAMAGE
RESULTING
FROM
LMOS
IN
TRANSIT
393
6.
DAMAGED
CAUSED
BY
DOMESTIC
ACTIVITIES
WITH
LMOS
393
7.
CONCLUSIONS
394
IV.
TEMPORAL
SCOPE
(ARTICLE
3(4))
394
V.
SPATIAL
SCOPE
(ARTICLE
3(5))
395
VI.
CONCLUSIONS
397
18
C.
ADMINISTRATIVE
LIABILITY:
RESPONSE
MEASURES
TO
REDRESS
DAMAGE
TO
BIOLOGICAL
DIVERSITY
397
I.
MEANING
AND
SCOPE
OF
'
RESPONSE
MEASURES
'
399
II.
IDENTIFICATION
OF
THE
LIABLE
OPERATOR
401
III.
ESTABLISHMENT
OF
A
CAUSAL
LINK
AND
STANDARD
OF
PROOF
(ARTICLE
4)
406
IV.
IMPLEMENTATION
OF
RESPONSE
MEASURES
(ARTICLE
5)
409
1.
REQUIREMENT
OF
THE
OPERATOR
TO
TAKE
RESPONSE
MEASURES
(PARA.
1)
409
2.
RESPONSIBILITIES
OF
THE
COMPETENT
AUTHORITY
(PARA.
2)
411
3.
MEASURES
WHEN
THERE
IS
A
THREAT
OF
DAMAGE
(PARA.
3)
412
4.
RESPONSE
MEASURES
TAKEN
INSTEAD
OF
THE
RESPONSIBLE
OPERATOR
(PARA.
4)
413
5.
RECOVERY
OF
EXPENSES
BY
THE
COMPETENT
AUTHORITY
(PARA.
5)
414
6.
REASONING
AND
LEGAL
REVIEW
OF
DECISIONS
(PARA.
6)
416
V.
TRANSPOSITION
INTO
DOMESTIC
LAW
417
1.
PROVISION
OF
'
RULES
AND
PROCEDURES
THAT
ADDRESS
DAMAGE
'
(ARTICLE
12(1))
417
2.
RESPONSE
MEASURES
ALREADY
ADDRESSED
BY
DOMESTIC
CIVIL
LIABILITY
LAW
(ARTICLE
5(7))
419
3.
IMPLEMENTATION
OF
RESPONSE
MEASURES
'
IN
ACCORDANCE
WITH
DOMESTIC
LAW
'
(ARTICLE
5(8))
421
VI.
CONCLUSIONS
421
D.
CIVIL
LIABILITY
FOR
MATERIAL
AND
PERSONAL
INJURY
423
I.
SCOPE:
MATERIAL
OR
PERSONAL
DAMAGE
ASSOCIATED
WITH
BIODIVERSITY
DAMAGE
423
1.
MATERIAL
OR
PERSONAL
DAMAGE
423
2.
DAMAGE
'
ASSOCIATED
'
WITH
BIODIVERSITY
DAMAGE
425
II.
PROVISION
OF
ADEQUATE
RULES
AND
PROCEDURES
ON
CIVIL
LIABILITY
(ARTICLE
12(2))
426
III.
LIST
OF
ELEMENTS
TO
BE
ADDRESSED
WHEN
DEVELOPING
CIVIL
LIABILITY
LAW
(ARTICLE
12(3))
427
IV.
THE
MEANING
OF
'
ADEQUATE
'
RULES
AND
PROCEDURES
428
V.
CONCLUSIONS
429
VI.
EXCURSUS:
DRAFT
GUIDELINES
ON
CIVIL
LIABILITY
AND
REDRESS
430
E.
OTHER
PROVISIONS
433
I.
EXEMPTIONS
FROM
LIABILITY,
TIME
AND
FINANCIAL
LIMITS,
AND
RIGHT
OF
RECOURSE
(ARTICLES
6
TO
9)
433
19
IL
FINANCIAL
SECURITY
(ARTICLE
10)
435
1.
RIGHT
OF
PARTIES
TO
PROVIDE
FOR
FINANCIAL
SECURITY
(PARA.
1)
436
2.
CONSISTENCY
OF
FINANCIAL
SECURITY
PROVISIONS
WITH
EXISTING
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
(PARA.
2)
438
3.
STUDY
ON
FINANCIAL
SECURITY
MECHANISMS
(PARA.
3)
439
4.
CONCLUSIONS
440
III.
RELATIONSHIP
TO
STATE
RESPONSIBILITY
(ARTICLE
11)
441
IV.
REVIEW
OF
EFFECTIVENESS
(ARTICLE
13)
441
V.
RELATIONSHIP
TO
RIGHTS
AND
OBLIGATIONS
UNDER
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
(ARTICLE
16)
442
VI.
GOVERNANCE
AND
PROCESS-RELATED
PROVISIONS
(ARTICLES
14
TO
21)
443
F.
ISSUES
NOT
ADDRESSED
BY
THE
SUPPLEMENTARY
PROTOCOL
444
I.
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
444
II.
DESIGNATION
OF
A
COMPETENT
AUTHORITY
445
III.
RIGHT
OF
AFFECTED
INDIVIDUALS
TO
REQUEST
ACTION
446
IV.
INTERNATIONAL
COORDINATION
OF
RESPONSE
MEASURES
447
V.
JURISDICTION,
APPLICABLE
LAW,
AND
MUTUAL
RECOGNITION
AND
ENFORCEMENT
OF
JUDGMENTS
448
G.
EXCURSUS:
CROPLIFE
INTERNATIONAL
'
S
IMPLEMENTATION
GUIDE
450
I.
PROPOSED
SCOPE
OF
DOMESTIC
IMPLEMENTING
LEGISLATION
451
II.
IDENTIFICATION
OF
THE
LIABLE
OPERATOR
AND
EXEMPTIONS
451
III.
DETERMINATION
OF
DAMAGE
452
IV.
IDENTIFICATION
OF
SUITABLE
RESPONSE
MEASURES
453
V.
CIVIL
LIABILITY
453
VI.
CONCLUSIONS
454
H.
SUMMARY
AND
OUTLOOK
455
CHAPTER
7:
A
PRIVATE
LIABILITY
SCHEME:
THE
'
BIODIVERSITY
COMPACT
'
461
A.
MEMBERSHIP
463
B.
SCOPE
464
C.
CAUSATION,
IDENTIFICATION
OF
THE
PARTY
LIABLE
AND
STANDARD
OF
LIABILITY
465
D.
DEFENCES
467
E.
RESPONSE
468
F.
FINANCIAL
CAPS
AND
TIME
LIMITS
469
20
G.
CLAIMS
PROCESS,
ARBITRATION
AND
ENFORCEMENT
471
H.
CONCLUSIONS
473
CHAPTER
8:
A
CUSTOMARY
OBLIGATION
TO
ENSURE
PROMPT
AND
ADEQUATE
COMPENSATION
FOR
TRANSBOUNDARY
DAMAGE?
477
A.
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
AND
USE
OF
TERMS
478
B.
REQUIREMENT
TO
ENSURE
PROMPT
AND
ADEQUATE
COMPENSATION
480
I.
THE
STANDARD
OF
'
PROMPT
AND
ADEQUATE
'
COMPENSATION
481
II.
IMPOSITION
OF
STRICT
OPERATOR
LIABILITY
482
III.
COMPENSATION
FUNDING
483
C.
OBLIGATION
TO
PROVIDE
FOR
RESPONSE
MEASURES
484
D.
OBLIGATION
TO
PROVIDE
FOR
INTERNATIONAL
AND
DOMESTIC
REMEDIES
486
E.
RELATIONSHIP
TO
THE
LAW
OF
STATE
RESPONSIBILITY
487
F.
LEGAL
STATUS:
EMERGING
CUSTOMARY
INTERNATIONAL
LAW?
489
PART
FOUR:
RESPONSIBILITY
AND
LIABILITY
OF
STATES
493
CHAPTER
9:
STATE
RESPONSIBILITY
FOR
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
CAUSED
BY
BIOTECHNOLOGY
495
A.
REQUIREMENTS
OF
THE
INTERNATIONAL
RESPONSIBILITY
OF
A
STATE
497
I.
CONDUCT
CONSISTING
OF
AN
ACTION
OR
OMISSION
498
II.
ATTRIBUTION
499
1.
CONDUCT
BY
STATE
ORGANS
AND
PERSONS
EXERCISING
GOVERNMENTAL
AUTHORITY
500
2.
CONDUCT
BY
PERSONS
INSTRUCTED
OR CONTROLLED
BY
THE
STATE
502
A)
THE
CRITERIA
FOR
ATTRIBUTION
UNDER
ARTICLE
8
ARSIWA
502
AA)
INSTRUCTION
503
BB)
DIRECTION
505
CC)
CONTROL
505
B)
ATTRIBUTION
OF
PRIVATE
ACTIVITIES
CAUSING
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
510
AA)
REGULATORY
OVERSIGHT
510
BB)
ENTERPRISES
OWNED
AND
CONTROLLED
BY
A
STATE
511
21
CC)
RESEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMENT
ACTIVITIES
BY
PUBLIC
AND
GOVERNMENTAL
INSTITUTIONS
514
DD)
STATE-FUNDED
RESEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMENT
ACTIVITIES
516
3.
ATTRIBUTION
OF
CONDUCT
ACKNOWLEDGED
AND
ADOPTED
BY
THE
STATE
AS
ITS
OWN
517
4.
ATTRIBUTION
BY
LEX
SPECIALIS
NORMS
517
5.
ATTRIBUTION
OF
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
THROUGH
HUMAN
RIGHTS
LAW?
518
6.
CONCLUSIONS
520
III.
BREACH
OF
AN
INTERNATIONAL
OBLIGATION
521
1.
INTERNATIONAL
OBLIGATION
OF
ANY
ORIGIN
OR
CHARACTER
521
2.
CONDUCT
IN
BREACH
OF
THE
OBLIGATION
523
3.
NO
REQUIREMENT
OF
FAULT
523
IV.
CIRCUMSTANCES
PRECLUDING
WRONGFULNESS
524
1.
CONSENT
525
2.
SELF-DEFENCE
525
3.
COUNTERMEASURES
526
4.
FORCE
MAJEURE
527
5.
NECESSITY
528
6.
REPARATION
IN
THE
EVENT
OF
A
CIRCUMSTANCE
PRECLUDING
WRONGFULNESS
531
B.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
OF
INTERNATIONAL
RESPONSIBILITY
533
I.
OBLIGATIONS
OF
CESSATION
AND
NON-REPETITION
534
II.
OBLIGATION
TO
MAKE
FULL
REPARATION
535
1.
RECOVERABLE
INJURY
536
2.
CAUSATION
537
A)
PROOF
OF
CAUSALITY
FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
538
B)
HARM
WITHIN
THE
AMBIT
OF
THE
RULE
BREACHED
542
C)
CONCURRENT
CAUSES
OF
DAMAGE
AND
'
SHARED
RESPONSIBILITY
'
542
3.
FORMS
OF
REPARATION
544
A)
RESTITUTION
544
AA)
OBJECTIVE
OF
RESTITUTION
545
BB)
RESTITUTION
NOT
MATERIALLY
IMPOSSIBLE
546
CC)
DISPROPORTIONALITY
OF
RESTITUTION
547
B)
COMPENSATION
548
AA)
LOSS
OF
LIFE
AND
PERSONAL
INJURY
549
BB)
PROPERTY
DAMAGE
550
CC)
LOSS
OF
PROFITS
OR
INCOME
551
22
DD)
DAMAGE
TO
THE
ENVIRONMENT
553
EE)
PUNITIVE
DAMAGES
554
FF)
INTEREST
555
C)
SATISFACTION
556
4.
CONTRIBUTION
TO
THE
INJURY
AND
FAILURE
TO
MITIGATE
DAMAGE
557
III.
RIGHT
TO
TAKE
COUNTERMEASURES
559
C.
IMPLEMENTATION
OF
STATE
RESPONSIBILITY
561
I.
STANDING
TO
INVOKE
STATE
RESPONSIBILITY
561
1.
INVOCATION
OF
RESPONSIBILITY
BY
INJURED
STATES
562
2.
INVOCATION
OF
RESPONSIBILITY
BY
NON-INJURED
STATES
565
A)
RIGHT
OF
NON-INJURED
STATES
TO
INVOKE
RESPONSIBILITY
566
B)
REMEDIES
AVAILABLE
TO
NON-INJURED
STATES
569
II.
CLAIMS
FOR
INJURED
NATIONALS
571
1.
THE
LAW
OF
DIPLOMATIC
PROTECTION
IN
CASES
OF
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
571
2.
THE
REQUIREMENT
TO
EXHAUST
LOCAL
REMEDIES
IN
CASES
OF
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
573
III.
INVOCATION
AND
ENFORCEMENT
OF
STATE
RESPONSIBILITY
577
1.
THE
CLAIMS
PROCESS
ENVISAGED
IN
THE
ARSIWA
577
2.
SETTLEMENT
OF
DISPUTES
578
3.
NON-COMPLIANCE
PROCEDURES
582
A)
THE
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISM
UNDER
THE
CARTAGENA
PROTOCOL
583
AA)
ROLE,
FUNCTIONS
AND
PROCEDURES
583
BB)
RECENT
PRACTICE
586
CC)
LEGAL
STATUS
587
B)
THE
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
NON-COMPLIANCE
PROCEDURES
AND
STATE
RESPONSIBILITY
588
4.
CONCLUSIONS
590
D.
SUMMARY
AND
OUTLOOK
591
CHAPTER
10:
STRICT
STATE
LIABILITY
FOR
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM?
595
A.
INTERNATIONAL
TREATIES
598
B.
STATE
PRACTICE
604
C.
HUMAN
RIGHTS
LAW
609
D.
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
COMMISSION
610
23
E.
CONCLUSIONS
614
CHAPTER
11:
COMPENSATION
FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
IN
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
617
A.
THE
REPARATIVE
APPROACH:
MITIGATING,
EVALUATING,
AND
RESTORING
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
620
I.
TYPES
OF
RESPONSE
MEASURES
SUBJECT
TO
REIMBURSEMENT
622
1.
MITIGATION
MEASURES
622
2.
RESTORATION
MEASURES
623
3.
EVALUATION
MEASURES
626
IL
LIMITATIONS
TO
COMPENSABILITY
628
1.
LIMITATION
TO
'
REASONABLE
'
MEASURES
628
2.
LIMITATION
OF
REIMBURSEMENT
TO
INCREMENTAL
AND
EXTRAORDINARY
EXPENSES
630
3.
LIMITATION
OF
RESTORATION
COSTS
TO
THE
MONETARY
VALUE
OF
THE
IMPAIRED
ENVIRONMENT?
632
III
.
COMPENSABILITY
OF
'
ENVIRONMENTAL
SOLIDARITY
COSTS
'
632
B.
THE
COMPENSATORY
APPROACH:
MONETARY
COMPENSATION
FOR
DAMAGE
TO
THE
ENVIRONMENT
633
I.
COMPENSABILITY
OF
'
PURE
'
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
635
1.
THE
PRACTICE
OF
INTERNATIONAL
LIABILITY
TREATIES
635
2.
THE
STANCE
OF
THE
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
COMMISSION
637
3.
COMPENSABILITY
OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
IN
THE
UNITED
NATIONS
COMPENSATION
COMMISSION
638
4.
COMPENSATION
OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
BEFORE
THE
INTERNATIONAL
COURT
OF
JUSTICE
(CASE
OF
COSTA
RIVA
V.
NICARAGUA)
639
5.
CONCLUSIONS
642
II.
FORMS
OF
COMPENSATION
FOR
DAMAGE
TO
THE
ENVIRONMENT
643
1.
COMPENSATORY
RESTORATION
644
2.
MONETARY
VALUATION
OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
646
A)
VALUATION
BASED
ON
MARKET
PRICES
647
B)
NON-MARKET-BASED
VALUATION
TECHNIQUES
648
C)
BENEFIT
(OR
VALUE)
TRANSFER
METHOD
651
D)
COSTS
FOR
'
HYPOTHETICAL
'
RESPONSE
MEASURES
651
3.
CONCLUSIONS
652
III.
CASE
STUDY:
VALUATION
OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
IN
THE
'
CERTAIN
ACTIVITIES
'
CASE
BEFORE
THE
ICJ
654
1.
COSTA
RICA
'
S
'
ECOSYSTEM
SERVICES
APPROACH
'
654
24
2.
NICARAGUA
'
S
'
REPLACEMENT
COSTS
APPROACH
'
3.
NICARAGUA
'
S
'
CORRECTED
ANALYSIS
'
4.
THE
COURT
'
S
JUDGMENT:
'
OVERALL
ASSESSMENT
'
OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
5.
ASSESSMENT
C.
SUMMARY
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
SUMMARY
OF
RESULTS
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
IN
DEUTSCHER
SPRACHE
TABLE
OF
CASES
TABLE
OF
TREATIES
AND
INSTRUMENTS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
655
656
656
658
662
665
671
689
713
721
743
25 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Beck, Felix 1990- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1275016146 |
| author_facet | Beck, Felix 1990- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Beck, Felix 1990- |
| author_variant | f b fb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048606956 |
| classification_rvk | PR 2359 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1355301487 (DE-599)DNB1261474066 |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 1st edition |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| id | DE-604.BV048606956 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:11:10Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:42:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)117513-0 |
| isbn | 9783848773770 3848773775 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033982390 |
| oclc_num | 1355301487 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M382 DE-29 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-M382 DE-29 DE-11 |
| physical | 808 Seiten 22.7 cm x 15.3 cm |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Nomos |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht |
| series2 | Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht |
| spelling | Beck, Felix 1990- Verfasser (DE-588)1275016146 aut Self-spreading biotechnology and international law prevention, responsibility, and liability in a transboundary context Felix Beck 1st edition Baden-Baden Nomos 2022 808 Seiten 22.7 cm x 15.3 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht Volume 316 Dissertation Albert-Ludwig-Universität Freiburg 2021 Internationales Recht (DE-588)4027447-0 gnd rswk-swf Biotechnologie (DE-588)4069491-4 gnd rswk-swf Grenzüberschreitende Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4134979-9 gnd rswk-swf Cartagena Protocol Convention on Biological Diversity Genome Editing HEGAAs Liability International Law Prevention State Responsibility Transboundary Harm Biodiversity Compact Biotechnologie völkerrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit und Haftung beim grenzüberschreitenden Einsatz von Biotechnologie selbstausbreitende Biotechnologie gene drives Rechtsquellen des Völkerrechts Gewohnheitsrecht Völkerrechtliche Verträge soft law Genomeditierung Malaria living modified organisms Cartagena-Protokoll Nagoya/Kuala-Lumpur-Haftungsprotokoll Staatenverantwortlichkeit (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Biotechnologie (DE-588)4069491-4 s Internationales Recht (DE-588)4027447-0 s DE-604 Grenzüberschreitende Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4134979-9 s Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft (DE-588)117513-0 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-3-7489-1352-8 Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht Volume 316 (DE-604)BV039949182 316 X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=19626c58eec5422fa55274521df25828&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033982390&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p vlb 20220630 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#vlb |
| spellingShingle | Beck, Felix 1990- Self-spreading biotechnology and international law prevention, responsibility, and liability in a transboundary context Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht Internationales Recht (DE-588)4027447-0 gnd Biotechnologie (DE-588)4069491-4 gnd Grenzüberschreitende Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4134979-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4027447-0 (DE-588)4069491-4 (DE-588)4134979-9 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Self-spreading biotechnology and international law prevention, responsibility, and liability in a transboundary context |
| title_auth | Self-spreading biotechnology and international law prevention, responsibility, and liability in a transboundary context |
| title_exact_search | Self-spreading biotechnology and international law prevention, responsibility, and liability in a transboundary context |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Self-spreading biotechnology and international law prevention, responsibility, and liability in a transboundary context |
| title_full | Self-spreading biotechnology and international law prevention, responsibility, and liability in a transboundary context Felix Beck |
| title_fullStr | Self-spreading biotechnology and international law prevention, responsibility, and liability in a transboundary context Felix Beck |
| title_full_unstemmed | Self-spreading biotechnology and international law prevention, responsibility, and liability in a transboundary context Felix Beck |
| title_short | Self-spreading biotechnology and international law |
| title_sort | self spreading biotechnology and international law prevention responsibility and liability in a transboundary context |
| title_sub | prevention, responsibility, and liability in a transboundary context |
| topic | Internationales Recht (DE-588)4027447-0 gnd Biotechnologie (DE-588)4069491-4 gnd Grenzüberschreitende Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4134979-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Internationales Recht Biotechnologie Grenzüberschreitende Umweltbelastung Hochschulschrift |
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| volume_link | (DE-604)BV039949182 |
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