Storms over the Balkans during the Second World War:
In a new interpretation of the history of the Balkans during the Second World War, Alfred J. Rieber explores the tangled political rivalries, cultural clashes, and armed conflicts among the great powers and the indigenous people competing for influence and domination. The study takes an original app...
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| Sprache: | English |
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Oxford
Oxford University Press
2022
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| Ausgabe: | First edition |
| Schriftenreihe: | Oxford scholarship online
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | In a new interpretation of the history of the Balkans during the Second World War, Alfred J. Rieber explores the tangled political rivalries, cultural clashes, and armed conflicts among the great powers and the indigenous people competing for influence and domination. The study takes an original approach to the region based on the geography, social conditions, and imperial rivalries that spans several centuries, culminating in three wars during the first half of the twentieth century. Against this background, Rieber focuses on leadership - personified by Mussolini, Hitler, Stalin, Churchill, and Tito - as the key to explaining events |
| Beschreibung: | vii, 281 Seiten 12 Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780191948930 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents List of Maps xi Introduction: The Region and the Leaders 1 PART ONE: THE STORMS BREAK 1. Mussolini 35 2. Hitler 73 3. Stalin 108 4. Churchill 128 5. Tito 160 PART TWO: WIND RISING FROM THE EAST 6. Early Signs 181 7. A Chill Sets In 220 Conclusion: Storms Abate but then Build up Select Bibliography of Primary Sources Index 262 267 271
Index For the benefit of digital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages. Africa 39-40,49,51-2,68,75,103-4,130,132-3, 137,143-4,184 Alanbrooke (Alan Brooke), Viscount 133 Albania and Britain 134,191,206,214-17,215n. 125 and Comintern 202 Communist Party 160-1,208-10,208n.l02, 210η. 106,213,217-18,227,229-30 Korçe faction 209-10 Shkodër faction 209-10 and Germany 68,98-9,105-6,215-16 “Greater Albania” 65,67-8,213-14 and Greece 159 Irregular bands 7-8 and Italy 9,41-4,48-9,52,54-5,65,68-9, 93-4,128-31,209-10 mixed population 7-8 in Ottoman Empire 2-3,5 and Soviet Union 217,224-32 state building 213-14 Yugoslavia economic relations with 225,227-9 and Yugoslav communists 171,190,207-8, 211,213-14,217-18,220,222-7,231 See also Balli Kombëtar, Enver Hoxha, Kosovo Alexander, Sir Harold 132-5,157,190-1 Alexander, King ofYugoslavia 45,76-7,87,129 Alexander II tsar of Russia 21-2 Altgayer, Branimir 87-8 Amery, Julian 211-12 Andartes, andartiko 146,152-4,156-7,159 see also Greece Ambrosio, General Vittorio 62,104 Anatolia 141-2,159 Argostoli 134 Ausgleich, see Austria Auslandsdeutsch 85,106-7 Australasia 131 Austria, Austrians “Austrian mission” 14-15,93-4,263 Habsburg Empire 9-10,12-14,23-4 Mussolini-Hitler competition over 47-8,71 occupation of Bosnia 28 occupation of Serbia 91-2 and Pan Germanism 79 postwar period 135 Partisans and communists 176-7,252 and Slovenes 83,85-6 AVNOJ Antifašističko vijeće/veće narodnog oslobođenja Jugoslavije (Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia)
140-2,176,185-7, 209,214 Balli Kombëtar (Albanian National Front) 211-13,215 Balkans as region 2 geography of contrasts 2-5 irregular warfare 4-7 kaleidoscope mix of populations 7-11 prolonged state building and foreign intervention 11-12 Austrians and Hungarians 12-13,15-16 Russians 16-22 Italians 22-4 leadership 27-31 new atmosphere conditions 24-7 Bačka 88-90 Bailey, Colonel William 136-7 Bajraktars, Leagues of 211 Balearic Islands 19-20,129-30 Balkan Wars 7n.23,12,23-4,65,77,200-1 Banat of Temešvar 9-10,77,88-90,122-3, 194,264 Bandits (see also klephts) 5,86,146,155,159, 230,241 barièrre de l’est (see also cordon sanitaire) 16-17, 20-1,115-17 Bashkimi 208-9 Bastianini, Giuseppe 60 Barthou, Louis 44-5 Belishova, Liri 229 Belorussia 110-11,250-1 Berger, Stefan 79
272 INDEX Beria, L· R 243-4 Bernstein, Eduard 254-5 Bessarabia annexation by Romania 25,52 annexation by Russia 25-6,110 occupation by Soviet Union 53,110-13 in Ottoman Empire 19-21 Biroli, General Alessandro Pirzio 65,70,94 Bled 222,249 Blum, Léon 46 Borderlands 17,27-8,84,109-11,115,117,160 Borova (the Albanian Lidice) 216 Bosnia, Bosnians civil war in 62,66-7,77,95-7,101-3,105, 184,209,262 delimiting frontier 172n.43,194-5 Habsburgrule 14-15,21,27-8,30,77 mixed population 7n.25,37-8,44 Partisans 165-6,172-3,182 State building 23 Brenner Pass 44 Bukharin, Nikolai and Bukharinism 254-5 Buljkes (camp) 254-5 Burián, István 15 Bulgaria, Bulgarians member of Axis 25-7,54-5,75,77,114,120 Communist Party 122-3,160-1,198,204, 206-7,222,239-40,242,257 and federation 23,171,190,200n.71,204, 206-7,223,249-51,257 and Great Britain 202,206 Russian intervention 21-2 Macedonian Question 159,199-200,204, 206-7,222,239-40,242,257 and Soviet Union 108-9,112-16,124,126, 205-6,209,232Ո.43,250 state budding 18,20-2,263 Bushati., Malik Bey 212 Cadogan, Alexander 136-7 Cairo Conference 134 Carinthia 82-3,85-6,86n.39,189,191-2, 197,223-4 Carniola 9,83-6 Carol, King of Romania 74-5 Casertano, Raffaele 63-4 Castelreagh, Robert Vicount 128 Catholic Church see religion Caucasus 52,112-13 Cavour, Count Camillo di 23 Chamberlain, Neville 129-31 Charles, Prince of Romania 2 Charisma, charismatic 28-30 (see Balkans, leadership) Chervenkov,Valko 256 China 101,119,237 Churchill Winston Spenser and Albania 215 and Bulgaria 206 and Greece 26,131-2,135-6,140-1,143, 143ՈՈ.48-49,148-9,149,151,152,
153-4,155-6,157,158 and leadership 27,30-1 Mediterranean policy of 128-35,140,263 and Second Front 78,128-9,132-5,140-1 on spheres of influence 115-17,126,139-40, 152-3,158-9 and Yugoslavia 135-8,186,190-1 and Straits and Turkey 138-9 Churchill, Randolph 135-6 Chuvakhin, D.S. 224,226-31 Circassians 7-8 Clausewitz, Carl von 31 Colonization 7-10,42,111 Cominform 124n 48,163,191-2,235-6,247-8, 248Ո.87,252-3,255-9, C7.253 Comintern 22,30,108-9,108n.l, 114-15, 117-21,125-6,146,150,161-6,172-7, 181-8,192,198,201-3,208-9,239-40, 242-3,249,253 Cordon sanitaire 16-17,115-17 Corfu 81,130-1,134,217 Corsica 40,51-2, Cos 133,133n.20 Crete 11,75,94,131-2 Crispi, Francesco 24 Croatia, Croats and Dalmatia 8,41,44-5,60-1,175 in Habsburg Empire 9-10,43-4,59,64,87 relations with Chetniks 62-3,67n. 113, 104-5 and communists 61,61Ո.94,162-4,173-5 relations with Germany 60,63-4,71, 90-5,264 relations with Italy 35,44,45,55,58-9,59, 60n.91,60-1,61-3,63-4,71,81 military frontier 9-10,61 Peasant Party 47,91-2 and Serbs 47,61-2,85,170,194,264 state building 43-4,58-60,170 Sporazum 51-2 Nezavisna Država Hrvatska 58-9, collapse of 189 in Communist Yugoslavia 171-4,194-6 and Ustaša 44,85n.35,92 relations with volksdeutsch 87-8 see also Pavelič Cyprus 31,40,132
INDEX Czechoslovakia 25-6,46-50,73-4,93,108-9, 118-19,125-6,202,221,248-51 Communist Party 202,221,252n.96, 255ՈՈ.104-105 Dachau 232-3 Dalmatia 8-10, 12-13,22,35-6,38n. 12,39n. 19, 43-4,58-60,63,65-7,106-7,109,134, 140,165,175,187 Danzig 50,79-80 Dobrudja 7-8,20-1,52-3,204 Eisenhower, General Dwight 134-5 Dankelman General Heinrich 97-8 Danube River 7-Ю, 13,16-20,23-4,46,87-90, 93,133-4,139,192-3 Deakin, F. W. Bill 135-6 De Gaulle, Charles 120n.35 Diamantis, Alkievadis 69-70 Dimitrov, Georgi and Bulgarian communists 123n.46,204-5, 222,248-9 and Comintern 120,121nn.38-39 and federation 201-5,222-3 and Greece 236 and Macedonian question 198,204, 206-7,260 and Popular Front 118-19,119n.33 and Stalin 108n.l, 110,114,190,223,243,249 and Tito 162-4,176-7,185,190,190n.32, 204,222 and Trieste question 190-2 Donovan, William see OSS Djilas, Milovan 160,165-70,175-6 Dodecanese 94,133,135,148-9 Dual Monarchy (see Habsburg Empire) Duclos, Jacques 246,246n.83,257-8 EAM Ethnikó Apeleftherotiká Métopo (Greek National Liberation Front) see Greece East Prussia 124 Eastern Europe 115-17,124,128,132-3,158-9, 203,206-8,239,248,251,264-5 Eden, Anthony 132-4,139n,38,140,148,152, 152Ո.73,155,183,186,206,215 Edirne 114 ELAS Ellinikós Laikós Apeleftherotikós Stratós (Greek Liberation Army) see Greece Elena, Queen of Italy 65 Emmanuele, Vittorio King of Italy 65,7ІП.124 Epirus 69-70,143,156-7,213-14 Estonia 110,116 Ethiopia 36-9,47-8,52,129 Eugen, Prince of Savoy 9-10,89-90 273 Fan Noli 208-9,213 Fascism, fascists 26 and «civiling mission» 37-8 communist opposition to 2,115,118-19,
125-6,164-5,181,253 in Italy 39-41,56,108-9,124-5 see also Mussolini, Ustaša Fashëri, Mehdi see Balli Kombëtar Federations Balkan 200-1,203,206-8,223,256-7, 259-60,264 Balkan Communist 201 ֊3,208 Danubian 122 Greater Serbian 98-9 Yugoslav 160,171,203,206-7,223-4,228 Yugoslav-Bulgarian 204,204-5,205Ո.91, 249-50,250,251,256,256-7,257 East European 115-17,206,249 Idea of 98-9,115-16,250-1 Finland, Finns as borderland 47,109-10,201-2 Allied Control Commission in 124-5 Communist Party 202n.79,243-4 German troops in 113 Soviet attack on 52,110 Soviet postwar policy toward 124,244 Fiume 3-4,43-4,81,122-3,132-3,189 Flaud, EC. 216-17 Fotić, Constantine 105,138 France Alliance system 43-4,48-52,55-6,71,80, 108-10,112-13,118-19,128-9 Communist Party 120,246-7 fallof 110-12,119-20,128 Intervention in Balkans 12,20,22,263 investment in Eastern Europe 73-4,106-7 and Munich agreement 109 and Second Front 132-5 Soviet postwar plans for 122 and Western Bloc 244 see also De Gaulle and Duclos Franco, General Francisco 49-50,109,128-9 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke 15 Funk, Wilhelm 73-4 Garibaldi, Giuseppi 22-3 Garibaldi division 71 George II, King of Greece 143,148,143nn.48-49 Germany, Germans and intervention in Balkans 3,15-16,26-7, 53-5,81,106-7 relations with Chetniks 103-4 colonists in Balkans 87-8 German Communist Party 123
274 INDEX Germany, Germans (cont.) and Counter Versailles 25-6 and Croatia 63,91-3 dismemberment of 123 and historic links of Nazi to imperial 30 and Hungary 77,88-90 and Muslims 95-7 relations with Italy 39-40,47-9,53-4,58-9, 61,71-2,75,80-1,112 see also Mussolini language policy in Balkans 81-3,86 relations with Romania 74-5,109,113 relations with Serbia 99-100 in Slovenia 86-7 relations with Soviet Union 112-14 territorial expansion 82,109 in Triple Affiance with Austria-Hungary and Russia 20-1,23-4 and volksdeutsch organizations 87-8 war aims in First World War 79 relations with Yugoslavia 46,55,59,73-7 See also Hitler Gibraltar 3,9,75,132 Giolittian era 23-4 Gjinishi, Musatfa 210 Glaise von Horstenau, Edmund 64,92-3,95,107 Globocnik, Oddo 86 Gomulka, Władysław 243,245 Goring, Herman 73-4,98,107 Grandi, Dino 48,55 Great Britain 2-3,12,40,43,50-2,97-8,113, 124,160-1,172,205-6,223,232-3, 250-1,258-9 see also Churchill Greece Banditry 5-6 Caserta Agreement 153-4 Civil war 2-3,27 first round 148-9 second round 153-4,156-7,202, 232-3 thirdround 232-3,241,264 see also Varkiza Armistice and collaboration 142-3,154 and Comintern 120 communists 142,144-7,149,151-7,220, 234-42 see also EAM/ELAS and Slavo-Macedonians EAM/ELAS (National Liberation Front/Greek People’s Liberation Army) 142-51, 154-7,210,233,241 EDES 143-4,148-9,155 famine in 145 Frontiers 6-7,11,67-8,122-3,141-2,160-1, 190,263 and Germany 53-4,75-7,93-4,97-8,142-3, 149,154,154n.80,159 and Great Britain 116,131-2,135-6,140-1, 141Ո.44,143Ո.49,144,148-57,205-6, 214-15,263 and Italy 40-1,52-5,65,68-9,75,105-6,148-9
Lebanon Charter 151-2 Mutiny of army in Egypt 150-1, National Bands Agreement 147-8 Political Committee of National Liberation 150 political culture 14ІП.45,143,150 resistance movements 26,141-5 see also EAM/ELAS and EDES Royal government-in-exile 143,147-8,151 and Russia 16-17 and Soviet Union 113,150-3,158,203,206-7, 236-7,249-50,260,263 state building ll,18n.59,41,159 and U.S. 144n. 53,150-1,153,158-9,238 War of Independence 2-3,27,145 And Yugoslavia 170,197,220,224-5, 232-7,260-1 Grol, Milan 125,125Ո.49 Gromyko, Andrei 158n.93,236 Gypsies 45 Habsburg Empire 111, see also Austria Army 2-3,14-15,56-7,91-2 Bosnia incorporation of 14-15,21,95-6 census 80,83-4 and Croatia 64 colonization 9-10 Dalmatia, incorporation of 39-40,62 destruction of 25 Hungary in 89-90 intervention in Balkan state building 12-14,263 and Italy 23,35,55-7,64 and Pan Germanism 79 and Serbia 15-16,76-7,88 and Slovenes 82,85-6 political structure 11 and Transylvania 20 Hebrang, Andreja 160,174-5,189-90,192, 247-8,254-5 Himmler, Heinrich 80-2,84-6,93,96-7, 102,106-7 Hitler, Adolph Annexation (Anschluss) of Austria 15-16,46, 109,112 Balkan policies 14n.47,77,106-7 economic interests in 73-5,263 invasion of 65,76-7,83
INDEX fear of Allied landing in Balkans 149 and Banat 10 and Bulgaria 113,205 and Chetniks 67,76-7,93-4,104 and Counter Versailles 25-6,73 and Croatia 90-5,93n.67 occupation of Czechoslovakia 109 defeat of 31 early life 27-8 and German Communist Party 118-19 and Greece 69,253 governing style 29,93,95 and Habsburg Empire 79,88,93 and Hungary 88-90 and ideology 28,30,76,79 see also Lebensraum Mediterranean strategy 75,78,115 and Mussolini alliance with 47-50 “brutal friendship” with Hitler 47,52, 71,94-5 comparisons of concepts with Mussolini of space 25-6,30,39,111 of historical thinking 79,111 of governing styles 29-30,126-7 of origins of Mediterranean strategies 36,47,50-1,65,69-71 over a common destiny 47 on war 49-52,75 views on the Nazi-Soviet Pact 50-1 on policy, toward Bosnia 95-6 toward Chetniks 104,104n.98 toward Croatia 45,91-6 toward Greece 36-7,69,77 toward Slovenes 55,86 toward South Tyrol 80-1 toward Yugoslavia 53-4,77 and Nedič 76-100 and Pavelič 45,93,95 and Romania 19-20,69 and Slovenes 9,37,81-5 and South Tyrol 80-1 and Spain 75 and Stalin 16-17,108-9,113-16,120,126 and volksdeutsch 77-82,89 and Yugoslavia 54-5,75-7 partition of 55,77 see ako Stalin Hull, Cordell 138 Holy Roman Empire 111 Horthy, Admiral Miklós 25-6 Hoxha, Enver relations with Balli Kombëtar 212-13 relations with Britain 215 early history 210 275 and Kosovo 225 and leadership 214 and National Democratic Front 215-16, 218,230 relations with Soviet Union 226-8,230-2 andSpiru 229,232 andUNRRA 216-17 relations with Yugoslavs 211,218,223-8,251 and rivalry with Xoxa 226-7,231-2 Hungary,
Hungarians and Axis 25-7,107,124 in Banat 197 and Croatia 55 Communist Party 122,221 and federation 250-1 in Hapsburg Empire 13 (as Austria-Hungary) 20-1,23-4,56-7,80 relations with Germany 77,88-9, relations with Italy 47-8,62-3 parliamentary parties in 122 relations with Soviet Union 248,255n. 104 support of Ustaša 45 state building Agreement (Nagodba) of 1867 171 territorial claims 77 (Banat) 112-13,120,263 (Transylvania) relations with Yugoslavs 190 India 9,17,128,139,202n.79 loannidis, Ioannis 234-5 Iraq 131 Istria as borderland 56-7 and Churchill 132-3,135,189 conflict between Italians and Yugoslavs over 67,177,188-90,195,264 and Croats 8,59-60 Hebrang dispute with Tito over 175 Italian aim to acquire 2,6n.l9,22 Tito’s aim to acquire 191 and Slovenes 86 and Western powers 232,264 Ignat’ev, General Nikolai 21 Italy (see also Mussolini) and Albania 42-3,67-9,71 Army 57-8,62-3,65,68-70,94 and Axis 55-7 and intervention in Balkans 2-3,12, 23-4,263 and Britain 128-30,132,140-1 and Chetniks 62-3,66-7,104 civil war in North 71 Communist Party 81-2,176-7,188,221,247 relations with Croatia (NDH) 58-63,91-2,104
276 INDEX Italy (see also Mussolini) (cont.} and Fascism 37,38n,15,39-41,45,56-7, 95,124-5 and Greece 69-70 and First World War 2,25-6,36-42,56-7,122-3 imperial dreams 9,30,35,39-40,45-6,263 relations with Germany see Hitler military and economic weakness of 50, 73-4,94 relations with Montenegro 65,70-1,94 Risorgimento 24,35,54n.72,145 relations with Slovenia 57-8,83-4,86, 176-7,195 relations with Soviet Union 76-7 see also Stalin state building 14,22-3,35 surrenderor 81,105,111-12,148-9,176, 186-7,213 war with France 51-2 and Yugoslavia 43-4,46-7,55,71 See also Mussolini, Spazio vitali Janko, Dr. Josef “Sepp” 89 Josephll 10,12-13 Jews and genocide 61-2,75,84-6,85n.35,196-7 Pavelies view of as “alien” 45-6 Stojadinović on clique of in French government 46 Italian tolerance of 62,94-5 Jovanovič, Arso 169,254-5 Kállay, Benjamin (Béni) von 14-15 Kardelj, Edvard and Albanian communists 218,230n.32 and Bulgarian communists 204-5,248-9 at Cominform Congress 245-7,253 and Greek communists 247 and Hebrang 175 and Italian communists 177,192 and Popular Democracy 221-2 and Slovene Communist Party 135,144, 160,173-4 Soviet criticism of 247-8,251-2 and Stahn 204-5,229-30,247-51,253-4 and Yugoslav expansion 189n.26 Kennan, George 117 Karelian Republic 110 Kasche, Siegfried 64,92-3,95-7,107 Kavalla 114 Kiselev, Count Pavel 18-19,21 Knox, MacGregor 42 Kočevje 85-6 Kolarov, Vasili 201 n.74,202 Korçe faction see Albanian Communist Party Kosovo (Kosovo-Metohija) Albanian-Serbian conflicting claims over lOn.37,68,195-6 and Albanian communists 216,225,231 and aims of Balli Kombëtar 215 and
ethnic conflict in 68,211 -12,262-3 incorporation into Yugoslavia 28,211 German support for “Little Albania” 68 Italian support for “Greater Albania” 67-9 Muslims in 7-8 and Yugoslav communists 212-13,215-16, 218,223-4,226-7 Kostov, Traicho 256-7 Kruja, Mustafa 211 Kupi,Abaz 210-11,213,215 Kvaternik, Eugen 14,64η. 106 Latvia ПО Lavrent ev, A.I. 252-3 Leadership see Balkans League of Nations 46,52,130 Lebensraum 30,38-40,50-1,76,78-9,83,111, 139 See also Hitler and Germany Leros 135 Libya 36-7,39Ո.18,129-32,137 Ljubljana 57,81,83-6,105,175-6 Lithuania 109,110n.7 Little Entente 46,56,128-9 Litvinov, Maxim and collective security 109,118-19 commission on postwar planning 116,121-2, 125-7,188-9 Ljotić, Dmitrij 99 Löhr, Alexander 75,95 Macedonia Aegean (Greek) 69-70,157,188,199-200, 206,232,239-40,260-1 and Albanians 67-8,216,223-4 and British 206 and Bulgarians 21,25,197,204,257,260 contested among Greece, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia 6-7,122-3,160-1 and Greece 16,159,259 and Hitler 6,121-2,200,262-3 Internal Macedonia Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) 43-4 mixed population 1,7-8 Pirin Macedonia 2-3,195,200,206-7,222,257 and Soviet Union 206-7,260-1 and U.S. 260-1 Vardar Macedonia (Yugoslav) 198,204, 222,239-41
INDEX Western 3-4,69 and Yugoslavs 170,172,195,197-200,204, 213,220,223-4,234-5,256 see also Slavo-Macedonians Maček, Vlatko 47,90,173-5 Maclean, Fitzroy 135-6 Malenkov, G.M. 244n.76,245-8,256 Maisky, Ivan 121-2,139,182 Malëshova, Sejfulla (“Lame Kodra”) 217-19, 224-7 Malta 31,40 Manuilskii, Dmitrii 118-19,12ІП.39, 122Ո.44,186-7 Marshallplan 116-17,245,253 Masonic Order 99,143n.48 Mazzini, Giuseppi 23 Masaryk, Jan 116 Megali (the Great Idea) see Greece Memel 109,193 Mensheviks 254-5 Metaxas, Ioannis 142-3 Metternich, Prince von 12-13 Middle East 38-9,128 Mihailovič, General Draža in civil war, against Partisans 102-4,170,187 as leader of Chetniks 66-7,101,105,138,148-9 as Minister of War 136-7,139,187 and Montenegro 67 and Pan Serb aspirations of 67,187 relations with Tito, meeting 169,181, break with 102,185 relations with U.S. 138-9 relations with British 66-7,100-2,136-8, 155,158-9,182,186 relations with Germans 93-4,100-2, 135-7,149 relations with Itahans 66-7,103,136-7,186-7, relations with Soviet Union 182-3 in World War I 65-6 Mikoian, Anastas 2-3,53 Migration 2-3,7-10,12-13,96,106-7,159 Milovanovič, Milovan 54 Military frontier 4-5,59,88 Mitrovica, Rexhep 105-6 Moldavia and Wallachia, see Principalities Moldavian Soviet Republic Moldavian SSR 110-11 Molotov, Vyacheslav and Albanian communists 227,229-32,237-8 and Bulgarian communists 249-50 and Comintern 12ІП.39 and Balkan federation 206,223 role in foreign policy formation 126-7,193 negotiations with Germans 111-13,115-16 277 and Greek communists 235-7 and incorporation of Lithuania 110n.7 view of Stalin 244Ո.76
view of Tito 140,188Ո.22 negotiation with Western Allies 116,140,190 relations with Yugoslav communists 122n.42, 193,204-5,243,248-9,251-5,257 Montenegro borders 41,67-8,173,181-2 and Chetniks 65-7,102-3 and communists 169-70 and federation 23,98-9 irregular warfare in 6 and Italy 23-4,58,65-8,70,94,97 in Ottoman Empire 3,164 and state building 172-3,195 uprising in 1941 58,97,165-7 war veterans 56-7 Morlachs 59-60 Mountain Wreath 6-8 Munich agreement see Germany territorial expansion Muslims see religion Mussolini, Benito and Adriatic Sea 45-8,55,128-9 and Albania 42-3 and Austria 48-9 Balkan policies 37,51-2,65,69-71 colonial adventures 36-7,47-8 and Counter-Versailles 35,40,47 and Croatia 44 and Dalmatia 59-60,63 foreign policy lacking coherence 29-30,41 failure of 31,71-2 and France 51-2 and Great Britain 51-2,128-30,132 and Greece 53-5,69 and ideology 28,36 and leadership (charisma) 27-30 arrest, escape and formation of Republic of Salò 71,81 Mediterranean policy 40,47-8 and Montenegro 70-1 relations with Pavelič 45,56-7,63 relations with Hitler see Hitler and sense of history 8,23-6,28,35,79,111 and Slovenia 57-8 relations with the Soviet Union 52-3 and Spanish Civil War 49-50 and Spazio Vitale 22-3,30,38-41 and Ustaša 44,44-5,45n. 38,47,47,58-9,63 relations with Yugoslavia 26-7,38n.l2,43-7, 50-2,55 see also Italy
278 INDEX Nageba {see Croatia) Nedič, Milan 68,93,100-3,107,136-7 and Government of National Salvation 97-9 Neubacher, Herman 93,95,98,105,107 Neuhausen, Franz 98-9 Newman, John Paul 91-2 Nicholas! 12-13,18-19 Nietzsche, Friedrich 28 Nikola, King of Montenegro 65 Nishani, Dr. Omer 214 NKVD (Narodnyi kommissariat vnutrennykh del) Soviet secret police 123,174,183 Office of Strategic Services (OSS) 138-9,158-9 Orthodox Church see religion Ottoman Empire 3-25,42,68,88,145-6,194-5, 239-40,262-3 OVP (Otdel vneshnnei politiki) 242-3,247-8, 251-2,255 Pan-Germanism Pan-German 28,79,130 Pan-Slavism 2n.6,37,38n.l2,130,200-1,240 Pariani, General Alberto 68-9 Pauker, Ana 246 Paul, Prince, Yugoslav regent 47,76-7,97-8 Pavelič, Ante early life 44-5 and Croatian armed forces 92 and Dalmatia 63 and fascism 44-5 relations with Germans 64n.l05,92,93,95,105 and Muslims 95n.73,96 relations with Mussolini 44-5,45,45n.38, 46Ո.42,58-9,60-1,63,63n. 104 see also Ustaša Pećanac, Kosta Milanović 99-100 Peloponnesus 11,69,94 Pétain, Marshall Philippe 120 Peter “the Great” 16-18 Peter II, King of Yugoslavia 137-9 Peza Conference of 210-11 Poland and Poles Army 137 British policy toward 139n.38 and federation 249-51 and French alliance system 25 German invasion 50-1,76,83-4,110 German policy toward 85,88,106-7,109 partitions of 17-18,50-1 as a Popular Democracy 125-6,221 resistance movements 101 Soviet policy towards 104-5,110-11,118, 187-8,203,248 and Yugoslavia 257-8 Ponomarev, Boris 125,221 Popovic, Miladin 210,217-18 Popular Front 108-9,118-20,142,161-4,203, 209-10,239-40 see also Dimitrov
Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia 13, 18-21,23,47-8 see Romania Prizen League 213-14 Purič, Božidar 137-8 Quebec Conference 132-3,140-1 Rainer, Gauleiter Friedrich 81,86,107 Rákosi, Mátyás 122 Rallis, lonnis 142-3 Ranković, Alexandar 160,194,217-18, 247-8,251-2 Ratzel, Friedrich 30,39-40 RedArmy 4-5,19-20,77,99,104-5,110, 117-18,121-6,145,174,181,198-9, 207-8,251-2 Region, regionalism defined 1-2 see also Balkans as region Religion Catholic 8-10,14,44,61,187,211,213,218 Muslim 5-8, бп.20,15,44,61-2,65,91-2, 95-7,101-3,167,172-3,196-7 Orthodox populations 7-8,41n.25,16,16-17, 17-18,18ՈՈ.57,39,20,48-9,44n.34, 61-2,168 Serbian Orthodox Church 9-10,14-15,61-3, 96,98,101 Rendulic, Lothar 93-4 Rhodes 133 Ribbentrop, Joachim 48,50,53-4,57,63-4, 113,115-16 Richelieu, Cardinal 16-17,117 Roatta, General Mario 57-8,62-3,104 Roksandić, Drago 81 Roman Empire 30,35,39,110-11,131-2 Romania and Axis 124 and Comintern 108-9,120,202 economic resources 73-5,106-7 and federation 250-1 and Jews 264 relations with Germany 73-5,106-7,109 relations with Italy 18,49,53 in Little Entente 25-6,110-11 relations with Russia 20-1,110-11,263 relations with Soviet Union 53,112-13, 115-16,118,126,152-3 state building 13,18-21,25,122-3,203, 223,248 relations with Yugoslavia 190,197
INDEX and Triple Alliance 20-1 see also Principalities of Moldavia Wallachia Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 115-17,132-4, 138-9,148,150-2,158-9 Rosso, Augusto 52-3,112-13 Rupnik, Leon 123 Sadchikov, I. V. 221-2,252n.96 Saloniki 54-5,65-6,76-7,97-8,122-3 Sanjak of Novi Pazar 96,98-9 Saseno Island 36,41-2 Second Quebec Conference 132-3 Security Battalions 142-4,149,152,154-7, 233,241 Schönerer, Georg von 79 Schulenburg, Friedrich Werner von der 112 Shehu, Mehmet 215-16,229,231-2 Shkodër faction (see Albanian Communist Party) Sidorovich, Major General G.S. 252-3 Singapore 131 Slansky, Rudolph 257-8 Slavo-Macedonians 239-42,260 see also Greece Slovenia Slovenes Blue and White Guards in 57-8 Slovene Communist Party 175-7,183 and Chetniks 187 and federation 122-3,172-3,204 and Germans 37,82-6 deportation by Nazis 84-6,264 and Italians 37,43-4,56-8 mixed population in Venetzia Giulia 55-7 and Partisans 176 and state building 195 and Trieste question 193 victims of violence 196-7 Smuts, General Jan Christian 133 Social Darwinism 28 Sorel, George 28 Sosnkovski, General Casimir 116 South Slavs 6-7,23,88,90,122-3,164,204-5 South Tyrol 80 Spazio vitali 22-3,30,38-41,45-7,56,69, 111 see also Mussolini Special Operations Administration (SOE) 135-6,138-9,143-4,148, 183,206,211-12,214-15 Spirų, Nako 226,228-32 Stalin, J.V. and Albanians 218-19,224-31, 228Ո.24,249-51 and Balkan federation 200-5 and borderlands 111,115 and Bulgarians 113-15,198,204-7, 222-3,248-51 279 relations with Churchill 115-17,133-4, 139-40,152-3,190-1,206 and Cominform 243-4,244n.76,246,258-9 and Comintern 114-15,120-3
early history 27-8 and Greeks 141,152-3,158,232n.43,235-8, 243-4,247-51,259-61 relations with Hitler 50,106-7,110, 112-13,119-20 and ideology 28,30,118-20,124-5, 171-2,251-2 and international communist movement 27, 123-4,126-7,182,188,220,221n.3, 243-4,246 and Italian communists 191-3 and leadership 27-9,31,107,252-3,259 and Macedonian question 206-7,260 and nature of war 26,108,118-20 and Poland 104-5,110,243 and Popular Front 118-20 and postwar organization of Eastern Europe 115-17,121-2,251-2 and Romania 110-11 and Straits question 111-14,133-4,139 and strategy 25-6,109,111-12,119-20, 124-5 relations with Tito 31,119,135,160,164,171, 184-5,188-91,193,200-1,206-7,220, 222-3,225-6,229-30,244-5,248-51, 253-5,257,260-1,relation with U.S 116,260-1 relations with Yugoslavia 113-15,162-3, 186-8,204-5,228,253-4 Stalingrad 93-4 State building (see under individual countries) Stojadinović, Milan 45-7 Stojnic, Velimir 217-19,226-7 Storms, defined 2-3 Straits Gibraltar 3 Otranto 3,41,131 Turkish 3,17-18,108-9,111-14,133-4,139 Styria 9,27-8,83-6 Šubašić,Ivan 125,137-8,173-4 Suslov, Mikhail 230-1,256 Swabians 87 Swedish Communist Party 243-4 Szklarska Poręba (see Cominform) Tashko.K. 225-6 Teheran Conference 102,134-8,186-7 Thrace 7-8,54,142,156-7,204,263 Northern 142 Western 11,25,114,122-3,200
280 INDEX Thorez, Maurice 12ІП.38,143n.48,246 Tirana 42,52,181-2,210-11,216-17,225-31 Tito, Josip and Albania 203,218-19,223-7,229,248-9 relations with British 135,140-1,155,177, 182,184-6,190-1 earlylife 27-8,161-2 and Chetniks 101-2,104-5,169-70, 181-3,186-7 and Cominform 243-5,247-8,256 and Comintern 162-5,172,182-4 and Croatian communists 171,173-5,254-5 and Dimitrov 123,163-4,176-7,183,185, 204,222,243 and federalism 160,170-3,200-1, 203-5,256-7 and Greek civil war 158,232,235-7, 241,259-61 and Italian communists 176-7,188, 192-3,221 leadership 27-8,31,161,163-4,252-3 and Macedonia 197-8,203-4,256-7,260 and Marxism Leninism 28,30,163-4,170, 172-3,221,251-3 and Montenegro 167-8,181,195 Molotovs view of 140 and Partisans 164-6,172,181-2,186-7,190-1 and popular democracy 220-1 and Royal government-in-exile 186-7 and Slovene communists 176-7 relations with Stalin 31,118-19,126-7,164, 169,171,184-8,190-1,193,200-1, 204,220,222-3,229-30,235-6,251, 253,259 and state building 185-7,194-6,203-4 territorial aspirations 189,192-3,197-8, 223-4 relations with ԱՏ. 177,260-1 Transylvania 20-2,88-9,120,263 Treaties and international agreements Adrianople, 1829 18-19 Franco-Yugoslav Treaty of 1927 128-9 Jassy 1792 17-18 Karlowitz 1699 4-5,12-13,195 Kuchuk -Kainardji 1774 17-18 Lausanne 1923 25 London 1913 22,36-7 London 1915 41 Munich 1938 93,109 Nazi-Soviet (Molotov-Ribbentrop) 1939 20, 50-1,106-7,109-10,114-16,163 Neuilly 1919 25 Paris 1856 19-20 RapaUo 1922 57 St. Germain-en-laye 1919 25 Tirana Pact 1927 42 San Stefano 1878 21 Trianon (see also Transylvania) 1920 25 Tripartite Pact
1940 54-5,76-7,114,120 Versailles 1919 25,35 Tolbukhin, Marshall Fedor Ivanovich 104-5 Togliatti, Palmiro 118-19,12ІП.38,124n.48, 176-7,188-9,191-3,221-2,246-8, 252,257-8 Trentino 36 Triple Alliance 20-1,54,80 Trotsky, Lev 117-18,254-5,257 Truman Doctrine 244-5,253,260-1 Thnisia 9,55 TUrkey 11,27,52-3,74-5,96,108-9,112-14, 131 -4,139,142,206-7,239-40 Tzimas, Andreas 240 Ukraine 20 Western 109,111 United Front 118-20,164,169,210-11 United Nations 116,237-8 UNRRA 216-18 United States 27,132-3,250-1,260-1,263 Valona (Vlorë) 36,41-2,197 Varkiza Armistice 131-2,154,156-8,232-5, 238-9,241 see ako Greece, civil war, Greek communists Venetian Republic 4-5,8,12-13,24,35,39,45-6, 59,111,263 Venetia as Stato da Mar 35 Venezia Giulia 55-7,81,176-7,188,192 Venizelos, Eleutheros 141-2,151 Venizelists 156-7 Violence 4-5,5,6-7,7n.23,8,9,11,27,31, 31n.81,65,91,122-3,150,165-6, 189,196-7,262 Vlach 69-70 VOKS 236-7 Voroshilov, Klim 121-2 Vukmanović-Tempo, Svetozar 160,164-6, 223-4,240 Vyshinskii, Andrei 181,186-7 Waffen SS 89-90 Wallachia (see Moldavia and Wallachia) Weber, Max 30 Wends (Prekmurian or Windisch) 82-3 Western Bloc 116-17,244 Wilno (Vilnius) 110 Wilson, Sir Henry Maitland (“Jumbo”) 134-5,215 Wilson, Woodrow 264-5
INDEX Women in Albanian resistance 215-16 German under Nazism 87 in Greek resistance 145,145Ո.54 in Yugoslav resistance 165,165n.l8 World Federation of Trade Unions 238 Yalta Conference 115-16,121-2 Yugoslavia relations with Albania 223-5,228-9,231-2 break-up of 10,55,62,67-8,88,90,92, 95-8,108-9 relations with Bulgaria 190,199-200,206-7, 222,248,257 Churchill’s policy towards 129,131-2, 134-41,149,155,183,186,191,206 civil war in 26,62-3,172-3,182,187-8 and Cominform 235-6,247-8,252-3, 255-6,260 and Comintern 161-2,202 Communist Party 162-3,166,221-2,239-40, 251-3,259 ethnic composition 6-7,9,59,82-3,87-9, 159,172-3 and federalism 170-3,176,185,190,196-8, 202-4,249,256-7 and Greece 232,234-5,241 and First World War 40,56-7 281 Hitlers policy towards 15-16,37,47,50-5,73, 75-7,83,98,103,114 and liberation of 106-7,125,138, 164,251-2 in Little Entente 46,50,71,129 Mussolini’s policy towards 37,43-6,48-9, 52-5,62 Royal Yugoslav Army 87,92,97-100,137, 167,169 Royal Yugoslav government-in-exile 101, 137,181,185 and spheres of influence 113,140-1 Stalin’s policy towards 112-15,117,125-6, 135,140,182,186-9,201-2,206-7, 248-51,253-4 State building 9,25,65,67,194-5,263 Relations with U.S. 138,191-2 See also Tito, Stalin and Dimitrov, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia Xoxe.Koçi 210,214Ո.122,217-18,224-32 Zachriades, Nikos 142 Zadar 35 Zervas., Napoleon 143-4,148-9,152,155-7 Zhdanov, Andrei 120,229,235-7,243-8,255-7 Zisi, Andrea 210-11 Zogu, Ahmed (King Zog) 42-3,207-11,214-15 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek і München í
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Contents List of Maps xi Introduction: The Region and the Leaders 1 PART ONE: THE STORMS BREAK 1. Mussolini 35 2. Hitler 73 3. Stalin 108 4. Churchill 128 5. Tito 160 PART TWO: WIND RISING FROM THE EAST 6. Early Signs 181 7. A Chill Sets In 220 Conclusion: Storms Abate but then Build up Select Bibliography of Primary Sources Index 262 267 271
Index For the benefit of digital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages. Africa 39-40,49,51-2,68,75,103-4,130,132-3, 137,143-4,184 Alanbrooke (Alan Brooke), Viscount 133 Albania and Britain 134,191,206,214-17,215n. 125 and Comintern 202 Communist Party 160-1,208-10,208n.l02, 210η. 106,213,217-18,227,229-30 Korçe faction 209-10 Shkodër faction 209-10 and Germany 68,98-9,105-6,215-16 “Greater Albania” 65,67-8,213-14 and Greece 159 Irregular bands 7-8 and Italy 9,41-4,48-9,52,54-5,65,68-9, 93-4,128-31,209-10 mixed population 7-8 in Ottoman Empire 2-3,5 and Soviet Union 217,224-32 state building 213-14 Yugoslavia economic relations with 225,227-9 and Yugoslav communists 171,190,207-8, 211,213-14,217-18,220,222-7,231 See also Balli Kombëtar, Enver Hoxha, Kosovo Alexander, Sir Harold 132-5,157,190-1 Alexander, King ofYugoslavia 45,76-7,87,129 Alexander II tsar of Russia 21-2 Altgayer, Branimir 87-8 Amery, Julian 211-12 Andartes, andartiko 146,152-4,156-7,159 see also Greece Ambrosio, General Vittorio 62,104 Anatolia 141-2,159 Argostoli 134 Ausgleich, see Austria Auslandsdeutsch 85,106-7 Australasia 131 Austria, Austrians “Austrian mission” 14-15,93-4,263 Habsburg Empire 9-10,12-14,23-4 Mussolini-Hitler competition over 47-8,71 occupation of Bosnia 28 occupation of Serbia 91-2 and Pan Germanism 79 postwar period 135 Partisans and communists 176-7,252 and Slovenes 83,85-6 AVNOJ Antifašističko vijeće/veće narodnog oslobođenja Jugoslavije (Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia)
140-2,176,185-7, 209,214 Balli Kombëtar (Albanian National Front) 211-13,215 Balkans as region 2 geography of contrasts 2-5 irregular warfare 4-7 kaleidoscope mix of populations 7-11 prolonged state building and foreign intervention 11-12 Austrians and Hungarians 12-13,15-16 Russians 16-22 Italians 22-4 leadership 27-31 new atmosphere conditions 24-7 Bačka 88-90 Bailey, Colonel William 136-7 Bajraktars, Leagues of 211 Balearic Islands 19-20,129-30 Balkan Wars 7n.23,12,23-4,65,77,200-1 Banat of Temešvar 9-10,77,88-90,122-3, 194,264 Bandits (see also klephts) 5,86,146,155,159, 230,241 barièrre de l’est (see also cordon sanitaire) 16-17, 20-1,115-17 Bashkimi 208-9 Bastianini, Giuseppe 60 Barthou, Louis 44-5 Belishova, Liri 229 Belorussia 110-11,250-1 Berger, Stefan 79
272 INDEX Beria, L· R 243-4 Bernstein, Eduard 254-5 Bessarabia annexation by Romania 25,52 annexation by Russia 25-6,110 occupation by Soviet Union 53,110-13 in Ottoman Empire 19-21 Biroli, General Alessandro Pirzio 65,70,94 Bled 222,249 Blum, Léon 46 Borderlands 17,27-8,84,109-11,115,117,160 Borova (the Albanian Lidice) 216 Bosnia, Bosnians civil war in 62,66-7,77,95-7,101-3,105, 184,209,262 delimiting frontier 172n.43,194-5 Habsburgrule 14-15,21,27-8,30,77 mixed population 7n.25,37-8,44 Partisans 165-6,172-3,182 State building 23 Brenner Pass 44 Bukharin, Nikolai and Bukharinism 254-5 Buljkes (camp) 254-5 Burián, István 15 Bulgaria, Bulgarians member of Axis 25-7,54-5,75,77,114,120 Communist Party 122-3,160-1,198,204, 206-7,222,239-40,242,257 and federation 23,171,190,200n.71,204, 206-7,223,249-51,257 and Great Britain 202,206 Russian intervention 21-2 Macedonian Question 159,199-200,204, 206-7,222,239-40,242,257 and Soviet Union 108-9,112-16,124,126, 205-6,209,232Ո.43,250 state budding 18,20-2,263 Bushati., Malik Bey 212 Cadogan, Alexander 136-7 Cairo Conference 134 Carinthia 82-3,85-6,86n.39,189,191-2, 197,223-4 Carniola 9,83-6 Carol, King of Romania 74-5 Casertano, Raffaele 63-4 Castelreagh, Robert Vicount 128 Catholic Church see religion Caucasus 52,112-13 Cavour, Count Camillo di 23 Chamberlain, Neville 129-31 Charles, Prince of Romania 2 Charisma, charismatic 28-30 (see Balkans, leadership) Chervenkov,Valko 256 China 101,119,237 Churchill Winston Spenser and Albania 215 and Bulgaria 206 and Greece 26,131-2,135-6,140-1,143, 143ՈՈ.48-49,148-9,149,151,152,
153-4,155-6,157,158 and leadership 27,30-1 Mediterranean policy of 128-35,140,263 and Second Front 78,128-9,132-5,140-1 on spheres of influence 115-17,126,139-40, 152-3,158-9 and Yugoslavia 135-8,186,190-1 and Straits and Turkey 138-9 Churchill, Randolph 135-6 Chuvakhin, D.S. 224,226-31 Circassians 7-8 Clausewitz, Carl von 31 Colonization 7-10,42,111 Cominform 124n 48,163,191-2,235-6,247-8, 248Ո.87,252-3,255-9, C7.253 Comintern 22,30,108-9,108n.l, 114-15, 117-21,125-6,146,150,161-6,172-7, 181-8,192,198,201-3,208-9,239-40, 242-3,249,253 Cordon sanitaire 16-17,115-17 Corfu 81,130-1,134,217 Corsica 40,51-2, Cos 133,133n.20 Crete 11,75,94,131-2 Crispi, Francesco 24 Croatia, Croats and Dalmatia 8,41,44-5,60-1,175 in Habsburg Empire 9-10,43-4,59,64,87 relations with Chetniks 62-3,67n. 113, 104-5 and communists 61,61Ո.94,162-4,173-5 relations with Germany 60,63-4,71, 90-5,264 relations with Italy 35,44,45,55,58-9,59, 60n.91,60-1,61-3,63-4,71,81 military frontier 9-10,61 Peasant Party 47,91-2 and Serbs 47,61-2,85,170,194,264 state building 43-4,58-60,170 Sporazum 51-2 Nezavisna Država Hrvatska 58-9, collapse of 189 in Communist Yugoslavia 171-4,194-6 and Ustaša 44,85n.35,92 relations with volksdeutsch 87-8 see also Pavelič Cyprus 31,40,132
INDEX Czechoslovakia 25-6,46-50,73-4,93,108-9, 118-19,125-6,202,221,248-51 Communist Party 202,221,252n.96, 255ՈՈ.104-105 Dachau 232-3 Dalmatia 8-10, 12-13,22,35-6,38n. 12,39n. 19, 43-4,58-60,63,65-7,106-7,109,134, 140,165,175,187 Danzig 50,79-80 Dobrudja 7-8,20-1,52-3,204 Eisenhower, General Dwight 134-5 Dankelman General Heinrich 97-8 Danube River 7-Ю, 13,16-20,23-4,46,87-90, 93,133-4,139,192-3 Deakin, F. W. Bill 135-6 De Gaulle, Charles 120n.35 Diamantis, Alkievadis 69-70 Dimitrov, Georgi and Bulgarian communists 123n.46,204-5, 222,248-9 and Comintern 120,121nn.38-39 and federation 201-5,222-3 and Greece 236 and Macedonian question 198,204, 206-7,260 and Popular Front 118-19,119n.33 and Stalin 108n.l, 110,114,190,223,243,249 and Tito 162-4,176-7,185,190,190n.32, 204,222 and Trieste question 190-2 Donovan, William see OSS Djilas, Milovan 160,165-70,175-6 Dodecanese 94,133,135,148-9 Dual Monarchy (see Habsburg Empire) Duclos, Jacques 246,246n.83,257-8 EAM Ethnikó Apeleftherotiká Métopo (Greek National Liberation Front) see Greece East Prussia 124 Eastern Europe 115-17,124,128,132-3,158-9, 203,206-8,239,248,251,264-5 Eden, Anthony 132-4,139n,38,140,148,152, 152Ո.73,155,183,186,206,215 Edirne 114 ELAS Ellinikós Laikós Apeleftherotikós Stratós (Greek Liberation Army) see Greece Elena, Queen of Italy 65 Emmanuele, Vittorio King of Italy 65,7ІП.124 Epirus 69-70,143,156-7,213-14 Estonia 110,116 Ethiopia 36-9,47-8,52,129 Eugen, Prince of Savoy 9-10,89-90 273 Fan Noli 208-9,213 Fascism, fascists 26 and «civiling mission» 37-8 communist opposition to 2,115,118-19,
125-6,164-5,181,253 in Italy 39-41,56,108-9,124-5 see also Mussolini, Ustaša Fashëri, Mehdi see Balli Kombëtar Federations Balkan 200-1,203,206-8,223,256-7, 259-60,264 Balkan Communist 201 ֊3,208 Danubian 122 Greater Serbian 98-9 Yugoslav 160,171,203,206-7,223-4,228 Yugoslav-Bulgarian 204,204-5,205Ո.91, 249-50,250,251,256,256-7,257 East European 115-17,206,249 Idea of 98-9,115-16,250-1 Finland, Finns as borderland 47,109-10,201-2 Allied Control Commission in 124-5 Communist Party 202n.79,243-4 German troops in 113 Soviet attack on 52,110 Soviet postwar policy toward 124,244 Fiume 3-4,43-4,81,122-3,132-3,189 Flaud, EC. 216-17 Fotić, Constantine 105,138 France Alliance system 43-4,48-52,55-6,71,80, 108-10,112-13,118-19,128-9 Communist Party 120,246-7 fallof 110-12,119-20,128 Intervention in Balkans 12,20,22,263 investment in Eastern Europe 73-4,106-7 and Munich agreement 109 and Second Front 132-5 Soviet postwar plans for 122 and Western Bloc 244 see also De Gaulle and Duclos Franco, General Francisco 49-50,109,128-9 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke 15 Funk, Wilhelm 73-4 Garibaldi, Giuseppi 22-3 Garibaldi division 71 George II, King of Greece 143,148,143nn.48-49 Germany, Germans and intervention in Balkans 3,15-16,26-7, 53-5,81,106-7 relations with Chetniks 103-4 colonists in Balkans 87-8 German Communist Party 123
274 INDEX Germany, Germans (cont.) and Counter Versailles 25-6 and Croatia 63,91-3 dismemberment of 123 and historic links of Nazi to imperial 30 and Hungary 77,88-90 and Muslims 95-7 relations with Italy 39-40,47-9,53-4,58-9, 61,71-2,75,80-1,112 see also Mussolini language policy in Balkans 81-3,86 relations with Romania 74-5,109,113 relations with Serbia 99-100 in Slovenia 86-7 relations with Soviet Union 112-14 territorial expansion 82,109 in Triple Affiance with Austria-Hungary and Russia 20-1,23-4 and volksdeutsch organizations 87-8 war aims in First World War 79 relations with Yugoslavia 46,55,59,73-7 See also Hitler Gibraltar 3,9,75,132 Giolittian era 23-4 Gjinishi, Musatfa 210 Glaise von Horstenau, Edmund 64,92-3,95,107 Globocnik, Oddo 86 Gomulka, Władysław 243,245 Goring, Herman 73-4,98,107 Grandi, Dino 48,55 Great Britain 2-3,12,40,43,50-2,97-8,113, 124,160-1,172,205-6,223,232-3, 250-1,258-9 see also Churchill Greece Banditry 5-6 Caserta Agreement 153-4 Civil war 2-3,27 first round 148-9 second round 153-4,156-7,202, 232-3 thirdround 232-3,241,264 see also Varkiza Armistice and collaboration 142-3,154 and Comintern 120 communists 142,144-7,149,151-7,220, 234-42 see also EAM/ELAS and Slavo-Macedonians EAM/ELAS (National Liberation Front/Greek People’s Liberation Army) 142-51, 154-7,210,233,241 EDES 143-4,148-9,155 famine in 145 Frontiers 6-7,11,67-8,122-3,141-2,160-1, 190,263 and Germany 53-4,75-7,93-4,97-8,142-3, 149,154,154n.80,159 and Great Britain 116,131-2,135-6,140-1, 141Ո.44,143Ո.49,144,148-57,205-6, 214-15,263 and Italy 40-1,52-5,65,68-9,75,105-6,148-9
Lebanon Charter 151-2 Mutiny of army in Egypt 150-1, National Bands Agreement 147-8 Political Committee of National Liberation 150 political culture 14ІП.45,143,150 resistance movements 26,141-5 see also EAM/ELAS and EDES Royal government-in-exile 143,147-8,151 and Russia 16-17 and Soviet Union 113,150-3,158,203,206-7, 236-7,249-50,260,263 state building ll,18n.59,41,159 and U.S. 144n. 53,150-1,153,158-9,238 War of Independence 2-3,27,145 And Yugoslavia 170,197,220,224-5, 232-7,260-1 Grol, Milan 125,125Ո.49 Gromyko, Andrei 158n.93,236 Gypsies 45 Habsburg Empire 111, see also Austria Army 2-3,14-15,56-7,91-2 Bosnia incorporation of 14-15,21,95-6 census 80,83-4 and Croatia 64 colonization 9-10 Dalmatia, incorporation of 39-40,62 destruction of 25 Hungary in 89-90 intervention in Balkan state building 12-14,263 and Italy 23,35,55-7,64 and Pan Germanism 79 and Serbia 15-16,76-7,88 and Slovenes 82,85-6 political structure 11 and Transylvania 20 Hebrang, Andreja 160,174-5,189-90,192, 247-8,254-5 Himmler, Heinrich 80-2,84-6,93,96-7, 102,106-7 Hitler, Adolph Annexation (Anschluss) of Austria 15-16,46, 109,112 Balkan policies 14n.47,77,106-7 economic interests in 73-5,263 invasion of 65,76-7,83
INDEX fear of Allied landing in Balkans 149 and Banat 10 and Bulgaria 113,205 and Chetniks 67,76-7,93-4,104 and Counter Versailles 25-6,73 and Croatia 90-5,93n.67 occupation of Czechoslovakia 109 defeat of 31 early life 27-8 and German Communist Party 118-19 and Greece 69,253 governing style 29,93,95 and Habsburg Empire 79,88,93 and Hungary 88-90 and ideology 28,30,76,79 see also Lebensraum Mediterranean strategy 75,78,115 and Mussolini alliance with 47-50 “brutal friendship” with Hitler 47,52, 71,94-5 comparisons of concepts with Mussolini of space 25-6,30,39,111 of historical thinking 79,111 of governing styles 29-30,126-7 of origins of Mediterranean strategies 36,47,50-1,65,69-71 over a common destiny 47 on war 49-52,75 views on the Nazi-Soviet Pact 50-1 on policy, toward Bosnia 95-6 toward Chetniks 104,104n.98 toward Croatia 45,91-6 toward Greece 36-7,69,77 toward Slovenes 55,86 toward South Tyrol 80-1 toward Yugoslavia 53-4,77 and Nedič 76-100 and Pavelič 45,93,95 and Romania 19-20,69 and Slovenes 9,37,81-5 and South Tyrol 80-1 and Spain 75 and Stalin 16-17,108-9,113-16,120,126 and volksdeutsch 77-82,89 and Yugoslavia 54-5,75-7 partition of 55,77 see ako Stalin Hull, Cordell 138 Holy Roman Empire 111 Horthy, Admiral Miklós 25-6 Hoxha, Enver relations with Balli Kombëtar 212-13 relations with Britain 215 early history 210 275 and Kosovo 225 and leadership 214 and National Democratic Front 215-16, 218,230 relations with Soviet Union 226-8,230-2 andSpiru 229,232 andUNRRA 216-17 relations with Yugoslavs 211,218,223-8,251 and rivalry with Xoxa 226-7,231-2 Hungary,
Hungarians and Axis 25-7,107,124 in Banat 197 and Croatia 55 Communist Party 122,221 and federation 250-1 in Hapsburg Empire 13 (as Austria-Hungary) 20-1,23-4,56-7,80 relations with Germany 77,88-9, relations with Italy 47-8,62-3 parliamentary parties in 122 relations with Soviet Union 248,255n. 104 support of Ustaša 45 state building Agreement (Nagodba) of 1867 171 territorial claims 77 (Banat) 112-13,120,263 (Transylvania) relations with Yugoslavs 190 India 9,17,128,139,202n.79 loannidis, Ioannis 234-5 Iraq 131 Istria as borderland 56-7 and Churchill 132-3,135,189 conflict between Italians and Yugoslavs over 67,177,188-90,195,264 and Croats 8,59-60 Hebrang dispute with Tito over 175 Italian aim to acquire 2,6n.l9,22 Tito’s aim to acquire 191 and Slovenes 86 and Western powers 232,264 Ignat’ev, General Nikolai 21 Italy (see also Mussolini) and Albania 42-3,67-9,71 Army 57-8,62-3,65,68-70,94 and Axis 55-7 and intervention in Balkans 2-3,12, 23-4,263 and Britain 128-30,132,140-1 and Chetniks 62-3,66-7,104 civil war in North 71 Communist Party 81-2,176-7,188,221,247 relations with Croatia (NDH) 58-63,91-2,104
276 INDEX Italy (see also Mussolini) (cont.} and Fascism 37,38n,15,39-41,45,56-7, 95,124-5 and Greece 69-70 and First World War 2,25-6,36-42,56-7,122-3 imperial dreams 9,30,35,39-40,45-6,263 relations with Germany see Hitler military and economic weakness of 50, 73-4,94 relations with Montenegro 65,70-1,94 Risorgimento 24,35,54n.72,145 relations with Slovenia 57-8,83-4,86, 176-7,195 relations with Soviet Union 76-7 see also Stalin state building 14,22-3,35 surrenderor 81,105,111-12,148-9,176, 186-7,213 war with France 51-2 and Yugoslavia 43-4,46-7,55,71 See also Mussolini, Spazio vitali Janko, Dr. Josef “Sepp” 89 Josephll 10,12-13 Jews and genocide 61-2,75,84-6,85n.35,196-7 Pavelies view of as “alien” 45-6 Stojadinović on clique of in French government 46 Italian tolerance of 62,94-5 Jovanovič, Arso 169,254-5 Kállay, Benjamin (Béni) von 14-15 Kardelj, Edvard and Albanian communists 218,230n.32 and Bulgarian communists 204-5,248-9 at Cominform Congress 245-7,253 and Greek communists 247 and Hebrang 175 and Italian communists 177,192 and Popular Democracy 221-2 and Slovene Communist Party 135,144, 160,173-4 Soviet criticism of 247-8,251-2 and Stahn 204-5,229-30,247-51,253-4 and Yugoslav expansion 189n.26 Kennan, George 117 Karelian Republic 110 Kasche, Siegfried 64,92-3,95-7,107 Kavalla 114 Kiselev, Count Pavel 18-19,21 Knox, MacGregor 42 Kočevje 85-6 Kolarov, Vasili 201 n.74,202 Korçe faction see Albanian Communist Party Kosovo (Kosovo-Metohija) Albanian-Serbian conflicting claims over lOn.37,68,195-6 and Albanian communists 216,225,231 and aims of Balli Kombëtar 215 and
ethnic conflict in 68,211 -12,262-3 incorporation into Yugoslavia 28,211 German support for “Little Albania” 68 Italian support for “Greater Albania” 67-9 Muslims in 7-8 and Yugoslav communists 212-13,215-16, 218,223-4,226-7 Kostov, Traicho 256-7 Kruja, Mustafa 211 Kupi,Abaz 210-11,213,215 Kvaternik, Eugen 14,64η. 106 Latvia ПО Lavrent ev, A.I. 252-3 Leadership see Balkans League of Nations 46,52,130 Lebensraum 30,38-40,50-1,76,78-9,83,111, 139 See also Hitler and Germany Leros 135 Libya 36-7,39Ո.18,129-32,137 Ljubljana 57,81,83-6,105,175-6 Lithuania 109,110n.7 Little Entente 46,56,128-9 Litvinov, Maxim and collective security 109,118-19 commission on postwar planning 116,121-2, 125-7,188-9 Ljotić, Dmitrij 99 Löhr, Alexander 75,95 Macedonia Aegean (Greek) 69-70,157,188,199-200, 206,232,239-40,260-1 and Albanians 67-8,216,223-4 and British 206 and Bulgarians 21,25,197,204,257,260 contested among Greece, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia 6-7,122-3,160-1 and Greece 16,159,259 and Hitler 6,121-2,200,262-3 Internal Macedonia Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) 43-4 mixed population 1,7-8 Pirin Macedonia 2-3,195,200,206-7,222,257 and Soviet Union 206-7,260-1 and U.S. 260-1 Vardar Macedonia (Yugoslav) 198,204, 222,239-41
INDEX Western 3-4,69 and Yugoslavs 170,172,195,197-200,204, 213,220,223-4,234-5,256 see also Slavo-Macedonians Maček, Vlatko 47,90,173-5 Maclean, Fitzroy 135-6 Malenkov, G.M. 244n.76,245-8,256 Maisky, Ivan 121-2,139,182 Malëshova, Sejfulla (“Lame Kodra”) 217-19, 224-7 Malta 31,40 Manuilskii, Dmitrii 118-19,12ІП.39, 122Ո.44,186-7 Marshallplan 116-17,245,253 Masonic Order 99,143n.48 Mazzini, Giuseppi 23 Masaryk, Jan 116 Megali (the Great Idea) see Greece Memel 109,193 Mensheviks 254-5 Metaxas, Ioannis 142-3 Metternich, Prince von 12-13 Middle East 38-9,128 Mihailovič, General Draža in civil war, against Partisans 102-4,170,187 as leader of Chetniks 66-7,101,105,138,148-9 as Minister of War 136-7,139,187 and Montenegro 67 and Pan Serb aspirations of 67,187 relations with Tito, meeting 169,181, break with 102,185 relations with U.S. 138-9 relations with British 66-7,100-2,136-8, 155,158-9,182,186 relations with Germans 93-4,100-2, 135-7,149 relations with Itahans 66-7,103,136-7,186-7, relations with Soviet Union 182-3 in World War I 65-6 Mikoian, Anastas 2-3,53 Migration 2-3,7-10,12-13,96,106-7,159 Milovanovič, Milovan 54 Military frontier 4-5,59,88 Mitrovica, Rexhep 105-6 Moldavia and Wallachia, see Principalities Moldavian Soviet Republic Moldavian SSR 110-11 Molotov, Vyacheslav and Albanian communists 227,229-32,237-8 and Bulgarian communists 249-50 and Comintern 12ІП.39 and Balkan federation 206,223 role in foreign policy formation 126-7,193 negotiations with Germans 111-13,115-16 277 and Greek communists 235-7 and incorporation of Lithuania 110n.7 view of Stalin 244Ո.76
view of Tito 140,188Ո.22 negotiation with Western Allies 116,140,190 relations with Yugoslav communists 122n.42, 193,204-5,243,248-9,251-5,257 Montenegro borders 41,67-8,173,181-2 and Chetniks 65-7,102-3 and communists 169-70 and federation 23,98-9 irregular warfare in 6 and Italy 23-4,58,65-8,70,94,97 in Ottoman Empire 3,164 and state building 172-3,195 uprising in 1941 58,97,165-7 war veterans 56-7 Morlachs 59-60 Mountain Wreath 6-8 Munich agreement see Germany territorial expansion Muslims see religion Mussolini, Benito and Adriatic Sea 45-8,55,128-9 and Albania 42-3 and Austria 48-9 Balkan policies 37,51-2,65,69-71 colonial adventures 36-7,47-8 and Counter-Versailles 35,40,47 and Croatia 44 and Dalmatia 59-60,63 foreign policy lacking coherence 29-30,41 failure of 31,71-2 and France 51-2 and Great Britain 51-2,128-30,132 and Greece 53-5,69 and ideology 28,36 and leadership (charisma) 27-30 arrest, escape and formation of Republic of Salò 71,81 Mediterranean policy 40,47-8 and Montenegro 70-1 relations with Pavelič 45,56-7,63 relations with Hitler see Hitler and sense of history 8,23-6,28,35,79,111 and Slovenia 57-8 relations with the Soviet Union 52-3 and Spanish Civil War 49-50 and Spazio Vitale 22-3,30,38-41 and Ustaša 44,44-5,45n. 38,47,47,58-9,63 relations with Yugoslavia 26-7,38n.l2,43-7, 50-2,55 see also Italy
278 INDEX Nageba {see Croatia) Nedič, Milan 68,93,100-3,107,136-7 and Government of National Salvation 97-9 Neubacher, Herman 93,95,98,105,107 Neuhausen, Franz 98-9 Newman, John Paul 91-2 Nicholas! 12-13,18-19 Nietzsche, Friedrich 28 Nikola, King of Montenegro 65 Nishani, Dr. Omer 214 NKVD (Narodnyi kommissariat vnutrennykh del) Soviet secret police 123,174,183 Office of Strategic Services (OSS) 138-9,158-9 Orthodox Church see religion Ottoman Empire 3-25,42,68,88,145-6,194-5, 239-40,262-3 OVP (Otdel vneshnnei politiki) 242-3,247-8, 251-2,255 Pan-Germanism Pan-German 28,79,130 Pan-Slavism 2n.6,37,38n.l2,130,200-1,240 Pariani, General Alberto 68-9 Pauker, Ana 246 Paul, Prince, Yugoslav regent 47,76-7,97-8 Pavelič, Ante early life 44-5 and Croatian armed forces 92 and Dalmatia 63 and fascism 44-5 relations with Germans 64n.l05,92,93,95,105 and Muslims 95n.73,96 relations with Mussolini 44-5,45,45n.38, 46Ո.42,58-9,60-1,63,63n. 104 see also Ustaša Pećanac, Kosta Milanović 99-100 Peloponnesus 11,69,94 Pétain, Marshall Philippe 120 Peter “the Great” 16-18 Peter II, King of Yugoslavia 137-9 Peza Conference of 210-11 Poland and Poles Army 137 British policy toward 139n.38 and federation 249-51 and French alliance system 25 German invasion 50-1,76,83-4,110 German policy toward 85,88,106-7,109 partitions of 17-18,50-1 as a Popular Democracy 125-6,221 resistance movements 101 Soviet policy towards 104-5,110-11,118, 187-8,203,248 and Yugoslavia 257-8 Ponomarev, Boris 125,221 Popovic, Miladin 210,217-18 Popular Front 108-9,118-20,142,161-4,203, 209-10,239-40 see also Dimitrov
Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia 13, 18-21,23,47-8 see Romania Prizen League 213-14 Purič, Božidar 137-8 Quebec Conference 132-3,140-1 Rainer, Gauleiter Friedrich 81,86,107 Rákosi, Mátyás 122 Rallis, lonnis 142-3 Ranković, Alexandar 160,194,217-18, 247-8,251-2 Ratzel, Friedrich 30,39-40 RedArmy 4-5,19-20,77,99,104-5,110, 117-18,121-6,145,174,181,198-9, 207-8,251-2 Region, regionalism defined 1-2 see also Balkans as region Religion Catholic 8-10,14,44,61,187,211,213,218 Muslim 5-8, бп.20,15,44,61-2,65,91-2, 95-7,101-3,167,172-3,196-7 Orthodox populations 7-8,41n.25,16,16-17, 17-18,18ՈՈ.57,39,20,48-9,44n.34, 61-2,168 Serbian Orthodox Church 9-10,14-15,61-3, 96,98,101 Rendulic, Lothar 93-4 Rhodes 133 Ribbentrop, Joachim 48,50,53-4,57,63-4, 113,115-16 Richelieu, Cardinal 16-17,117 Roatta, General Mario 57-8,62-3,104 Roksandić, Drago 81 Roman Empire 30,35,39,110-11,131-2 Romania and Axis 124 and Comintern 108-9,120,202 economic resources 73-5,106-7 and federation 250-1 and Jews 264 relations with Germany 73-5,106-7,109 relations with Italy 18,49,53 in Little Entente 25-6,110-11 relations with Russia 20-1,110-11,263 relations with Soviet Union 53,112-13, 115-16,118,126,152-3 state building 13,18-21,25,122-3,203, 223,248 relations with Yugoslavia 190,197
INDEX and Triple Alliance 20-1 see also Principalities of Moldavia Wallachia Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 115-17,132-4, 138-9,148,150-2,158-9 Rosso, Augusto 52-3,112-13 Rupnik, Leon 123 Sadchikov, I. V. 221-2,252n.96 Saloniki 54-5,65-6,76-7,97-8,122-3 Sanjak of Novi Pazar 96,98-9 Saseno Island 36,41-2 Second Quebec Conference 132-3 Security Battalions 142-4,149,152,154-7, 233,241 Schönerer, Georg von 79 Schulenburg, Friedrich Werner von der 112 Shehu, Mehmet 215-16,229,231-2 Shkodër faction (see Albanian Communist Party) Sidorovich, Major General G.S. 252-3 Singapore 131 Slansky, Rudolph 257-8 Slavo-Macedonians 239-42,260 see also Greece Slovenia Slovenes Blue and White Guards in 57-8 Slovene Communist Party 175-7,183 and Chetniks 187 and federation 122-3,172-3,204 and Germans 37,82-6 deportation by Nazis 84-6,264 and Italians 37,43-4,56-8 mixed population in Venetzia Giulia 55-7 and Partisans 176 and state building 195 and Trieste question 193 victims of violence 196-7 Smuts, General Jan Christian 133 Social Darwinism 28 Sorel, George 28 Sosnkovski, General Casimir 116 South Slavs 6-7,23,88,90,122-3,164,204-5 South Tyrol 80 Spazio vitali 22-3,30,38-41,45-7,56,69, 111 see also Mussolini Special Operations Administration (SOE) 135-6,138-9,143-4,148, 183,206,211-12,214-15 Spirų, Nako 226,228-32 Stalin, J.V. and Albanians 218-19,224-31, 228Ո.24,249-51 and Balkan federation 200-5 and borderlands 111,115 and Bulgarians 113-15,198,204-7, 222-3,248-51 279 relations with Churchill 115-17,133-4, 139-40,152-3,190-1,206 and Cominform 243-4,244n.76,246,258-9 and Comintern 114-15,120-3
early history 27-8 and Greeks 141,152-3,158,232n.43,235-8, 243-4,247-51,259-61 relations with Hitler 50,106-7,110, 112-13,119-20 and ideology 28,30,118-20,124-5, 171-2,251-2 and international communist movement 27, 123-4,126-7,182,188,220,221n.3, 243-4,246 and Italian communists 191-3 and leadership 27-9,31,107,252-3,259 and Macedonian question 206-7,260 and nature of war 26,108,118-20 and Poland 104-5,110,243 and Popular Front 118-20 and postwar organization of Eastern Europe 115-17,121-2,251-2 and Romania 110-11 and Straits question 111-14,133-4,139 and strategy 25-6,109,111-12,119-20, 124-5 relations with Tito 31,119,135,160,164,171, 184-5,188-91,193,200-1,206-7,220, 222-3,225-6,229-30,244-5,248-51, 253-5,257,260-1,relation with U.S 116,260-1 relations with Yugoslavia 113-15,162-3, 186-8,204-5,228,253-4 Stalingrad 93-4 State building (see under individual countries) Stojadinović, Milan 45-7 Stojnic, Velimir 217-19,226-7 Storms, defined 2-3 Straits Gibraltar 3 Otranto 3,41,131 Turkish 3,17-18,108-9,111-14,133-4,139 Styria 9,27-8,83-6 Šubašić,Ivan 125,137-8,173-4 Suslov, Mikhail 230-1,256 Swabians 87 Swedish Communist Party 243-4 Szklarska Poręba (see Cominform) Tashko.K. 225-6 Teheran Conference 102,134-8,186-7 Thrace 7-8,54,142,156-7,204,263 Northern 142 Western 11,25,114,122-3,200
280 INDEX Thorez, Maurice 12ІП.38,143n.48,246 Tirana 42,52,181-2,210-11,216-17,225-31 Tito, Josip and Albania 203,218-19,223-7,229,248-9 relations with British 135,140-1,155,177, 182,184-6,190-1 earlylife 27-8,161-2 and Chetniks 101-2,104-5,169-70, 181-3,186-7 and Cominform 243-5,247-8,256 and Comintern 162-5,172,182-4 and Croatian communists 171,173-5,254-5 and Dimitrov 123,163-4,176-7,183,185, 204,222,243 and federalism 160,170-3,200-1, 203-5,256-7 and Greek civil war 158,232,235-7, 241,259-61 and Italian communists 176-7,188, 192-3,221 leadership 27-8,31,161,163-4,252-3 and Macedonia 197-8,203-4,256-7,260 and Marxism Leninism 28,30,163-4,170, 172-3,221,251-3 and Montenegro 167-8,181,195 Molotovs view of 140 and Partisans 164-6,172,181-2,186-7,190-1 and popular democracy 220-1 and Royal government-in-exile 186-7 and Slovene communists 176-7 relations with Stalin 31,118-19,126-7,164, 169,171,184-8,190-1,193,200-1, 204,220,222-3,229-30,235-6,251, 253,259 and state building 185-7,194-6,203-4 territorial aspirations 189,192-3,197-8, 223-4 relations with ԱՏ. 177,260-1 Transylvania 20-2,88-9,120,263 Treaties and international agreements Adrianople, 1829 18-19 Franco-Yugoslav Treaty of 1927 128-9 Jassy 1792 17-18 Karlowitz 1699 4-5,12-13,195 Kuchuk -Kainardji 1774 17-18 Lausanne 1923 25 London 1913 22,36-7 London 1915 41 Munich 1938 93,109 Nazi-Soviet (Molotov-Ribbentrop) 1939 20, 50-1,106-7,109-10,114-16,163 Neuilly 1919 25 Paris 1856 19-20 RapaUo 1922 57 St. Germain-en-laye 1919 25 Tirana Pact 1927 42 San Stefano 1878 21 Trianon (see also Transylvania) 1920 25 Tripartite Pact
1940 54-5,76-7,114,120 Versailles 1919 25,35 Tolbukhin, Marshall Fedor Ivanovich 104-5 Togliatti, Palmiro 118-19,12ІП.38,124n.48, 176-7,188-9,191-3,221-2,246-8, 252,257-8 Trentino 36 Triple Alliance 20-1,54,80 Trotsky, Lev 117-18,254-5,257 Truman Doctrine 244-5,253,260-1 Thnisia 9,55 TUrkey 11,27,52-3,74-5,96,108-9,112-14, 131 -4,139,142,206-7,239-40 Tzimas, Andreas 240 Ukraine 20 Western 109,111 United Front 118-20,164,169,210-11 United Nations 116,237-8 UNRRA 216-18 United States 27,132-3,250-1,260-1,263 Valona (Vlorë) 36,41-2,197 Varkiza Armistice 131-2,154,156-8,232-5, 238-9,241 see ako Greece, civil war, Greek communists Venetian Republic 4-5,8,12-13,24,35,39,45-6, 59,111,263 Venetia as Stato da Mar 35 Venezia Giulia 55-7,81,176-7,188,192 Venizelos, Eleutheros 141-2,151 Venizelists 156-7 Violence 4-5,5,6-7,7n.23,8,9,11,27,31, 31n.81,65,91,122-3,150,165-6, 189,196-7,262 Vlach 69-70 VOKS 236-7 Voroshilov, Klim 121-2 Vukmanović-Tempo, Svetozar 160,164-6, 223-4,240 Vyshinskii, Andrei 181,186-7 Waffen SS 89-90 Wallachia (see Moldavia and Wallachia) Weber, Max 30 Wends (Prekmurian or Windisch) 82-3 Western Bloc 116-17,244 Wilno (Vilnius) 110 Wilson, Sir Henry Maitland (“Jumbo”) 134-5,215 Wilson, Woodrow 264-5
INDEX Women in Albanian resistance 215-16 German under Nazism 87 in Greek resistance 145,145Ո.54 in Yugoslav resistance 165,165n.l8 World Federation of Trade Unions 238 Yalta Conference 115-16,121-2 Yugoslavia relations with Albania 223-5,228-9,231-2 break-up of 10,55,62,67-8,88,90,92, 95-8,108-9 relations with Bulgaria 190,199-200,206-7, 222,248,257 Churchill’s policy towards 129,131-2, 134-41,149,155,183,186,191,206 civil war in 26,62-3,172-3,182,187-8 and Cominform 235-6,247-8,252-3, 255-6,260 and Comintern 161-2,202 Communist Party 162-3,166,221-2,239-40, 251-3,259 ethnic composition 6-7,9,59,82-3,87-9, 159,172-3 and federalism 170-3,176,185,190,196-8, 202-4,249,256-7 and Greece 232,234-5,241 and First World War 40,56-7 281 Hitlers policy towards 15-16,37,47,50-5,73, 75-7,83,98,103,114 and liberation of 106-7,125,138, 164,251-2 in Little Entente 46,50,71,129 Mussolini’s policy towards 37,43-6,48-9, 52-5,62 Royal Yugoslav Army 87,92,97-100,137, 167,169 Royal Yugoslav government-in-exile 101, 137,181,185 and spheres of influence 113,140-1 Stalin’s policy towards 112-15,117,125-6, 135,140,182,186-9,201-2,206-7, 248-51,253-4 State building 9,25,65,67,194-5,263 Relations with U.S. 138,191-2 See also Tito, Stalin and Dimitrov, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia Xoxe.Koçi 210,214Ո.122,217-18,224-32 Zachriades, Nikos 142 Zadar 35 Zervas., Napoleon 143-4,148-9,152,155-7 Zhdanov, Andrei 120,229,235-7,243-8,255-7 Zisi, Andrea 210-11 Zogu, Ahmed (King Zog) 42-3,207-11,214-15 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek і München í |
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| author | Rieber, Alfred J. 1931- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)128438169 |
| author_facet | Rieber, Alfred J. 1931- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Rieber, Alfred J. 1931- |
| author_variant | a j r aj ajr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048562861 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1314906900 (DE-599)BVBBV048562861 |
| dewey-full | 940.542196 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 940 - History of Europe |
| dewey-raw | 940.542196 |
| dewey-search | 940.542196 |
| dewey-sort | 3940.542196 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| edition | First edition |
| format | Map |
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| geographic_facet | Europa Balkan |
| id | DE-604.BV048562861 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:00:28Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:41:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780191948930 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033939019 |
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| physical | vii, 281 Seiten 12 Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230201 DHB_BSB_FID |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Oxford scholarship online |
| spelling | Rieber, Alfred J. 1931- (DE-588)128438169 aut Storms over the Balkans during the Second World War Alfred J. Rieber First edition Oxford Oxford University Press 2022 vii, 281 Seiten 12 Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Oxford scholarship online In a new interpretation of the history of the Balkans during the Second World War, Alfred J. Rieber explores the tangled political rivalries, cultural clashes, and armed conflicts among the great powers and the indigenous people competing for influence and domination. The study takes an original approach to the region based on the geography, social conditions, and imperial rivalries that spans several centuries, culminating in three wars during the first half of the twentieth century. Against this background, Rieber focuses on leadership - personified by Mussolini, Hitler, Stalin, Churchill, and Tito - as the key to explaining events World War, 1939-1945 / Balkan Peninsula Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd rswk-swf Politische Führung (DE-588)4115584-1 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf Balkan (DE-588)4069099-4 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Politische Führung (DE-588)4115584-1 s Balkan (DE-588)4069099-4 g Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe 978-0-19-285803-0 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033939019&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033939019&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Rieber, Alfred J. 1931- Storms over the Balkans during the Second World War World War, 1939-1945 / Balkan Peninsula Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd Politische Führung (DE-588)4115584-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4079167-1 (DE-588)4115584-1 (DE-588)4015701-5 (DE-588)4069099-4 |
| title | Storms over the Balkans during the Second World War |
| title_auth | Storms over the Balkans during the Second World War |
| title_exact_search | Storms over the Balkans during the Second World War |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Storms over the Balkans during the Second World War |
| title_full | Storms over the Balkans during the Second World War Alfred J. Rieber |
| title_fullStr | Storms over the Balkans during the Second World War Alfred J. Rieber |
| title_full_unstemmed | Storms over the Balkans during the Second World War Alfred J. Rieber |
| title_short | Storms over the Balkans during the Second World War |
| title_sort | storms over the balkans during the second world war |
| topic | World War, 1939-1945 / Balkan Peninsula Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd Politische Führung (DE-588)4115584-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | World War, 1939-1945 / Balkan Peninsula Zweiter Weltkrieg Politische Führung Europa Balkan |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033939019&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033939019&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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