Chinese and Russian perceptions of and responses to U.S. military activities in the space domain:
U.S. military activities and policy with respect to the space domain have evolved significantly since the 1980s, and recent developments include the reestablishment of U.S. Space Command and the establishment of the U.S. Space Force in 2019. Yet, despite this activity and concerns regarding the incr...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Santa Monica, CA
RAND
2022
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| Online-Zugang: | https://doi.org/10.7249/RRA1835-1 Literaturverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | U.S. military activities and policy with respect to the space domain have evolved significantly since the 1980s, and recent developments include the reestablishment of U.S. Space Command and the establishment of the U.S. Space Force in 2019. Yet, despite this activity and concerns regarding the increasingly congested and contested nature of space, there has been little open-source analysis of Chinese and Russian perceptions of these developments. To fill this gap, RAND researchers systematically reviewed a variety of Chinese and Russian primary sources, such as government publications, military journals, academic reports, and domestic media, to gain insights into internal Chinese and Russian perceptions of developments in U.S. military activities related to space and counterspace doctrine, exercises, and organization. To focus their efforts, the researchers developed a representative sample of ten U.S. "events" in the space domain, such as the Strategic Defense Initiative (1983), the U.S. withdrawal from the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty (2002), Operation Burnt Frost (2008), and the space policies of recent U.S. presidents. They searched each primary source for discussion of these events, which they used to assess how Chinese and Russian reactions to U.S. military activities related to space have evolved over time |
| Beschreibung: | viii, 72 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781977410269 |
| DOI: | 10.7249/RRA1835-1 |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Chapter One: Exploring Perceptions About U.S. Military Activities in the Space Domain -- Chapter Two: Chinese and Russian Reactions to Pacing Events -- Chapter Three: Implications | |
| 520 | 3 | |a U.S. military activities and policy with respect to the space domain have evolved significantly since the 1980s, and recent developments include the reestablishment of U.S. Space Command and the establishment of the U.S. Space Force in 2019. Yet, despite this activity and concerns regarding the increasingly congested and contested nature of space, there has been little open-source analysis of Chinese and Russian perceptions of these developments. To fill this gap, RAND researchers systematically reviewed a variety of Chinese and Russian primary sources, such as government publications, military journals, academic reports, and domestic media, to gain insights into internal Chinese and Russian perceptions of developments in U.S. military activities related to space and counterspace doctrine, exercises, and organization. To focus their efforts, the researchers developed a representative sample of ten U.S. "events" in the space domain, such as the Strategic Defense Initiative (1983), the U.S. withdrawal from the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty (2002), Operation Burnt Frost (2008), and the space policies of recent U.S. presidents. They searched each primary source for discussion of these events, which they used to assess how Chinese and Russian reactions to U.S. military activities related to space have evolved over time | |
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| adam_text | Bibliography Unless otherwise indicated, the authors of this report provided the translations of bibliographic details for the non-English sources included in this report. To support conventions for alphabetizing, sources in Chinese are introduced with and organized according to their English translations. The original rendering in Chinese appears in brackets after the English translation. Bibliographical details in Russian are introduced with and organized according to their transliteration into the Latin alphabet. Academy of Military Science [ЖЖҖ^К], ed., Science ofMilitary Strategy [й И§^], 1st ed., Beijing: Academy of Military Science Press [ЖЖ^^Ш^і], 1987. Academy of Military Science Military Strategy Department [ЖЖ^^І^іК^^ЙиР], ed., Science ofMilitary Strategy [^fl^·^], 2nd ed., Beijing: Academy of Military Science Press [ЖЖ^ЖШІ], 2001. Academy of Military Science Military Strategy Department [ЖЖҖ^^й^В ^Й и₽], ed., Science ofMilitary Strategy [ЙЙ® ^], 3rd ed., Beijing: Academy of Military Science Press [ЖЖ^ШШ±],20із. Air Force Doctrine Document 2-2.1, Counterspace Operations, Washington, D.C.: Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Center, August 2, 2004. Allen, Kenneth, and Mingzhi Chen, The People ’s Liberation Army ’s 37 Academic Institutions, Washington, D.C.: China Aerospace Studies Institute, 2020. AMS—See Academy of Military Science. Andreev, Dmitriy, “Gospodstvuyushchiye Vysoty Kosmicheskikh Voysk” [“Superior Heights of the Space Forces”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 14, 2008. Antsupov, O. I., and A. S. Zhikharev, “Analiz Osnovnykh Kontseptual’nykh Podkhodov к
Sozdaniyu Sistem Strategicheskoy PRO SSHA i Rossiyskoy Federatsii” [“Analysis of the Main Conceptual Approaches to the Creation of Strategic Missile Defense Systems of the USA and the Russian Federation”], Voennaia Mysl’ [Military Thought], No. 6, 2015. Boese, Wade, “U.S. Withdraws from ABM Treaty; Global Response Muted,” Arms Control Today, July/August 2002. Bowe, Alexander, China ’s Pursuit ofSpace Power Status and Implications for the United States, Washington, D.C.: U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, April 11, 2019. 54
Bradsher, Keith, “China Criticizes U.S. Missile Strike,” New York Times, February 22, 2008. Buzan, Barry, and Eric Herring, The Arms Dynamic in World Politics, Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998. Central Intelligence Agency, “Views of Chinese Military and Civilian Analysts on the Strategic Defense Initiative,” January 1986, declassified May 27,2011. Chang Xianqi [MSW], Military Astronautics [ЖЖЖ^^], 2nd ed., Beijing: National Defense Industries Press [Д|^ТЯкЖЖ±], 2005. Chel’tsov, B. F., “Voprosy Vozdushno-Kosmicheskoy Oborony v Voyennoy Doktrine” [“Aerospace Defense Issues in the Russian Military Doctrine”], Voennaia Mysl’ [Military Thought], No. 4, April 2007. Chen Jie [|^], Pan Feng [ÍSW], and Su Tongling [¿^Д^], “EHF Satellite Communication System of the U.S. Army” [“МИ^ЅЖ^ЖЈЖЖ^”], National Defense Technology [ Д fô $Ш], 2011, pp. 67-70. Cheng, Dean, “When the Chinese Look at the US X-37B, They See the Future of Space-Based Attack,” Foreign Policy, October 23, 2014. --------- , “Does the United States Need a Space Force?” transcript of interview with Michelle Cordero, “Heritage Explains” podcast, Heritage Foundation, July 27, 2018. Cheng, Dean, Peter Garretson, Namrata Goswami, James Lewis, Bruce W. MacDonald, Kazuto Suzuki, Brian C. Weeden, and Nicholas Wright, Outer Space; Earthly Escalation? Chinese Perspectives on Space Operations and Escalation, ed. Nicholas Wright, Washington, D.C.: Joint Staff, U.S. Department of Defense, August 2018. Cheng Qun [ÍSW], “On the Adjustment of the Obama Administration’s Space Policy” [“7^W Й ЕЗіЙ;W АФЙЖKlì-MÊ”],
Contemporary International Relations [MRffll^^M], June 2010. “China Launches Reusable Experimental Spacecraft,” Xinhua, September 7, 2020. CIA—See Central Intelligence Agency. Clark, Stephen, “Air Force General Reveals New Space Surveillance Program,” Space.com, March 3, 2014. Commission to Assess United States National Security Space Management and Organization, Report of the Commission to Assess United States National Security Space Management and Organization, Washington, D.C., January 11, 2001. 55
Costello, John, and Joe McReynolds, China ’s Strategic Support Force: A Force for a New Era, Washington, D.C.: Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University, China Strategic Perspectives 13, 2018. Defense Intelligence Agency, Challenges to Security in Space, Arlington, Va., 2019. DoD—See U.S. Department of Defense. Dokuchayev, Anatoliy, “Zametki Voyennogo Obozrevatelya. ‘Brillianty’ Nad Rossiyey i Pogreba Pod Ney” [“Notes of a Military Observer. ‘Diamonds’ over Russia and a Cellar Under It”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 47, 1992. --------- , “Rakety i Kosmos. Okhota Sredi Zvezd” [“Rockets and Space. Hunting Among the Stars”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 264, 1999. --------- , “Tochku Vstrechi Izmenit’ Nel’zya. Zavtra Protivoraketchiki Rossii Otmetyat Yubiley” [“The Meeting Point Cannot Be Changed. Tomorrow, Russia’s Missile Defense Forces Will Celebrate Their Anniversary”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 42, 2001. Dontsov, Viktor, “‘Tri Plyus Tri.’ Pod Takim Nezateylivym Nazvaniyem Skryvayetsya Amerikanskaya Programma Sozdaniya Natsional’noy PRO” [“‘Three Plus Three.’ The American Program for the Creation of a National Missile Defense System Is Hidden Under This Unpretentious Name”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 260, 1998. Drea, Edward J., Ronald H. Cole, Walter S. Poole, James F. Schnabel, Robert J. Watson, and Willard J. Webb, History of the Unified Command Plan, 1946-2012, Washington, D.C.: Joint History Office, Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2013. Eriksson, Johan, and Roman Privalov, “Russian Space Policy and
Identity: Visionary or Reactionary?” Journal ofInternational Relations and Development, Vol. 24, 2021, pp. 381407. Falaleyev, Mikhail, “Ministr Oborony Rossiyskoy Federatsii Sergey Ivanov: Glavnyy Kriteriy - Bezopasnost’ Rossii” [“Defense Minister of the Russian Federation Sergei Ivamov: The Main Criterion Is the Security of Russia”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 136, 2001. Falichev, Oleg, “Vizit. Ministr Oborony Rossii v Belgrade” [“Visit. Russian Defense Minister in Belgrade”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 270, 1999. Fan Gaoyue [ІЙЙЙ ] and Gong Xuping [ЖЖ5?], “The Development and Evolution of U.S. Space Strategic Thought (Part 1)” [“Ц ДЖ$і^В§®ШЁ)Ж^Ж1Я^(֊Ь)”], National Defense [ИЙ/], February 2016a. --------- , “The Development and Evolution of U.S. Space Strategic Thought (Part 2)” [“^ Д Ж Ջ ^0§®^ВЙЖ^֊^1Ш^(Т)”], National Defense [ Д fö], March 2016b. 56
Feng Songjiang [Ж^£Е] and Dong Zhenghong [Ж 1E^], Space, the Future Battlefield: New Situation and New Trends in the U.S. Militarization ofSpace [Ж$Ж^Й ^: ^Нт^ЅЖЖ 4ЕМ^^ЖЖЙ1], Beijing: Current Affairs Press ӀХЖНЖӀЬ], 2021. Gaddis, John Lewis, “Learning to Live with Transparency: The Emergence of a Reconnaissance Satellite Regime,” in John Lewis Gaddis, The Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the Cold War, New York: Oxford University Press, 1987, pp. 195-214. Gaoyang Yuxi [řÍŽŤ^I, “The Historical Evolution of U.S. Space Deterrence Strategy” [“It Нт^^І^ЖіЙ^ІЙДз.!^^ pp. 27-34. International Study Reference [НІ^ВД՜^#^], June 2017, --------- , “Adjustment of US Space Deterrence Strategy and Its Impact” [“||ИЖ$^ШЙ4Я§^ ^ÄÄ^BÍ^”], Peace and Development [^ПЖЖМ®], March 2018, pp. 116-135. Gaoyang Yuxi [й ^^^] and Ke Long [MIW], “New Trends of U.S. Space Cooperation Policy” [“МИжФ^ЈЌЖИЃ^ЈЃЈ”], International Study Reference [В^Шп^], June 2014, pp. 1-45. Garver, John W., “China’s Response to the Strategic Defense Initiative,” Asian Survey, Vol. 26, No. 11, November 1986, pp. 1220-1239. Glaser, Bonnie S., and Banning N. Garrett, “Chinese Perspectives on the Strategic Defense Initiative,” Problems with Communism, Vol. 35, No. 2, March-April 1986, pp. 28^-4. Goldfein, David L., Chief of Staff, U.S. Air Force, remarks, 34th National Space Symposium, Colorado Springs, Colo., April 17, 2018. As of November 11, 2021: https://www.af.mi1/Portals/l/documents/csaf/CSAF%20Remarks֊ NationalSpaceSymposium.pdf?ver=2018-04-20-130722-347 Gol’ts, Aleksandr, “PRO Natselena... v Klintoną” [“Missile
Defense Targets... Clinton”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 146, 1996. Graham, Daniel O., Confessions of a Cold Warrior, Fairfax, Va.: Preview Press, 1995. Grego, Laura, The Anti-Satellite Capability of the Phased Adaptive Approach Missile Defense System, Washington, D.C.: Federation of American Scientists, Winter 2011. Guo Jun [Wfè], “Construction of U.S. Space Deterrence Force Revealed in ‘Schriever’ Exercises” [“А^ЖЯГІЖЛІ #МЖЖ$^ШЛЖЙЖ ”], National Defense Technology [fflßWK], Vol. 36, No. 1, February 2015, pp. 68-89. He Qingsong [M Wféj, “Fragile High Frontier: The Strategic Dilemma of U.S. Space Deterrence in the Post-Cold War Era” [“Ш^ЖЙЙ^Ӏ^ЖВШ ИДЛЅ^ШбШИШШ”], Social Sciences in China [ФН?±г^4Ж], April 2012, pp. 183-204. 57
--------- , “Interactions Between China and the United States in the Area of Space Security” [“Φ fl Μ ffl À^ $ ^ľ ?ЯШ ՕէՋ§!յ”], Journal ofInternational Security Studies [Ш P^^^^F^S], September 2017, pp. 26-52. Hill, Jon A., and Michelle C. Atkinson, “Department of Defense Press Briefing on the President’s Fiscal Year 2022 Defense Budget for the Missile Defense Agency,” press conference transcript, U.S. Department of Defense, May 28,2021. Hu Guangzheng [ЇЛтЬіЕ] and Kan Nan [|ЖЖ], “To Seize the Power of Heaven, Who Is the Final Winner?” [“^ЖгИ^С^, ^TL·^f^m fFF], Aerospace Knowledge [М$ШЯ], December 2006. Hu Xujie [r^^i^] and Zhang Zhifeng [^tÈ ώ$], “Research on the Development of U.S. Aerospace Forces” [“ЦИМ^Лж^Ж^%”], О. I. Automation [ÄľĽ fi $Ж], Vol. 26, No. 9, 2007. Hui Zhang, “The U.S. Weaponization of Space: Chinese Perspectives,” presentation at Nuclear Policy Research Institute Conference, Full Spectrum Dominance: The Impending Weaponization ofSpace, Warrenton, Va., May 16-17, 2005. --------- , “Chinese Perspectives on Space Weapons,” in Pavel Podvig and Hui Zhang, eds., Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space, Cambridge, Mass.: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, January 2008, pp. 31-77. Huo Mu [іктк], “What Is the True Intention of the United States to Destroy Runaway Satellites with Sea-Based Missiles?” [“ИИДЖЅ^^Ж^^ВЛЖЖ^ВЅ^?”], Modern Navy [^^ЖЖ], April 2008. “In Test, Military Hits Satellite Using a Laser,” New York Times, October 21,1997. “Inostrannaya Voyennaya Khronika” [“Foreign Military Chronicle”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 116,
2012a. “Inostrannaya Voyennaya Khronika” [“Foreign Military Chronicle”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 215,2012b. “Inostrannaya Voyennaya Khronika” [“Foreign Military Chronicle”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 86, 2015. Jiang Lianju [HìÈ^], ed., Lectures on the Science ofSpace Operations [Ջ ГИ^йб^^^Ё], Beijing: Military Science Press [ЖЖҖ^ШЙ^Т], 2013. Johnson, Nicholas L., “Operation Burnt Frost: A View from Inside,” Space Policy, Vol. 56, May 2021. 58
Johnston, Alastair Iain, China and Arms Control: Emerging Issues and Interests in the 1980s, Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Centre for Arms Control and Disarmament, 1986. Kennedy, John F., “Address Before the General Assembly of the United Nations,” September 25, 1961. As of January 27, 2022: https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/united-nations19610925 Khan, Joseph, “China Confirms Test of Anti-Satellite Weapon,” New York Times, January 23, 2007. Khromov, Gennadiy, “Tochka Zreniya. Uvazhayut Tekh, Kto Dumayet O Blage Strany” [“Point of View. Those Who Care About the Good of Their Countries Are Respected”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star}, Nos. 243-244, 1992. Khryapin, Aleksandr, and Oleg Pyshnyy, “V ‘Avangarde’ Progressa” [“In the ‘Vanguard’ of Progress”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 11, 2019. Kirsanov, Dmitriy, “Kosmicheskiye Orbity Pentagona” [“Pentagon Space Orbits”], Krasnaia Zvezda [RedStar], No. 66, 2012. Kislyakov, Andrey, “Pentagon Gotovitsya к Vedeniyu Boyevykh Deystviy v Kosmose” [“The Pentagon Prepares to Conduct Hostilities in Space”], Krasnaia Zvezda [RedStar], No. 24, 2019a. ---------- , “SSHA Zanosyat Nad Planetoy Damoklov Mech” [“The United States Raises the Sword of Damocles over the Planet”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 46, 2019b. ---------- , “V Kosmose Stanovitsya Nebezopasno” [“The Space Becomes Unsafe”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 45, 2020. Konopatov, S. N., and Ye. A. Starozhuk, “Kosmicheskiye Sistemy v Novoy Srede Bezopasnosti” [“Space Systems in a New Security Environment”], Voennaia MysT [Military Thought],
No. 1, January 2019. “Kosmicheskiy Machizm Opasen Dlya Chelovechestva” [“Space Machismo Is Dangerous for the Humanity”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 23, 2007. Kozin, Vladimir, “Aziatskiy ‘Dovesok’ k YEVROPRO” [“Asian ‘Add-on’ to European Missile Defense”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 69, 2008. ---------- , “Poľsha, Rumyniya... Kto Sleduyushchiy?” [“Poland, Romania... Who’s Next?”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 21, 2010. ----------, “V Dukhe ‘Zvozdnykh Voyn’” [“Inspired by the ‘Star Wars’”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Stor], No. 3,2016. 59
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Zhu Tingchang [^ФЃД] and Liu Jing [^G W], “Fighting for Command of Space: The Development Process and Influence of the ‘High Frontier’ Strategy of the United States” [“ ^•^ФЈ^М^Н4 й^Я’^^Й^Ж^Ж^^і^ИЙ”], Military Historical Research [ЖЖ Ш^%], March 2004. Zhuang Qubing [l±ž^], “Analysis of the U.S. ‘Star Wars’ Program” “[ИИ^ЖЛ^Ч+^Ј^Ј tfr”], International Studies [ВР^Й^^Й], April 1984, pp. 24-36. “‘Zvezdnyye Voyny’: Otvetit’ Asimmetrichno” [“‘Star Wars’: Respond Asymmetrically”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 164, 2007. “Zvozdnyye Voyny’: Kak SSSR Otvetil Reyganu” [“‘Star Wars’: How the USSR Responded to Reagan”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 169, 2008. 71 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
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| adam_txt |
Bibliography Unless otherwise indicated, the authors of this report provided the translations of bibliographic details for the non-English sources included in this report. To support conventions for alphabetizing, sources in Chinese are introduced with and organized according to their English translations. The original rendering in Chinese appears in brackets after the English translation. Bibliographical details in Russian are introduced with and organized according to their transliteration into the Latin alphabet. Academy of Military Science [ЖЖҖ^К], ed., Science ofMilitary Strategy [й И§^], 1st ed., Beijing: Academy of Military Science Press [ЖЖ^^Ш^і], 1987. Academy of Military Science Military Strategy Department [ЖЖ^^І^іК^^ЙиР], ed., Science ofMilitary Strategy [^fl^·^], 2nd ed., Beijing: Academy of Military Science Press [ЖЖ^ЖШІ], 2001. Academy of Military Science Military Strategy Department [ЖЖҖ^^й^В ^Й и₽], ed., Science ofMilitary Strategy [ЙЙ® ^], 3rd ed., Beijing: Academy of Military Science Press [ЖЖ^ШШ±],20із. Air Force Doctrine Document 2-2.1, Counterspace Operations, Washington, D.C.: Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Center, August 2, 2004. Allen, Kenneth, and Mingzhi Chen, The People ’s Liberation Army ’s 37 Academic Institutions, Washington, D.C.: China Aerospace Studies Institute, 2020. AMS—See Academy of Military Science. Andreev, Dmitriy, “Gospodstvuyushchiye Vysoty Kosmicheskikh Voysk” [“Superior Heights of the Space Forces”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 14, 2008. Antsupov, O. I., and A. S. Zhikharev, “Analiz Osnovnykh Kontseptual’nykh Podkhodov к
Sozdaniyu Sistem Strategicheskoy PRO SSHA i Rossiyskoy Federatsii” [“Analysis of the Main Conceptual Approaches to the Creation of Strategic Missile Defense Systems of the USA and the Russian Federation”], Voennaia Mysl’ [Military Thought], No. 6, 2015. Boese, Wade, “U.S. Withdraws from ABM Treaty; Global Response Muted,” Arms Control Today, July/August 2002. Bowe, Alexander, China ’s Pursuit ofSpace Power Status and Implications for the United States, Washington, D.C.: U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, April 11, 2019. 54
Bradsher, Keith, “China Criticizes U.S. Missile Strike,” New York Times, February 22, 2008. Buzan, Barry, and Eric Herring, The Arms Dynamic in World Politics, Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998. Central Intelligence Agency, “Views of Chinese Military and Civilian Analysts on the Strategic Defense Initiative,” January 1986, declassified May 27,2011. Chang Xianqi [MSW], Military Astronautics [ЖЖЖ^^], 2nd ed., Beijing: National Defense Industries Press [Д|^ТЯкЖЖ±], 2005. Chel’tsov, B. F., “Voprosy Vozdushno-Kosmicheskoy Oborony v Voyennoy Doktrine” [“Aerospace Defense Issues in the Russian Military Doctrine”], Voennaia Mysl’ [Military Thought], No. 4, April 2007. Chen Jie [|^], Pan Feng [ÍSW], and Su Tongling [¿^Д^], “EHF Satellite Communication System of the U.S. Army” [“МИ^ЅЖ^ЖЈЖЖ^”], National Defense Technology [ Д fô $Ш], 2011, pp. 67-70. Cheng, Dean, “When the Chinese Look at the US X-37B, They See the Future of Space-Based Attack,” Foreign Policy, October 23, 2014. --------- , “Does the United States Need a Space Force?” transcript of interview with Michelle Cordero, “Heritage Explains” podcast, Heritage Foundation, July 27, 2018. Cheng, Dean, Peter Garretson, Namrata Goswami, James Lewis, Bruce W. MacDonald, Kazuto Suzuki, Brian C. Weeden, and Nicholas Wright, Outer Space; Earthly Escalation? Chinese Perspectives on Space Operations and Escalation, ed. Nicholas Wright, Washington, D.C.: Joint Staff, U.S. Department of Defense, August 2018. Cheng Qun [ÍSW], “On the Adjustment of the Obama Administration’s Space Policy” [“7^W Й ЕЗіЙ;W АФЙЖKlì-MÊ”],
Contemporary International Relations [MRffll^^M], June 2010. “China Launches Reusable Experimental Spacecraft,” Xinhua, September 7, 2020. CIA—See Central Intelligence Agency. Clark, Stephen, “Air Force General Reveals New Space Surveillance Program,” Space.com, March 3, 2014. Commission to Assess United States National Security Space Management and Organization, Report of the Commission to Assess United States National Security Space Management and Organization, Washington, D.C., January 11, 2001. 55
Costello, John, and Joe McReynolds, China ’s Strategic Support Force: A Force for a New Era, Washington, D.C.: Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University, China Strategic Perspectives 13, 2018. Defense Intelligence Agency, Challenges to Security in Space, Arlington, Va., 2019. DoD—See U.S. Department of Defense. Dokuchayev, Anatoliy, “Zametki Voyennogo Obozrevatelya. ‘Brillianty’ Nad Rossiyey i Pogreba Pod Ney” [“Notes of a Military Observer. ‘Diamonds’ over Russia and a Cellar Under It”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 47, 1992. --------- , “Rakety i Kosmos. Okhota Sredi Zvezd” [“Rockets and Space. Hunting Among the Stars”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 264, 1999. --------- , “Tochku Vstrechi Izmenit’ Nel’zya. Zavtra Protivoraketchiki Rossii Otmetyat Yubiley” [“The Meeting Point Cannot Be Changed. Tomorrow, Russia’s Missile Defense Forces Will Celebrate Their Anniversary”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 42, 2001. Dontsov, Viktor, “‘Tri Plyus Tri.’ Pod Takim Nezateylivym Nazvaniyem Skryvayetsya Amerikanskaya Programma Sozdaniya Natsional’noy PRO” [“‘Three Plus Three.’ The American Program for the Creation of a National Missile Defense System Is Hidden Under This Unpretentious Name”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 260, 1998. Drea, Edward J., Ronald H. Cole, Walter S. Poole, James F. Schnabel, Robert J. Watson, and Willard J. Webb, History of the Unified Command Plan, 1946-2012, Washington, D.C.: Joint History Office, Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2013. Eriksson, Johan, and Roman Privalov, “Russian Space Policy and
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Feng Songjiang [Ж^£Е] and Dong Zhenghong [Ж 1E^], Space, the Future Battlefield: New Situation and New Trends in the U.S. Militarization ofSpace [Ж$Ж^Й ^: ^Нт^ЅЖЖ 4ЕМ^^ЖЖЙ1], Beijing: Current Affairs Press ӀХЖНЖӀЬ], 2021. Gaddis, John Lewis, “Learning to Live with Transparency: The Emergence of a Reconnaissance Satellite Regime,” in John Lewis Gaddis, The Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the Cold War, New York: Oxford University Press, 1987, pp. 195-214. Gaoyang Yuxi [řÍŽŤ^I, “The Historical Evolution of U.S. Space Deterrence Strategy” [“It Нт^^І^ЖіЙ^ІЙДз.!^^ pp. 27-34. International Study Reference [НІ^ВД՜^#^], June 2017, --------- , “Adjustment of US Space Deterrence Strategy and Its Impact” [“||ИЖ$^ШЙ4Я§^ ^ÄÄ^BÍ^”], Peace and Development [^ПЖЖМ®], March 2018, pp. 116-135. Gaoyang Yuxi [й ^^^] and Ke Long [MIW], “New Trends of U.S. Space Cooperation Policy” [“МИжФ^ЈЌЖИЃ^ЈЃЈ”], International Study Reference [В^Шп^], June 2014, pp. 1-45. Garver, John W., “China’s Response to the Strategic Defense Initiative,” Asian Survey, Vol. 26, No. 11, November 1986, pp. 1220-1239. Glaser, Bonnie S., and Banning N. Garrett, “Chinese Perspectives on the Strategic Defense Initiative,” Problems with Communism, Vol. 35, No. 2, March-April 1986, pp. 28^-4. Goldfein, David L., Chief of Staff, U.S. Air Force, remarks, 34th National Space Symposium, Colorado Springs, Colo., April 17, 2018. As of November 11, 2021: https://www.af.mi1/Portals/l/documents/csaf/CSAF%20Remarks֊ NationalSpaceSymposium.pdf?ver=2018-04-20-130722-347 Gol’ts, Aleksandr, “PRO Natselena. v Klintoną” [“Missile
Defense Targets. Clinton”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 146, 1996. Graham, Daniel O., Confessions of a Cold Warrior, Fairfax, Va.: Preview Press, 1995. Grego, Laura, The Anti-Satellite Capability of the Phased Adaptive Approach Missile Defense System, Washington, D.C.: Federation of American Scientists, Winter 2011. Guo Jun [Wfè], “Construction of U.S. Space Deterrence Force Revealed in ‘Schriever’ Exercises” [“А^ЖЯГІЖЛІ #МЖЖ$^ШЛЖЙЖ ”], National Defense Technology [fflßWK], Vol. 36, No. 1, February 2015, pp. 68-89. He Qingsong [M Wféj, “Fragile High Frontier: The Strategic Dilemma of U.S. Space Deterrence in the Post-Cold War Era” [“Ш^ЖЙЙ^Ӏ^ЖВШ ИДЛЅ^ШбШИШШ”], Social Sciences in China [ФН?±г^4Ж], April 2012, pp. 183-204. 57
--------- , “Interactions Between China and the United States in the Area of Space Security” [“Φ fl Μ ffl À^ $ ^ľ ?ЯШ ՕէՋ§!յ”], Journal ofInternational Security Studies [Ш P^^^^F^S], September 2017, pp. 26-52. Hill, Jon A., and Michelle C. Atkinson, “Department of Defense Press Briefing on the President’s Fiscal Year 2022 Defense Budget for the Missile Defense Agency,” press conference transcript, U.S. Department of Defense, May 28,2021. Hu Guangzheng [ЇЛтЬіЕ] and Kan Nan [|ЖЖ], “To Seize the Power of Heaven, Who Is the Final Winner?” [“^ЖгИ^С^, ^TL·^f^m'fFF], Aerospace Knowledge [М$ШЯ], December 2006. Hu Xujie [r^^i^] and Zhang Zhifeng [^tÈ ώ$], “Research on the Development of U.S. Aerospace Forces” [“ЦИМ^Лж^Ж^%”], О. I. Automation [ÄľĽ fi $Ж], Vol. 26, No. 9, 2007. Hui Zhang, “The U.S. Weaponization of Space: Chinese Perspectives,” presentation at Nuclear Policy Research Institute Conference, Full Spectrum Dominance: The Impending Weaponization ofSpace, Warrenton, Va., May 16-17, 2005. --------- , “Chinese Perspectives on Space Weapons,” in Pavel Podvig and Hui Zhang, eds., Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space, Cambridge, Mass.: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, January 2008, pp. 31-77. Huo Mu [іктк], “What Is the True Intention of the United States to Destroy Runaway Satellites with Sea-Based Missiles?” [“ИИДЖЅ^^Ж^^ВЛЖЖ^ВЅ^?”], Modern Navy [^^ЖЖ], April 2008. “In Test, Military Hits Satellite Using a Laser,” New York Times, October 21,1997. “Inostrannaya Voyennaya Khronika” [“Foreign Military Chronicle”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 116,
2012a. “Inostrannaya Voyennaya Khronika” [“Foreign Military Chronicle”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 215,2012b. “Inostrannaya Voyennaya Khronika” [“Foreign Military Chronicle”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 86, 2015. Jiang Lianju [HìÈ^], ed., Lectures on the Science ofSpace Operations [Ջ ГИ^йб^^^Ё], Beijing: Military Science Press [ЖЖҖ^ШЙ^Т], 2013. Johnson, Nicholas L., “Operation Burnt Frost: A View from Inside,” Space Policy, Vol. 56, May 2021. 58
Johnston, Alastair Iain, China and Arms Control: Emerging Issues and Interests in the 1980s, Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Centre for Arms Control and Disarmament, 1986. Kennedy, John F., “Address Before the General Assembly of the United Nations,” September 25, 1961. As of January 27, 2022: https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/united-nations19610925 Khan, Joseph, “China Confirms Test of Anti-Satellite Weapon,” New York Times, January 23, 2007. Khromov, Gennadiy, “Tochka Zreniya. Uvazhayut Tekh, Kto Dumayet O Blage Strany” [“Point of View. Those Who Care About the Good of Their Countries Are Respected”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star}, Nos. 243-244, 1992. Khryapin, Aleksandr, and Oleg Pyshnyy, “V ‘Avangarde’ Progressa” [“In the ‘Vanguard’ of Progress”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 11, 2019. Kirsanov, Dmitriy, “Kosmicheskiye Orbity Pentagona” [“Pentagon Space Orbits”], Krasnaia Zvezda [RedStar], No. 66, 2012. Kislyakov, Andrey, “Pentagon Gotovitsya к Vedeniyu Boyevykh Deystviy v Kosmose” [“The Pentagon Prepares to Conduct Hostilities in Space”], Krasnaia Zvezda [RedStar], No. 24, 2019a. ---------- , “SSHA Zanosyat Nad Planetoy Damoklov Mech” [“The United States Raises the Sword of Damocles over the Planet”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 46, 2019b. ---------- , “V Kosmose Stanovitsya Nebezopasno” [“The Space Becomes Unsafe”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 45, 2020. Konopatov, S. N., and Ye. A. Starozhuk, “Kosmicheskiye Sistemy v Novoy Srede Bezopasnosti” [“Space Systems in a New Security Environment”], Voennaia MysT [Military Thought],
No. 1, January 2019. “Kosmicheskiy Machizm Opasen Dlya Chelovechestva” [“Space Machismo Is Dangerous for the Humanity”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 23, 2007. Kozin, Vladimir, “Aziatskiy ‘Dovesok’ k YEVROPRO” [“Asian ‘Add-on’ to European Missile Defense”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 69, 2008. ---------- , “Poľsha, Rumyniya. Kto Sleduyushchiy?” [“Poland, Romania. Who’s Next?”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 21, 2010. ----------, “V Dukhe ‘Zvozdnykh Voyn’” [“Inspired by the ‘Star Wars’”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Stor], No. 3,2016. 59
---------, “SSHA Rassmatrivayut Kosmos Kak Budushcheye ‘Pole Boya’” [“US Sees Space as a Future ‘Battlefield’”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star}, No. 29, 2018. Kremlin, “Interv’yu teleradiokompanii ‘Mir,’” [“Interview with the Television and Radio Company ‘Mir’”], April 12, 2017. As of October 1, 2021: http ://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/54271 --------- , “Plenarnoye Zasedaniye Vostochnogo Ekonomicheskogo Foruma” [“Plenary Session of the Eastern Economic Forum”], September 7,2017. As of October 22, 2021 : http ://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/55552 --------- , “Vstrecha s pomoshchnikom Prezidenta SSHA po natsbezopasnosti Dzhonom Boltonom” [“Meeting with Assistant to the President of the United States for National Security Affairs John Bolton”], October 23, 2018. As of October 1,2021: http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/58880 Kułacki, Gregory, Anti-Satellite (ASAT) Technology in Chinese Open-Source Publications, Cambridge, Mass.: Union of Concerned Scientists, July 1,2009. Kułacki, Gregory, and Jeffrey G. Lewis, “Understanding China’s Antisatellite Test,” Nonproliferation Review, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2008, pp. 335-347. Kuzar’, Vladimir, “Voyenno-Politicheskoye Obozreniye. Cherez Preniya k Zvezdam” [“Military-Political Review. Through Debate to the Stars”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star}, No. 111,2004. ---------, “Voyenno-Politicheskoye Obozreniye. Pole Boya - Vselennaya” [“Military-Political Review. The Universe Is the Battlefield”], Krasnaia Zvezda [RedStar}, No. 60, 2006. ---------, “Kosmos Nadevayet Kamuflyazh” [“The Space Puts on the Camouflage”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red
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---------, “Looking at the Development of Anti-Satellite Weapons from the U.S. ‘Missile-toSatellite’” [“п!1И‘^5^^ТЛЖ’*^Ќ2ЕЖ^Ж^Ж”], Defense Industry Conversion in China [Ф Д Ж$Ш], July 2010, pp. 62-66. Li Shuang [^ Ж], A Study on the Code of Conduct in Outer Space from the Perspective of Governance Theory [ІпЖЙі^Ж^ТЁІ^З^зМт^ЖШ^Я^], master’s thesis, Changsha, China: PLA National University of Defense Technology [Д fô^[^tè^Æ^], 2014. Li Yan [^^], “The Latest Development Trend and Analysis of U.S. Space Weapons” [“İt HÀ ÉÄW^^^J Гч] ^П Space International [ДВЖФ], 2008, pp. 18-24. Long Xuedan [ÆltЯ՜] and Qu Jing [Й m], “Review of World Launch Vehicles in 2012” [“2012 ^Й^М^Й£^#Ӏ^^[Ш^’], Missiles and Space Vehicles [#^^Mf 3St£it т[і], February 2013, pp. 31-37. Luo Xi [^^], “The Adjustments of U.S. Strategic Deterrence System and Their Implications to Sino-US Strategic Stability” [‘ІЙЙМ^Й^^Ф^^ІЖ Journal of International Relations [И l^f^M^f %], June 2017. Lyashchenko, Aleksey, “Voyenno-Politicheskoye Obozreniye. Ambitsioznyye Plany Washingtona” [“Military-Political Review. Washington’s Ambitious Plans”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 105, 2002. --------- , “Voyenno-Politicheskoye Obozreniye. Reanimatsiya Gonki Yadernykh Vooruzheniy” [“Military-Political Review. Reanimation of the Nuclear Arms Race”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Starlo. 147, 2005. Markushin, Vadim, “Marsiada Busha” [“Bush’s Martian Project”], Krasnaia Zvezda [Red Star], No. 4, 2004. Martymyanov, Aleksey, and Aleksandr Dolinin, “Nevidannyy Proryv” [“The Unseen Breakthrough”], Krasnaia Zvezda [RedStar], No. 239, 2006.
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| author | Blanc, Alexis A. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1209958228 (DE-588)1152095854 (DE-588)1207324043 (DE-588)170161412 (DE-588)170184196 |
| author_facet | Blanc, Alexis A. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Blanc, Alexis A. |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048559836 |
| contents | Chapter One: Exploring Perceptions About U.S. Military Activities in the Space Domain -- Chapter Two: Chinese and Russian Reactions to Pacing Events -- Chapter Three: Implications |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1371314584 (DE-599)BVBBV048559836 |
| doi_str_mv | 10.7249/RRA1835-1 |
| era | Geschichte 1983-2014 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1983-2014 |
| format | Book |
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Blanc, Nathan Beauchamp-Mustafaga, Khrystyna Holynska, M. Scott Bond, Stephen J. 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| geographic | Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russland China USA |
| id | DE-604.BV048559836 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:59:35Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:41:28Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1209307138 |
| isbn | 9781977410269 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033936049 |
| oclc_num | 1371314584 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | viii, 72 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230217 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | RAND |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Blanc, Alexis A. Verfasser (DE-588)1209958228 aut Chinese and Russian perceptions of and responses to U.S. military activities in the space domain Alexis A. Blanc, Nathan Beauchamp-Mustafaga, Khrystyna Holynska, M. Scott Bond, Stephen J. Flanagan Chinese and Russian Perceptions of and Responses to United States Military Activities in the Space Domain Santa Monica, CA RAND 2022 viii, 72 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Chapter One: Exploring Perceptions About U.S. Military Activities in the Space Domain -- Chapter Two: Chinese and Russian Reactions to Pacing Events -- Chapter Three: Implications U.S. military activities and policy with respect to the space domain have evolved significantly since the 1980s, and recent developments include the reestablishment of U.S. Space Command and the establishment of the U.S. Space Force in 2019. Yet, despite this activity and concerns regarding the increasingly congested and contested nature of space, there has been little open-source analysis of Chinese and Russian perceptions of these developments. To fill this gap, RAND researchers systematically reviewed a variety of Chinese and Russian primary sources, such as government publications, military journals, academic reports, and domestic media, to gain insights into internal Chinese and Russian perceptions of developments in U.S. military activities related to space and counterspace doctrine, exercises, and organization. To focus their efforts, the researchers developed a representative sample of ten U.S. "events" in the space domain, such as the Strategic Defense Initiative (1983), the U.S. withdrawal from the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty (2002), Operation Burnt Frost (2008), and the space policies of recent U.S. presidents. They searched each primary source for discussion of these events, which they used to assess how Chinese and Russian reactions to U.S. military activities related to space have evolved over time Geschichte 1983-2014 gnd rswk-swf Militärische Raumfahrt (DE-588)4039336-7 gnd rswk-swf Rezeption (DE-588)4049716-1 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Astronautics, Military / United States / History Astronautics and state / China Astronautics and state / Russia (Federation) Astronautics and state / United States / History Outer space / Military aspects / United States USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Militärische Raumfahrt (DE-588)4039336-7 s Rezeption (DE-588)4049716-1 s Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g China (DE-588)4009937-4 g Geschichte 1983-2014 z DE-604 Beauchamp-Mustafaga, Nathan Sonstige (DE-588)1152095854 oth Golins'ka, Christina Sonstige (DE-588)1207324043 oth Bond, M. S. Sonstige (DE-588)170161412 oth Flanagan, Stephen J. 1951- Sonstige (DE-588)170184196 oth International Security and Defense Policy Center (DE-588)1209307138 isb Supersedes Chinese and Russian Perceptions of and Responses to U.S. Military Space Activities RAND/PR-A1835-1 https://doi.org/10.7249/RRA1835-1 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033936049&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Blanc, Alexis A. Chinese and Russian perceptions of and responses to U.S. military activities in the space domain Chapter One: Exploring Perceptions About U.S. Military Activities in the Space Domain -- Chapter Two: Chinese and Russian Reactions to Pacing Events -- Chapter Three: Implications Militärische Raumfahrt (DE-588)4039336-7 gnd Rezeption (DE-588)4049716-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4039336-7 (DE-588)4049716-1 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4009937-4 (DE-588)4078704-7 |
| title | Chinese and Russian perceptions of and responses to U.S. military activities in the space domain |
| title_alt | Chinese and Russian Perceptions of and Responses to United States Military Activities in the Space Domain |
| title_auth | Chinese and Russian perceptions of and responses to U.S. military activities in the space domain |
| title_exact_search | Chinese and Russian perceptions of and responses to U.S. military activities in the space domain |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Chinese and Russian perceptions of and responses to U.S. military activities in the space domain |
| title_full | Chinese and Russian perceptions of and responses to U.S. military activities in the space domain Alexis A. Blanc, Nathan Beauchamp-Mustafaga, Khrystyna Holynska, M. Scott Bond, Stephen J. Flanagan |
| title_fullStr | Chinese and Russian perceptions of and responses to U.S. military activities in the space domain Alexis A. Blanc, Nathan Beauchamp-Mustafaga, Khrystyna Holynska, M. Scott Bond, Stephen J. Flanagan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chinese and Russian perceptions of and responses to U.S. military activities in the space domain Alexis A. Blanc, Nathan Beauchamp-Mustafaga, Khrystyna Holynska, M. Scott Bond, Stephen J. Flanagan |
| title_short | Chinese and Russian perceptions of and responses to U.S. military activities in the space domain |
| title_sort | chinese and russian perceptions of and responses to u s military activities in the space domain |
| topic | Militärische Raumfahrt (DE-588)4039336-7 gnd Rezeption (DE-588)4049716-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Militärische Raumfahrt Rezeption Russland China USA |
| url | https://doi.org/10.7249/RRA1835-1 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033936049&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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