An unsettled nation: Moldova in the geopolitics of Russia, Romania, and Ukraine
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| Schriftenreihe: | Soviet and post-Soviet politics and society
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents Foreword by John-Paul Himka and David R. Marples. 25 Preface. 33 Acknowledgments. 35 Abbreviations. 39 Introduction Theoretical Framework: Nation-Building and Separatism. 41 The Historical Context. 42 Nationalism and Separatism: Linking the Imperial and Soviet Past with the Present. 47 Objectives, Research Questions, and Working Assumptions 51 Prior Research: Historiography and Geopolitics. 53 Materials and Methodology. 63 Archives, Published Documents, and other Materials. 63 Interviewees and Interviews. 65 The Thematic Structure and the Chronological Framework. 67 A Note on Transliteration. 69 Language and Terminology. 70 I. Moldova and Transnistria: Historical Background and Political Roots, 1917-1985. 71 1.1. Moldova: Past Domestic and Foreign State-Building Projects. 73 1.1.1. A Bessarabian Project
that Failed: The Moldavian Democratic Republic. 73 1.1.2. The MASSR: The Second Moldavian Republic. 85 1.1.3. "Sunny Moldavia": From Foundation to Perestroika. 101 7
1.2. Nation-Building: Challenges of Divisive Cultural and Identity Politics. 112 1.2.1. Imperial Russia's Moldavians: The Impeding of Making Romanians. 112 1.2.2. From Moldavians into Romanians: Instilling a New National Consciousness. 117 1.2.3. The Making of Interwar Soviet Moldavians in theMASSR. 121 1.2.4. United and Merged: The Making of Soviet Moldavians in the MSSR. 125 II. Perestroika, Nationalism and Internationalism in "Sunny Moldavia," 1985-1991. . 143 II.l. On the Eve: "Sunny Moldavia" Prior to Perestroika. 144 II.2. "We Are Romanians!": The National Awakening of Soviet Moldavians. 152 II.2.1. The Nationalist Framework and the Fight for Language Legislation. 153 II.2.2. Perestroika, Glasnost, and Pan-Romanian Mobilization. 163 II.3. Russian speakers in Soviet Moldavia: "Suitcase, Train Station, Russia!". 176 II.3.1. Becoming Domestic Outsiders: "Sunny Moldavia's" "Russians". 177 II.3.2. The Counter-Mobilization and the Struggle for the Russian Language.180 II.3.3. Separatism at the "Gates": The Warning Signs. 186 II.4. Toward the Break: The Moldavian SSR, September
1989-December 1991. 192 II.4.1. Unfolding Separatism, Romanian Symbols, and "The Bridges of Flowers".193 8
II.4.2. Soviet Moldavia: Disintegration, Separation, and Independence. 202 III. Damaged Peace: Preconditions That Heralded the Transnistrian War, 1989-1991. 209 III.l Transnistria: The Legitimization of Separatism and Justification of Self-Defense. 210 III.2 Moldova: Failed Attempts to Preserve Political Unity and Territorial Integrity. 215 III.3 . Sliding Toward War: Pre-War Violence. 228 IV. The Heat before the "Freeze": The Transnistrian War, 1992. 237 IV .1. Moldova's Fighters: Duty, Patriotism, Fear, and Solidarity. 237 IV .2. "This Was My War!" Defending Transnistria: Romania-phobia and Slavic Brotherhood. 248 IV .3. The Involvement of Romania, Russia, and Ukraine. 253 IV .3.1. Romania. 253 IV .3.2. Russia. 256 IV .3.3. Ukraine. 261 IV .4. The Course of the War: Combat Actions and Wartime Diplomacy, 2 March-21 July 1992. 268 IV.4.1. The Outbreak of War. 268 IV.4.2. The War and Wartime Diplomacy. 276 V . Separatism in Postwar Moldova: International Aspects,
1993-2013. 287 V.l. The Impact and Geopolitical Consequences of the War. 287 V.2 The Transnistrian Diplomatic Deadlock. 290 V.2.1. Preconditions to the Failure of Negotiations. 291 V.2.2. Postwar Diplomacy and the Stalling of Negotiations.297 9
V .3. Impediments to Reconciliation. 303 V .3.1. The Cold War Relationship between Transnistria and Moldova. 303 V .3.2. Russia's Questionable Commitment to Moldova. 305 V .3.3. Moldo-Romanian Unionism. 309 V .3.4. Relations between Moldova and Ukraine. 314 V .4. Failed Foreign Reconciliation Projects. 319 V .4.1. The OSCE Mission in the Republic of Moldova. 319 V .4.2. Russia's Plans for a Settlement. 321 V .4.3.Ukraine's Yushchenko Plan. 327 VI . The Nature of the Transnistrian Conflict and the Prospects of Its Resolution, 1993-2013. 335 VI.l. Defining the 'Frozen Conflict' in the Republic of Moldova.335 VI.1.1. Views from the West. 336 VI.1.2. Views from Romania. 337 VI.1.3. Views from Ukraine. 339 VI.l.4. Views from Russia. 341 VI.l.5. "Protracted" rather than "Frozen".342 VI .2. Assessing the International Input on the Transnistrian Problem. 344 VI.2.1. Views from Russia. 345 VI.2.2. Views from Ukraine. 346 VI.2.3. Views from the
West. 347 VI.2.4. Views from Romania. 350 VI .3. Expert Views on the Solutions and Prospects of Separatism. 353 VI.3.1. Views from the West. 354 VI.3.2. Views from Ukraine. 357 VI.3.3. Views from Romania. 358 10
VI .3.4. Views from Russia. 360 VII . The Domestic Discourse on the Transnistrian Problem, 1993-2013. 365 VII .l. Political Parties and Developments.365 VII .2. Divergent Views of History. 371 V II.2.1. The Interpretation of the Past. 372 V II.2.2. The Characterization of the Present. 375 V II.2.3. Imagining the Future. 379 V II.3. The Transnistrian Problem in Political Platforms.382 V II.3.1. Conflicting Approaches to Settling the Dispute. 383 V II.3.2. Reality vs. Political Platforms. 388 V II.4. Civil Society Organizations and the Issue of Transnistria. 393 VII.4.1. The December 2012 Memorandum: The Purpose and Content.395 V II.4.2. The December 2012 Memorandum: Impact and Assessments. 399 V II.4.3. Positions of Other Moldovan and Transnistrian NGOs. 403 VII .5. Assessments of a Political Fiasco: The Unproductive Contribution. 405 VIL5.1. Chisinau and Tiraspol Government Officials. 405 VII .5.2. Domestic Civil Society Experts. 408 VII .5.3. Accredited International Experts. 410 VII .5.4. The Opinions of the General
Public. 412 VIII . Separatism and Nation-Building: Education and the Forging of Conflicting Identities, 1991-2013. 417 VIII.1. Power of the Primers: Imagining the "Motherland," Constructing Identities. 417 VIII.1.1. The Predecessors: Soviet Primers. 418 11
VIII.1.2. The Successors: Post-Soviet Primers in Moldova and Transnistria. 427 VIII.1.3. Between Ethnocentric Nationalism and Civic Identity. 433 VIII.2. The Stumbling of Reconciliation: Disruptive History Teaching. 443 VIII.2.1. History Education in Moldova. 443 VIII.2.2. History Education in Transnistria. 449 VIII.3. History Narratives in Moldovan and Transnistrian Textbooks.453 VIII .3.1. Imperial Russia: Territorial Acquisitions and Nation-Building. 454 VIII .3.2. Romanian Bessarabia and the MASSR between the World Wars. 461 VIII .3.3. The Second World War, the Great Patriotic War, and the Holocaust.466 VIII .3.4. Postwar Recovery, Perestroika, and the Rise of Nationalism. 469 VIII .3.5. Soviet Collapse, the Transnistrian War, and Bloody Separation. 470 IX. Nation-Building and National Identity: Political Symbolism and Nationality Policies, 1989-2013. 473 IX .1. National Symbols: Unity vs. Division.475 IX.1.1. Between Soviet Legacy and National Heritage: Flags, Coat of Arms, and Anthems.475 IX.1.2. National Symbols: Perceptions and Attitudes. 482 IX.2. Hobdays for Nation-Building?. 485 IX.3. Identity in Politics and Nationality Policies. 489 IX.3.1. Identity: Constitution vs.
Reality. 490 IX.3.2. The Issue of Ethnic Identities and the Authorities' Nationality Policies. 493 12
IX.3 .3. Hie Problem of Identities in the Platforms of Political Parties. 497 IX.4 . Unsettled Identities and Self-Identification: "Amphibians," "Budweisers," or Undefined?.504 Conclusion.513 Appendices.541 Appendix 1. Interviews. 541 1.1. Project description and consent form for interviews. 541 1.2. Interview Questions.Group 1. 543 1.3. Interview Questions.Group II. 545 1.4. List of Respondents. 546 1.4.1. Moldova. Group 1. 546 1.4.2. Moldova. Group II. 550 1.4.3. Transnistria. Group 1. 551 1.4.4. Transnistria. Group II.553 1.4.5. Romania. Group 1. 556 1.4.6. Russia. Group 1.557 1.4.7. Ukraine. Group 1. 558 1.4.8. The EU, the OSCE, and Germany. 559 Appendix 2. Political Parties and Organizations. 560 Table 1. Moldova. Active political parties and organizations. 560 Table 2. Transnistria. Active political parties and
organizations. 563 Table 3. The representation of the Moldovan political parties in Parliament after elections. 564 Table 4. The representation of the Transnistrian political parties in the Parliament of the TMR after elections. 567 13
Table 5. The priority placed by the Moldovan parties on "Transnistria," "Foreign Policy," and "National Security" in their political platforms. 569 Table 6. The priority placed by the Transnistrian parties on "Transnistria," "Foreign Policy," and "National Security" in their political platforms. 571 Table 7. The position of sections on the Transnistrian problem within the platforms of Chisinau based political parties. 572 Table 8. Moldova. Types of approaches to the Transnistrian problem articulated in the platforms of political parties. 574 Table 9. Transnistria. Types of approaches to the Transnistrian problem articulated in the platforms of political parties. 576 Table 10. Frequency of the Declarations regarding "Transnistria" "Foreign Policy/EU Integration", and "National Security" made by the Moldovan political parties between 2002-2012. 577 Table 11. Annual frequency of Declarations regarding "Transnistria" "Foreign Policy/EU Integration", and "National Security" made by the Moldovan political parties between 2002-2012. 579 Table 12. Frequency of Declarations regarding the Transnistrian problem made by the Moldovan political parties between 2002-2012. 580 Appendix 3. List of the given names. 582 Appendix 4. Images. 583 4.1. Billboards. Moldova(All in Romanian
only). 583
4.1.1. "Love Your Language! Love Your Country!". 583 4.1.2. "Moldova - My Motherland.". 584 4.1.3. "The Republic of Moldova Is My Motherland.". 585 4.1.4. "The Republic of Moldova Is My Motherland.". 586 4.2. Billboards. Transnistria (In two languages). 587 4.2.1. "The Motherland Is Not For Sale!" (in Russian). 587 4.2.2. "The Republic Is Not For Sell!" (in Cyrillic Romanian [Moldovan]). 588 Bibliography.589 Index. 643 15
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Index Aalberts, Tanja E. 529 Antiufeev, Vladimir 215, 271 Abecedar/Abechedar 117,123, 124,419,423, 424, 425, 427, 429,430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444, 538 Antonescu, Ion 246, 312, 434, 471 APE, Foreign Policy Association of Moldova 39, 315, 397 Applegate, Celia 517 Abkhazia 30, 41, 55, 70, 264, 284, 286, 289, 307, 308, 318, 326, 336, 347, 354, 392, 516 Arghezi, Tudor 439 Armenia 29, 33, 41, 51,164, 210, 230, 232 Adäniloaie, Nichita 81 Armstrong, John Alexander 54 Adauge, Mihai 169 Adomanis, Mark 360 Artek 138 Ashbourne, Alexandra 220 August Putsch 206, 473 Afghanistan 215 Aitmatov, Chyngyz 179 Austria 43, 49,156, 437, 458, 504, 515 Akkerman 83 Aldea Teodorovici, Doina 168 Azerbaijan 29, 30, 33, 39, 41, 51, 138,164,165,197, 207, 210, 230, 232, 330, 337 Aldea Teodorovici, Ion 168 Alecsandri, Vasile 128, 426, 439, 442 Alianta pentru Integrare Europeanä 39 Babilunga Nikolai 49, 80, 87, 192,197, 205, 236, 241, 306, 411, 457, 458, 459, 461, 462, 463, 464, 465, 467, 469, 470, 472, 555, 558 Alizada, Tahir 35 Baciu, Sergiu 511 Alliance for European Integration (AIE) 39, 300, 368, 390, 447, 498 Bacon, Edwin 85, 88, 92,145 Alexandrescu, Ion. 77 Algeria 27 Bacon, Walter M. 85, 88, 92,145 Badeev, Iosif 122 Amphibians 13, 507 Bädescu, Paraschiva 289 Anderson, Benedict 119,125 Baidaus, Vladimir 25, 30,138, 251 Andreev, Constantin 104, 343 Andreeva, Galina 242 Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM) 105,175 Andriej-Tabac, Silviu 82, 94, 482 Baker, Ronald J. 145 Andropov, Yuri 146 Baklanov, Aleksandr 302 Anschluss 519 Balan, Gheorghe 274 643
644 An Unsettled Nation Balescu, Valeria 228 Balkans, Balkan Peninsula 43, 44, 90, 257, 336, 354,466 Balti 83,135,173,182,190,191, 192,194, 232, 486,487, 549, 553 Baltic states/Baltic republics 100,109,110,156,163,164, 177,182,183,197,198, 200, 271 Barbärosie, A. 58,402 Baron, Nick 93, 94 Bârsan, Victor 58 Basarab Dynasty, Basarabia 74, 79, 82, 85, 87, 94, 99,101, 104,112,116,134,157,159, 160, 226, 241, 244, 255 Basciani, Alberto 104 Basescu, Traian 312, 314, 351 Basque Country, Spain 357 Beary, Brian 344, 354 Beissinger, Mark R. 165,169 Belarus, Belarusians 28, 29, 30, 32,41,45,48, 54, 55, 77,112, 133,135,137,138,176,177, 188,191, 294, 300, 376, 459, 469, 476, 494, 518 Belavezha Accords 208 Belgium 25 Bell, David 492, 520 Benei, Veronique 445, 446 Berend, Ivan Tibor 89 Berger, Stefan 43 Bergman, Mikhail 64, 241, 245, 251, 252, 253, 257, 260, 261, 262, 271, 272, 284, 296, 300, 309, 318 Bershin, Efim 230 Bessarabia (Eastern Moldavia) 12,44,45,46, 49, 50, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80,81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88,89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,100,101,102, 103,105,106,107,108,109, 110, 111, 112,113,114,115, 116,117,118,119,120,121, 122,124,125,128,129,130, 131,132,134,135,136,140, 141,147,148,150,154,158, 160,164,165,166,168,195, 198,199, 201, 206, 217, 225, 226, 227, 228, 244, 246, 247, 251, 254, 255, 263, 290, 311, 313, 360, 373, 374, 375, 408, 426, 457, 459, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 465, 466, 468, 470, 478, 480, 484, 486, 490, 492, 509, 511, 518, 519, 520, 526, 546 Bessarabian Question 75, 76, 89, 92, 94,101,458,465, 466, 469 Bessarabian SSR 48,
87, 111 Bezkorovaynyy, Vladimir 340 Black Sea Fleet 291, 340 Blanaru, Gheorghe 416 Bobrovnikov, Vladimir 233 Bodiul, Ivan 109,139 Bodiul, Natalia 109,139 Bohemia 513, 519 Boian, Victor 247, 315, 334 Boian, Victoria 247, 315, 334 Boiangiu, Ruslan 230, 231, 232 Boiangiu, Veronica 230, 231, 232 Boiko, Olena 76, 79, 84 Boldisor, Veronica 174
Index 645 Belgrad 233 Bolshevik, Bolsheviks, Bolshevism 48, 50, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78,84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 93, 95, 96, 99,103, 111, 119,122,133,134,169,184, 195, 423,464,468, 476, 488, 518 Bomeshko, Boris 49, 59, 80, 87, 184,189,194, 205, 215, 220, 223, 225, 235, 247, 252,255, 258, 259, 261, 263, 266, 277, 457, 458, 459,461,462,463, 464, 465, 467, 469, 470, 472 Borshevskii, Andrei 410, 550 Bosnia 35,41, 343, 542 Bottici, Chiara 121 Bourgon, Jocelyne 445 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros 280 Bowring, Bill 299, 334, 335, 344 Bratan, Viktor 66, 341, 348, 359 Bremen 440 Bremmer, Ian 54 Brezhnev, Leonid 105,108,128, 144,145,146,175 Bridges of Flowers 8,193, 201, 227, 255 Britons 477, 514 Brodskii, Aleksandr 185, 241 Brown, Kate 93,107,121 Browne, Ken 420 Bruchis, Michael 54,179 Brussels 301,329 Bryant, Chad 509, 512, 519 Bucharest 36,45,49, 58, 64,74, 78, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 88, 99, 100,107,109,112,117,118, 119,136,137,139,157,199, 207, 228,230, 236, 241, 244, 246, 247, 252, 255, 256, 262, 263, 281, 282, 289, 291, 293, 296, 310,312,313, 314,335, 338, 339,351, 352, 360, 361, 437,457,458,460,479, 519, 527,531, 554, 559,560 Bucharest Treaty 458, 460 Bucov, Emilian 129 Bucovina/Bukovina 44, 49, 77, 79, 84, 88, 90,101,102,106, 108,109,134,164,171, 200, 215, 226, 227, 255, 263, 290, 373 Bucur-Deckard, Maria 85, 88 Budryté, Dovilé 36 Budweisers 13, 507, 508, 510, 512, 516 Bufteac, Vera 174 Bugajski, Janusz 250, 263, 271 Bulgaria, Bulgarians 46, 80, 82, 95,102,120, 245, 349, 360, 438 Buratino 440 Buzatu, Gheorghe. 99 Cahul 173,487 Cälärasi 173 Camenca 97,171,182,194, 218, 235, 265, 555 Canada 28,
32, 35, 37, 66,173, 184, 339, 435 Cantemir, Dimitrie 112,131 Carahasani, village, Stefan Vodä district 247 Caspersen, Nina 55, 281
646 An Unsettled Nation Catholicism 177 Cazacu, Ilie 74, 394, 507 Ceausescu, Nicolae 70,107,108, 199, 225, 244, 255, 483,527 Cebotari, Igor 415, 416, 550 Central Rada 76, 79 Cereteu, Igor 99 Cernäuti (Chernivtsi) 62,148, 171, 228, 263, 267, 358, 386 Cernenchi, Eugen 36 Cernenco, Mihai 159 Cernomaz, Nicolae 174, 407, 550 Cernovodeanu, Dan 479 Chain of Freedom 200 Challand, Benoit 121 Chamberlain, Lesley 74 Chapaev, Vasilii 424 Chernenko, Konstantin 146,184 Chetrosu, village 135 Chilia 83 Chiriac, Lubomir 401 Chisinau 11,14, 25, 36, 42, 52, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 85, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,102, 103,104,105,106,107,108, 109, 110,112,114,116,117, 118,119,121,122,123,130, 131,132,134,135,137,139, 148,149,154,155,156,157, 159,160,162,163,165,166, 167,168,169,170,171,172, 173,174,175,177,181,182, 185,186,187,188,189,190, 191,192,194,195,197,198, 199, 200, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217,218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223,224, 225, 226, 227, 229, 230, 231, 232, 234, 235, 236, 239, 241,244, 248, 250, 252, 255,256,257, 258, 259, 260, 262, 263, 266, 269, 270, 272, 274, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 285,286, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292,293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302,303,304, 305, 306, 307, 308,309,311, 313, 314, 315, 316,317,319,320, 321, 322, 323, 324,325,326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331,332, 333, 335, 336, 338, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 355, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 366, 367, 368, 370, 371, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383,
384, 385, 386,387, 389, 390, 391, 392,393,394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 415, 416, 417, 419, 420, 423, 424, 425, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 451, 452, 453, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461, 463, 464, 465, 466, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 474, 475, 476, 478, 479, 480, 481, 485, 486, 489, 491, 493, 495, 496, 497, 499, 500, 501, 502, 504, 507, 508, 513, 514, 517, 523, 524, 525, 526, 528, 529, 531, 532, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 546, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554, 559, 561
Index 647 Chisinau pogrom 463 Corman, Igor 401, 550 Chitac, Stefan 215 Cornell, Svante E. 49, 54, 79, 117, 286 Churchill, Winston 136 Cimpoesu, Dorin 58, 311 Ciobanu, Ceslav 55,75, 80, 82, 221, 339 Ciobanu, Vitalie 55, 75, 80, 82, 221, 339 Ciocoiu, Paul 313 Cipko, Serge 35 Ciscel, Matthew H. 56,121,123, 372 Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) 11, 39, 366, 395, 396, 402, 406, 409, 410, 411, 414, 416, 417 Clark, Charles Upson 54, 74, 75, 77,80, 82, 83 Cojocaru, Gheorghe E. 58, 64, 78, 82, 89,91, 92, 93,107, 122,156,172,187, 203, 208, 218, 219, 220, 222, 252, 257, 278, 279, 280, 293, 294, 299 Costas, Ion 36, 64, 219, 222, 223, 224, 225, 227, 233, 234, 235, 241, 244, 249, 250, 252, 253, 256, 258, 261, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 282, 317, 553 Cotos, Elena 37 Coyle, James John. 57 Crawford, Keith 280 Creangä, Ion 39, 64,128,173, 425, 426,439, 442, 447, 448 Crimea 26, 27, 41, 51, 55, 60, 108,128,138,146,164, 200, 213, 251, 258, 264, 268, 269, 279, 302, 308,316, 340,341, 354, 516,527, 530,532 Crimean Khanate 47 Crimean Tatars 165 Cristi, Vladimir 77 Croatia 41 Crusevan, Nicolae 174 Coleman, Heather J. 35 Cusco, Andrei 44 Colley, Linda 477 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 39, 55, 56, 59, 167, 208, 260, 278, 279, 294, 324, 326, 330, 349, 381,477, 516, 561 Comrat 171,182,192,194, 204, 205, 208, 213, 217, 313, 317, 486, 489, 551, 552, 553 Connor, Walker 508 Cuza, Alexander Ioan 79,115, 133, 338,559, 560 Constantinescu, Emil 311 Constantinople 43 Corai, Tatiana 500 Corboy, Denis 341 Corjova, village 221, 300, 487 Cyprus 357 Cyrillic, alphabet 15, 70,115,
117,124,126,139,156,157, 159,174,182, 419, 423, 442, 453,482,496, 500 Czechoslovakia 41, 49,108, 508 Damian, Victor 36, 368, 414, 550 Danube Principalities 115, 461 Danube River 101 Danzig/Gdahsk 362 Dave, Bhavna 179
648 An Unsettled Nation December 2012 Memorandum 11, 396, 397, 398, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 409 Deletant, Dennis 206, 434, 471 Denikin, Anton 464 Deshchytsia, Andriy 36, 341, 347,358 Devyatkov, Andrey 301 Donici, Alexandru 439 Doroshenko, Dmytro 81 Drabczuk, Marta 357 Dragnev, Demir M. 36, 58, 75, 96,130,137, 550 Drochia, town 36, 70, 99,105, 134,135,148,182, 232, 549, 550, 551,552, 553 Dic-Dicescu, Ion 89, 93,122 Drochia, village 36, 70, 99,105, 134,135,148,182, 232, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553 Dima, Nicholas 77,106,107, 109,154, 255 Dimitriu, Sergey 95 Drue, Mircea 195,196, 226, 233, 234 Drutä, Ion 154,155,156,167 Diukov, Aleksandr R. 342, 346, 347, 561 Dubäsari, Dubossary 182, 218, 220, 221, 235, 240, 270, 271, 273, 364, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558 Dezhurov, Vladimir 111, 346, 561 Dnestrianskii, Ivan 180, 225, 249, 250, 253, 257, 268, 274 Dniester River 33, 35, 36, 47, 61, 73, 74, 84, 85, 89, 90, 94, 95, 97, 98,101,102,112,114, 116,117,120,121,140,169, 187,189,190,192, 204, 208, 215, 221, 229, 235, 243, 245, 258, 261, 263, 264, 265, 266, 269, 281, 309, 322, 344, 363, 396, 398, 404, 405, 407,434, 437, 441, 459, 463, 464, 465, 482, 484, 509, 518, 519, 524, 525, 526, 528, 548 Dniester Valley 251, 512 Dobrudja 90 Doina 166,168, 247, 425, 443 Donaldson, Robert H. 461 Donbas region 57, 264, 316, 335, 341, 527, 534 Doncev, Ioan 114,115,116 Donetsk People's Republic, DNR 215,271 Dubicki, Andrzej 82, 85 Dudaev, Djokhar 273 Dumitru, Diana 160,185, 221, 231, 232, 244, 442, 461, 463, 471 Dungaciu, Dan 314 Dunlop, John B. 196 Dura, George 288 Dzyuba, Ivan 54,103 Eastern Question 458
Edemsky, Andrei 49, 203 Edinet 156 Edinstvo, Unitatea-Edinstvo, International Front, Interfront 162,182,187, 188,189,192,195,197, 231, 370 Eglitis, Daina Stukuls 220 Ellison, Marion 246 Emerson, Michael 328
Index 649 Eminescu, Mihai 127,128,165, 166, 247,425, 426, 439, 442 Filat, Vlad 300,313, 369, 390, 391,413 Enache, Marian 168,172, 551 Finland, Grand Duchy of Finland 44, 45, 48,49, 50, 83, 86, 90, 93, 94,106, 321, 437, 518 Enciu, Nicolae 119, 466, 469, 474 English 25, 66, 70,127,132,434, 435, 477, 514 Firdous, Tabassum 283 ENP/ European Neighborhood Policy 39,302,329 Fotelea, Ion 248 Fritz, Verena 55, 376 Eremei, Grigore 106 Frost, Robert 43 Erevan 205 Frunze, Mikhail 90,134 Estonia 25, 27,55, 89,146,164, 165,177,183,193,196, 203, 219, 524 EU/European Union 13,14,26, 28, 29, 30, 32,36, 39, 55,56, 61, 69, 227, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302,303, 304, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316,319, 320, 324,326, 327, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 338, 339, 342, 344, 347, 348, 349, 350, 352, 354, 355, 358, 359, 360, 367, 368, 369,381, 382, 385,390, 400, 401,405, 411,413,436, 451, 453, 455, 503, 524, 529, 532, 533, 543, 546 Gabanyi, Anneli Ute 349 Gagarin, Yuri 423 EUBAM, European Union Border Assistance Mission 39, 295, 297, 302, 315, 333 Euromaidan/Maidan 26, 30, 31, 319 European Court of Human Rights, ECHR 39, 385 Faller, Helen M. 149 Fântâna Alba, village 156 Fät Frumos/Feti Frumosi 423, 439 Fenesan, Costin 88, 91, 92,122 Gagauz SSR, Gagauzes, Gagauzia 46, 65, 82,102, 120,182,192,197, 203, 204, 205, 206, 213, 217, 219, 220, 231, 233, 234, 235, 242, 255, 264, 289, 298, 317, 325, 326, 327, 363, 489, 551, 552, 553 Galicia 26, 90 Galinskii, Ilia 405, 556, 558 Galushchenko, Oleg 92,123, 468 Gamova, Svetlana 277, 303, 481 Gârbea, Constantin 243 Garbuz, Gheorghe 221 Gay
Evropa, LGBT 31, 364 Gendarme of Europe 461 Georgia 29, 30, 31, 33, 39, 41, 43, 53, 54, 55, 70,156,171,193, 197, 203, 207, 210, 219, 241, 264, 272, 280, 283, 286, 287, 289, 292, 294, 295, 297, 330, 336,340,392,407, 516,522, 525, 528, 533 German Democratic Republic, Germany, Nazi Germany, Germans
650 An Unsettled Nation German Democratic Republic 138,156 Germans 46, 80, 82,120,132, 134,147,158, 225,247,362, 373, 460, 464, 470, 478, 504, 508, 514, 515, 516,517 Germany 13,31, 55, 79, 80,109, 156,184, 201, 290, 350, 362, 411,412, 516 Nazi Germany 25,164,169, 488,508,519,536 Geto-Dacians 440 Geukjian, Ohannes 144 Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe 106, 107 Ghibu, Onisifor 116,118,119, 120,147 Ghimpu, Gheorghe 167,185, 313, 314,497, 498, 507 Ghimpu, Mihai 167,185, 313, 314, 497,498, 507 Gilberg, Trond 245 Glasul (The Voice) 160,166, 227, 228, 255 Glasul Natiunii (The Nation's Voice) 227,228,255 Glavan, Boris 134 Glenny, Misha 315 Gnatiuk, Serhiy L. 36, 348 Gobjila, Alexandr 256, 416, 551 Goldman, Philip 182 Gonzalez, Josué M. 345 Gorbachev, Mikhail 68,143, 145,146,150,151,153,165, 168,175,176,178,188,196, 198, 204, 205, 219, 220, 375, 472, 476, 486 Gorbachev, Nina 68,143,145, 146,150,151,153,165,168, 175,176,178,188,196,198, 204, 205, 219, 220,375,472, 476,486 Gordon, Claire 56, 206, 302, 349 Grachev, Pavel 283, 293 Graeme, J. Gill. 283, 479 Great Patriotic War 50,102,103, 104,130,132,134,164,177, 225, 251, 252, 275, 282, 375, 381, 420,423,424,469,472, 478, 519 Grebenscicov, Victor 185 Grecu, Mihai 221, 227, 235 Grecu,Vlad 221,227,235 Grekov, Iurii 185 Grenoble, Lenore A. 163 Gribincea, Argentina 58, 64, 121,124,125,127, 241, 296, 320 Gribincea, Mihai 58, 64,121, 124,125,127, 241, 296, 320 Gribov, Nicolae 134 Grigas, Agnia 308 Grigoriopol 189, 218, 556, 558 Grossu, Semion 155,162,178, 198 Grossul, Olga 402 Grosu, Gurie 117 Grosul, la. S. 99,117,126,128, 131,133,139 Groza, Petru 106
GUAM 39, 330, 385 Gubbins, Paul 126 Guibernau, Maria Montserrat 177 GULAG 39
Index 651 Gutu, Ana 498 Guzun, Vadim 97, 302, 339, 353, 361, 559 Gvosdev, Nikolas K. 355 Gypsies (Roma) 178, 434,438, 462, 502 Himka, John-Paul 7, 25, 35,101, 341,470, 514 Hirsch, Francine 54,141,150, 437, 476, 509 Hirschfeld, Katherine 57 Hitchins, Keith 75, 85, 88,113, 114 Habsburg Empire, Habsburgs 43, 44, 48, 49, 81,171, 373, 461 Hobsbawm, Eric 488 Hochman, Harold 386 Hagimus, village 276 Hogan-Brun, Gabrielle 153 Haines, C. Grove 53, 532 Holodomor 97,104 Haines, John R. 53, 532 Hale, Henry E. 325 Hong Kong 362 Hametz, Maura Elise 82 Hamilton, Daniel S. 55, 286 Horowitz, Donald L. 55, 206, 207, 226, 261 Hamilton, Keith 55, 286 Hammarberg, Thomas 70 Horowitz, Shale. 55, 206, 207, 226, 261 Hâncesti 133,184,220 Horvath, Istvan 339, 353, 359, 360, 559 Hanne, Gottfried 324 Hasdeu, Bogdan Petriceicu 128 Hastings, Adrian 121, 492 Haynes, Rebecca 46, 57,134, 235, 261, 294, 344, 534, 535 Herasymchuk S. 62 Herpen, Marcel van 55 Herta District 101,108,164, 200, 226, 227, 255, 263, 290 Hiden, John 164 Hill, Alexander 55, 56, 94,144, 275, 294, 296, 325, 332, 334, 542 Hill, Ronald J. 55, 56, 94,144, 275, 294, 296, 325, 332, 334, 542 Hill, William H. 55, 56, 94,144, 275, 294, 296, 325, 332, 334, 542 Horbulin, V. P. 340 Hroch, Miroslav. 113,114,117, 164 Hrushevsky, Mykhailo 20, 84, 101 Hughes, James 54, 210, 298, 340 Hungary 43, 44, 49,108, 246, 263, 315, 407, 508, 550 Hutu-Tutsi 511 lachir, Ion 90 lakubovska, Svitlana 36, 66 lakushik, Valentin 62, 331 laloveni 133,184 lazov, Dmitrii 234 Ileana Cosânzeana/Ilene Cosânzene 423, 425 Iliescu, Ion 227, 244, 255, 256, 257, 279, 311, 478
Inculet, Ion 74, 82 International Front 182, 366
652 An Unsettled Nation Ionescu, Gabriel 247 Kazani, Pantelei 98 Iorga, Razvan 314 Kempton, Daniel R. 54 Iron Curtain 136 Kenez, Peter 131 Isaacs, Rico 54 Kerensky, Alexander 74, 76 Istanbul 43, 278, 288, 295, 296 KGB 39, 67,108,110,146,173, 177,182,187, 211, 252, 271, 301, 306, 329, 344, 356, 410, 424 Istru, Bogdan 129 Italy 49, 81, 85,121,153,173, 321 lushchenko Plan 62, 331 lushchenko, Victor 62, 331 Kharitonova, Natalia 59, 60, 342, 346, 362, 561 Jackson, Nicole J. 516 Kharkiv, Kharkiv Accord 90, 92, 95,122, 340, 341, 348, 359 Khasbulatov, Ruslan 260 Japan 85 Khazanov, Anatoly M. 167,185 Jarcutchi, Ion 75, 76 Kherson 47, 66, 75, 87,115, 341, 348, 359 Khmelnytsky, Bohdan 43 Izmail 171,263,386 Izman, Andrei 118,125 Jassy 75 Jeffries, Ian 296 Jeltoqsan 151,152 Jews, Jewish 77, 80, 82, 84, 95, 120,133,135,172,182,184, 434, 441, 462, 463, 470, 504, 506 Jewsbury, George F. 46 Joint Control Commission (JCC) 39, 290 Jönsson, Christer 291 Judt, Tony 54 Kalyvas, Stathis N. 229 Kara, Siddharth 136 Karelia, Karelian ASSR 49, 93, 94, 518 Karlov, Ju. E. 59 Karpov, Sergey P. 36 Katchanovski, Ivan 57, 264 Katerinovka, village 97 Kaufman, Stuart J. 117,118, 201 Kazakh, Kazakhstan 151,152 Khotyn 83, 86 Khrushchev/Hrusciov, N. S. 105,106,107,127,138,175, 425 King, Charles 56, 75, 80, 81, 95, 102,105,106,113,123,124, 166,177, 201, 203, 223, 463, 508, 516 King, Jeremy 56, 75, 80, 81, 95, 102,105,106,113,123,124, 166,177, 201, 203, 223, 463, 508, 516 Klimenko, Vitalii 248, 305, 551 Kodreanu, Gennadii 224 Kolbasna, village 296 Kolbin, Genadii 152 Kolsto, Pal 49, 55, 79,196, 203, 524 Konoplev,
Roman 370, 371, 372, 402 Kontsur, V.V. 62
Index 653 Korea 361 Kosienkowski, Marcin 301, 309 Kuzio, Taras 55,171,190, 200, 213, 259,323, 516 Kralikovskii, Iurii 185 Kyiv/Kiev 30, 39, 48, 61, 62, 64, 66, 70, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 84, 86, 94,97,100,116,157,177, 200, 207, 223, 243, 263, 264, 265, 266, 268, 269, 279, 281, 284, 290, 293, 296, 298, 299, 301, 302,313, 315, 316, 317, 318,319, 320, 322,323,326, 329, 332, 333, 335, 340, 342, 348, 351, 352, 358, 386, 391, 392,402, 458,462,494, 527, 528, 530,533, 535 Krasnoselsky, Vadim N. 535 Kyridis, Argyris 483 Kravchuk, Leonid 205, 223, 264, 266, 267, 279, 316, 323, 325, 340 Lane, Thomas 45,144, 477 Kremlin 46, 47, 50, 56, 58, 59, 81, 90, 99,108,136,150, 202, 204, 205, 212, 219, 234, 260, 287, 288, 289, 293, 294, 296, 303, 307, 309, 319, 325, 326, 329, 332, 340,343, 352, 354, 357, 362, 371,422, 423,425, 469,496, 518, 519, 521, 523, 525, 528, 529,530, 532, 533, 534 Latin script 115,117,124,126, 139,154,156,158,159,160, 161,162,167,170,171,172, 173,174,176,181,182,183, 186, 202, 203, 231, 239, 328, 344, 400, 403, 419, 500, 522 Kosovo 41,336,343, 354, 516 Kotovskii, Grigorii 90,134,184 Kozak Memorandum 298, 299, 323, 325, 326, 327, 328, 331, 355,357,362,368, 390, 391 Kozak, Dmitriy 298, 299, 323, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329,331, 332,333, 334, 355, 357, 362, 368,390, 391 Kozyrev, Andrei 31, 283 Kropatcheva, Elena 320, 340 Kruglashov, Anatoliy M. 288, 315, 358 Küchler, Florian 315, 316, 331 Kuchma, Leonid 316, 330 Kulik, Vitalii 62, 331 Kunayev, Dinmukhamed 151, 152 Kürti, Laszlo 246 Kushnereva, Iulia 343, 362, 363, 561 Lang, David Marshall 44, 54, 316 Latvia 25, 27,146,148,160,164,
165,171,177,193,194, 215, 220, 271, 360 Lavranciuc, Gheorghe 187 Lavrov, Sergey 28, 31, 299, 333 Lazarev, A.M. 99,130 Lazo, Sergei 133,134,184 Lebed, Aleksandr 64, 257, 261, 262, 284, 294, 296 Leiby, Richard A. 201 Lenin, Vladimir 48, 54, 76, 80, 131,134,145,173,178,181, 183, 421, 464 LeRiche, Matthew 405 Levit, I. 76 Levy, Adam 295, 297, 315
654 An Unsettled Nation Lieberman, Benjamin David 232 Liechtenstein 156 Lieven, Dominic 210 Literatura si Arta 149,155,160, 161,166,173,185, 486 Literaturnaia Gazeta 154,155 Lithuania 25, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 55,135,137,146,160,164, 165,171,177,194, 203, 219, 220, 271, 376 Livezeanu, Irina 78, 83, 84,114, 116,117,118,119 Loteanu, Emil 154 Lucas, George R. Jr. 272 Lukashenka, Aliaksandr 29, 469 Lunga, village 221 Lupan, Andrei 129 Lupu, Marian 387, 507 Luxemburg 156 Lviv 27,148,194, 247, 248, 526 Lynch, Dov 55, 295, 343 Machak, Gennady 343, 346, 361, 363, 561 Madrid 25 Malek, Martin 316 Malte, Rolf 478 Mândâcanu, Valentin 155 Mândrut, Stelian 340, 361, 559 Mankurt, mankurts 179 Manole, Ion 174, 401 Manole, Vasile 174, 401 Märäcutä, Grigore 288, 304, 309 Mardari, Ion 148 Mariana, Mexican soap opera 275 Marples, David R. 7, 25, 35, 37, 54, 251, 328, 469 Marsenita, village 148 Martin, Alexander M. 49, 53, 54, 85, 92, 93, 94,113,121, 316 Martin, Terry 49, 53, 54, 85, 92, 93, 94,113,121, 316 Marx, Karl 107 Mätcas, Nicolae 159 Matcovschi, Dumitru 160,185, 442 Mateevici Club 116,165,166, 167,181,185,461, 484 Mateevici, Alexei 116,165,166, 167,181,185, 461, 484 Matiash, V.N. 59 Matiushin, Dmitrii 231, 232 Matkae, Wade 35 Mawdsley, Evan 48 Mayakovsky, Vladimir 178 McPherson, James M. 238 McSherry, J. Patrice 234 Mecca 87,165 Medvedev, Dmitry 31 Meeus, Wim 426 Melnykovska, Inna 477 Menon, Rajan 57 Merrick, Jane 358 Meshkov, Iurii A. 340 Meurs, Wim P. van. 75, 76, 89, 94,101, 349 Micu, Gabriel 85, 94 Mihai the Brave 43 Millar, James R. 146 Miller, Alexei 50,115 Mimi, Constantin 74
Minahan, James 76 Minkina-Milko, Tatiana. 455, 456
Index 655 Mischevca, Vlad 199,458,480, 483, 511 Mitaev, Maria 55 Mitcul, Ion 220, 221 Mitrasca, Marcel 84, 88, 91, 92 Moisuc, Viorica 79 Mokan, Igor' 249, 356, 558 Mokanu, Sergey 342, 363 Moldavia, Principality of Moldavia 8,9,16,19,23, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 54, 68, 77, 81, 82, 90, 92, 94, 96, 101,102,105,107,109,110, 111, 113,115,127,129,130, 131,133,135,136,138,140, 141,143,147,148,150,151, 152,153,154,155,158,159, 160,161,162,163,164,168, 169,170,171,172,174,175, 176,177,179,180,181,182, 183,184,186,187,188,189, 190,191,193,194,195,196, 197,198,199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 211, 218, 228, 231, 255, 282, 373, 424, 426, 427, 428, 431, 434, 441, 452, 457, 458, 460, 461, 462, 471, 478, 479, 480, 482, 485, 486, 491, 496, 512, 521, 522 Moldavian ASSR, MASSR 7, 8, 12, 39, 47, 68, 71, 72, 73, 85, 86, 87, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99,100,101,102,104, 111, 118,120,121,122,123,124, 125,129,130,140,141,150, 160,169,174, 204, 375, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468, 480, 509, 510, 518, 519, 520 Moldavian Democratic Republic, MDR 7, 40, 46, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86,110, 111, 117,164,464,480, 483, 518, 531 Moldavian Piedmont 73, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 98, 99,100, 106,121,125,140,192, 212, 375 Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldavian SSR, MSSR, Sunny Moldavia 7, 8, 39, 40, 42, 45, 46, 50, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79,80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86,87,89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,100, 101,102,103,104,105,106, 108,109,110, 111, 112,113, 114,115,116,117,118,119, 120,121,122,123,124,125, 126,127,128,129,130,131, 132,133,134,135,136,137,
138,139,140,141,143,147, 148,149,150,152,153,154, 155,156,157,158,159,160, 161,162,163,164,165,166, 167,168,169,170,171,172, 173,174,175,176,178,179, 180,181,182,183,184,185, 186,187,188,189,190,191, 192,193,195,196,197,198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 207, 212, 220, 221, 231, 232, 250, 254, 262, 263, 374, 375, 405, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 434, 435, 437, 442,444, 452, 457, 458,459, 460,461,463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468, 472, 473, 476, 479, 480, 482, 484, 485, 492, 496, 509, 510, 514, 517,518,519, 520, 521,522, 526, 537, 547, 548
656 An Unsettled Nation Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldavian SSR, MSSR, Sunny Moldavia 7, 8, 25, 40, 47, 68, 71, 73, 85, 89, 90, 91,100,101,102,103, 104,105,106,108,109,110, 111, 120,123,125,126,127, 129,130,131,132,133,135, 136,138,139,140,141,143, 144,148,150,151,152,153, 154,156,157,160,162,163, 165,168,169,170,171,175, 177,178,179,180,184,186, 189,190,193,195,198,199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 211, 214, 219, 230, 288, 324, 326, 338,343, 366, 371, 376, 395, 419,423,424, 425, 426, 428, 430, 438, 443, 444, 463, 472, 478, 480, 482, 484, 486, 490, 496, 509, 510, 517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 522, 540 Moldavian SSR 8, 47, 68, 71, 72, 100,101,102,103,104,106, 108,112,120,137,155,180, 190,192,193,197,199, 202, 255, 468, 472, 484, 492, 547, 548 Moldavianization 96,121,126, 127,132,135,140, 468, 520 Moldova, Republic of 7, 9,10, 11,12,13,14,15,16,18, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 78, 79, 84, 85, 88, 91, 92, 97, 99,101,102,105, 106,107,110,116,126,131, 132,133,134,139,141,143, 146,148,152,154,155,157, 158,159,160,161,163,166, 167,168,173,178,182,184, 185,187,188,189,191,192, 196,198,199, 204, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 233, 235, 236, 238, 239, 240, 241, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287,
288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313,314, 315, 316, 317, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328,329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 341, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364,366, 367, 368, 369, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 392, 393, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 419, 420, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 454, 455, 456, 458, 461, 462, 465, 469, 470, 471, 473, 474, 476, 477, 479, 480, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485,
Index 657 486, 487,488, 489,490,491, 492, 493,494,495,496,497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 506, 507, 508, 510, 511, 512,513, 514, 515, 516,517, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 530,531, 532,533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538,539, 540, 541,542, 543, 546, 547, 548, 549,551, 552, 553, 559, 561 Moldovan 11,12,13,14,15,26, 28,36,40,42,47,51,52,56, 57,59,60, 61, 64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 84,136,148,163, 165, 204,207,213,214, 216, 217,218, 219,220,221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 233, 234, 235, 236, 238, 239, 241, 242, 247, 248, 249, 250,251,252,253,256, 257, 258,259,260,261,263, 264, 266, 269, 270, 272, 273, 274, 275,276, 278, 280, 281, 282, 285, 288,289, 290, 292, 294, 297,299,302, 304,305, 306, 307, 309, 310, 313, 314, 317, 318, 322, 323, 325, 326, 327,328,331,332,333,336, 341, 343, 344, 350, 358, 360, 364, 366, 367, 368, 373, 374, 377, 379, 380, 381, 383, 384, 385, 386,387,389,390,391, 394, 395, 396,397, 398,399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 417, 419, 429, 430, 431, 433, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 454, 455, 456, 458, 459, 460, 462, 464, 466, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 477, 479, 482, 483, 484, 486, 487, 488, 490, 491, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502,503,504, 506,507, 508,510, 511,513,514,517, 522, 524, 525,526, 528,529, 530,532,538, 539,540,541, 542,543,546, 547,548,549, 550,551,552,553,554,555 Moldovans 28,36,42, 51,52, 56,59,60,68, 71,121,123, 207, 213,219, 223,225,227, 228, 229,233, 234,240,241, 244, 245, 247, 248, 249,
250, 253, 254, 256, 260, 261, 262, 265, 270, 271, 273, 274, 276, 280, 283, 293, 294, 298, 299, 304,305,306,310,311,312, 315,322,324,326,328,334, 344, 356,360,361,362,363, 367, 376,379,415,416,417, 435, 436, 437, 438, 440, 441, 442, 443, 462, 471, 473, 474, 477, 478, 487, 492, 493, 494, 495,497,499, 500, 501,503, 504,506,507, 508, 510, 511, 512,513,514, 515,523, 524, 526,527, 528, 529, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 546, 547, 548 Moldovanist, Moldovanists 72, 78, 438, 446, 447, 451, 455, 456, 459, 460, 464, 466, 468, 469, 471, 475, 487, 496, 497, 498, 500, 501, 502, 511,512, 513, 515, 517, 538, 541 Moldovanu, Dumitru 36, 231, 232 Moldovanu, Iosif 36, 231, 232 Molotov, Viacheslav 91,164, 206, 386, 519 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact/Nazi 206, 519 Monroe Doctrine 542 Morau, Anton 241 Moravia 519 Morley, David 542
658 An Unsettled Nation Mosanu, Alexandru 226, 282 Moscovici, Gelber 122 Moscow 25, 26, 29, 30, 33, 41, 47, 49,50, 51, 55, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, 70, 75, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 95,100,104,106,109, 111, 113,115,122,127,136,137, 139,143,147,151,154,157, 162,164,165,169,174,175, 178,180,190,192,197,198, 199, 200, 203, 204, 206, 207, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 219, 220, 223, 229, 234, 243, 251, 252, 255, 257, 258, 259, 260, 262, 263, 279, 281, 283, 284, 285, 286, 288, 289, 290, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 303, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314,316,318, 322, 323, 326, 327, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334,335,339, 340, 342, 346, 347, 352, 353, 355, 356, 357, 361, 362, 363, 367, 370, 379, 386, 387, 388, 390, 391, 392, 400,402,403, 404, 415, 421, 422,423, 426, 427, 428, 429, 432, 444, 452, 453, 473, 474, 475, 476, 478, 516, 521, 522, 527, 528, 529, 530, 533, 538, 539, 553, 558, 559, 561 Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina 368 Munich 184 Munteanu, Anatol 36, 236, 247, 248, 256, 261, 262, 270, 273, 274, 368, 511, 524, 554 Munteanu, Cornelia 36, 236, 247, 248, 256, 261, 262, 270, 273, 274, 368, 511, 524, 554 Munteanu, Igor 36, 236, 247, 248, 256, 261,262, 270, 273, 274, 368, 511, 524, 554 Munteanu, Octavian 36, 236, 247, 248, 256, 261, 262, 270, 273, 274, 368, 511, 524, 554 Muravchik, Joshua 146 Muresanu, Andrei 433, 442 Muscovy 43 Musteatä, Sergiu 36, 62,104, 110, 255, 308, 361,404,405, 447, 543, 551 Mylonas, Harris 183 Nädusita, village 134 Nagel, Joane 135 Nagorno-Karabakh 27, 30, 41, 144, 337 Nahaylo, Bohdan 154 Nance, Agnieszka B. 44 Nantoi, Oazu 58, 332, 396,
409, 410, 413, 551 National Moldavian Party 74 NATO 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 40, 55, 61, 289, 295, 296, 311, 312, 320, 326, 348, 350, 352, 353, 354, 356, 369, 382, 392, 400, 497, 533 Nazaria, Sergiu 77, 78, 80, 405, 464, 465, 466, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 474, 551 Nazi-Soviet Pact 27, 86,164, 165,169, 200, 206, 226, 312, 469 Negru, Boris 96,123,124,163 Negru, Elena 96,123,124,163 Nesteriuk, Andrei 443 Neukirch, Claus 196
Index 659 NGO/NGOs 11,40,65,312, 313, 315,395,396, 397, 399, 400, 401, 402, 404, 405, 406, 407,408, 409, 410,413, 416, 418,499, 531, 535, 536 Nichitovschi, Svetlana 417, 454, 556,558 Nichol, Jim 355 Nicolaescu, Sergiu 138 Nishanov, Rafiq 219 Nisporeni 104 Nistor, Ion 45, 78, 81 Nistria / N istrenia/ Nistrenii 434, 538 Norgaard, Ole 51 North Macedonia 41 Northern Ireland 362 Novik, Alexander 491 Novo-Ogarevo 204 Novorossiya 28, 284 Nygren, Bertil 56, 299 October Revolution 78, 87,194, 375,424,464, 488 Odesa 48, 75, 97, 98,122,137, 267, 291, 293, 317, 319, 333, 558 OSCE, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe 10,13, 36, 40,196, 278, 291, 292, 294, 295, 296, 298, 299, 301, 311, 320, 323, 324, 327, 328, 330, 332, 334, 336, 337, 338, 341, 342, 348,349, 350, 351,355, 356, 357, 368, 385, 411, 412, 413, 414, 532, 546 Osipov, Victor 319, 407, 408, 551 OSTK, United Work Collectives Council 40,162,189,194, 195,197,370 Ostrita, village 215 Ottoman Empire, Sublime Porte, Turkey 25, 43, 65, 81, 97, 282, 459, 461 OUN, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists 40, 101, 247 Ozhiganov, Edward 290 Päcalä 425, 443 Palade, Gheorghe 466 Pârâta, village 220 Parcani, village 198 Ogorovyi, Stanislav 265 Paris 77, 85,103,106, 351, 516, 536 Olaru-Cemirtan, Viorica 104 Pasat, Valeriu 104 Opincä (née Bunescu), Zinaida 135 Pâslariuc, Virgil 101,102 Orange Revolution 299, 316, 329, 334 Orange Revolution, Ukraine 299, 316, 329, 334 Orhei 83,173,550 Päunescu, Adrian 247 Pavlicenco, Vitalia 313 Pegg, Scott 307 Pendea, Cristina 401 Penza 198 Perestroika 7, 8,12, 39,101,143,
144,146,151,157,163,167, 171, 472, 478 Pericleous, Chrysostomos 357
660 An Unsettled Nation Peter the Great 43,131 Preda, Eugen 247 Petrencu, Anatol 344, 551 Pridnestrovie. See Transnistria, TMSSR, TMR, 40,42, 58, 59, 61, 62, 214, 223, 245, 259, 265,302, 303, 347, 370, 371, 375, 377, 378, 382, 383, 388, 392, 393, 402, 434,443, 453, 481,484, 490, 491,499,500, 505, 538 Petricä, Nicolae 248 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 196 Pfalz 517 Piedmont Principle 49, 85, 86, 87, 92, 111, 519 Pifer, Steven 340, 341 Pilsudski, Jôzef 50 Pipes, Richard 54, 77 Pisari, Vadim 343 Pliusnin, P. 113 Pridnestrovtsy. See Transnistrians 434 Primakov Memorandum 298, 323, 325 Plokhy, Serhii 101 Prisac, Lidia 58 Pobihushchyi-Ren, Yevhen 251 Prodan, Grigore 109,119 Podolia 47, 87,115 Prodan, Sârghi 109,119 Poland 26, 29, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 82, 83, 86, 90, 93, 94, 98,112,135,164, 200, 263, 362, 373 Protsik Oleg 383 Provisional Government 48, 74, 77,464 Polian, Pavel 164 Prussia 43, 460 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 25,43 Puscas, Maria 118 Protsyk, Oleh 369 Pshenichnikov, Vyacheslav 182 Ponta, Victor 312 Puscas, Vladimir 118 Pop, Adrian 108 Pushkin, Alexander 165,167 Putin, Vladimir 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 55, 56, 59, 298, 307, 325, 327, 334, 363, 364, 390 Quebec 435 Popa, Ioan 221, 241 Popa, Sergiu 221, 241 Popa, Stela 221, 241 Popescu, Nicu 344 Popovschi, Valeriu 82, 83, 84, 117 Popular Front of Moldavia (PFM) 40,167 Popular Front of Moldavia (PFM). 40,167,169, 200 Poroshenko, Petro 329, 330 Posticä, Elena 110, 486 Postyshev, Pavel 96, 97, 98 Pourchot, Georgeta 323 Québécois 177 Râbnita 182,187,190,195, 218, 235, 240, 556, 558 Radchenko, Aleksandr 393 Radio Free
Europe/Radio Liberty 181,184,312,328, 344, 354, 401, 432, 542 Raffass, Tania 205 Rakovsky, Christian 91 Raleigh, Donald J. 36
Index 661 Rascov, village 265 Räut, river 425 Reagan, Ronald 145 Red Army 90,106,133,134,165, 184, 206, 217, 275, 348, 424, 464,468,480 Repina, Natalia 447, 448, 450 Riga 148,149,194, 205, 215, 271, 349 Ringelstein, Albert 36 Robin Hood 132,439,443 Robinson, Neil 197 Rogozin, Dmitrii 251 Roman, Alexandru 75, 80, 92, 115, 248, 291, 315, 340, 370, 372,402, 415,551 Roman, city in Romania 75, 80, 92,115, 248, 291, 315, 340, 370, 372, 402, 415, 551 Roman, Viorel 75, 80, 92,115, 248, 291, 315, 340, 370, 372, 402,415, 551 Romania, Kingdom of Romania, Greater Romania, Royal Romania 9,10,13, 26, 27, 30, 33, 36, 44, 46, 47, 49, 50, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81,82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 91, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99,100,101,102,104, 106,107,108,109,110, 111, 113,115,117,118,119,120, 122,124,125,126,127,129, 130,131,132,133,135,136, 137,139,140,148,150,154, 156,160,165,166,168,170, 171,172,173,182,183,186, 190,191,193,195,198,199, 200, 201, 202, 206, 207, 220, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 238, 241, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 262, 263, 264, 267, 268, 269, 277, 278, 279, 281, 282, 283, 289, 290, 292, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 318, 322, 326, 334, 335, 338, 339, 347, 348,349, 350, 351, 352, 356, 359, 360, 363, 367, 373, 374, 381, 382, 385, 389, 400, 403, 411, 419, 424, 426, 433, 434, 436, 438, 439, 442, 443, 448, 450, 451, 453, 454, 457, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 466, 468, 469, 470, 471, 478,479, 480,482,483,486, 503, 504, 509, 511, 515, 517, 518, 519, 520, 522, 525, 527, 530, 531, 532, 541,
546, 547, 548, 554, 559 Romanianist, Romanianists 72, 74, 78,122, 446, 451, 455, 456, 458, 459, 460, 464, 466, 468, 469,471, 475, 496, 497, 498, 501, 502, 503, 510, 511, 512, 515, 517, 538 Romanianization 47, 59,103, 118,119,120,124,126,128, 131,133,136,140,150,183, 201, 466, 470, 499, 506, 509, 520 Romanovs, Russian dynasty 44, 45, 47, 48,114,171 Rome 25, 85 Roper, Steven D. 227, 228, 250, 298, 311 Roslycky, Lada 334 Rotari, Ludmila 86, 87, 89, 92, 95,98 Rotaru, Sofia 148, 422
662 An Unsettled Nation Roucek, Joseph S. 80, 85, 88, 115,119 Rowen, Henry S. 53 Rudling, Per Anders 35,48, 248, 518 Rudolph, Joseph R. 55 Rusnak, Oleksandr 88, 308,485, 487 Russian Empire, imperial Russia, Soviet Russia, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) 25, 33,40,41, 43, 45,46,48, 53, 71, 73, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 93, 97,105,108, 111, 112, 113,116,118,130,131,136, 140,147,154,166,179,183, 198, 205, 210, 229, 233, 257, 308, 373, 421, 422, 456, 457, 458, 460, 461,464, 480, 505, 517, 518, 519, 520, 521 Russian Federation, Russia 8, 9, 10,12,13, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 65, 66, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84, 86, 87, 93, 95, 96, 99,101,107,108,112, 113,114,115,116,130,137, 138,144,145,151,165,169, 172,176,184,188,191,195, 196,198, 206, 213, 215, 218, 235, 238, 240, 242, 243, 244, 245, 248, 249, 251, 252, 253, 254, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316,317, 318, 320, 322, 323, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 339, 340, 341, 342, 346, 347, 348, 350,351, 352, 353, 354, 356, 357,359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 366, 367, 369, 371, 374, 375,376, 381, 382, 387, 388, 390, 392, 394,396, 398, 400, 403, 404, 407, 410, 411, 417, 422, 424, 427, 430, 432, 434, 443, 444, 445, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454,455, 456,457, 458, 459, 460,
461, 464, 467, 475, 478,481,484,485,486, 487, 489, 490, 491,497, 502, 503, 505, 509, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 520, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529,530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543, 546, 547, 548, 552, 553,561 Russian World 29, 51, 53,192, 283, 354, 363, 530,539, 543 Russians 8, 27, 29, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 77, 80, 82, 84, 95,102, 119,120,130,131,133,136, 147,150,153,158,164,166, 167,171,175,176,177,178, 179,182,184,185,190,196, 198, 203, 230, 239, 243, 244, 245, 247, 249, 257, 280, 293, 294, 299, 312,330, 353, 400, 416, 421, 436, 438, 441, 444, 457, 458, 459, 463, 487, 502, 504, 512, 515, 519, 521, 522, 525, 528, 537, 538, 539
Index 663 Russification 44, 45, 46, 54, 59, 72,103,105,113,114,134, 135,144,153,177,185, 459, 519 Russophobia 109,145,150,179, 189,194, 201, 521 Rutskoi, Aleksandr 244, 258, 260, 283, 286 Safonov, Andrei 188,192,195, 228, 231, 232, 282, 402, 443, 453 Said, Edward 42 Sainciuc, Licä 423 Sakwa, Richard 191,197, 298 $alaru, Anatol 166 Sandu, Maia 30,489,497 Sarov, Igor 64, 315, 446, 466, 469, 470 Sasse, Gwendolyn 54, 264, 298, 340 Saulea, Alexandru 152 Sava, Lucia 77 Savin, Nikolai Mikhailovich 248 Seton-Watson, Hugh 114 Sevastopol 75,192, 340 Sfatul Tärii 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82,194, 227, 240, 271, 273, 356 Shakirov, Mumin 300 Shaposhnikov, Evgenii 260 Sharkov, Damien 534 Shevchenko, Taras 59,165 Shevchuk, Yevgeny 301, 314, 369, 370, 371, 378, 388, 391, 392, 393, 409, 481, 482, 495, 533, 534 Shevtsova, Lilia 59 Shornikov, P.M. 59, 87 Shtanski, Nina 301, 499 Sibiu 242 Siguranta 67, 470 Simferopol 340 Sipchenko, Igor 270, 271 Çiçcanu, Ion 121 Skoropadski, Pavlo 80 Skvortsova, Alla. 227 Schaefer, Robert W. 200 Çleahtitchi, Mihail 447 Schmidtke, Oliver 55 Schmitt, Elena 144 Slezkine, Yuri 125 Schrad, Mark Lawrence 146 Schübel, Dirk 36, 338, 349, 351, 355, 357, 358, 368, 369, 413, 414 Scots 477, 514 Scurtu, Ioan 83,100, 446, 466, 468, 469, 471, 472 Second World War/WWII 12, 101,106,132,136,137, 247, 251, 252, 254, 275, 348, 420, 424, 425, 434, 469, 470, 508 Serbia 41, 336, 354, 516, 525 Slutskaia, K.S. 122 Smirnov, Igor 58, 64,152,195, 196,198, 207, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 262, 272, 277, 283, 284, 293, 298, 300, 309,318, 327, 330, 369, 370,
371,372, 377, 378, 390, 391, 393, 394, 409,413, 500, 534, 535
664 An Unsettled Nation Smirnov, Victor 58, 64,152,195, 196,198, 207, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 262, 272, 277, 283, 284, 293, 298, 300,309, 318, 327, 330, 369, 370,371, 372, 377, 378, 390, 391, 393,394, 409, 413, 500, 534, 535 Smith, Anthony 206, 479 Smith, Gordon B. 206, 479 Smith, Graham 206, 479 Snegur, Mircea 64,167,172, 182,187,196, 208, 213, 214, 217, 222, 223, 224, 227, 239, 241, 248, 250, 256, 258, 259, 260, 261, 270, 272, 273, 277, 279, 280, 281, 282, 284, 285, 286, 288, 290, 293, 496 Snyder, Timothy 98,135 Socher, Johannes 57, 235, 251, 297, 323 Socor, Vladimir 301, 330, 334 Solchanyk, Roman 248, 291, 295,315, 340 Solomon, Constantin 79, 85, 245 Solonari, Vladimir 120,183, 470 Solonenko, Iryna 302 Soltâs, Ion 134 Somali, pirates 265 Soroca, city 70,118,173, 232, 441 Soroka, Mykola 35, 66 Sovietization 47, 72, 96, 99,102, 104,105,126,128,131,134, 135,140,177,183,193, 482, 519, 520 St. Petersburg, Petrograd, Leningrad 43, 48, 74, 75, 77, 157, 248, 423,476 Stalin, Joseph 27, 54, 91, 93, 97, 98,122,123,131,145,154, 164,175, 200, 249, 275, 312, 375, 422, 467, 509 Staliunas, Darius 45,147 Stan, Liviu G. 531 Stankevich, Stanislav 259 Staryi (Borisov), Grigorii 95, 122 Stati, Vasile 58, 76, 80, 496, 551 Statiev, Alexander 103,130 Stävilä, Ion 299, 303, 307, 309, 325, 327, 333 Stefan, Trofim 184, 215, 239, 499 Stein, Eric 41 Stepaniuc, Victor 58, 74, 77, 78, 80 Stepanov, V. P. 83, 552 Stephen the Great 110,115,133, 165, 231, 232, 373, 436, 441 Stere, Constantin 119 Stoicescu, Nicolae 112 Stoklosa, Katarzyna 57 Strâmbeanu, Andrei 156,185
Strayer, Robert W. 210 South Ossetia 30, 55, 70, 264, 284, 286, 289, 308, 336, 347, 354, 392, 516 Sturdza, Scarlat 46 Soviet Pact 165, 312 Sumgait 232 Sudan 405
Index 665 Sunny Moldavia 7, 8, 25,100, 101,106,108, 111, 131,143, 144,153,176,177,179,180, 193, 201, 230, 366, 376, 423, 473, 478, 517 Suny, Ronald Grigor 54,186, 477, 514 Suraska, Wisla 193 Suyarkulova, Mohira 198 §vet, Ala 488 Switzerland 156, 524 Swyripa, Frances 35 Sysyn, Frank E. 35 Taagepera, Rein 93 Taiwan 25 Tallinn 148,177, 205, 349 Tambov 198 Tanas, Alexander 390, 502 Tândala 425, 443 Taniuk, Les 154 Täranu, Anatol 254, 298, 304, 317, 320, 323, 325, 404, 552 Tarasyuk, Borys 317, 319, 334 Tauride 48 Tbilisi 204, 205, 286 Thackeray, Frank W. 136 Tighina-Bendery 36, 86, 95,135, 171,182,189,190,192,194, 195, 204, 218, 220, 235, 240, 242, 243, 261, 273, 283, 316, 322, 329, 404, 435, 457, 463, 486, 519, 555, 556, 557, 558, 559 Timofti, Nicolae 314, 401, 489 Timus, Natalia 255 Tiraspol 11,36,52, 58,59, 60, 62, 68, 69, 71, 72, 76, 80, 87, 94, 96,100,123,124,135, 162,169,171,172,173,182, 183,186,187,189,190,192, 194,195,196,197,199, 203, 205, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 229, 232, 234, 235, 236, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 245, 250, 251, 252, 257, 258, 260, 261, 262, 265, 267, 270, 272, 279, 281, 282, 284, 285, 286, 288, 290, 291, 292, 293, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 310, 313, 314, 317, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 328, 329, 330, 331, 333, 335,338, 342, 345, 346, 348, 350, 352, 353, 355,357, 358, 359, 361, 368, 369, 370, 371, 373, 375, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 396, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 410, 412, 413,
415, 417, 418, 419, 420, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 441, 442, 443, 445, 452, 453, 454, 456, 457, 460, 462, 463, 465, 466, 467, 468, 470, 472, 475, 476, 478, 480, 481, 486, 487, 489, 491, 493, 499, 505, 507, 512, 513, 514, 517, 523, 525, 528, 529, 530, 531, 532, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 546, 548, 552, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558, 559 Tishkov, Valery' 150,196,205, 206
666 An Unsettled Nation Tismaneanu, Vladimir 88,106, 107 Titulescu, Nicolae 82, 85, 241 TMR, TMSSR, Transnistrian 9, 10,11,12,13,14, 33, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42, 47, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 85,105,169, 172,173,184,195,198, 204, 205, 206, 207, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 228, 233, 234, 235, 238, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 274, 275, 277, 278, 279, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303,304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 339, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 353, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 383, 384, 385, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 427, 429, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 461,462,463,464, 465, 467,468,469,470,472,473, 474,475, 478, 480,481,482, 483, 484, 485, 487, 488, 490, 491, 492, 493,494,495,499, 500, 504, 505, 506, 507, 512, 513, 523, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 530, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536,538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543,546, 548, 554, 555, 556, 557,559 Tolstrup, Jakob 304 Tomescu, Domnita 36,135 Torrey,
Glenn E. 77, 78, 79, 80, 83 Trajan, Roman emperor 112 Transnistria, Transdniestria, Pridnestrovie 7, 9,10,11, 12,13,14,15, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 40, 41, 42, 51, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61,62, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73,143, 146,170,172,180,189,191, 192,193,196,197, 203, 206, 207, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 234, 236, 238, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 261, 263, 264, 265, 267, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 287, 289, 290, 291, 293, 294, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 337,
Index 338, 339,342, 343, 344, 346, 347, 348,349, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355,357,358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 374, 375, 377, 378, 379,381,382,383,384,385, 386,387,388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394,395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411,412,413, 415,416, 417, 419, 420, 429, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 438, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 461, 465,469, 470, 473, 474, 476, 480, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 498, 499, 500, 501,505, 506,507, 508, 517, 519,523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528,529, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535,536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 546, 548, 552, 554, 556, 557 Transnistrians 36, 52, 60, 68, 204, 216, 218, 219, 223, 225, 226, 227, 229, 233, 234, 236, 240, 242, 243, 245, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 254, 258, 260, 267, 269, 270, 271, 276, 277, 282, 285, 288, 292, 293, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 305, 308, 309, 312, 314, 315, 317, 318, 324, 325, 326, 328, 330, 333, 334, 356, 357, 360, 362, 363, 380, 382, 388, 393, 399, 400, 403, 413, 415, 416, 417, 432, 452, 455, 464, 465, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 477, 479, 480, 481, 487, 488, 492, 499, 500, 506, 508, 512, 513, 522, 523, 667 524,525, 527,528, 530, 532, 536, 537, 539, 540, 542, 546 Transylvania 43, 49, 78, 79, 84, 106,112,116,168, 245, 246, 315, 352, 462,483, 526 Travkin, Nikolai 258 Trento 81 Trieste 81, 82 Trifäilä, Petru A. 36,105, 552 Troebst, Stefan 56, 512 Troenco, Valeriu 233, 240, 248, 264, 274, 554 Trukhachev, Vadim 310 Trump, Donald J. 31 Tsygankov, Andrei P. 61, 262, 295, 347
Tugui, Eduard 401 Turcanu, Ion 74, 79, 80,167, 174,175, 207, 248, 552 Tvircun, Victor 36, 65 Twitter Revolution 368, 484 Tymoshenko, Yuliia 329 UK, United Kingdom 43, 94, 126,153,164, 275, 295, 300, 362,420,461, 559 Ukraine, Ukrainian SSR, Ukrainians 9,10,13,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 36, 39, 41, 43, 45, 46, 48, 51, 53, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 76, 77, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86, 90, 92, 93, 94,95, 96, 97,98,100, 101,102,103,104,106,109, 110, 111, 112,120,121,129, 130,131,133,134,135,137, 138,140,148,153,154,156, 165,167,170,171,176,177, 178,182,185,188,190,191, 192,193,194, 200, 202, 205,
668 An Unsettled Nation 207, 213, 215, 223, 227, 228, 233, 238, 239, 240, 242, 243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 249, 251, 253, 254, 255, 256, 258, 259, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 271, 272, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 283, 287, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 315,316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 325, 327, 329, 330, 332, 333, 334, 335,339, 340, 341, 342, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 358, 359, 369, 376, 385, 388, 390, 397,400, 403,407,411, 427, 434, 436, 438, 441, 442, 443, 459, 464, 465, 476, 477, 480, 486, 489,491, 504, 509, 512, 514, 515, 516, 518, 522, 525,526,527, 529, 530, 532, 533, 543, 546, 547, 548, 550, 551, 558 Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) 40,101,110,247 Ukrainian People's Republic 21, 40,48 Ukrainization 121 UNA-UNSO, Ukrainian National AssemblyUkrainian People's SelfDefense 40, 248, 250, 264, 265, 268 Ungureanu, Ion 154 United Nations, UN 30, 35, 40, 60, 270, 278, 280, 289, 294, 350, 357, 362, 405 United States, USA 25, 28, 29, 32, 36, 85, 94,186,188,197, 205, 280, 291,294, 295, 298, 299, 303, 308, 309,330,331, 332,339,342, 348, 350, 385, 400,407, 532,542, 546 Urâtu, Stefan 499 Ureche, Grigore 437 Ursu, Valentina (Radio Free Europe) 226, 239, 240, 243, 247, 273, 274, 275, 283, 289, 414,416,432, 552 Ursu, Valentina (Scholar) 226, 239, 240, 243, 247, 273, 274, 275, 283, 289,414,416,432, 552 USSR, Soviet Union 26, 33, 40, 41, 47,49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 67, 68, 72, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100,102,103,105,106,107, 108,110, 111, 121,122,124, 125,127,129,130,131,133,
134,136,138,139,141,143, 144,145,146,148,149,153, 163,164,167,169,170,171, 175,176,178,179,185,186, 187,190,191,193,196,197, 198,199, 200, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 212, 213, 216, 219, 220, 224, 225, 228, 229, 236, 241, 246, 247, 249, 257, 258, 263, 275, 287, 289, 297, 298, 342, 347, 348, 352, 371, 374, 375, 378, 382, 387, 389, 395, 399, 410, 417, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 434, 440, 444, 452, 456, 457, 465, 467, 468, 469, 470, 473, 477, 478, 481, 484, 486, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 505, 509,
Index 669 515,516, 517, 520, 521, 522, 524,535, 541 Ustian, Ion 106 Willigen, Niels Van 343 Wilson Center 56,104,108,120 Vahl, Marius 328 Wilson, Andrew 55, 56,104, 108,120,171, 200, 263, 309, 516 Vangheli, Spiridon 423 Wimmer, Andrea 164 Vardanyan, Ernest 394 Winnie-the-Pooh 440 Varsegov, Nikolai 347 Wolff, Stefan 56,335 Varta, Ion 97,457,465 Woodard, J. David 145 Varta, Tatiana 97, 457, 465 Wilnsdorf 138 Vartic, Andrei 226, 276, 281, 282, 283 Yakovlev, Gennadii 215, 257 Utah 25 Vendée 74 Yakushik, Valentin 36, 342, 348, 358 Vienna 43, 91, 301 Yalta 137 Vieru, Grigore 170,171,185, 423, 442 Yankovskii, Vitalii 408, 556 Vilnius 135,137,148,149,194, 204, 205, 271,349 Vinokurov, Evgeny 219 Vizer, Boris 468, 470, 472, 474 Volhynia 26 Volkova, A. Z. 195, 270 Voronin, Vladimir 300, 307, 325,327, 328, 368, 390, 393, 398, 413, 446, 486, 497, 498 Yanukovych, Viktor 30, 318, 319 Yastrebchak, Vladimir 402, 409, 556 Yekelchyk, Serhy 35, 55, 98 Yeltsin, Boris 26,198, 206, 259, 260, 279, 280, 284, 285, 288, 290, 293, 323, 325 Vucheva, Elitsa 360 Yugoslavia 41, 55, 210, 226, 280 Zabarah, Dareg A. 56,104,151, 194, 205 Waal, Thomas De 232 Zadnipru, Petru 129 Walker, Mark Clarence 205, 508 Zadorozhnii, Oleksandr 200 Zaporozhian Cossacks 47, 441 Wallachia 43, 44,115,168, 228, 373, 460, 461, 462, 479 Zhirinovskii, Vladimir 258, 283 Waters, Trevor 283 Zhirokhov, Mikhail 62, 214, 219, 223 Webb, Keith 336, 345 Weber, Eugen 476, 516 Zhurzhenko, Tatiana 299 Zinger, Slava 448 Welsh 477, 514 Zubkov, Mikhail 270 Zviaghintseva, Liudmila 416 Ward, Christopher 105 Welt, Cory 337 |
| adam_txt |
Contents Foreword by John-Paul Himka and David R. Marples. 25 Preface. 33 Acknowledgments. 35 Abbreviations. 39 Introduction Theoretical Framework: Nation-Building and Separatism. 41 The Historical Context. 42 Nationalism and Separatism: Linking the Imperial and Soviet Past with the Present. 47 Objectives, Research Questions, and Working Assumptions 51 Prior Research: Historiography and Geopolitics. 53 Materials and Methodology. 63 Archives, Published Documents, and other Materials. 63 Interviewees and Interviews. 65 The Thematic Structure and the Chronological Framework. 67 A Note on Transliteration. 69 Language and Terminology. 70 I. Moldova and Transnistria: Historical Background and Political Roots, 1917-1985. 71 1.1. Moldova: Past Domestic and Foreign State-Building Projects. 73 1.1.1. A Bessarabian Project
that Failed: The Moldavian Democratic Republic. 73 1.1.2. The MASSR: The Second Moldavian Republic. 85 1.1.3. "Sunny Moldavia": From Foundation to Perestroika. 101 7
1.2. Nation-Building: Challenges of Divisive Cultural and Identity Politics. 112 1.2.1. Imperial Russia's Moldavians: The Impeding of Making Romanians. 112 1.2.2. From Moldavians into Romanians: Instilling a New National Consciousness. 117 1.2.3. The Making of Interwar Soviet Moldavians in theMASSR. 121 1.2.4. United and Merged: The Making of Soviet Moldavians in the MSSR. 125 II. Perestroika, Nationalism and Internationalism in "Sunny Moldavia," 1985-1991. . 143 II.l. On the Eve: "Sunny Moldavia" Prior to Perestroika. 144 II.2. "We Are Romanians!": The National Awakening of Soviet Moldavians. 152 II.2.1. The Nationalist Framework and the Fight for Language Legislation. 153 II.2.2. Perestroika, Glasnost, and Pan-Romanian Mobilization. 163 II.3. Russian speakers in Soviet Moldavia: "Suitcase, Train Station, Russia!". 176 II.3.1. Becoming Domestic Outsiders: "Sunny Moldavia's" "Russians". 177 II.3.2. The Counter-Mobilization and the Struggle for the Russian Language.180 II.3.3. Separatism at the "Gates": The Warning Signs. 186 II.4. Toward the Break: The Moldavian SSR, September
1989-December 1991. 192 II.4.1. Unfolding Separatism, Romanian Symbols, and "The Bridges of Flowers".193 8
II.4.2. Soviet Moldavia: Disintegration, Separation, and Independence. 202 III. Damaged Peace: Preconditions That Heralded the Transnistrian War, 1989-1991. 209 III.l Transnistria: The Legitimization of Separatism and Justification of Self-Defense. 210 III.2 Moldova: Failed Attempts to Preserve Political Unity and Territorial Integrity. 215 III.3 . Sliding Toward War: Pre-War Violence. 228 IV. The Heat before the "Freeze": The Transnistrian War, 1992. 237 IV .1. Moldova's Fighters: Duty, Patriotism, Fear, and Solidarity. 237 IV .2. "This Was My War!" Defending Transnistria: Romania-phobia and Slavic Brotherhood. 248 IV .3. The Involvement of Romania, Russia, and Ukraine. 253 IV .3.1. Romania. 253 IV .3.2. Russia. 256 IV .3.3. Ukraine. 261 IV .4. The Course of the War: Combat Actions and Wartime Diplomacy, 2 March-21 July 1992. 268 IV.4.1. The Outbreak of War. 268 IV.4.2. The War and Wartime Diplomacy. 276 V . Separatism in Postwar Moldova: International Aspects,
1993-2013. 287 V.l. The Impact and Geopolitical Consequences of the War. 287 V.2 The Transnistrian Diplomatic Deadlock. 290 V.2.1. Preconditions to the Failure of Negotiations. 291 V.2.2. Postwar Diplomacy and the Stalling of Negotiations.297 9
V .3. Impediments to Reconciliation. 303 V .3.1. The Cold War Relationship between Transnistria and Moldova. 303 V .3.2. Russia's Questionable Commitment to Moldova. 305 V .3.3. Moldo-Romanian Unionism. 309 V .3.4. Relations between Moldova and Ukraine. 314 V .4. Failed Foreign Reconciliation Projects. 319 V .4.1. The OSCE Mission in the Republic of Moldova. 319 V .4.2. Russia's Plans for a Settlement. 321 V .4.3.Ukraine's Yushchenko Plan. 327 VI . The Nature of the Transnistrian Conflict and the Prospects of Its Resolution, 1993-2013. 335 VI.l. Defining the 'Frozen Conflict' in the Republic of Moldova.335 VI.1.1. Views from the West. 336 VI.1.2. Views from Romania. 337 VI.1.3. Views from Ukraine. 339 VI.l.4. Views from Russia. 341 VI.l.5. "Protracted" rather than "Frozen".342 VI .2. Assessing the International Input on the Transnistrian Problem. 344 VI.2.1. Views from Russia. 345 VI.2.2. Views from Ukraine. 346 VI.2.3. Views from the
West. 347 VI.2.4. Views from Romania. 350 VI .3. Expert Views on the Solutions and Prospects of Separatism. 353 VI.3.1. Views from the West. 354 VI.3.2. Views from Ukraine. 357 VI.3.3. Views from Romania. 358 10
VI .3.4. Views from Russia. 360 VII . The Domestic Discourse on the Transnistrian Problem, 1993-2013. 365 VII .l. Political Parties and Developments.365 VII .2. Divergent Views of History. 371 V II.2.1. The Interpretation of the Past. 372 V II.2.2. The Characterization of the Present. 375 V II.2.3. Imagining the Future. 379 V II.3. The Transnistrian Problem in Political Platforms.382 V II.3.1. Conflicting Approaches to Settling the Dispute. 383 V II.3.2. Reality vs. Political Platforms. 388 V II.4. Civil Society Organizations and the Issue of Transnistria. 393 VII.4.1. The December 2012 Memorandum: The Purpose and Content.395 V II.4.2. The December 2012 Memorandum: Impact and Assessments. 399 V II.4.3. Positions of Other Moldovan and Transnistrian NGOs. 403 VII .5. Assessments of a Political Fiasco: The Unproductive Contribution. 405 VIL5.1. Chisinau and Tiraspol Government Officials. 405 VII .5.2. Domestic Civil Society Experts. 408 VII .5.3. Accredited International Experts. 410 VII .5.4. The Opinions of the General
Public. 412 VIII . Separatism and Nation-Building: Education and the Forging of Conflicting Identities, 1991-2013. 417 VIII.1. Power of the Primers: Imagining the "Motherland," Constructing Identities. 417 VIII.1.1. The Predecessors: Soviet Primers. 418 11
VIII.1.2. The Successors: Post-Soviet Primers in Moldova and Transnistria. 427 VIII.1.3. Between Ethnocentric Nationalism and Civic Identity. 433 VIII.2. The Stumbling of Reconciliation: Disruptive History Teaching. 443 VIII.2.1. History Education in Moldova. 443 VIII.2.2. History Education in Transnistria. 449 VIII.3. History Narratives in Moldovan and Transnistrian Textbooks.453 VIII .3.1. Imperial Russia: Territorial Acquisitions and Nation-Building. 454 VIII .3.2. Romanian Bessarabia and the MASSR between the World Wars. 461 VIII .3.3. The Second World War, the Great Patriotic War, and the Holocaust.466 VIII .3.4. Postwar Recovery, Perestroika, and the Rise of Nationalism. 469 VIII .3.5. Soviet Collapse, the Transnistrian War, and Bloody Separation. 470 IX. Nation-Building and National Identity: Political Symbolism and Nationality Policies, 1989-2013. 473 IX .1. National Symbols: Unity vs. Division.475 IX.1.1. Between Soviet Legacy and National Heritage: Flags, Coat of Arms, and Anthems.475 IX.1.2. National Symbols: Perceptions and Attitudes. 482 IX.2. Hobdays for Nation-Building?. 485 IX.3. Identity in Politics and Nationality Policies. 489 IX.3.1. Identity: Constitution vs.
Reality. 490 IX.3.2. The Issue of Ethnic Identities and the Authorities' Nationality Policies. 493 12
IX.3 .3. Hie Problem of Identities in the Platforms of Political Parties. 497 IX.4 . Unsettled Identities and Self-Identification: "Amphibians," "Budweisers," or Undefined?.504 Conclusion.513 Appendices.541 Appendix 1. Interviews. 541 1.1. Project description and consent form for interviews. 541 1.2. Interview Questions.Group 1. 543 1.3. Interview Questions.Group II. 545 1.4. List of Respondents. 546 1.4.1. Moldova. Group 1. 546 1.4.2. Moldova. Group II. 550 1.4.3. Transnistria. Group 1. 551 1.4.4. Transnistria. Group II.553 1.4.5. Romania. Group 1. 556 1.4.6. Russia. Group 1.557 1.4.7. Ukraine. Group 1. 558 1.4.8. The EU, the OSCE, and Germany. 559 Appendix 2. Political Parties and Organizations. 560 Table 1. Moldova. Active political parties and organizations. 560 Table 2. Transnistria. Active political parties and
organizations. 563 Table 3. The representation of the Moldovan political parties in Parliament after elections. 564 Table 4. The representation of the Transnistrian political parties in the Parliament of the TMR after elections. 567 13
Table 5. The priority placed by the Moldovan parties on "Transnistria," "Foreign Policy," and "National Security" in their political platforms. 569 Table 6. The priority placed by the Transnistrian parties on "Transnistria," "Foreign Policy," and "National Security" in their political platforms. 571 Table 7. The position of sections on the Transnistrian problem within the platforms of Chisinau based political parties. 572 Table 8. Moldova. Types of approaches to the Transnistrian problem articulated in the platforms of political parties. 574 Table 9. Transnistria. Types of approaches to the Transnistrian problem articulated in the platforms of political parties. 576 Table 10. Frequency of the Declarations regarding "Transnistria" "Foreign Policy/EU Integration", and "National Security" made by the Moldovan political parties between 2002-2012. 577 Table 11. Annual frequency of Declarations regarding "Transnistria" "Foreign Policy/EU Integration", and "National Security" made by the Moldovan political parties between 2002-2012. 579 Table 12. Frequency of Declarations regarding the Transnistrian problem made by the Moldovan political parties between 2002-2012. 580 Appendix 3. List of the given names. 582 Appendix 4. Images. 583 4.1. Billboards. Moldova(All in Romanian
only). 583
4.1.1. "Love Your Language! Love Your Country!". 583 4.1.2. "Moldova - My Motherland.". 584 4.1.3. "The Republic of Moldova Is My Motherland.". 585 4.1.4. "The Republic of Moldova Is My Motherland.". 586 4.2. Billboards. Transnistria (In two languages). 587 4.2.1. "The Motherland Is Not For Sale!" (in Russian). 587 4.2.2. "The Republic Is Not For Sell!" (in Cyrillic Romanian [Moldovan]). 588 Bibliography.589 Index. 643 15
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Index Aalberts, Tanja E. 529 Antiufeev, Vladimir 215, 271 Abecedar/Abechedar 117,123, 124,419,423, 424, 425, 427, 429,430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444, 538 Antonescu, Ion 246, 312, 434, 471 APE, Foreign Policy Association of Moldova 39, 315, 397 Applegate, Celia 517 Abkhazia 30, 41, 55, 70, 264, 284, 286, 289, 307, 308, 318, 326, 336, 347, 354, 392, 516 Arghezi, Tudor 439 Armenia 29, 33, 41, 51,164, 210, 230, 232 Adäniloaie, Nichita 81 Armstrong, John Alexander 54 Adauge, Mihai 169 Adomanis, Mark 360 Artek 138 Ashbourne, Alexandra 220 August Putsch 206, 473 Afghanistan 215 Aitmatov, Chyngyz 179 Austria 43, 49,156, 437, 458, 504, 515 Akkerman 83 Aldea Teodorovici, Doina 168 Azerbaijan 29, 30, 33, 39, 41, 51, 138,164,165,197, 207, 210, 230, 232, 330, 337 Aldea Teodorovici, Ion 168 Alecsandri, Vasile 128, 426, 439, 442 Alianta pentru Integrare Europeanä 39 Babilunga Nikolai 49, 80, 87, 192,197, 205, 236, 241, 306, 411, 457, 458, 459, 461, 462, 463, 464, 465, 467, 469, 470, 472, 555, 558 Alizada, Tahir 35 Baciu, Sergiu 511 Alliance for European Integration (AIE) 39, 300, 368, 390, 447, 498 Bacon, Edwin 85, 88, 92,145 Alexandrescu, Ion. 77 Algeria 27 Bacon, Walter M. 85, 88, 92,145 Badeev, Iosif 122 Amphibians 13, 507 Bädescu, Paraschiva 289 Anderson, Benedict 119,125 Baidaus, Vladimir 25, 30,138, 251 Andreev, Constantin 104, 343 Andreeva, Galina 242 Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM) 105,175 Andriej-Tabac, Silviu 82, 94, 482 Baker, Ronald J. 145 Andropov, Yuri 146 Baklanov, Aleksandr 302 Anschluss 519 Balan, Gheorghe 274 643
644 An Unsettled Nation Balescu, Valeria 228 Balkans, Balkan Peninsula 43, 44, 90, 257, 336, 354,466 Balti 83,135,173,182,190,191, 192,194, 232, 486,487, 549, 553 Baltic states/Baltic republics 100,109,110,156,163,164, 177,182,183,197,198, 200, 271 Barbärosie, A. 58,402 Baron, Nick 93, 94 Bârsan, Victor 58 Basarab Dynasty, Basarabia 74, 79, 82, 85, 87, 94, 99,101, 104,112,116,134,157,159, 160, 226, 241, 244, 255 Basciani, Alberto 104 Basescu, Traian 312, 314, 351 Basque Country, Spain 357 Beary, Brian 344, 354 Beissinger, Mark R. 165,169 Belarus, Belarusians 28, 29, 30, 32,41,45,48, 54, 55, 77,112, 133,135,137,138,176,177, 188,191, 294, 300, 376, 459, 469, 476, 494, 518 Belavezha Accords 208 Belgium 25 Bell, David 492, 520 Benei, Veronique 445, 446 Berend, Ivan Tibor 89 Berger, Stefan 43 Bergman, Mikhail 64, 241, 245, 251, 252, 253, 257, 260, 261, 262, 271, 272, 284, 296, 300, 309, 318 Bershin, Efim 230 Bessarabia (Eastern Moldavia) 12,44,45,46, 49, 50, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80,81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88,89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,100,101,102, 103,105,106,107,108,109, 110, 111, 112,113,114,115, 116,117,118,119,120,121, 122,124,125,128,129,130, 131,132,134,135,136,140, 141,147,148,150,154,158, 160,164,165,166,168,195, 198,199, 201, 206, 217, 225, 226, 227, 228, 244, 246, 247, 251, 254, 255, 263, 290, 311, 313, 360, 373, 374, 375, 408, 426, 457, 459, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 465, 466, 468, 470, 478, 480, 484, 486, 490, 492, 509, 511, 518, 519, 520, 526, 546 Bessarabian Question 75, 76, 89, 92, 94,101,458,465, 466, 469 Bessarabian SSR 48,
87, 111 Bezkorovaynyy, Vladimir 340 Black Sea Fleet 291, 340 Blanaru, Gheorghe 416 Bobrovnikov, Vladimir 233 Bodiul, Ivan 109,139 Bodiul, Natalia 109,139 Bohemia 513, 519 Boian, Victor 247, 315, 334 Boian, Victoria 247, 315, 334 Boiangiu, Ruslan 230, 231, 232 Boiangiu, Veronica 230, 231, 232 Boiko, Olena 76, 79, 84 Boldisor, Veronica 174
Index 645 Belgrad 233 Bolshevik, Bolsheviks, Bolshevism 48, 50, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78,84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 93, 95, 96, 99,103, 111, 119,122,133,134,169,184, 195, 423,464,468, 476, 488, 518 Bomeshko, Boris 49, 59, 80, 87, 184,189,194, 205, 215, 220, 223, 225, 235, 247, 252,255, 258, 259, 261, 263, 266, 277, 457, 458, 459,461,462,463, 464, 465, 467, 469, 470, 472 Borshevskii, Andrei 410, 550 Bosnia 35,41, 343, 542 Bottici, Chiara 121 Bourgon, Jocelyne 445 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros 280 Bowring, Bill 299, 334, 335, 344 Bratan, Viktor 66, 341, 348, 359 Bremen 440 Bremmer, Ian 54 Brezhnev, Leonid 105,108,128, 144,145,146,175 Bridges of Flowers 8,193, 201, 227, 255 Britons 477, 514 Brodskii, Aleksandr 185, 241 Brown, Kate 93,107,121 Browne, Ken 420 Bruchis, Michael 54,179 Brussels 301,329 Bryant, Chad 509, 512, 519 Bucharest 36,45,49, 58, 64,74, 78, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 88, 99, 100,107,109,112,117,118, 119,136,137,139,157,199, 207, 228,230, 236, 241, 244, 246, 247, 252, 255, 256, 262, 263, 281, 282, 289, 291, 293, 296, 310,312,313, 314,335, 338, 339,351, 352, 360, 361, 437,457,458,460,479, 519, 527,531, 554, 559,560 Bucharest Treaty 458, 460 Bucov, Emilian 129 Bucovina/Bukovina 44, 49, 77, 79, 84, 88, 90,101,102,106, 108,109,134,164,171, 200, 215, 226, 227, 255, 263, 290, 373 Bucur-Deckard, Maria 85, 88 Budryté, Dovilé 36 Budweisers 13, 507, 508, 510, 512, 516 Bufteac, Vera 174 Bugajski, Janusz 250, 263, 271 Bulgaria, Bulgarians 46, 80, 82, 95,102,120, 245, 349, 360, 438 Buratino 440 Buzatu, Gheorghe. 99 Cahul 173,487 Cälärasi 173 Camenca 97,171,182,194, 218, 235, 265, 555 Canada 28,
32, 35, 37, 66,173, 184, 339, 435 Cantemir, Dimitrie 112,131 Carahasani, village, Stefan Vodä district 247 Caspersen, Nina 55, 281
646 An Unsettled Nation Catholicism 177 Cazacu, Ilie 74, 394, 507 Ceausescu, Nicolae 70,107,108, 199, 225, 244, 255, 483,527 Cebotari, Igor 415, 416, 550 Central Rada 76, 79 Cereteu, Igor 99 Cernäuti (Chernivtsi) 62,148, 171, 228, 263, 267, 358, 386 Cernenchi, Eugen 36 Cernenco, Mihai 159 Cernomaz, Nicolae 174, 407, 550 Cernovodeanu, Dan 479 Chain of Freedom 200 Challand, Benoit 121 Chamberlain, Lesley 74 Chapaev, Vasilii 424 Chernenko, Konstantin 146,184 Chetrosu, village 135 Chilia 83 Chiriac, Lubomir 401 Chisinau 11,14, 25, 36, 42, 52, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 85, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,102, 103,104,105,106,107,108, 109, 110,112,114,116,117, 118,119,121,122,123,130, 131,132,134,135,137,139, 148,149,154,155,156,157, 159,160,162,163,165,166, 167,168,169,170,171,172, 173,174,175,177,181,182, 185,186,187,188,189,190, 191,192,194,195,197,198, 199, 200, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217,218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223,224, 225, 226, 227, 229, 230, 231, 232, 234, 235, 236, 239, 241,244, 248, 250, 252, 255,256,257, 258, 259, 260, 262, 263, 266, 269, 270, 272, 274, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 285,286, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292,293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302,303,304, 305, 306, 307, 308,309,311, 313, 314, 315, 316,317,319,320, 321, 322, 323, 324,325,326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331,332, 333, 335, 336, 338, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 355, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 366, 367, 368, 370, 371, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383,
384, 385, 386,387, 389, 390, 391, 392,393,394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 415, 416, 417, 419, 420, 423, 424, 425, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 451, 452, 453, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461, 463, 464, 465, 466, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 474, 475, 476, 478, 479, 480, 481, 485, 486, 489, 491, 493, 495, 496, 497, 499, 500, 501, 502, 504, 507, 508, 513, 514, 517, 523, 524, 525, 526, 528, 529, 531, 532, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 546, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554, 559, 561
Index 647 Chisinau pogrom 463 Corman, Igor 401, 550 Chitac, Stefan 215 Cornell, Svante E. 49, 54, 79, 117, 286 Churchill, Winston 136 Cimpoesu, Dorin 58, 311 Ciobanu, Ceslav 55,75, 80, 82, 221, 339 Ciobanu, Vitalie 55, 75, 80, 82, 221, 339 Ciocoiu, Paul 313 Cipko, Serge 35 Ciscel, Matthew H. 56,121,123, 372 Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) 11, 39, 366, 395, 396, 402, 406, 409, 410, 411, 414, 416, 417 Clark, Charles Upson 54, 74, 75, 77,80, 82, 83 Cojocaru, Gheorghe E. 58, 64, 78, 82, 89,91, 92, 93,107, 122,156,172,187, 203, 208, 218, 219, 220, 222, 252, 257, 278, 279, 280, 293, 294, 299 Costas, Ion 36, 64, 219, 222, 223, 224, 225, 227, 233, 234, 235, 241, 244, 249, 250, 252, 253, 256, 258, 261, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 282, 317, 553 Cotos, Elena 37 Coyle, James John. 57 Crawford, Keith 280 Creangä, Ion 39, 64,128,173, 425, 426,439, 442, 447, 448 Crimea 26, 27, 41, 51, 55, 60, 108,128,138,146,164, 200, 213, 251, 258, 264, 268, 269, 279, 302, 308,316, 340,341, 354, 516,527, 530,532 Crimean Khanate 47 Crimean Tatars 165 Cristi, Vladimir 77 Croatia 41 Crusevan, Nicolae 174 Coleman, Heather J. 35 Cusco, Andrei 44 Colley, Linda 477 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 39, 55, 56, 59, 167, 208, 260, 278, 279, 294, 324, 326, 330, 349, 381,477, 516, 561 Comrat 171,182,192,194, 204, 205, 208, 213, 217, 313, 317, 486, 489, 551, 552, 553 Connor, Walker 508 Cuza, Alexander Ioan 79,115, 133, 338,559, 560 Constantinescu, Emil 311 Constantinople 43 Corai, Tatiana 500 Corboy, Denis 341 Corjova, village 221, 300, 487 Cyprus 357 Cyrillic, alphabet 15, 70,115,
117,124,126,139,156,157, 159,174,182, 419, 423, 442, 453,482,496, 500 Czechoslovakia 41, 49,108, 508 Damian, Victor 36, 368, 414, 550 Danube Principalities 115, 461 Danube River 101 Danzig/Gdahsk 362 Dave, Bhavna 179
648 An Unsettled Nation December 2012 Memorandum 11, 396, 397, 398, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 409 Deletant, Dennis 206, 434, 471 Denikin, Anton 464 Deshchytsia, Andriy 36, 341, 347,358 Devyatkov, Andrey 301 Donici, Alexandru 439 Doroshenko, Dmytro 81 Drabczuk, Marta 357 Dragnev, Demir M. 36, 58, 75, 96,130,137, 550 Drochia, town 36, 70, 99,105, 134,135,148,182, 232, 549, 550, 551,552, 553 Dic-Dicescu, Ion 89, 93,122 Drochia, village 36, 70, 99,105, 134,135,148,182, 232, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553 Dima, Nicholas 77,106,107, 109,154, 255 Dimitriu, Sergey 95 Drue, Mircea 195,196, 226, 233, 234 Drutä, Ion 154,155,156,167 Diukov, Aleksandr R. 342, 346, 347, 561 Dubäsari, Dubossary 182, 218, 220, 221, 235, 240, 270, 271, 273, 364, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558 Dezhurov, Vladimir 111, 346, 561 Dnestrianskii, Ivan 180, 225, 249, 250, 253, 257, 268, 274 Dniester River 33, 35, 36, 47, 61, 73, 74, 84, 85, 89, 90, 94, 95, 97, 98,101,102,112,114, 116,117,120,121,140,169, 187,189,190,192, 204, 208, 215, 221, 229, 235, 243, 245, 258, 261, 263, 264, 265, 266, 269, 281, 309, 322, 344, 363, 396, 398, 404, 405, 407,434, 437, 441, 459, 463, 464, 465, 482, 484, 509, 518, 519, 524, 525, 526, 528, 548 Dniester Valley 251, 512 Dobrudja 90 Doina 166,168, 247, 425, 443 Donaldson, Robert H. 461 Donbas region 57, 264, 316, 335, 341, 527, 534 Doncev, Ioan 114,115,116 Donetsk People's Republic, DNR 215,271 Dubicki, Andrzej 82, 85 Dudaev, Djokhar 273 Dumitru, Diana 160,185, 221, 231, 232, 244, 442, 461, 463, 471 Dungaciu, Dan 314 Dunlop, John B. 196 Dura, George 288 Dzyuba, Ivan 54,103 Eastern Question 458
Edemsky, Andrei 49, 203 Edinet 156 Edinstvo, Unitatea-Edinstvo, International Front, Interfront 162,182,187, 188,189,192,195,197, 231, 370 Eglitis, Daina Stukuls 220 Ellison, Marion 246 Emerson, Michael 328
Index 649 Eminescu, Mihai 127,128,165, 166, 247,425, 426, 439, 442 Filat, Vlad 300,313, 369, 390, 391,413 Enache, Marian 168,172, 551 Finland, Grand Duchy of Finland 44, 45, 48,49, 50, 83, 86, 90, 93, 94,106, 321, 437, 518 Enciu, Nicolae 119, 466, 469, 474 English 25, 66, 70,127,132,434, 435, 477, 514 Firdous, Tabassum 283 ENP/ European Neighborhood Policy 39,302,329 Fotelea, Ion 248 Fritz, Verena 55, 376 Eremei, Grigore 106 Frost, Robert 43 Erevan 205 Frunze, Mikhail 90,134 Estonia 25, 27,55, 89,146,164, 165,177,183,193,196, 203, 219, 524 EU/European Union 13,14,26, 28, 29, 30, 32,36, 39, 55,56, 61, 69, 227, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302,303, 304, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316,319, 320, 324,326, 327, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 338, 339, 342, 344, 347, 348, 349, 350, 352, 354, 355, 358, 359, 360, 367, 368, 369,381, 382, 385,390, 400, 401,405, 411,413,436, 451, 453, 455, 503, 524, 529, 532, 533, 543, 546 Gabanyi, Anneli Ute 349 Gagarin, Yuri 423 EUBAM, European Union Border Assistance Mission 39, 295, 297, 302, 315, 333 Euromaidan/Maidan 26, 30, 31, 319 European Court of Human Rights, ECHR 39, 385 Faller, Helen M. 149 Fântâna Alba, village 156 Fät Frumos/Feti Frumosi 423, 439 Fenesan, Costin 88, 91, 92,122 Gagauz SSR, Gagauzes, Gagauzia 46, 65, 82,102, 120,182,192,197, 203, 204, 205, 206, 213, 217, 219, 220, 231, 233, 234, 235, 242, 255, 264, 289, 298, 317, 325, 326, 327, 363, 489, 551, 552, 553 Galicia 26, 90 Galinskii, Ilia 405, 556, 558 Galushchenko, Oleg 92,123, 468 Gamova, Svetlana 277, 303, 481 Gârbea, Constantin 243 Garbuz, Gheorghe 221 Gay
Evropa, LGBT 31, 364 Gendarme of Europe 461 Georgia 29, 30, 31, 33, 39, 41, 43, 53, 54, 55, 70,156,171,193, 197, 203, 207, 210, 219, 241, 264, 272, 280, 283, 286, 287, 289, 292, 294, 295, 297, 330, 336,340,392,407, 516,522, 525, 528, 533 German Democratic Republic, Germany, Nazi Germany, Germans
650 An Unsettled Nation German Democratic Republic 138,156 Germans 46, 80, 82,120,132, 134,147,158, 225,247,362, 373, 460, 464, 470, 478, 504, 508, 514, 515, 516,517 Germany 13,31, 55, 79, 80,109, 156,184, 201, 290, 350, 362, 411,412, 516 Nazi Germany 25,164,169, 488,508,519,536 Geto-Dacians 440 Geukjian, Ohannes 144 Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe 106, 107 Ghibu, Onisifor 116,118,119, 120,147 Ghimpu, Gheorghe 167,185, 313, 314,497, 498, 507 Ghimpu, Mihai 167,185, 313, 314, 497,498, 507 Gilberg, Trond 245 Glasul (The Voice) 160,166, 227, 228, 255 Glasul Natiunii (The Nation's Voice) 227,228,255 Glavan, Boris 134 Glenny, Misha 315 Gnatiuk, Serhiy L. 36, 348 Gobjila, Alexandr 256, 416, 551 Goldman, Philip 182 Gonzalez, Josué M. 345 Gorbachev, Mikhail 68,143, 145,146,150,151,153,165, 168,175,176,178,188,196, 198, 204, 205, 219, 220, 375, 472, 476, 486 Gorbachev, Nina 68,143,145, 146,150,151,153,165,168, 175,176,178,188,196,198, 204, 205, 219, 220,375,472, 476,486 Gordon, Claire 56, 206, 302, 349 Grachev, Pavel 283, 293 Graeme, J. Gill. 283, 479 Great Patriotic War 50,102,103, 104,130,132,134,164,177, 225, 251, 252, 275, 282, 375, 381, 420,423,424,469,472, 478, 519 Grebenscicov, Victor 185 Grecu, Mihai 221, 227, 235 Grecu,Vlad 221,227,235 Grekov, Iurii 185 Grenoble, Lenore A. 163 Gribincea, Argentina 58, 64, 121,124,125,127, 241, 296, 320 Gribincea, Mihai 58, 64,121, 124,125,127, 241, 296, 320 Gribov, Nicolae 134 Grigas, Agnia 308 Grigoriopol 189, 218, 556, 558 Grossu, Semion 155,162,178, 198 Grossul, Olga 402 Grosu, Gurie 117 Grosul, la. S. 99,117,126,128, 131,133,139 Groza, Petru 106
GUAM 39, 330, 385 Gubbins, Paul 126 Guibernau, Maria Montserrat 177 GULAG 39
Index 651 Gutu, Ana 498 Guzun, Vadim 97, 302, 339, 353, 361, 559 Gvosdev, Nikolas K. 355 Gypsies (Roma) 178, 434,438, 462, 502 Himka, John-Paul 7, 25, 35,101, 341,470, 514 Hirsch, Francine 54,141,150, 437, 476, 509 Hirschfeld, Katherine 57 Hitchins, Keith 75, 85, 88,113, 114 Habsburg Empire, Habsburgs 43, 44, 48, 49, 81,171, 373, 461 Hobsbawm, Eric 488 Hochman, Harold 386 Hagimus, village 276 Hogan-Brun, Gabrielle 153 Haines, C. Grove 53, 532 Holodomor 97,104 Haines, John R. 53, 532 Hale, Henry E. 325 Hong Kong 362 Hametz, Maura Elise 82 Hamilton, Daniel S. 55, 286 Horowitz, Donald L. 55, 206, 207, 226, 261 Hamilton, Keith 55, 286 Hammarberg, Thomas 70 Horowitz, Shale. 55, 206, 207, 226, 261 Hâncesti 133,184,220 Horvath, Istvan 339, 353, 359, 360, 559 Hanne, Gottfried 324 Hasdeu, Bogdan Petriceicu 128 Hastings, Adrian 121, 492 Haynes, Rebecca 46, 57,134, 235, 261, 294, 344, 534, 535 Herasymchuk S. 62 Herpen, Marcel van 55 Herta District 101,108,164, 200, 226, 227, 255, 263, 290 Hiden, John 164 Hill, Alexander 55, 56, 94,144, 275, 294, 296, 325, 332, 334, 542 Hill, Ronald J. 55, 56, 94,144, 275, 294, 296, 325, 332, 334, 542 Hill, William H. 55, 56, 94,144, 275, 294, 296, 325, 332, 334, 542 Horbulin, V. P. 340 Hroch, Miroslav. 113,114,117, 164 Hrushevsky, Mykhailo 20, 84, 101 Hughes, James 54, 210, 298, 340 Hungary 43, 44, 49,108, 246, 263, 315, 407, 508, 550 Hutu-Tutsi 511 lachir, Ion 90 lakubovska, Svitlana 36, 66 lakushik, Valentin 62, 331 laloveni 133,184 lazov, Dmitrii 234 Ileana Cosânzeana/Ilene Cosânzene 423, 425 Iliescu, Ion 227, 244, 255, 256, 257, 279, 311, 478
Inculet, Ion 74, 82 International Front 182, 366
652 An Unsettled Nation Ionescu, Gabriel 247 Kazani, Pantelei 98 Iorga, Razvan 314 Kempton, Daniel R. 54 Iron Curtain 136 Kenez, Peter 131 Isaacs, Rico 54 Kerensky, Alexander 74, 76 Istanbul 43, 278, 288, 295, 296 KGB 39, 67,108,110,146,173, 177,182,187, 211, 252, 271, 301, 306, 329, 344, 356, 410, 424 Istru, Bogdan 129 Italy 49, 81, 85,121,153,173, 321 lushchenko Plan 62, 331 lushchenko, Victor 62, 331 Kharitonova, Natalia 59, 60, 342, 346, 362, 561 Jackson, Nicole J. 516 Kharkiv, Kharkiv Accord 90, 92, 95,122, 340, 341, 348, 359 Khasbulatov, Ruslan 260 Japan 85 Khazanov, Anatoly M. 167,185 Jarcutchi, Ion 75, 76 Kherson 47, 66, 75, 87,115, 341, 348, 359 Khmelnytsky, Bohdan 43 Izmail 171,263,386 Izman, Andrei 118,125 Jassy 75 Jeffries, Ian 296 Jeltoqsan 151,152 Jews, Jewish 77, 80, 82, 84, 95, 120,133,135,172,182,184, 434, 441, 462, 463, 470, 504, 506 Jewsbury, George F. 46 Joint Control Commission (JCC) 39, 290 Jönsson, Christer 291 Judt, Tony 54 Kalyvas, Stathis N. 229 Kara, Siddharth 136 Karelia, Karelian ASSR 49, 93, 94, 518 Karlov, Ju. E. 59 Karpov, Sergey P. 36 Katchanovski, Ivan 57, 264 Katerinovka, village 97 Kaufman, Stuart J. 117,118, 201 Kazakh, Kazakhstan 151,152 Khotyn 83, 86 Khrushchev/Hrusciov, N. S. 105,106,107,127,138,175, 425 King, Charles 56, 75, 80, 81, 95, 102,105,106,113,123,124, 166,177, 201, 203, 223, 463, 508, 516 King, Jeremy 56, 75, 80, 81, 95, 102,105,106,113,123,124, 166,177, 201, 203, 223, 463, 508, 516 Klimenko, Vitalii 248, 305, 551 Kodreanu, Gennadii 224 Kolbasna, village 296 Kolbin, Genadii 152 Kolsto, Pal 49, 55, 79,196, 203, 524 Konoplev,
Roman 370, 371, 372, 402 Kontsur, V.V. 62
Index 653 Korea 361 Kosienkowski, Marcin 301, 309 Kuzio, Taras 55,171,190, 200, 213, 259,323, 516 Kralikovskii, Iurii 185 Kyiv/Kiev 30, 39, 48, 61, 62, 64, 66, 70, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 84, 86, 94,97,100,116,157,177, 200, 207, 223, 243, 263, 264, 265, 266, 268, 269, 279, 281, 284, 290, 293, 296, 298, 299, 301, 302,313, 315, 316, 317, 318,319, 320, 322,323,326, 329, 332, 333, 335, 340, 342, 348, 351, 352, 358, 386, 391, 392,402, 458,462,494, 527, 528, 530,533, 535 Krasnoselsky, Vadim N. 535 Kyridis, Argyris 483 Kravchuk, Leonid 205, 223, 264, 266, 267, 279, 316, 323, 325, 340 Lane, Thomas 45,144, 477 Kremlin 46, 47, 50, 56, 58, 59, 81, 90, 99,108,136,150, 202, 204, 205, 212, 219, 234, 260, 287, 288, 289, 293, 294, 296, 303, 307, 309, 319, 325, 326, 329, 332, 340,343, 352, 354, 357, 362, 371,422, 423,425, 469,496, 518, 519, 521, 523, 525, 528, 529,530, 532, 533, 534 Latin script 115,117,124,126, 139,154,156,158,159,160, 161,162,167,170,171,172, 173,174,176,181,182,183, 186, 202, 203, 231, 239, 328, 344, 400, 403, 419, 500, 522 Kosovo 41,336,343, 354, 516 Kotovskii, Grigorii 90,134,184 Kozak Memorandum 298, 299, 323, 325, 326, 327, 328, 331, 355,357,362,368, 390, 391 Kozak, Dmitriy 298, 299, 323, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329,331, 332,333, 334, 355, 357, 362, 368,390, 391 Kozyrev, Andrei 31, 283 Kropatcheva, Elena 320, 340 Kruglashov, Anatoliy M. 288, 315, 358 Küchler, Florian 315, 316, 331 Kuchma, Leonid 316, 330 Kulik, Vitalii 62, 331 Kunayev, Dinmukhamed 151, 152 Kürti, Laszlo 246 Kushnereva, Iulia 343, 362, 363, 561 Lang, David Marshall 44, 54, 316 Latvia 25, 27,146,148,160,164,
165,171,177,193,194, 215, 220, 271, 360 Lavranciuc, Gheorghe 187 Lavrov, Sergey 28, 31, 299, 333 Lazarev, A.M. 99,130 Lazo, Sergei 133,134,184 Lebed, Aleksandr 64, 257, 261, 262, 284, 294, 296 Leiby, Richard A. 201 Lenin, Vladimir 48, 54, 76, 80, 131,134,145,173,178,181, 183, 421, 464 LeRiche, Matthew 405 Levit, I. 76 Levy, Adam 295, 297, 315
654 An Unsettled Nation Lieberman, Benjamin David 232 Liechtenstein 156 Lieven, Dominic 210 Literatura si Arta 149,155,160, 161,166,173,185, 486 Literaturnaia Gazeta 154,155 Lithuania 25, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 55,135,137,146,160,164, 165,171,177,194, 203, 219, 220, 271, 376 Livezeanu, Irina 78, 83, 84,114, 116,117,118,119 Loteanu, Emil 154 Lucas, George R. Jr. 272 Lukashenka, Aliaksandr 29, 469 Lunga, village 221 Lupan, Andrei 129 Lupu, Marian 387, 507 Luxemburg 156 Lviv 27,148,194, 247, 248, 526 Lynch, Dov 55, 295, 343 Machak, Gennady 343, 346, 361, 363, 561 Madrid 25 Malek, Martin 316 Malte, Rolf 478 Mândâcanu, Valentin 155 Mândrut, Stelian 340, 361, 559 Mankurt, mankurts 179 Manole, Ion 174, 401 Manole, Vasile 174, 401 Märäcutä, Grigore 288, 304, 309 Mardari, Ion 148 Mariana, Mexican soap opera 275 Marples, David R. 7, 25, 35, 37, 54, 251, 328, 469 Marsenita, village 148 Martin, Alexander M. 49, 53, 54, 85, 92, 93, 94,113,121, 316 Martin, Terry 49, 53, 54, 85, 92, 93, 94,113,121, 316 Marx, Karl 107 Mätcas, Nicolae 159 Matcovschi, Dumitru 160,185, 442 Mateevici Club 116,165,166, 167,181,185,461, 484 Mateevici, Alexei 116,165,166, 167,181,185, 461, 484 Matiash, V.N. 59 Matiushin, Dmitrii 231, 232 Matkae, Wade 35 Mawdsley, Evan 48 Mayakovsky, Vladimir 178 McPherson, James M. 238 McSherry, J. Patrice 234 Mecca 87,165 Medvedev, Dmitry 31 Meeus, Wim 426 Melnykovska, Inna 477 Menon, Rajan 57 Merrick, Jane 358 Meshkov, Iurii A. 340 Meurs, Wim P. van. 75, 76, 89, 94,101, 349 Micu, Gabriel 85, 94 Mihai the Brave 43 Millar, James R. 146 Miller, Alexei 50,115 Mimi, Constantin 74
Minahan, James 76 Minkina-Milko, Tatiana. 455, 456
Index 655 Mischevca, Vlad 199,458,480, 483, 511 Mitaev, Maria 55 Mitcul, Ion 220, 221 Mitrasca, Marcel 84, 88, 91, 92 Moisuc, Viorica 79 Mokan, Igor' 249, 356, 558 Mokanu, Sergey 342, 363 Moldavia, Principality of Moldavia 8,9,16,19,23, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 54, 68, 77, 81, 82, 90, 92, 94, 96, 101,102,105,107,109,110, 111, 113,115,127,129,130, 131,133,135,136,138,140, 141,143,147,148,150,151, 152,153,154,155,158,159, 160,161,162,163,164,168, 169,170,171,172,174,175, 176,177,179,180,181,182, 183,184,186,187,188,189, 190,191,193,194,195,196, 197,198,199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 211, 218, 228, 231, 255, 282, 373, 424, 426, 427, 428, 431, 434, 441, 452, 457, 458, 460, 461, 462, 471, 478, 479, 480, 482, 485, 486, 491, 496, 512, 521, 522 Moldavian ASSR, MASSR 7, 8, 12, 39, 47, 68, 71, 72, 73, 85, 86, 87, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99,100,101,102,104, 111, 118,120,121,122,123,124, 125,129,130,140,141,150, 160,169,174, 204, 375, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468, 480, 509, 510, 518, 519, 520 Moldavian Democratic Republic, MDR 7, 40, 46, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86,110, 111, 117,164,464,480, 483, 518, 531 Moldavian Piedmont 73, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 98, 99,100, 106,121,125,140,192, 212, 375 Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldavian SSR, MSSR, Sunny Moldavia 7, 8, 39, 40, 42, 45, 46, 50, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79,80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86,87,89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,100, 101,102,103,104,105,106, 108,109,110, 111, 112,113, 114,115,116,117,118,119, 120,121,122,123,124,125, 126,127,128,129,130,131, 132,133,134,135,136,137,
138,139,140,141,143,147, 148,149,150,152,153,154, 155,156,157,158,159,160, 161,162,163,164,165,166, 167,168,169,170,171,172, 173,174,175,176,178,179, 180,181,182,183,184,185, 186,187,188,189,190,191, 192,193,195,196,197,198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 207, 212, 220, 221, 231, 232, 250, 254, 262, 263, 374, 375, 405, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 434, 435, 437, 442,444, 452, 457, 458,459, 460,461,463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468, 472, 473, 476, 479, 480, 482, 484, 485, 492, 496, 509, 510, 514, 517,518,519, 520, 521,522, 526, 537, 547, 548
656 An Unsettled Nation Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldavian SSR, MSSR, Sunny Moldavia 7, 8, 25, 40, 47, 68, 71, 73, 85, 89, 90, 91,100,101,102,103, 104,105,106,108,109,110, 111, 120,123,125,126,127, 129,130,131,132,133,135, 136,138,139,140,141,143, 144,148,150,151,152,153, 154,156,157,160,162,163, 165,168,169,170,171,175, 177,178,179,180,184,186, 189,190,193,195,198,199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 211, 214, 219, 230, 288, 324, 326, 338,343, 366, 371, 376, 395, 419,423,424, 425, 426, 428, 430, 438, 443, 444, 463, 472, 478, 480, 482, 484, 486, 490, 496, 509, 510, 517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 522, 540 Moldavian SSR 8, 47, 68, 71, 72, 100,101,102,103,104,106, 108,112,120,137,155,180, 190,192,193,197,199, 202, 255, 468, 472, 484, 492, 547, 548 Moldavianization 96,121,126, 127,132,135,140, 468, 520 Moldova, Republic of 7, 9,10, 11,12,13,14,15,16,18, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 78, 79, 84, 85, 88, 91, 92, 97, 99,101,102,105, 106,107,110,116,126,131, 132,133,134,139,141,143, 146,148,152,154,155,157, 158,159,160,161,163,166, 167,168,173,178,182,184, 185,187,188,189,191,192, 196,198,199, 204, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 233, 235, 236, 238, 239, 240, 241, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287,
288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313,314, 315, 316, 317, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328,329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 341, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364,366, 367, 368, 369, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 392, 393, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 419, 420, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 454, 455, 456, 458, 461, 462, 465, 469, 470, 471, 473, 474, 476, 477, 479, 480, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485,
Index 657 486, 487,488, 489,490,491, 492, 493,494,495,496,497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 506, 507, 508, 510, 511, 512,513, 514, 515, 516,517, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 530,531, 532,533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538,539, 540, 541,542, 543, 546, 547, 548, 549,551, 552, 553, 559, 561 Moldovan 11,12,13,14,15,26, 28,36,40,42,47,51,52,56, 57,59,60, 61, 64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 84,136,148,163, 165, 204,207,213,214, 216, 217,218, 219,220,221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 233, 234, 235, 236, 238, 239, 241, 242, 247, 248, 249, 250,251,252,253,256, 257, 258,259,260,261,263, 264, 266, 269, 270, 272, 273, 274, 275,276, 278, 280, 281, 282, 285, 288,289, 290, 292, 294, 297,299,302, 304,305, 306, 307, 309, 310, 313, 314, 317, 318, 322, 323, 325, 326, 327,328,331,332,333,336, 341, 343, 344, 350, 358, 360, 364, 366, 367, 368, 373, 374, 377, 379, 380, 381, 383, 384, 385, 386,387,389,390,391, 394, 395, 396,397, 398,399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 417, 419, 429, 430, 431, 433, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 454, 455, 456, 458, 459, 460, 462, 464, 466, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 477, 479, 482, 483, 484, 486, 487, 488, 490, 491, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502,503,504, 506,507, 508,510, 511,513,514,517, 522, 524, 525,526, 528,529, 530,532,538, 539,540,541, 542,543,546, 547,548,549, 550,551,552,553,554,555 Moldovans 28,36,42, 51,52, 56,59,60,68, 71,121,123, 207, 213,219, 223,225,227, 228, 229,233, 234,240,241, 244, 245, 247, 248, 249,
250, 253, 254, 256, 260, 261, 262, 265, 270, 271, 273, 274, 276, 280, 283, 293, 294, 298, 299, 304,305,306,310,311,312, 315,322,324,326,328,334, 344, 356,360,361,362,363, 367, 376,379,415,416,417, 435, 436, 437, 438, 440, 441, 442, 443, 462, 471, 473, 474, 477, 478, 487, 492, 493, 494, 495,497,499, 500, 501,503, 504,506,507, 508, 510, 511, 512,513,514, 515,523, 524, 526,527, 528, 529, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 546, 547, 548 Moldovanist, Moldovanists 72, 78, 438, 446, 447, 451, 455, 456, 459, 460, 464, 466, 468, 469, 471, 475, 487, 496, 497, 498, 500, 501, 502, 511,512, 513, 515, 517, 538, 541 Moldovanu, Dumitru 36, 231, 232 Moldovanu, Iosif 36, 231, 232 Molotov, Viacheslav 91,164, 206, 386, 519 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact/Nazi 206, 519 Monroe Doctrine 542 Morau, Anton 241 Moravia 519 Morley, David 542
658 An Unsettled Nation Mosanu, Alexandru 226, 282 Moscovici, Gelber 122 Moscow 25, 26, 29, 30, 33, 41, 47, 49,50, 51, 55, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, 70, 75, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 95,100,104,106,109, 111, 113,115,122,127,136,137, 139,143,147,151,154,157, 162,164,165,169,174,175, 178,180,190,192,197,198, 199, 200, 203, 204, 206, 207, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 219, 220, 223, 229, 234, 243, 251, 252, 255, 257, 258, 259, 260, 262, 263, 279, 281, 283, 284, 285, 286, 288, 289, 290, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 303, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314,316,318, 322, 323, 326, 327, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334,335,339, 340, 342, 346, 347, 352, 353, 355, 356, 357, 361, 362, 363, 367, 370, 379, 386, 387, 388, 390, 391, 392, 400,402,403, 404, 415, 421, 422,423, 426, 427, 428, 429, 432, 444, 452, 453, 473, 474, 475, 476, 478, 516, 521, 522, 527, 528, 529, 530, 533, 538, 539, 553, 558, 559, 561 Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina 368 Munich 184 Munteanu, Anatol 36, 236, 247, 248, 256, 261, 262, 270, 273, 274, 368, 511, 524, 554 Munteanu, Cornelia 36, 236, 247, 248, 256, 261, 262, 270, 273, 274, 368, 511, 524, 554 Munteanu, Igor 36, 236, 247, 248, 256, 261,262, 270, 273, 274, 368, 511, 524, 554 Munteanu, Octavian 36, 236, 247, 248, 256, 261, 262, 270, 273, 274, 368, 511, 524, 554 Muravchik, Joshua 146 Muresanu, Andrei 433, 442 Muscovy 43 Musteatä, Sergiu 36, 62,104, 110, 255, 308, 361,404,405, 447, 543, 551 Mylonas, Harris 183 Nädusita, village 134 Nagel, Joane 135 Nagorno-Karabakh 27, 30, 41, 144, 337 Nahaylo, Bohdan 154 Nance, Agnieszka B. 44 Nantoi, Oazu 58, 332, 396,
409, 410, 413, 551 National Moldavian Party 74 NATO 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 40, 55, 61, 289, 295, 296, 311, 312, 320, 326, 348, 350, 352, 353, 354, 356, 369, 382, 392, 400, 497, 533 Nazaria, Sergiu 77, 78, 80, 405, 464, 465, 466, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 474, 551 Nazi-Soviet Pact 27, 86,164, 165,169, 200, 206, 226, 312, 469 Negru, Boris 96,123,124,163 Negru, Elena 96,123,124,163 Nesteriuk, Andrei 443 Neukirch, Claus 196
Index 659 NGO/NGOs 11,40,65,312, 313, 315,395,396, 397, 399, 400, 401, 402, 404, 405, 406, 407,408, 409, 410,413, 416, 418,499, 531, 535, 536 Nichitovschi, Svetlana 417, 454, 556,558 Nichol, Jim 355 Nicolaescu, Sergiu 138 Nishanov, Rafiq 219 Nisporeni 104 Nistor, Ion 45, 78, 81 Nistria / N istrenia/ Nistrenii 434, 538 Norgaard, Ole 51 North Macedonia 41 Northern Ireland 362 Novik, Alexander 491 Novo-Ogarevo 204 Novorossiya 28, 284 Nygren, Bertil 56, 299 October Revolution 78, 87,194, 375,424,464, 488 Odesa 48, 75, 97, 98,122,137, 267, 291, 293, 317, 319, 333, 558 OSCE, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe 10,13, 36, 40,196, 278, 291, 292, 294, 295, 296, 298, 299, 301, 311, 320, 323, 324, 327, 328, 330, 332, 334, 336, 337, 338, 341, 342, 348,349, 350, 351,355, 356, 357, 368, 385, 411, 412, 413, 414, 532, 546 Osipov, Victor 319, 407, 408, 551 OSTK, United Work Collectives Council 40,162,189,194, 195,197,370 Ostrita, village 215 Ottoman Empire, Sublime Porte, Turkey 25, 43, 65, 81, 97, 282, 459, 461 OUN, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists 40, 101, 247 Ozhiganov, Edward 290 Päcalä 425, 443 Palade, Gheorghe 466 Pârâta, village 220 Parcani, village 198 Ogorovyi, Stanislav 265 Paris 77, 85,103,106, 351, 516, 536 Olaru-Cemirtan, Viorica 104 Pasat, Valeriu 104 Opincä (née Bunescu), Zinaida 135 Pâslariuc, Virgil 101,102 Orange Revolution 299, 316, 329, 334 Orange Revolution, Ukraine 299, 316, 329, 334 Orhei 83,173,550 Päunescu, Adrian 247 Pavlicenco, Vitalia 313 Pegg, Scott 307 Pendea, Cristina 401 Penza 198 Perestroika 7, 8,12, 39,101,143,
144,146,151,157,163,167, 171, 472, 478 Pericleous, Chrysostomos 357
660 An Unsettled Nation Peter the Great 43,131 Preda, Eugen 247 Petrencu, Anatol 344, 551 Pridnestrovie. See Transnistria, TMSSR, TMR, 40,42, 58, 59, 61, 62, 214, 223, 245, 259, 265,302, 303, 347, 370, 371, 375, 377, 378, 382, 383, 388, 392, 393, 402, 434,443, 453, 481,484, 490, 491,499,500, 505, 538 Petricä, Nicolae 248 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 196 Pfalz 517 Piedmont Principle 49, 85, 86, 87, 92, 111, 519 Pifer, Steven 340, 341 Pilsudski, Jôzef 50 Pipes, Richard 54, 77 Pisari, Vadim 343 Pliusnin, P. 113 Pridnestrovtsy. See Transnistrians 434 Primakov Memorandum 298, 323, 325 Plokhy, Serhii 101 Prisac, Lidia 58 Pobihushchyi-Ren, Yevhen 251 Prodan, Grigore 109,119 Podolia 47, 87,115 Prodan, Sârghi 109,119 Poland 26, 29, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 82, 83, 86, 90, 93, 94, 98,112,135,164, 200, 263, 362, 373 Protsik Oleg 383 Provisional Government 48, 74, 77,464 Polian, Pavel 164 Prussia 43, 460 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 25,43 Puscas, Maria 118 Protsyk, Oleh 369 Pshenichnikov, Vyacheslav 182 Ponta, Victor 312 Puscas, Vladimir 118 Pop, Adrian 108 Pushkin, Alexander 165,167 Putin, Vladimir 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 55, 56, 59, 298, 307, 325, 327, 334, 363, 364, 390 Quebec 435 Popa, Ioan 221, 241 Popa, Sergiu 221, 241 Popa, Stela 221, 241 Popescu, Nicu 344 Popovschi, Valeriu 82, 83, 84, 117 Popular Front of Moldavia (PFM) 40,167 Popular Front of Moldavia (PFM). 40,167,169, 200 Poroshenko, Petro 329, 330 Posticä, Elena 110, 486 Postyshev, Pavel 96, 97, 98 Pourchot, Georgeta 323 Québécois 177 Râbnita 182,187,190,195, 218, 235, 240, 556, 558 Radchenko, Aleksandr 393 Radio Free
Europe/Radio Liberty 181,184,312,328, 344, 354, 401, 432, 542 Raffass, Tania 205 Rakovsky, Christian 91 Raleigh, Donald J. 36
Index 661 Rascov, village 265 Räut, river 425 Reagan, Ronald 145 Red Army 90,106,133,134,165, 184, 206, 217, 275, 348, 424, 464,468,480 Repina, Natalia 447, 448, 450 Riga 148,149,194, 205, 215, 271, 349 Ringelstein, Albert 36 Robin Hood 132,439,443 Robinson, Neil 197 Rogozin, Dmitrii 251 Roman, Alexandru 75, 80, 92, 115, 248, 291, 315, 340, 370, 372,402, 415,551 Roman, city in Romania 75, 80, 92,115, 248, 291, 315, 340, 370, 372, 402, 415, 551 Roman, Viorel 75, 80, 92,115, 248, 291, 315, 340, 370, 372, 402,415, 551 Romania, Kingdom of Romania, Greater Romania, Royal Romania 9,10,13, 26, 27, 30, 33, 36, 44, 46, 47, 49, 50, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81,82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 91, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99,100,101,102,104, 106,107,108,109,110, 111, 113,115,117,118,119,120, 122,124,125,126,127,129, 130,131,132,133,135,136, 137,139,140,148,150,154, 156,160,165,166,168,170, 171,172,173,182,183,186, 190,191,193,195,198,199, 200, 201, 202, 206, 207, 220, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 238, 241, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 262, 263, 264, 267, 268, 269, 277, 278, 279, 281, 282, 283, 289, 290, 292, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 318, 322, 326, 334, 335, 338, 339, 347, 348,349, 350, 351, 352, 356, 359, 360, 363, 367, 373, 374, 381, 382, 385, 389, 400, 403, 411, 419, 424, 426, 433, 434, 436, 438, 439, 442, 443, 448, 450, 451, 453, 454, 457, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 466, 468, 469, 470, 471, 478,479, 480,482,483,486, 503, 504, 509, 511, 515, 517, 518, 519, 520, 522, 525, 527, 530, 531, 532, 541,
546, 547, 548, 554, 559 Romanianist, Romanianists 72, 74, 78,122, 446, 451, 455, 456, 458, 459, 460, 464, 466, 468, 469,471, 475, 496, 497, 498, 501, 502, 503, 510, 511, 512, 515, 517, 538 Romanianization 47, 59,103, 118,119,120,124,126,128, 131,133,136,140,150,183, 201, 466, 470, 499, 506, 509, 520 Romanovs, Russian dynasty 44, 45, 47, 48,114,171 Rome 25, 85 Roper, Steven D. 227, 228, 250, 298, 311 Roslycky, Lada 334 Rotari, Ludmila 86, 87, 89, 92, 95,98 Rotaru, Sofia 148, 422
662 An Unsettled Nation Roucek, Joseph S. 80, 85, 88, 115,119 Rowen, Henry S. 53 Rudling, Per Anders 35,48, 248, 518 Rudolph, Joseph R. 55 Rusnak, Oleksandr 88, 308,485, 487 Russian Empire, imperial Russia, Soviet Russia, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) 25, 33,40,41, 43, 45,46,48, 53, 71, 73, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 93, 97,105,108, 111, 112, 113,116,118,130,131,136, 140,147,154,166,179,183, 198, 205, 210, 229, 233, 257, 308, 373, 421, 422, 456, 457, 458, 460, 461,464, 480, 505, 517, 518, 519, 520, 521 Russian Federation, Russia 8, 9, 10,12,13, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 65, 66, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84, 86, 87, 93, 95, 96, 99,101,107,108,112, 113,114,115,116,130,137, 138,144,145,151,165,169, 172,176,184,188,191,195, 196,198, 206, 213, 215, 218, 235, 238, 240, 242, 243, 244, 245, 248, 249, 251, 252, 253, 254, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316,317, 318, 320, 322, 323, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 339, 340, 341, 342, 346, 347, 348, 350,351, 352, 353, 354, 356, 357,359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 366, 367, 369, 371, 374, 375,376, 381, 382, 387, 388, 390, 392, 394,396, 398, 400, 403, 404, 407, 410, 411, 417, 422, 424, 427, 430, 432, 434, 443, 444, 445, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454,455, 456,457, 458, 459, 460,
461, 464, 467, 475, 478,481,484,485,486, 487, 489, 490, 491,497, 502, 503, 505, 509, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 520, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529,530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543, 546, 547, 548, 552, 553,561 Russian World 29, 51, 53,192, 283, 354, 363, 530,539, 543 Russians 8, 27, 29, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 77, 80, 82, 84, 95,102, 119,120,130,131,133,136, 147,150,153,158,164,166, 167,171,175,176,177,178, 179,182,184,185,190,196, 198, 203, 230, 239, 243, 244, 245, 247, 249, 257, 280, 293, 294, 299, 312,330, 353, 400, 416, 421, 436, 438, 441, 444, 457, 458, 459, 463, 487, 502, 504, 512, 515, 519, 521, 522, 525, 528, 537, 538, 539
Index 663 Russification 44, 45, 46, 54, 59, 72,103,105,113,114,134, 135,144,153,177,185, 459, 519 Russophobia 109,145,150,179, 189,194, 201, 521 Rutskoi, Aleksandr 244, 258, 260, 283, 286 Safonov, Andrei 188,192,195, 228, 231, 232, 282, 402, 443, 453 Said, Edward 42 Sainciuc, Licä 423 Sakwa, Richard 191,197, 298 $alaru, Anatol 166 Sandu, Maia 30,489,497 Sarov, Igor 64, 315, 446, 466, 469, 470 Sasse, Gwendolyn 54, 264, 298, 340 Saulea, Alexandru 152 Sava, Lucia 77 Savin, Nikolai Mikhailovich 248 Seton-Watson, Hugh 114 Sevastopol 75,192, 340 Sfatul Tärii 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82,194, 227, 240, 271, 273, 356 Shakirov, Mumin 300 Shaposhnikov, Evgenii 260 Sharkov, Damien 534 Shevchenko, Taras 59,165 Shevchuk, Yevgeny 301, 314, 369, 370, 371, 378, 388, 391, 392, 393, 409, 481, 482, 495, 533, 534 Shevtsova, Lilia 59 Shornikov, P.M. 59, 87 Shtanski, Nina 301, 499 Sibiu 242 Siguranta 67, 470 Simferopol 340 Sipchenko, Igor 270, 271 Çiçcanu, Ion 121 Skoropadski, Pavlo 80 Skvortsova, Alla. 227 Schaefer, Robert W. 200 Çleahtitchi, Mihail 447 Schmidtke, Oliver 55 Schmitt, Elena 144 Slezkine, Yuri 125 Schrad, Mark Lawrence 146 Schübel, Dirk 36, 338, 349, 351, 355, 357, 358, 368, 369, 413, 414 Scots 477, 514 Scurtu, Ioan 83,100, 446, 466, 468, 469, 471, 472 Second World War/WWII 12, 101,106,132,136,137, 247, 251, 252, 254, 275, 348, 420, 424, 425, 434, 469, 470, 508 Serbia 41, 336, 354, 516, 525 Slutskaia, K.S. 122 Smirnov, Igor 58, 64,152,195, 196,198, 207, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 262, 272, 277, 283, 284, 293, 298, 300, 309,318, 327, 330, 369, 370,
371,372, 377, 378, 390, 391, 393, 394, 409,413, 500, 534, 535
664 An Unsettled Nation Smirnov, Victor 58, 64,152,195, 196,198, 207, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 262, 272, 277, 283, 284, 293, 298, 300,309, 318, 327, 330, 369, 370,371, 372, 377, 378, 390, 391, 393,394, 409, 413, 500, 534, 535 Smith, Anthony 206, 479 Smith, Gordon B. 206, 479 Smith, Graham 206, 479 Snegur, Mircea 64,167,172, 182,187,196, 208, 213, 214, 217, 222, 223, 224, 227, 239, 241, 248, 250, 256, 258, 259, 260, 261, 270, 272, 273, 277, 279, 280, 281, 282, 284, 285, 286, 288, 290, 293, 496 Snyder, Timothy 98,135 Socher, Johannes 57, 235, 251, 297, 323 Socor, Vladimir 301, 330, 334 Solchanyk, Roman 248, 291, 295,315, 340 Solomon, Constantin 79, 85, 245 Solonari, Vladimir 120,183, 470 Solonenko, Iryna 302 Soltâs, Ion 134 Somali, pirates 265 Soroca, city 70,118,173, 232, 441 Soroka, Mykola 35, 66 Sovietization 47, 72, 96, 99,102, 104,105,126,128,131,134, 135,140,177,183,193, 482, 519, 520 St. Petersburg, Petrograd, Leningrad 43, 48, 74, 75, 77, 157, 248, 423,476 Stalin, Joseph 27, 54, 91, 93, 97, 98,122,123,131,145,154, 164,175, 200, 249, 275, 312, 375, 422, 467, 509 Staliunas, Darius 45,147 Stan, Liviu G. 531 Stankevich, Stanislav 259 Staryi (Borisov), Grigorii 95, 122 Stati, Vasile 58, 76, 80, 496, 551 Statiev, Alexander 103,130 Stävilä, Ion 299, 303, 307, 309, 325, 327, 333 Stefan, Trofim 184, 215, 239, 499 Stein, Eric 41 Stepaniuc, Victor 58, 74, 77, 78, 80 Stepanov, V. P. 83, 552 Stephen the Great 110,115,133, 165, 231, 232, 373, 436, 441 Stere, Constantin 119 Stoicescu, Nicolae 112 Stoklosa, Katarzyna 57 Strâmbeanu, Andrei 156,185
Strayer, Robert W. 210 South Ossetia 30, 55, 70, 264, 284, 286, 289, 308, 336, 347, 354, 392, 516 Sturdza, Scarlat 46 Soviet Pact 165, 312 Sumgait 232 Sudan 405
Index 665 Sunny Moldavia 7, 8, 25,100, 101,106,108, 111, 131,143, 144,153,176,177,179,180, 193, 201, 230, 366, 376, 423, 473, 478, 517 Suny, Ronald Grigor 54,186, 477, 514 Suraska, Wisla 193 Suyarkulova, Mohira 198 §vet, Ala 488 Switzerland 156, 524 Swyripa, Frances 35 Sysyn, Frank E. 35 Taagepera, Rein 93 Taiwan 25 Tallinn 148,177, 205, 349 Tambov 198 Tanas, Alexander 390, 502 Tândala 425, 443 Taniuk, Les 154 Täranu, Anatol 254, 298, 304, 317, 320, 323, 325, 404, 552 Tarasyuk, Borys 317, 319, 334 Tauride 48 Tbilisi 204, 205, 286 Thackeray, Frank W. 136 Tighina-Bendery 36, 86, 95,135, 171,182,189,190,192,194, 195, 204, 218, 220, 235, 240, 242, 243, 261, 273, 283, 316, 322, 329, 404, 435, 457, 463, 486, 519, 555, 556, 557, 558, 559 Timofti, Nicolae 314, 401, 489 Timus, Natalia 255 Tiraspol 11,36,52, 58,59, 60, 62, 68, 69, 71, 72, 76, 80, 87, 94, 96,100,123,124,135, 162,169,171,172,173,182, 183,186,187,189,190,192, 194,195,196,197,199, 203, 205, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 229, 232, 234, 235, 236, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 245, 250, 251, 252, 257, 258, 260, 261, 262, 265, 267, 270, 272, 279, 281, 282, 284, 285, 286, 288, 290, 291, 292, 293, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 310, 313, 314, 317, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 328, 329, 330, 331, 333, 335,338, 342, 345, 346, 348, 350, 352, 353, 355,357, 358, 359, 361, 368, 369, 370, 371, 373, 375, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 396, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 410, 412, 413,
415, 417, 418, 419, 420, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 441, 442, 443, 445, 452, 453, 454, 456, 457, 460, 462, 463, 465, 466, 467, 468, 470, 472, 475, 476, 478, 480, 481, 486, 487, 489, 491, 493, 499, 505, 507, 512, 513, 514, 517, 523, 525, 528, 529, 530, 531, 532, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 546, 548, 552, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558, 559 Tishkov, Valery' 150,196,205, 206
666 An Unsettled Nation Tismaneanu, Vladimir 88,106, 107 Titulescu, Nicolae 82, 85, 241 TMR, TMSSR, Transnistrian 9, 10,11,12,13,14, 33, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42, 47, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 85,105,169, 172,173,184,195,198, 204, 205, 206, 207, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 228, 233, 234, 235, 238, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 274, 275, 277, 278, 279, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303,304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 339, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 353, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 383, 384, 385, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 427, 429, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 461,462,463,464, 465, 467,468,469,470,472,473, 474,475, 478, 480,481,482, 483, 484, 485, 487, 488, 490, 491, 492, 493,494,495,499, 500, 504, 505, 506, 507, 512, 513, 523, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 530, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536,538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543,546, 548, 554, 555, 556, 557,559 Tolstrup, Jakob 304 Tomescu, Domnita 36,135 Torrey,
Glenn E. 77, 78, 79, 80, 83 Trajan, Roman emperor 112 Transnistria, Transdniestria, Pridnestrovie 7, 9,10,11, 12,13,14,15, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 40, 41, 42, 51, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61,62, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73,143, 146,170,172,180,189,191, 192,193,196,197, 203, 206, 207, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 234, 236, 238, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 261, 263, 264, 265, 267, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 287, 289, 290, 291, 293, 294, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 337,
Index 338, 339,342, 343, 344, 346, 347, 348,349, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355,357,358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 374, 375, 377, 378, 379,381,382,383,384,385, 386,387,388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394,395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411,412,413, 415,416, 417, 419, 420, 429, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 438, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 461, 465,469, 470, 473, 474, 476, 480, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 498, 499, 500, 501,505, 506,507, 508, 517, 519,523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528,529, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535,536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 546, 548, 552, 554, 556, 557 Transnistrians 36, 52, 60, 68, 204, 216, 218, 219, 223, 225, 226, 227, 229, 233, 234, 236, 240, 242, 243, 245, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 254, 258, 260, 267, 269, 270, 271, 276, 277, 282, 285, 288, 292, 293, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 305, 308, 309, 312, 314, 315, 317, 318, 324, 325, 326, 328, 330, 333, 334, 356, 357, 360, 362, 363, 380, 382, 388, 393, 399, 400, 403, 413, 415, 416, 417, 432, 452, 455, 464, 465, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 477, 479, 480, 481, 487, 488, 492, 499, 500, 506, 508, 512, 513, 522, 523, 667 524,525, 527,528, 530, 532, 536, 537, 539, 540, 542, 546 Transylvania 43, 49, 78, 79, 84, 106,112,116,168, 245, 246, 315, 352, 462,483, 526 Travkin, Nikolai 258 Trento 81 Trieste 81, 82 Trifäilä, Petru A. 36,105, 552 Troebst, Stefan 56, 512 Troenco, Valeriu 233, 240, 248, 264, 274, 554 Trukhachev, Vadim 310 Trump, Donald J. 31 Tsygankov, Andrei P. 61, 262, 295, 347
Tugui, Eduard 401 Turcanu, Ion 74, 79, 80,167, 174,175, 207, 248, 552 Tvircun, Victor 36, 65 Twitter Revolution 368, 484 Tymoshenko, Yuliia 329 UK, United Kingdom 43, 94, 126,153,164, 275, 295, 300, 362,420,461, 559 Ukraine, Ukrainian SSR, Ukrainians 9,10,13,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 36, 39, 41, 43, 45, 46, 48, 51, 53, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 76, 77, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86, 90, 92, 93, 94,95, 96, 97,98,100, 101,102,103,104,106,109, 110, 111, 112,120,121,129, 130,131,133,134,135,137, 138,140,148,153,154,156, 165,167,170,171,176,177, 178,182,185,188,190,191, 192,193,194, 200, 202, 205,
668 An Unsettled Nation 207, 213, 215, 223, 227, 228, 233, 238, 239, 240, 242, 243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 249, 251, 253, 254, 255, 256, 258, 259, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 271, 272, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 283, 287, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 315,316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 325, 327, 329, 330, 332, 333, 334, 335,339, 340, 341, 342, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 358, 359, 369, 376, 385, 388, 390, 397,400, 403,407,411, 427, 434, 436, 438, 441, 442, 443, 459, 464, 465, 476, 477, 480, 486, 489,491, 504, 509, 512, 514, 515, 516, 518, 522, 525,526,527, 529, 530, 532, 533, 543, 546, 547, 548, 550, 551, 558 Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) 40,101,110,247 Ukrainian People's Republic 21, 40,48 Ukrainization 121 UNA-UNSO, Ukrainian National AssemblyUkrainian People's SelfDefense 40, 248, 250, 264, 265, 268 Ungureanu, Ion 154 United Nations, UN 30, 35, 40, 60, 270, 278, 280, 289, 294, 350, 357, 362, 405 United States, USA 25, 28, 29, 32, 36, 85, 94,186,188,197, 205, 280, 291,294, 295, 298, 299, 303, 308, 309,330,331, 332,339,342, 348, 350, 385, 400,407, 532,542, 546 Urâtu, Stefan 499 Ureche, Grigore 437 Ursu, Valentina (Radio Free Europe) 226, 239, 240, 243, 247, 273, 274, 275, 283, 289, 414,416,432, 552 Ursu, Valentina (Scholar) 226, 239, 240, 243, 247, 273, 274, 275, 283, 289,414,416,432, 552 USSR, Soviet Union 26, 33, 40, 41, 47,49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 67, 68, 72, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100,102,103,105,106,107, 108,110, 111, 121,122,124, 125,127,129,130,131,133,
134,136,138,139,141,143, 144,145,146,148,149,153, 163,164,167,169,170,171, 175,176,178,179,185,186, 187,190,191,193,196,197, 198,199, 200, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 212, 213, 216, 219, 220, 224, 225, 228, 229, 236, 241, 246, 247, 249, 257, 258, 263, 275, 287, 289, 297, 298, 342, 347, 348, 352, 371, 374, 375, 378, 382, 387, 389, 395, 399, 410, 417, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 434, 440, 444, 452, 456, 457, 465, 467, 468, 469, 470, 473, 477, 478, 481, 484, 486, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 505, 509,
Index 669 515,516, 517, 520, 521, 522, 524,535, 541 Ustian, Ion 106 Willigen, Niels Van 343 Wilson Center 56,104,108,120 Vahl, Marius 328 Wilson, Andrew 55, 56,104, 108,120,171, 200, 263, 309, 516 Vangheli, Spiridon 423 Wimmer, Andrea 164 Vardanyan, Ernest 394 Winnie-the-Pooh 440 Varsegov, Nikolai 347 Wolff, Stefan 56,335 Varta, Ion 97,457,465 Woodard, J. David 145 Varta, Tatiana 97, 457, 465 Wilnsdorf 138 Vartic, Andrei 226, 276, 281, 282, 283 Yakovlev, Gennadii 215, 257 Utah 25 Vendée 74 Yakushik, Valentin 36, 342, 348, 358 Vienna 43, 91, 301 Yalta 137 Vieru, Grigore 170,171,185, 423, 442 Yankovskii, Vitalii 408, 556 Vilnius 135,137,148,149,194, 204, 205, 271,349 Vinokurov, Evgeny 219 Vizer, Boris 468, 470, 472, 474 Volhynia 26 Volkova, A. Z. 195, 270 Voronin, Vladimir 300, 307, 325,327, 328, 368, 390, 393, 398, 413, 446, 486, 497, 498 Yanukovych, Viktor 30, 318, 319 Yastrebchak, Vladimir 402, 409, 556 Yekelchyk, Serhy 35, 55, 98 Yeltsin, Boris 26,198, 206, 259, 260, 279, 280, 284, 285, 288, 290, 293, 323, 325 Vucheva, Elitsa 360 Yugoslavia 41, 55, 210, 226, 280 Zabarah, Dareg A. 56,104,151, 194, 205 Waal, Thomas De 232 Zadnipru, Petru 129 Walker, Mark Clarence 205, 508 Zadorozhnii, Oleksandr 200 Zaporozhian Cossacks 47, 441 Wallachia 43, 44,115,168, 228, 373, 460, 461, 462, 479 Zhirinovskii, Vladimir 258, 283 Waters, Trevor 283 Zhirokhov, Mikhail 62, 214, 219, 223 Webb, Keith 336, 345 Weber, Eugen 476, 516 Zhurzhenko, Tatiana 299 Zinger, Slava 448 Welsh 477, 514 Zubkov, Mikhail 270 Zviaghintseva, Liudmila 416 Ward, Christopher 105 Welt, Cory 337 |
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| author | Baidaus, Eduard 1964- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1295224496 (DE-588)132197308 (DE-588)132026260 |
| author_facet | Baidaus, Eduard 1964- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Baidaus, Eduard 1964- |
| author_variant | e b eb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048556975 |
| classification_rvk | MG 82000 ML 7268 MG 82030 ML 1100 ML 6700 ML 7264 ML 7336 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1399582263 (DE-599)BVBBV048556975 |
| discipline | Politologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie |
| era | Geschichte 1917-2013 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1917-2013 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Transnistrien (DE-588)4245233-8 gnd Moldawien (DE-588)4039967-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Transnistrien Moldawien |
| id | DE-604.BV048556975 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:58:53Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T08:44:26Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783838215822 3838215826 |
| language | Undetermined |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033933240 |
| oclc_num | 1399582263 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-521 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-521 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-739 |
| physical | 669 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20231120 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | ibidem Verlag |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Soviet and post-Soviet politics and society |
| series2 | Soviet and post-Soviet politics and society |
| spelling | Baidaus, Eduard 1964- Verfasser (DE-588)1295224496 aut An unsettled nation Moldova in the geopolitics of Russia, Romania, and Ukraine Eduard Baidaus ; with a foreword by John-Paul Himka and David R. Marples Stuttgart ibidem Verlag [2023] © 2023 669 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Soviet and post-Soviet politics and society vol. 252 Geschichte 1917-2013 gnd rswk-swf Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd rswk-swf Nachbarstaat (DE-588)4170996-2 gnd rswk-swf Konflikt (DE-588)4032081-9 gnd rswk-swf Transnistrien (DE-588)4245233-8 gnd rswk-swf Moldawien (DE-588)4039967-9 gnd rswk-swf Moldawien (DE-588)4039967-9 g Transnistrien (DE-588)4245233-8 g Konflikt (DE-588)4032081-9 s Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 s Nachbarstaat (DE-588)4170996-2 s Geschichte 1917-2013 z DE-604 Himka, John-Paul 1949- (DE-588)132197308 wpr Marples, David R. 1952- (DE-588)132026260 wpr Soviet and post-Soviet politics and society vol. 252 (DE-604)BV019693530 252 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033933240&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033933240&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033933240&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Baidaus, Eduard 1964- An unsettled nation Moldova in the geopolitics of Russia, Romania, and Ukraine Soviet and post-Soviet politics and society Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Nachbarstaat (DE-588)4170996-2 gnd Konflikt (DE-588)4032081-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4072885-7 (DE-588)4170996-2 (DE-588)4032081-9 (DE-588)4245233-8 (DE-588)4039967-9 |
| title | An unsettled nation Moldova in the geopolitics of Russia, Romania, and Ukraine |
| title_auth | An unsettled nation Moldova in the geopolitics of Russia, Romania, and Ukraine |
| title_exact_search | An unsettled nation Moldova in the geopolitics of Russia, Romania, and Ukraine |
| title_exact_search_txtP | An unsettled nation Moldova in the geopolitics of Russia, Romania, and Ukraine |
| title_full | An unsettled nation Moldova in the geopolitics of Russia, Romania, and Ukraine Eduard Baidaus ; with a foreword by John-Paul Himka and David R. Marples |
| title_fullStr | An unsettled nation Moldova in the geopolitics of Russia, Romania, and Ukraine Eduard Baidaus ; with a foreword by John-Paul Himka and David R. Marples |
| title_full_unstemmed | An unsettled nation Moldova in the geopolitics of Russia, Romania, and Ukraine Eduard Baidaus ; with a foreword by John-Paul Himka and David R. Marples |
| title_short | An unsettled nation |
| title_sort | an unsettled nation moldova in the geopolitics of russia romania and ukraine |
| title_sub | Moldova in the geopolitics of Russia, Romania, and Ukraine |
| topic | Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Nachbarstaat (DE-588)4170996-2 gnd Konflikt (DE-588)4032081-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Internationale Politik Nachbarstaat Konflikt Transnistrien Moldawien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033933240&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033933240&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033933240&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV019693530 |
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