Creolizing the modern: Transylvania across empires
"The book analyzes Transylvania's role in modernity and modernism in juxtaposition with coloniality and inter-imperiality. It does so through an interrogation of the main themes in Liviu Rebreanu's 1920 novel "Ion"--ranging from the land question and capitalist integration t...
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Ithaca ; London
Cornell University Press
2022
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "The book analyzes Transylvania's role in modernity and modernism in juxtaposition with coloniality and inter-imperiality. It does so through an interrogation of the main themes in Liviu Rebreanu's 1920 novel "Ion"--ranging from the land question and capitalist integration through antisemitism and Roma enslavement up to multilingualism, gender relations and religion"-- |
| Beschreibung: | vii, 261 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781501766565 9781501765728 |
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Contents Acknowledgments vii 1 Introduction 1. The Face of Land: Peasants, Property, and the Land Question 24 2. Transylvania in the World-System: Capitalist Integration, Peripheralization, Antisemitism 49 3. The Longue Durée of Enslavement: Extracting Labor from Romani Music 67 4. Counting and Discounting Languages: Transylvanian Interglottism between Hugó Meltzl and Liviu Rebreanu 91 5. The Inter-Imperial Dowry Plot: Nationalism, Women’s Labor, Violence against Women 115 6. Feminist Whims: Women’s Education in an Inter-Imperial Framework 138 7. God Is the New Church: The Ethnicization of Religion 157 Notes Bibliography Index 181 225 247
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Index Note: Page numbers in italics indicate a figure. 1848,19, 30, 64, 94,127,154,155, 164 1867 Compromise, 30, 58,95,127 1920,11, 21, 26, 39, 105,108,113, 116, 121,123, 144,145, 156, 219n55 abolitionism, 76 Abu-Lughod, 8 Achim, Viorel, 76,202n58 Acta Comparationis Literarum Universarum (ACLU), 92, 98-104, 206n4 languages used by, 100-103,110 origin of comparative literature, 92, 98, 114, 205n3 polyglottism of, 113-14 Adorno, Theodor, 121 Africa, 4, 5,70, 78,119,162 German Southwest, 117-18 North, 17, 18,69 South, 7, 135 agricultural trade, 51 Americas colonization of, 6,7,18,22,33,45,112,160-61 immigration to, 21, 53 enslavement in, 47, 70, 71, 74-76 whiteness, 84 See also Canada; Latin America; South America; United States Anderson, Benedict, 165-66, 210n69 anticosmopolitanism, 99 See also cosmopolitanism anti-imperialism European, 8,9 imagination of, 26 and the intellectual, 45,106,137 language of, 26 in literature, 25,39 nationalist, 59,106, 112,127,152-53,166, 167,171 in Transylvania, 10,95 use of place names, 98 antinationalism, 99 See also nationalism antisemitism and class struggle, 59 European, 57-62, 199-200nl3 inion, 62-65,150-51, 169-70 and racism, 70 in Romania, 60 in Transylvania, 16, 57-61 Anzaldúa, Gloria, 111 Apponyi laws, 97,107 Araghi, Farshad, 46 Area Studies, 103 Armenian diaspora, 18, 19 Armenians, 10,18, 57,65, 84,96, 111, 158, 186-87Ո77, 212nl05 Asia, 5,6, 8, 17 Association of Romanian Women, 153 Australia, 5,119 Austro-Hungarian customs union, 51 Austro-Hungarian Empire Booker T. Washington’s visit to, 85 citizenship rights, 118, 123 formation of,
95 fractures within, 54 gender issues in, 127 historical significance of, 103 Hungary’s place in, 49, 96,165 imperial history of, 64 inter-imperial rivalries, 2, 10, 22,103, 120, 126 Jews in, 64, 150 land ownership in, 41-43, 85,129 languages in, 43,60,89,92-94,100, 101, 103,104,106,113 legal system, 108 multiculturalism of, 95-96,164 prostitution in, 122 Romani people in, 78 Romanian nationalism in, 68,82 and secular governance, 164-65 Transylvania as part of, 19,21,35-36,50, 52,84, 105,126, 145, 155 women’s movement in, 140, 142,145, 152 women’s writing in, 116 See also Habsburg Empire Avars, 17 247
248 INDEX Bahun, Sanja, J5 Baiulescu, Maria, 144-45,153 Balkans, 5,15,17,23, 57,69 Balog, Iosif Marin, 54 banking and antisemitism, 63 and the bourgeoisie, 36 and the Jews, 57 in Transylvania, 51-52 Viennese, 193nl3 Barițiu, George, 30,140-41,167 Berde, Mária, 146,154 Berend, Iván, 31, 54, 58 Berger, Stefan, 51 Berzeviczylaw, 97 Bilimoria, Purushottama, 174 Bistrița/Bistritz/Beszterce, 61, 87,105, 151, 171 Blackbourn, David, 51 Bloch, Ernest, 154 Bohemia-Moravia, 22 Boldijer, Ion, 2,65-66 See also Ion (Rebreanu) Bolovan, Sorina Paula, 37 Borrow, George, 80 bourgeoisie banking, 36 commercial, 59 courtship and marriage, 147,149 Hungarian, 36 Romanian, 111, 194nI4 rural, 147 women, 153 Brassai, Sámuel, 92 Brazil, 5, 15, 17, 23, 53-54, 57,69 British Virgin Islands, 5 Bucharest, 14, 54-55, 60,105,116,151, 175 Budapest feminismin, 116, 145, 146-47 historical archives, 11 influence of, 41 Mocioni in, 96 parliament in, 64, 96-97,106, 111, 112, 113 Rebreanu in, 14,104 tensions with Vienna, 22, 55, 126-27 Transylvania’s connection with, 54 Bukovina, 46 Bulgars, 17 Byzantine Empire, 17 Calvinist church, 157-59 Canada, 22,53,119 Canetti, Elias, 105 capitalism backward, 49 and colonialism, 45-46 and freedom, 71 global, 56 industrial, 47 and industrialization, 3 and inter-imperiality, 28 and land ownership/land rights, 34, 39,46 modalities of integration into, 50-56 and postcolonial power, 7 as product of human activity, 56 in the world-economy, 49-50,115 and world-systems analysis, 30 See also capitalist integration capitalist integration and antisemitism, 16,61-63, 65 and finance,
51-52 four modalities of, 50-56 gendering of, 115 and imperial bureaucracy, 52-53 and mobility, 53-56 as peripheralization, 51, 57-58 and religion, 50,158,180 resistance to, 56, 57, 62 and the state, 50 and world market trade, 51 Carabelli, Giulia, 8 Caragea, Code, 71-72 Caribbean, 3, 4, 5, 6,20, 75, 93, 117, 119,135, 202n45 Carmilly-Weinberger, Moshe, 57 Carpathian Mountains, 40 Castle, The (Kafka), 25,42 Catholic church. See Roman Catholic Church Catholicization, 160-63 Central America, 5 Central Asia, 17 See also Asia Central Europe, 14 30, 46,47, 50 See also East-Central Europe Charles V (of Habsburg), 160,161,22ІПІ5 Chatterjee, Partha, 133, 143,144,167 China, 5, 8, 10 Christianity conversion to, 159-61,163,22ІПІ2, 221-22n21 Coptic Orthodox Church, 158, 161-62 Counter-Reformation, 158, 159, 165 Eastern, 164 Eastern Orthodox Church, 163 in Europe, 160 Greek Catholicism, 31,157-58,160,162-63, 174
INDEX Greek Orthodox Church, 174, 157-60 under the Habsburgs, 160-61 Lutheran church, 157-59 New Christians, 77, 160,161 Orthodox Church, 171, 223n37 Orthodox Romanian, 20 Protestant churches, 157-59,165 Protestant Reformation, 158, 159, 165 Roman Catholic Church, 157-58, 159 Romanian Orthodox Church, 75,167 Russian Orthodox Church, 163 and secularism, 164 Transylvanian Orthodox Church, 165 Uniate church, 32, 159, 163,166,167,178 Western, 20,159, 220n5 citizenship/citizenship rights and antisemitism, 60-61 in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 118 colonial, 116 in Europe, 118 in France, 117,119 global history of, 118-20 for Jews, 58 linked to entail, 118-20 linked to gender and property, 117-20 of peasants, 127 and property rights, 139 for Roma, 118 in St. Domingue, Haiti, 117, 119-20 Western institution of, 118-19 of women, 117, 118, 120 and world income structure, 119 civilizing mission, 78-79, 160-63 class struggle, 59,63 Clemenceau, Georges, 35 Clifford, James, 68-69 Cluj/Kolozsvár/Klausenburg, 21,26,92, 100, 102,103, 110-111,153 Codul Calimach, 71-74 Coetzee, J. Μ., 66 collectivism, 45 colonialism British, 6 and capitalism, 45, 46 and imperialism, 29 in India, 78 legacy of, 7 and secularization, 222n26 and world literature, 103 See also coloniality coloniality, 4, 9,22,170 of entail, 127 global, 113,177 and the Jews, 61 249 and land ownership, 41 of labor control, 45-46 political economy of, 6-7 of power, 204n99 and religion, 167 and the Roma, 61 See also colonialism Columbus, Christopher, 161 commodification contestations of, 39 of labor, 29 ofland, 42, 47-48 ofliterature,
65-66 modernization as, 41 commodity frontier, 39,46 communication infrastructure, 56 comparative audiences, 103 comparative literature and the counting of languages, 105 European national-language based, 98 and Istanbul/Constantinople, 103 Meltzl’s approach to, 99-101 Transylvanian origins of, 80,92, 98-104,114 See also Acta Comparationis Literarum Universarum (ACLU); literary studies comparative method, 3,4,11, 13, 99, 200nl6 conversion to Christianity, 159,22ІПІ2,221-22n21 of Dalits to Buddhism, 220n4 to Judaism, 158-159 of the Moors, 160,161 in the New World, 161 of the Roma, 118 of Romanian Transylvanians, 163 Coptic Orthodox church, 158,162 core-periphery dynamics, 10 Coronil, Fernando, 47, 56 cosmopolitanism, 156 anti֊, 99 counter-mapping, 27,65, 188nl0 See also mapping counterpastoral genre, 33 Counter-Reformation, 158,159,165 “country and city” framework, 109,166,171 creolization of Europe, 3-4 defined, 4 of history, 180 inion, 24-25 linguistic, 4,10-11,93 lost in translation, 106 of the modern, 166,175,180 and power, 182nl2 of religion, 4,162, 174
250 INDEX creolization (continued) and secularism, 164 of theory, 114 Crusades, 17 Cuba, 55 Dacia, 20 Damrosch, David, 92, 98 Darwin, John, 8 De Gerando, Antonina, 153 De regulatione Zingarorum, 77 Death of a Discipline (Spivak), 98 decaglottism, 100,101,103 decolonialism/decoloniality, 5,6,164 See also colonialism; coloniality decolonization, 6 See also colonization Deleuze, Gilles, 13 depeasantization, 3 D'haen, Theo, 101 diglottism, 100 Dissertation on the Gipseys (Grellmann), 78, 79-80 division of labor gendered, 130 global, 53 intellectual, 16,185n60 and land ownership, 67 linguistic, 109 racialized, 161 regional, 50 and slavery, 47 See also labor; labor exploitation Djuvara, Neagu, 77 dowryplot, 120,122,124,126,131 Doyle, Laura, 2,8,9, 11,15,16 Dussel, Enrique, 164 East Europe aesthetic labor in, 82 anti-/postimperial, 6-7,46 Catholicization of, 162,163 citizenship issues, 119,120 German interests in, 19,21, 51, 192n2 ignorance about, 13 immigration from, 20,54,121 inter-imperiality of, 8,164,181n3 labor history of, 50,67 land rights in, 46 modernity in, 51,163,164 postcolonial, 5,47,51,98,164 Roma in, 67,68,70,85,118,199-200nl3 secularism in, 162 as semiperiphery, 8 serfdom in, 50,67 and the Soviet Union, 21-22 trade with, 59 “vacant” land in, 45 women in, 140 and world-systems analysis, 6-7 East European studies, 103 East-Central Europe, 3,8-9,18,26 See also Central Europe; East Europe; Transylvania Eastern Orthodox Church, 163 Edict of Toleration, 160 Edict ofTorda/Turda, 159 education for Jewish children, 58 linguistic reforms in, 111 of men, 151 of Romani
children, 78 Romanian language, 167 Transylvanian Romanian schools, 36 secularization of, 165 use of Hungarian language in, 97 of women, 138-41, 143-46,151-56, 219n48 Eminescu, Mihai, 63 Engels, Friedrich, 30, 53 Enlightenment French,71 Habsburg, 58,60, 77, 79, 87, 93-94,120 Romanian Transylvanian, 30 West European, 71, 92, 95, 162,164 enserfment, 7 See also serfdom; slavery enslavement of Africans, 70, 71, 73, 84,117, 161 history of, 83 laws regarding, 201nn30-31 in Moldova and Wallachia, 61,67-68, 70-76, 77 of Roma, 16,18, 71-73, 76, 201n39 of women, 117 See also slavery Eötvös, József, 58, 96,97, 100,101-2,164 Eurocentrism, 8,9,16 Europe creolizing, 3-4 See also Central Europe; East Europe; East-Central Europe; other European countries by name Evangelical Lutheran church, 157-59 Fanon, Franz, 137 feminism in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 152 inion, 138-139
INDEX liberal, 145 nationalist, 143-47 postcolonial, 140 and resistance, 57 Romanian Transylvanian, 144-45 Hungarian Transylvanian, 145 Saxon Transylvanian, 146 feminist literary criticism, 138 feminist modernist studies, 138-39, 155 feminist postcolonial theory, 144 Ferdinand (king of Romania), 32-33 finance, 51-52, 63 Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture (Schorske), 15 Fischer-Galati, Steven, 159 Fleissner, Jennifer, 121 forced labor. See labor formalization, 40-43, 47 Foucault, Michel, 127,133 France citizenship rights in, 35-36 colonial, 20, 34, 51 cultural relations to, 21,112 French language, 14, 76, 90, 91-92, 96, 99-100, 102,104, 109, 112-113,145,152, 211 inequality in, 119-20 political rights in, 35 voting rights in, 117 Frank, A. G., 8 Franz Joseph (Emperor), 94, 97 French Antilles, 5 French Revolution, 119,140 Freud, Sigmund, 116 Futabatei, Shimei, 12 Gal, Susan, 96 Galicia, 46 Garelli, Glenda, 27 Gebora, Adalbert, 76 gender issues, 16-17, 115 citizenship and property, 117-20 gendered silence, 116, 124-25, 130 and land ownership, 33-39 See also women Genette, Gérard, 66 Geőcze, Charlotte de, 145 Geomodernisms (Doyle and Winkiel), 15 Gerard, Emily, 81 German Empire, 21 See also Germany German language Armenian use of, 212nl05 Austrian, 43,91 251 and decaglottism, 100 in education, 58, 146, 152, 153 Eötvös’s use of, 101 as imperial language, 43,90,92,94,100,104 introduction of, 93-94 Ion translated into, 14 Kafka’s relation to, 13, 197n63, 205nlll Hungary’s relation to, 49 Jewish use of, 58, 60-61, 95, 185n54, 206nl0 literary, 61, 91, 100-101,109 Meltzl’s use
of, 98-99, 104 Mocioni’s use of, 96 as official language, 93, 94-95 in Prussia, 43 Rebreanu’s use of, 64, 91, 104-5, 106 and the Roma, 78 Transylvanian Saxon, 91 use by ACLU, 99, 100,102 in Transylvania, 113, 152 vernacular, 93-94 German romanticism, 21 German Southwest Africa, 117-18 Germans in the Americas, 21 in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 96 in Haiti, 119 in Poland, 59 in Transylvania, 10,17-19, 21, 36, 53,94,96, 186n68 Germany colonial, 160, 117-18 and Czechoslovakia, 196n61 history of, 21,192-193n2 imperial, 49, 51, 54,192-3n2 nationalism in, 149 railroad in, 54-55 trade associations, 149 women’s movement in, 146 See also Habsburg Empire Gheran, Niculaie, 112,204 Gherla, 18 Ghica, Elena. See Istria, Dora ď Gidó, Attila, 57,60 Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 146-47 Gipsy in Music, The (Liszt), 68 global city/countryside, 3 global markets agricultural trade, 51 sugar, 55 globalization, 181n7 of the labor force, 53 of scholarship, 16 sociology of, 50 Goghi, Carol, 89
252 INDEX Granada, 160,161 Greek Catholic Church, 31,157-58,160, 162-63,174 Greek Orthodox Church, 157-60, 174 Greeks, 57 Grellmann, Heinrich, 78-80 Guattari, Félix, 13 Gyémánt, Ladislau, 57,59-60 Habsburg Empire dissolution of, 6 eastward expansion of, 161-162 as empire, 5, 9, 28,103, 163,186n74,221Ո15 gender issues in, 127 and Germany, 51 historical significance of, 103 history of, 186n74 and Hungary, 18-19,164 inter-imperial rivalries, 10,22,75,120, 159 internal expansion of, 46,48 Jews in, 58,60,64,196n61 languages spoken in, 93,95 religion in, 160-61 and the Roma, 61,77-78,79,80,118,222n23 secularism in, 168 serfdom in, 30,31,32,188nl6 enslavement in, 61,76-77,79,87 Transylvania’s relationship with, 2,18,19, 21,22, 30,31,43,160-61 See also Austro-Hungarian Empire Habsburg enlightenment, 58,60,77,79,87, 93-94,120 Haikai, Mohammed Hussein, 12 Hinduism, 162 historicism, 45, 112,166 Hitchins, Keith, 113, 166,170, 172 Hodoș, Constanța, 145, 155-56 Hoensch, Jörg, ЗО Hortis, Samuel Augustini ab, 79 humanism, 16,177 Hungarian Conquest, 17 Hungarian Kingdom, 18,22,29 Hungarian language use by Armenians, 65, ИЗ, 212nl05 in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 96,101 as classical language, 103 in education, 19,20, 36, 58,97,102,107,109, 111, 113,152-53, 176 Eötvös’s use of, 101 as imperial language, 43,89,92,94,100, 101,103,104,106 and Jewish assimilation, 59-60,113 in the justice system, 107-8 and land disputes, 43 as language of domination, 98,106-7 as language of the city, 109 literary, 59-60, 91, 103, 113, 115, 151,153, 208n41 Meltzl’s use of, 99, 101,104 naming conventions, 206n4 as
official language, 21, 52, 59, 95,105-6 in the press, 103 Rebreanu’s writings in, 14, 104 relationship to Romanian, 44 required use of for prayers, 107 spoken by Jews, 197n63,206nl0 spoken by serfs, 120 as state language, 42, 111, 210n71 Székely, 91 Transylvanian variant, 91 use by ACLU, 100, 101, 109 use inion, 91,106-13 use in Transylvania, 10,18, 30,95,109,152 and world literature, 102 Hungarian revolution, 94,127 Hungarians bourgeoisie, 36 churches of, 157-158 cultural traditions, 96 in the Habsburg Empire, 164-65 as landowners, 30, 31, 32, 33, 41-42, 52,118 nobility, 31, 59,120, 122, 153,188nl6 peasants, 32,42,86,101 in Transylvania, 17-22,159 women, 117, 146 Hungary nationalities within, 96 See also Austro-Hungarian Empire; Habsburg Empire Huntington, Samuel, 77,162 imperialism bureaucracy in, 52-53 and colonialism, 28 Eastern, 23 in West Europe, 50 Western, 23 imperiality, 9,20 See also inter-imperiality India, 5,168 British census in, 52-53 colonial, 78,143 religion in, 167 industrialization, 3,7,46,55 intellectuals anti-imperialist, 45,106,137 inion, 44,45,66,106, 111, 123,135,137, 139,146, 152,171,172-73
INDEX literary, 15 nationalist, 123,135, 139,152,172 priests as, 172-73,223n37 interglottism, 4, 28, 53, 92, 92-93, 98-99,113, 152 in Rebreanu’s work, 103-10 Transylvanian, 114 inter-imperiality, 2-3,10 and capitalist expansion, 50 and coloniality, 4-11, 22 and global modernism, 15 of Ion, 26,92 and knowledge production, 13 and the land question, 29 linguistic, 92 modernity as, 11-15 regional, 113 and religion, 17 in Romania, 60 and rurality, 45-48 and the Russian Empire, 127 in Transylvania, 98,126 of Transylvanian Romanians, 112 and virginity, 127 internal peripheries, 46 International Woman Suffrage Alliance, 146-47 interpositioning, 15 Ion (Rebreanu), 1,2 antisemitism in, 62-65,150-51,169-70 citizenship rights in, 36 desire for land as eroticized affect, 33-39 dowry plot in, 122-27, 172 feminism in, 138-139 fictional village of Pripas, 24-26,27, 28, 31, 87-88, 160, 168,171-72, 204-5Ո102 fictional/documentary impulses of, 11-12 impact of, 11-12 as inter-imperial text, 14,92 Ion’s marriage, 37-39 and the land question, 24,26-27,31-33,48 mapping in, 26-27 as minor text, 13 as modern Romanian novel, 14 as multilingual, 13 place names in, 26-27 racial creolization in, 24-25 religion in, 166,168-80 and the rights to the commons, 44-45 Romani characters in, 68-70 Romani musicians in, 82-89 Romanian-language reception of, 122 Romanian-Saxon conflict, 41-42 Someş/Szamos/Somesch valley, 27 253 story of Ana, 116,122-27,130-38 story of Laura, 138-39, 141-44,147-51,154 story of Margareta Bobescu, 141-42 story of Titu, 105-6,108-13, 123-24,135, 138-40, 150-51, 154,155, 172
translations of, 14 use of Romanian language in, 12-14,24, 26-29, 39,41,44, 63-64, 83,90-92, 105-13, 122, 126-27, 130, 136,156,168, 172, 179 Iorga, Nicolae, 169,213 Ireland, 5,56, 98 Irish people, 97-98 Iser, Wolfgang, 126 Islam, 157-59, 162 conversion of the Moors, 160,161 Istria, Dora d,’ 100,102, 208n36 Jabeen, Neelam, 34 Japan, 5, 8, 12,14,119, 141 Jayawardena, Kumari, 153 Jesuits, 163 Jews Ashkenazi, 17 in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 64,150 in Bohemia and Moravia, 196n61 conversions of, 159 emancipation of, 164 expulsion of from Iberian peninsula, 17, 22, 161 persecution of, 160 racialization of, 60-62,150 secular, 170 Sephardic, 17, 22-23, 57 in Transylvania, 17,19, 23, 57,157-58 Zionist, 20 See also antisemitism; Judaism Joseph II, 40, 58,77, 93, 160,165 Jovanovič, Miloš, 8 Judaism conversion to, 158-59 decolonial, 197n76 official recognition of, 160 women’s organizations, 146 See also Jews Judson, Peter, 58 Jusová, Iveta, 64 Kafka, Franz, 25,42-43, 108, 197n63, 205nlll Karides, Marina, 46 Kogălniceanu, Mihail, 76 Komlosy, Andrea, 46, 50 Korzeniewicz, Roberto, 119 Kulturboden, 21
254 INDEX labor aesthetic, 82 commodification of, 30 control of, 45 enslaved, 67,75 history of, 67, 70 indentured, 67,202n45 Romani, 85, 87-88 rural, 7 waged/remunerated, 67,90,154 ofwomen, 115,116,120, 130-32, 138 See also division of labor; Romani music/ musicians labor exploitation, 7,30 coerced cash-crop labor, 30 forced labor, 47 and serfdom, 18 in Transylvania, 46 of women, 17 labor migration, 2 land fragmentation, 30 land ownership in the Americas, 46 and bank credit, 52 by the church, 30 commodification of land, 47 in East Europe, 45 as eroticized affect, 33-39 formalization of land rights, 40-44,46 and gender, 34-39,117-20 inter-imperial, 115 by Jews, 57-58 and land redistribution, 111 and marriage, 122,124-25 by the nobility, 31 privatization of property, 42 and the rights to the commons, 39-45,50-51 and the Roma, 88 and social capital, 36 and the state, 30,35 in Transylvania, 1-2,16,28-33,120 by women, 129 See also property rights languages Armenian, 11,18,92, 94,152, 212nl05 Croatian, 14,94 Czech, 13,14,196n61 Dutch, 100 English, 6, 9,14, 16, 59, 96, 99,100,104-5, 160,196n52,208n41 French, 9,14, 76,90, 91, 92,96, 99,100, 102, 104, 109, 112-13, 145,147, 152,190n42, 211Ո98,217-18n29 Greek, 21, 57, 72 Hebrew, 60,206nl0 Icelandic, 100 Italian, 14, 99,100, 104,112,113 Japanese, 14 Ladino, 206nl0 Latin, 93, 94,104, 107 Magyar, 113 Persian, 14 Polish, 14, 59, 192n2 Portuguese, 100 principle of equality of, 96-97 Russian, 14, 102,105,175 Ruthenian, 94, 96, 102 Saxon, 91, 109, 120 Serbian, 94, 96 Slovakian, 94, 96 Slovenian, 14 Spanish, 99,100, 161 Swedish, 100 Turkish,
9,14, 90, 142 Yiddish, 11,14,26,60, 91,92,94,152,206nl0 See also German language; Hungarian language; Romani language; Romanian language Latin America, 5 colonialism in, 6 decoloniality and, 6 inequality in, 119 as “New Romania,” 20 railroad in, 55 Transylvanian migration to, 20, 53 Latinity, 164 Lăutaru, Barbu, 82 law of nationalities, 95-96, 101-2 League of Nations, 32 liberalism, Western, 35-36 linguistic estrangement, 112 Lionnet, Françoise, 4 Liszt, Franz, 61,68, 80, 82,83 literary criticism feminist, 116, 138,139,151 Meltzľs opinion, 100 Romanian language, 64, 84, 90,112,126, 188nl3 secular, 168, 170 literary studies, 13-14 comparative, 15 literary comparatism, 16 literary theory, 6-7 See also comparative literature literature commodification of, 65-66 folk, 101, 110,208n41 German, 61,91,100-101,109
INDEX Hungarian, 59-60, 91, 103,113, 115,151, 153,208ո41 inter-imperiality in, 27 Irish, 25, 26 metalepsis in, 66 minor, 13-14 postcolonial, 25 Romani, 89-90 Romanian, 102,113,219-20n58 Russian, 102 translation, 99 of Transylvania, 101 world, 12,15,100,103 Locke, John, 36 López, Alfred J., 100 Lovinescu, Eugen, 14,184 Loy, Mina, 116 Lu Xun, 12 Lutheran church, 157-59 Macaulay, Thomas, 58 macrosociology, 16 Magyarization, 20, 59-60, 64, 111, 113, 154, 165, 176 Magyars, 95-96, 207n21 Mahmood, Saba, 162,164,165,168 Malaysia, 5 mapping, 26-28 See also counter-mapping Maria Theresa (Empress), 31,77,80 marriage Austrian Code, 218n35 vs. celibacy, 174 dowry lists, 128-30 of enslaved people, 73 intermarriage, 53,117-18, 143,214n37 lower-middle-class, 147-51 Romani, 118 secularization of, 165 and social mobility, 37-38 as transaction, 122-25, 139 and trousseaux, 147 See also virginity Martirii (Hodoș), 155-56 Marx, Karl, 53,173 masculinism, 135-36, 156 McClintock, Anne, 26,33, 36 Meltzl, Hugó, 92,98-99, 206n4 and comparative literature, 99-101 theoretical writings, 102-3 at the University, 101-2 Memorandum ofRomanians in Transylvania and Hungary, 97 Mendelsohn, Ezra, 57 255 metalepsis, 66,198n89 Mețianu, Ioan, 97, 111 Micu-Klein, Inochentie, 167 Mies, Maria, 130,153 Mignolo, Walter, 101,104 migration, 14,18,20,23, 37 heterogeneous, 2,29 Hungarian, 17 labor, 2,50,53 overseas, 22, 53-54,84-85 Romani, 17,76,79 Romanian, 111 by women, 137 migration studies, 14 Mihai/Michael the Brave, 85 mobility and capitalist integration, 53-56 cultural, 166 of goods, 53-54 of information, 53 of
people (for labor), 53-54 of women, 147 See also migration; social mobility Mocioni, Alexandru, 52,96-97,167 Mocsonyi Sándor. See Mocioni, Alexandru modernism, 13,15, 26, 29, 84, 90,105,113 global, 15, 116, 120-21 Indian, 84 in Ion, 29 literary, 15 in literature, 23 semiperipheral, 15,116 and women’s education, 139,155 modernity as anti-imperial national emancipation, 152-53 and coloniality, 4,160 European, 51, 164 in Hungary, 147 industrial, 55 and inter-imperiality, 11-15,160 linked to West European languages, 113 and nationalism, 166 political economy of, 6-7 postcolonial, 84 and religion, 158 and secularism, 166, 174 study of, 121-22 as urbanization. 111 and women’s education, 153 modernization, 30,42, 49, 55, 85,140,162, 197n74 See also modernity Mohanty, Chandra Talpadé, 140
256 INDEX Moldova, 18, 70-73 Mongol Empire, 17 monoglottism, 110-14,152 Moors, 160,161 Moran, Timothy, 119 Moriscos, 161 Morrison, Toni, 86,87 Mufti, Aamir, 103, 167 Mughal empire, 8 multiconfessionalism, 2, 19,158, 164, 166, 171 multiculturalism, 19, 64, 95, 146, 164-65 multilingualism, 4,12,16,19,23,97,98 See also interglottism; polyglottism Muscovites, 163 Muslims. See Islam Napoleon (Bonaparte), 35 nationalism anti֊, 99 anticolonial, 143 anti-imperial, 59, 106, 112,127, 152-53, 166, 167,171 antisemitic dimension of, 63 economic dimension of, 57 expressed in dress, 149 and feminism, 145, 151 inter-imperial, 115, 150, 151, 166-67, 179 in Ion, 12, 180 Irish, 98 Meltzl’s opposition to, 110 methodological, 3,11,17 and modernity, 166 and patriotism, 176 and the peasants, 172 postcolonial, 143,167 postsecular, 165-68 and racial hatred, 64 and religion, 158,167 Romanian, 21, 22, 60,85,113 in Transylvania, 19,96,99,138, 143 Transylvanian Romanian, 55,97,138,167 nationalist intellectuals, 123,135, 139,152, 172 nation-states, 11, 23, 27, 50,119,198n2 Native Americans, 161 naturalism, 12, 15,33,45,172 vs. modernism, 121 modernist, 120-22 in Rebreanu’s work, 122,123 Nãsáud/Nassod/Naszód, 11,31,40,41,52, 151,171,197n75 Neumann, Victor, 57 New Christians, 77,160,161 New Woman, 120-21,138-39,141-42,148, 154,156 New World, 147,161,164 See also Americas Nirenberg, David, 57,62 Occidentalism, 14,23,127 October Diploma, 94-95 onomatopoeia, 83 Orientalism, 5, 76, 78-79, 102,113,162 Orthodox Church, 171, 223n37 Ottoman Empire dissolution of, 6-7,160 as empire, 5,8,9, 28 Jews from, 18, 23
land ownership in, 29-30 legal reforms, 71 marriage customs, 127 “new,” 133-34,143 and the Reformation, 159 religious tolerance in, 160, 162,170 Roma and, 69,71,72,81 and Romania, 112 Saxons and,44 enslavement in, 71,72,75 inter-imperial tensions, 10,18,21,22,46, 120,159, 220n6 Transylvania and, 2,18,103 Pacific archipelago, 5 Palestine, 5 Papadat-Bengescu, Hortensia, 156,219-220 Paris peace treaty, 32 patriarchy, 158 new, 133-34,143 patriotism, 64, 176 peasant revolts, 51, 57 Penck, Albrecht, 21 peripheraiization, 50, 51, 57, 58,66, 80 Persian Empire, 18 Petőfi, Sándor, 100,102 placedness, 15 pluralism, 164,165 Poland-Lithuania, 18 political economy, 6, 16, 90 polyglottism, 92,98-99,100-101, 113-14 of ACLU, 103 global, 100 limits of, 102 Transylvanian, 93-98 Pop, Xenia, 1,2 postcolonial feminist criticism, 116 postcolonial gaze, 8
INDEX postcolonial studies, 143 postcolonial theory, 4-5 postcolonialism, 5,6, 13 in the Balkans, 5 in East Europe, 98 Irish, 98 in literature, 25 and modernity, 84 postsecularism, 3, 166,168, 174 poststructuralism, 6 Potra, George, 76 poverty, 53, 79, 83, 86, 146,152, 171,175 power analysis of, 170-77 coloniality of, 6,204n99 and creolization, 182nl2 institutional, 16 labor, 56 and religion, 170-77 Pratt, Mary Louise, 92 property rights and capitalism, 47 and citizenship, 139 of indigenous populations, 47 of peasants, 30-31 in the world-system, 191n60 See also land ownership prostitution, 122,125,136-37, 201-2n43, 215-16n63 Protestant churches, 157-59,165 Protestant Reformation, 158,159,165 Proust, Marcel, 142 Prussia, 19, 21, 146, 192-93n2 Puerto Rico, 5 Quijano, Anibal, 45 race. See racialization; racism; Roma racialization, 115 comparative, 199,200 economic, 83 of local populations, 118 of religion, 61,140,159 of the Roma, 78-80, 82-85,146 relational, 16, 61-62,68,199, 200 racism anti-Roma, 70,198֊99n3 anti-Jewish, 170 under the Habsburgs, 79 See also antisemitism railroads, 54-56,109 Ramazani, Jahan, 26,112 Ränki, György, 31 257 reader-response theory, 126 realism, 12,15,121 Rebreanu, Liviu, 2,11-15 biography of, 112, 133 use of ellipses, 126 use of interglottism, 104-10 See also Ion (Rebreanu) Reddock, Rhoda, 135 Reformation, 158, 159,165 Regulamentul Organic, 71-73 religion churches in Transylvania, 157-58 and coloniality, 167 and feminism, 151 and inter-imperiality, 17,157 in Ion, 170-180 and nationalism, 158,167 and power, 170-77 See also Christianity religious
tolerance, 159-60, 165, 220-21ՈՈ9-11 in the Ottoman Empire, 160,162,170 reparations, 45,75-76 Rexhepi, Piro, 166, 168 Ritchie, Susan, 159 Ritoók, Emma, 145, 153-54 Roma people assimilation of, 77,160 churches of, 158 compared to the Jews, 80 enslavement of, 16, 18, 71-73, 76, 201n39 essentialized poverty of, 86 in the Habsburg Empire, 77-78 history of, 198-99n3 land ownership by, 88 migration of, 17, 69 occupations of, 81 Orientalization of, 163 racialization of, 61, 78-80, 82-85, 118, 146, 201Ո39 registration of, 118 segregation of, 77, 83-84 stereotypes of, 81,83, 86-87,89 in Transylvania, 19,67-68,76-80, 186֊87n77 See also Romani language; Romani music/ musicians Roman Catholic Church, 157-58,159, 165,171 Roman Empire, 20-21, 111-12,127 Romani diaspora, 69 Romani language ban on use of, 77 as composite language, 91
258 INDEX Romani language (continued) folk poetry, 99 folk songs, 205nll0 inion, 14 literature in, 89-90 as minor language, 11,92,94,206nl0 vs. Romanian, 68 Romani music/musicians, 68-70,74,80-85, 89-90, 155,199n8 Romania banking in, 52 migration to, 20 national anthem of, 85, 154-55 Transylvanian migration to, 37,53 See also Socialist Republic of Romania Romanian language and antisemitism, 64,68 association with Romance languages, 112 in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 96 in education, 32, 102,105, 111, 152, 153, 167 folk traditions, 83,84,101-2 as imperial language, 43,60 literary criticism, 64,84,90,112,126,188nl3 literature, 1, 12-14,82, 90, 101,102, 126, 168-69 in Moldova and Wallachia, 71, 77,85,166 nationalist approach to, 179 not included on ACLU’s list, 100-101 as official language, 95 in Rebreanu’s writings, 12-14, 24, 27-29, 28, 39,41, 44, 63-64, 83, 85-87, 90-92, 104-13,122, 126-27,130, 136,156, 168, 172,179 and religion, 166,168,176 and the Romanian national anthem, 85, 154-55 and Romanian nationalism, 77,94,111-13 as rural language, 109 spoken by Armenians, 113,212nl05 spoken by Jews, 60,197n63,206nl0 spoken by Rebreanu, 104-5 spoken by serfs, 120 translation of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 76 in Transylvania, 10,17-18,85,91,95,109,152 use in education, 32, 152,154, 167,176 usebyMocioni, 96 weaponization of, 113 in women’s literature, 156 Romanian Transylvanian enlightenment, 31 Romanian Transylvanian Orthodox church, 166 Romanian Transylvanians. See Transylvanian Romanians Romanianization, 111 Romanians bourgeoisie, 36,194nl4 cultural traditions of, 96, 127, 133 as
landowners, 31, 33, 38,41,42 middle class, 52 migrants, 37, 111 nationalists, 109, 111 oppression of, 84 Orientalization of, 163 peasants, 30-32, 35-36,42,44,50,59,86,88, 107,111 and the Roman Empire, 20-21,111-12 in Transylvania, 19,20,117 women, 117 See also Transylvanian Romanians Romanian-Saxon conflict, 40,41-42 Romanov empire, 5 See also Russian Empire romanticism, German, 21 Rubin, Gayle, 37 rurality, 2, 3,14, 45-48 Russia, 8,10 See also Soviet Union Russian Empire, 5, 9, 10, 19, 22,112, 120,127 Russian Orthodox Church, 163 Russian Tsardom, 9,18-19,21 Sabbatarians (Szambatos), 158,220nl Şaguna, Andrei, 167 Said, Edward, 5,25, 26,98,173 Saxon Transylvanians. See Transylvanian Saxons Saxons, 50,159 See also Transylvanian Saxons Schorske, Carl E., 15 secularism, 3 and modernity, 166,174 in Transylvania, 180 in West Europe, 162 Western, 163-65 as Western ideology, 168 secularization, 12,165,167-68,172, 222n26, 223-24n50 semiperiphery/ies, 7-8,12, 22,49, 55,156 serfdom abolition of, 33 exploitation of, 31-32 in Galicia, 46 in the Habsburg Empire, 30 “second,” 30 in Transylvania, 18, 30-31, 45,67 Sexton, Jay, 10 Shachar, Ayelet, 118-19 Shih, Shu-mei, 4,8,198,199,205
INDEX Shohat, Ella, 160 Sibiu/Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben, 55,61,108, 111 Silaşi, Gregoriu, 102 Simmel, Georg, 154 Sinha, Mrinalini, 144 slavery abolition of, 117 in the Caribbean, 75 comparative, 200nl6 in the French colonies, 35 under the Ottoman Empire, 75 racial, 120 in Romania, 70-71 white, 136-137 See also enslavement Snow, C. P„ 15 social mobility, 37-38, 53, 58,81, 83, 85-86, 104,106 social science, 16 Socialist Republic of Romania, 21-22 See also Romania sociology of absences, 13 sociology of inequalities, 118 Sombart, Werner, 142 Someş/Szamos/Somesch valley, 27 South America, 5 Transylvanian migration to, 20,121 See also Brazil Southeast Asia, 6 Southeast Europe, 19 See also East Europe Soviet Union, 32 See also Russia; Russian Empire; Russian Tsardom Spain Castilian, 161 Habsburg, 77,160 Jews’ expulsion from, 17,22, 161 property rights in, 47 Spanish Empire, 161 spirituality pre-Christian, 174 See also Christianity; religion Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, 98,103 St. Domingue, Haiti, 61, 97,117, 119-20 Stam, Robert, 160 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 76 Stritt, Marie, 146 structure of feeling, 44, 135 suicide, 116, 134-37 Suleiman 1,18 synchronism, 14 Szambatos (Sabbatarians), 158,220nl 259 Szász, Zoltán, 35,49 Szeklers, 18,19,158,159, 220nl Tanzimat period, 9 Taylor, Charles, 163,164,166,167 Tazzioli, Martina, 27 Thiong’o, Ngûgï wa, 110 Third World, 5,140 Thorsteinsson, Steingrimur, 100 Todorova, Maria, 5,8 toleration, 159-60, 165, 220-21nn9֊ll Tomich, Dale, 55 Török, Borbála Zsuzsanna, 92 trade Armenian, 18,61 exploitative, 57 in cities, 3 free, 51 history of, 58-59 and
integration, 56 Levantine, 18, 57 Saxon, 61 silk, 142 slave, 70,73, 117 trade associations, 149 world market, 47, 51, 54 trans-imperial, 3, 10-11, 20, 32,44,47, 50-51, 54, 56,97,98, 115,127,137,138,154, 183n32 translation literature, 99 transportation railroads, 54-55 roads, 54 Transylvania agrarian economy in, 28,39,47,49 agrarian reforms, 30-31 anti-imperialism in, 10 churches in, 157-58 between coloniality and inter-imperiality, 4-11 commodity frontier in, 46 cross- and trans-imperial entanglements, 8-9 as estate-based principality, İ7-18, 29 ethnic identity in, 19 under the Habsburgs, 18-19 history of, 9,12,17-23 incorporated into Romania, 32 independence of, 21 as inter-imperial space, 8 inter-imperiality in, 10-11,16,17-23,22-23 Jewish minority in, 57 land ownership in, 1-2,16, 28-33 languages spoken in, 10-11,16,19, 21, 24
260 INDEX Transylvania (continued) minorities in, 22 Nãsãud/Nassod/Naszód region, 11, 32, 40, 41 neoliberal period, 22 as origin of comparative literature, 103-4 as part of Hungary, 21-22 peripheral position of, 49-50 : population demographics, 10,22 railroad in, 55 : religious toleration in, 159-60 Romanian migration to cities in, 111 Soviet administration of, 21 two types of commons in, 42 union with Hungary, 95 union with Romania, 21-22 unique positioning of, 2-3 voting rights in, 36 world-historical perspective, 22 Transylvanian Diet, 42,95 Transylvanian Hungarians, 159 Transylvanian Orthodox Church, 165 Transylvanian Romanians antisemitism among, 60 bourgeoisie, 111 churches of, 61,157, 163, 165, 166 land owners, 120 language taught to, 107,154,176 literacy among, 172-73 nationalists, 55,65,69, 97-98, 122,138,146, 154, 167 peasants, 59, 64, 84, 85,87, 107-8, 122,137, 138,179 priests, 172 use of Romanian language by, 112 as Romanians, 84 structure of feeling, 135 writers, 140,145,155-56 women, 120,141,143-45,154,155-56 Transylvanian Saxon Trade Society, 60-61 Transylvanian Saxons, 18,19, 21, 32,43-44, 97,120,145-46,158,186n68 Transylvanian School (Școala Ardeleană), 167 Transyivanianism, 146 Treaty of Trianon, 21 Treford law, 97 Trumpener, Katie, 69 Tsarist Empire, 6-7, 75 See also Russian Empire; Russian Tsardom Tzara, Tristan, 211n99 Uncle Tom ’s Cabin (Stowe), 76 Uniate Church, 32,159,163,166,167,178 Unitarian church, 157-59 United States European migration to, 53 Transylvanian migration to, 20,22, 37, 53, 84-85,190n43 universalism, 162 urbanization, 3, 111 Urechia,
V.A., 76 Vaida-Voievod, Alexandru, 141 van der Veer, Peter, 163 Vasile, Monica, 42 Venice, 22 Verdery, Katherine, 29, 36,49 Vienna as financial capital, 51 and the Habsburg Empire, 18-19, 41-42, 51 historical archives, 11 influence of, 41 literature in, 15 Meltzl in, 99 Mocioni in, 96 silk industry in, 142 tensions with Budapest, 22, 55,126-27 Transylvania’s connection with, 54 women’s movement in, 116,153 violence domestic, 146, 177,215n55 sexual, 116, 125-26, 128,132 against women, 17,115, 116, 132-34, 158 virginity, 122-28,139 voting rights, 36 of Jews, 64-65 of Romanians, 36 of women, 146-47 Walkowitz, Rebecca, 14,103 Wallerstein, Immanuel, 7, 30, 40, 42,45, 47,59 Warwick Research Collective, 16,121 Washington, Booker T., 84, 131 Weinreich, Max, 94 West Europe Enlightenment, 162 imperialism in, 50 as metropolitan center, 7 secularism in, 162 Transylvanian migration to, 22 Williams, Raymond, 3, 33, 37, 38,40,124-25 Winkiel, Laura, 15 Wlislocki, Heinrich, 80-81 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 152 women as Angel in the House, 120-21 childless, 150,156
INDEX citizenship rights of, 118, 120 and dowry lists, 128-30 education of, 138-41, 143-46,151-56, 219n48 and the gendering of land ownership, 33-39 in higher education, 153-54 labor exploitation, 17 labor of, 120, 130-32,138 and marriage, 37-38 “modern,” 156 naturalization of, 153 New Woman, 120-21, 138-39, 141-42,148, 154,156 and property rights, 129 and religion, 158 rights of, 3, 141, 146, 150,152 Romanian Transylvanian, 154 Saxon Transylvanian, 145-46 silencing of, 116, 120,124, 125, 130, 134, 136, 139, 147, 150, 177 social status of, 117 and spinsterhood, 141, 148 suicide by, 116, 134-37 trafficking of, 215-16n63 violence against, 17, 115, 116, 132-34, 158 voting rights for, 146-47 as writers, 116,155-56 261 See also gender issues; marriage; prostitu tion; virginity women’s movement, 116,140,145 See also feminism Woolf, Virginia, 151,155 To the Lighthouse, 120-21,150 A Room of One’s Own, 138-39 world history, 2, 8,12, 16, 39, 103 perspective of Transylvania, 22 world literature, 12, 15,100, 103 World Postal Union, 56 World War I, 21, 22, 57, 60, 145-46,156 World War II, 5, 21 world-system, modern, 5,7, 13,15, 23,47, 141, 175 181ՈՅ world-systems analysis, 5, 7, 8 and capitalism, 30 and East Europe, 6-7 land rights, 191n60 and semiperipheries, 7-8 Wynter, Sylvia, 79 Zahra, Tara, 84, 186n74,187n77,187n80, 200nl3,213n21 Zionism, 20 Zola, Émile, 122 zones of resistance, 40 |
| adam_txt |
Contents Acknowledgments vii 1 Introduction 1. The Face of Land: Peasants, Property, and the Land Question 24 2. Transylvania in the World-System: Capitalist Integration, Peripheralization, Antisemitism 49 3. The Longue Durée of Enslavement: Extracting Labor from Romani Music 67 4. Counting and Discounting Languages: Transylvanian Interglottism between Hugó Meltzl and Liviu Rebreanu 91 5. The Inter-Imperial Dowry Plot: Nationalism, Women’s Labor, Violence against Women 115 6. Feminist Whims: Women’s Education in an Inter-Imperial Framework 138 7. God Is the New Church: The Ethnicization of Religion 157 Notes Bibliography Index 181 225 247
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Index Note: Page numbers in italics indicate a figure. 1848,19, 30, 64, 94,127,154,155, 164 1867 Compromise, 30, 58,95,127 1920,11, 21, 26, 39, 105,108,113, 116, 121,123, 144,145, 156, 219n55 abolitionism, 76 Abu-Lughod, 8 Achim, Viorel, 76,202n58 Acta Comparationis Literarum Universarum (ACLU), 92, 98-104, 206n4 languages used by, 100-103,110 origin of comparative literature, 92, 98, 114, 205n3 polyglottism of, 113-14 Adorno, Theodor, 121 Africa, 4, 5,70, 78,119,162 German Southwest, 117-18 North, 17, 18,69 South, 7, 135 agricultural trade, 51 Americas colonization of, 6,7,18,22,33,45,112,160-61 immigration to, 21, 53 enslavement in, 47, 70, 71, 74-76 whiteness, 84 See also Canada; Latin America; South America; United States Anderson, Benedict, 165-66, 210n69 anticosmopolitanism, 99 See also cosmopolitanism anti-imperialism European, 8,9 imagination of, 26 and the intellectual, 45,106,137 language of, 26 in literature, 25,39 nationalist, 59,106, 112,127,152-53,166, 167,171 in Transylvania, 10,95 use of place names, 98 antinationalism, 99 See also nationalism antisemitism and class struggle, 59 European, 57-62, 199-200nl3 inion, 62-65,150-51, 169-70 and racism, 70 in Romania, 60 in Transylvania, 16, 57-61 Anzaldúa, Gloria, 111 Apponyi laws, 97,107 Araghi, Farshad, 46 Area Studies, 103 Armenian diaspora, 18, 19 Armenians, 10,18, 57,65, 84,96, 111, 158, 186-87Ո77, 212nl05 Asia, 5,6, 8, 17 Association of Romanian Women, 153 Australia, 5,119 Austro-Hungarian customs union, 51 Austro-Hungarian Empire Booker T. Washington’s visit to, 85 citizenship rights, 118, 123 formation of,
95 fractures within, 54 gender issues in, 127 historical significance of, 103 Hungary’s place in, 49, 96,165 imperial history of, 64 inter-imperial rivalries, 2, 10, 22,103, 120, 126 Jews in, 64, 150 land ownership in, 41-43, 85,129 languages in, 43,60,89,92-94,100, 101, 103,104,106,113 legal system, 108 multiculturalism of, 95-96,164 prostitution in, 122 Romani people in, 78 Romanian nationalism in, 68,82 and secular governance, 164-65 Transylvania as part of, 19,21,35-36,50, 52,84, 105,126, 145, 155 women’s movement in, 140, 142,145, 152 women’s writing in, 116 See also Habsburg Empire Avars, 17 247
248 INDEX Bahun, Sanja, J5 Baiulescu, Maria, 144-45,153 Balkans, 5,15,17,23, 57,69 Balog, Iosif Marin, 54 banking and antisemitism, 63 and the bourgeoisie, 36 and the Jews, 57 in Transylvania, 51-52 Viennese, 193nl3 Barițiu, George, 30,140-41,167 Berde, Mária, 146,154 Berend, Iván, 31, 54, 58 Berger, Stefan, 51 Berzeviczylaw, 97 Bilimoria, Purushottama, 174 Bistrița/Bistritz/Beszterce, 61, 87,105, 151, 171 Blackbourn, David, 51 Bloch, Ernest, 154 Bohemia-Moravia, 22 Boldijer, Ion, 2,65-66 See also Ion (Rebreanu) Bolovan, Sorina Paula, 37 Borrow, George, 80 bourgeoisie banking, 36 commercial, 59 courtship and marriage, 147,149 Hungarian, 36 Romanian, 111, 194nI4 rural, 147 women, 153 Brassai, Sámuel, 92 Brazil, 5, 15, 17, 23, 53-54, 57,69 British Virgin Islands, 5 Bucharest, 14, 54-55, 60,105,116,151, 175 Budapest feminismin, 116, 145, 146-47 historical archives, 11 influence of, 41 Mocioni in, 96 parliament in, 64, 96-97,106, 111, 112, 113 Rebreanu in, 14,104 tensions with Vienna, 22, 55, 126-27 Transylvania’s connection with, 54 Bukovina, 46 Bulgars, 17 Byzantine Empire, 17 Calvinist church, 157-59 Canada, 22,53,119 Canetti, Elias, 105 capitalism backward, 49 and colonialism, 45-46 and freedom, 71 global, 56 industrial, 47 and industrialization, 3 and inter-imperiality, 28 and land ownership/land rights, 34, 39,46 modalities of integration into, 50-56 and postcolonial power, 7 as product of human activity, 56 in the world-economy, 49-50,115 and world-systems analysis, 30 See also capitalist integration capitalist integration and antisemitism, 16,61-63, 65 and finance,
51-52 four modalities of, 50-56 gendering of, 115 and imperial bureaucracy, 52-53 and mobility, 53-56 as peripheralization, 51, 57-58 and religion, 50,158,180 resistance to, 56, 57, 62 and the state, 50 and world market trade, 51 Carabelli, Giulia, 8 Caragea, Code, 71-72 Caribbean, 3, 4, 5, 6,20, 75, 93, 117, 119,135, 202n45 Carmilly-Weinberger, Moshe, 57 Carpathian Mountains, 40 Castle, The (Kafka), 25,42 Catholic church. See Roman Catholic Church Catholicization, 160-63 Central America, 5 Central Asia, 17 See also Asia Central Europe, 14 30, 46,47, 50 See also East-Central Europe Charles V (of Habsburg), 160,161,22ІПІ5 Chatterjee, Partha, 133, 143,144,167 China, 5, 8, 10 Christianity conversion to, 159-61,163,22ІПІ2, 221-22n21 Coptic Orthodox Church, 158, 161-62 Counter-Reformation, 158, 159, 165 Eastern, 164 Eastern Orthodox Church, 163 in Europe, 160 Greek Catholicism, 31,157-58,160,162-63, 174
INDEX Greek Orthodox Church, 174, 157-60 under the Habsburgs, 160-61 Lutheran church, 157-59 New Christians, 77, 160,161 Orthodox Church, 171, 223n37 Orthodox Romanian, 20 Protestant churches, 157-59,165 Protestant Reformation, 158, 159, 165 Roman Catholic Church, 157-58, 159 Romanian Orthodox Church, 75,167 Russian Orthodox Church, 163 and secularism, 164 Transylvanian Orthodox Church, 165 Uniate church, 32, 159, 163,166,167,178 Western, 20,159, 220n5 citizenship/citizenship rights and antisemitism, 60-61 in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 118 colonial, 116 in Europe, 118 in France, 117,119 global history of, 118-20 for Jews, 58 linked to entail, 118-20 linked to gender and property, 117-20 of peasants, 127 and property rights, 139 for Roma, 118 in St. Domingue, Haiti, 117, 119-20 Western institution of, 118-19 of women, 117, 118, 120 and world income structure, 119 civilizing mission, 78-79, 160-63 class struggle, 59,63 Clemenceau, Georges, 35 Clifford, James, 68-69 Cluj/Kolozsvár/Klausenburg, 21,26,92, 100, 102,103, 110-111,153 Codul Calimach, 71-74 Coetzee, J. Μ., 66 collectivism, 45 colonialism British, 6 and capitalism, 45, 46 and imperialism, 29 in India, 78 legacy of, 7 and secularization, 222n26 and world literature, 103 See also coloniality coloniality, 4, 9,22,170 of entail, 127 global, 113,177 and the Jews, 61 249 and land ownership, 41 of labor control, 45-46 political economy of, 6-7 of power, 204n99 and religion, 167 and the Roma, 61 See also colonialism Columbus, Christopher, 161 commodification contestations of, 39 of labor, 29 ofland, 42, 47-48 ofliterature,
65-66 modernization as, 41 commodity frontier, 39,46 communication infrastructure, 56 comparative audiences, 103 comparative literature and the counting of languages, 105 European national-language based, 98 and Istanbul/Constantinople, 103 Meltzl’s approach to, 99-101 Transylvanian origins of, 80,92, 98-104,114 See also Acta Comparationis Literarum Universarum (ACLU); literary studies comparative method, 3,4,11, 13, 99, 200nl6 conversion to Christianity, 159,22ІПІ2,221-22n21 of Dalits to Buddhism, 220n4 to Judaism, 158-159 of the Moors, 160,161 in the New World, 161 of the Roma, 118 of Romanian Transylvanians, 163 Coptic Orthodox church, 158,162 core-periphery dynamics, 10 Coronil, Fernando, 47, 56 cosmopolitanism, 156 anti֊, 99 counter-mapping, 27,65, 188nl0 See also mapping counterpastoral genre, 33 Counter-Reformation, 158,159,165 “country and city” framework, 109,166,171 creolization of Europe, 3-4 defined, 4 of history, 180 inion, 24-25 linguistic, 4,10-11,93 lost in translation, 106 of the modern, 166,175,180 and power, 182nl2 of religion, 4,162, 174
250 INDEX creolization (continued) and secularism, 164 of theory, 114 Crusades, 17 Cuba, 55 Dacia, 20 Damrosch, David, 92, 98 Darwin, John, 8 De Gerando, Antonina, 153 De regulatione Zingarorum, 77 Death of a Discipline (Spivak), 98 decaglottism, 100,101,103 decolonialism/decoloniality, 5,6,164 See also colonialism; coloniality decolonization, 6 See also colonization Deleuze, Gilles, 13 depeasantization, 3 D'haen, Theo, 101 diglottism, 100 Dissertation on the Gipseys (Grellmann), 78, 79-80 division of labor gendered, 130 global, 53 intellectual, 16,185n60 and land ownership, 67 linguistic, 109 racialized, 161 regional, 50 and slavery, 47 See also labor; labor exploitation Djuvara, Neagu, 77 dowryplot, 120,122,124,126,131 Doyle, Laura, 2,8,9, 11,15,16 Dussel, Enrique, 164 East Europe aesthetic labor in, 82 anti-/postimperial, 6-7,46 Catholicization of, 162,163 citizenship issues, 119,120 German interests in, 19,21, 51, 192n2 ignorance about, 13 immigration from, 20,54,121 inter-imperiality of, 8,164,181n3 labor history of, 50,67 land rights in, 46 modernity in, 51,163,164 postcolonial, 5,47,51,98,164 Roma in, 67,68,70,85,118,199-200nl3 secularism in, 162 as semiperiphery, 8 serfdom in, 50,67 and the Soviet Union, 21-22 trade with, 59 “vacant” land in, 45 women in, 140 and world-systems analysis, 6-7 East European studies, 103 East-Central Europe, 3,8-9,18,26 See also Central Europe; East Europe; Transylvania Eastern Orthodox Church, 163 Edict of Toleration, 160 Edict ofTorda/Turda, 159 education for Jewish children, 58 linguistic reforms in, 111 of men, 151 of Romani
children, 78 Romanian language, 167 Transylvanian Romanian schools, 36 secularization of, 165 use of Hungarian language in, 97 of women, 138-41, 143-46,151-56, 219n48 Eminescu, Mihai, 63 Engels, Friedrich, 30, 53 Enlightenment French,71 Habsburg, 58,60, 77, 79, 87, 93-94,120 Romanian Transylvanian, 30 West European, 71, 92, 95, 162,164 enserfment, 7 See also serfdom; slavery enslavement of Africans, 70, 71, 73, 84,117, 161 history of, 83 laws regarding, 201nn30-31 in Moldova and Wallachia, 61,67-68, 70-76, 77 of Roma, 16,18, 71-73, 76, 201n39 of women, 117 See also slavery Eötvös, József, 58, 96,97, 100,101-2,164 Eurocentrism, 8,9,16 Europe creolizing, 3-4 See also Central Europe; East Europe; East-Central Europe; other European countries by name Evangelical Lutheran church, 157-59 Fanon, Franz, 137 feminism in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 152 inion, 138-139
INDEX liberal, 145 nationalist, 143-47 postcolonial, 140 and resistance, 57 Romanian Transylvanian, 144-45 Hungarian Transylvanian, 145 Saxon Transylvanian, 146 feminist literary criticism, 138 feminist modernist studies, 138-39, 155 feminist postcolonial theory, 144 Ferdinand (king of Romania), 32-33 finance, 51-52, 63 Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture (Schorske), 15 Fischer-Galati, Steven, 159 Fleissner, Jennifer, 121 forced labor. See labor formalization, 40-43, 47 Foucault, Michel, 127,133 France citizenship rights in, 35-36 colonial, 20, 34, 51 cultural relations to, 21,112 French language, 14, 76, 90, 91-92, 96, 99-100, 102,104, 109, 112-113,145,152, 211 inequality in, 119-20 political rights in, 35 voting rights in, 117 Frank, A. G., 8 Franz Joseph (Emperor), 94, 97 French Antilles, 5 French Revolution, 119,140 Freud, Sigmund, 116 Futabatei, Shimei, 12 Gal, Susan, 96 Galicia, 46 Garelli, Glenda, 27 Gebora, Adalbert, 76 gender issues, 16-17, 115 citizenship and property, 117-20 gendered silence, 116, 124-25, 130 and land ownership, 33-39 See also women Genette, Gérard, 66 Geőcze, Charlotte de, 145 Geomodernisms (Doyle and Winkiel), 15 Gerard, Emily, 81 German Empire, 21 See also Germany German language Armenian use of, 212nl05 Austrian, 43,91 251 and decaglottism, 100 in education, 58, 146, 152, 153 Eötvös’s use of, 101 as imperial language, 43,90,92,94,100,104 introduction of, 93-94 Ion translated into, 14 Kafka’s relation to, 13, 197n63, 205nlll Hungary’s relation to, 49 Jewish use of, 58, 60-61, 95, 185n54, 206nl0 literary, 61, 91, 100-101,109 Meltzl’s use
of, 98-99, 104 Mocioni’s use of, 96 as official language, 93, 94-95 in Prussia, 43 Rebreanu’s use of, 64, 91, 104-5, 106 and the Roma, 78 Transylvanian Saxon, 91 use by ACLU, 99, 100,102 in Transylvania, 113, 152 vernacular, 93-94 German romanticism, 21 German Southwest Africa, 117-18 Germans in the Americas, 21 in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 96 in Haiti, 119 in Poland, 59 in Transylvania, 10,17-19, 21, 36, 53,94,96, 186n68 Germany colonial, 160, 117-18 and Czechoslovakia, 196n61 history of, 21,192-193n2 imperial, 49, 51, 54,192-3n2 nationalism in, 149 railroad in, 54-55 trade associations, 149 women’s movement in, 146 See also Habsburg Empire Gheran, Niculaie, 112,204 Gherla, 18 Ghica, Elena. See Istria, Dora ď Gidó, Attila, 57,60 Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 146-47 Gipsy in Music, The (Liszt), 68 global city/countryside, 3 global markets agricultural trade, 51 sugar, 55 globalization, 181n7 of the labor force, 53 of scholarship, 16 sociology of, 50 Goghi, Carol, 89
252 INDEX Granada, 160,161 Greek Catholic Church, 31,157-58,160, 162-63,174 Greek Orthodox Church, 157-60, 174 Greeks, 57 Grellmann, Heinrich, 78-80 Guattari, Félix, 13 Gyémánt, Ladislau, 57,59-60 Habsburg Empire dissolution of, 6 eastward expansion of, 161-162 as empire, 5, 9, 28,103, 163,186n74,221Ո15 gender issues in, 127 and Germany, 51 historical significance of, 103 history of, 186n74 and Hungary, 18-19,164 inter-imperial rivalries, 10,22,75,120, 159 internal expansion of, 46,48 Jews in, 58,60,64,196n61 languages spoken in, 93,95 religion in, 160-61 and the Roma, 61,77-78,79,80,118,222n23 secularism in, 168 serfdom in, 30,31,32,188nl6 enslavement in, 61,76-77,79,87 Transylvania’s relationship with, 2,18,19, 21,22, 30,31,43,160-61 See also Austro-Hungarian Empire Habsburg enlightenment, 58,60,77,79,87, 93-94,120 Haikai, Mohammed Hussein, 12 Hinduism, 162 historicism, 45, 112,166 Hitchins, Keith, 113, 166,170, 172 Hodoș, Constanța, 145, 155-56 Hoensch, Jörg, ЗО Hortis, Samuel Augustini ab, 79 humanism, 16,177 Hungarian Conquest, 17 Hungarian Kingdom, 18,22,29 Hungarian language use by Armenians, 65, ИЗ, 212nl05 in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 96,101 as classical language, 103 in education, 19,20, 36, 58,97,102,107,109, 111, 113,152-53, 176 Eötvös’s use of, 101 as imperial language, 43,89,92,94,100, 101,103,104,106 and Jewish assimilation, 59-60,113 in the justice system, 107-8 and land disputes, 43 as language of domination, 98,106-7 as language of the city, 109 literary, 59-60, 91, 103, 113, 115, 151,153, 208n41 Meltzl’s use of, 99, 101,104 naming conventions, 206n4 as
official language, 21, 52, 59, 95,105-6 in the press, 103 Rebreanu’s writings in, 14, 104 relationship to Romanian, 44 required use of for prayers, 107 spoken by Jews, 197n63,206nl0 spoken by serfs, 120 as state language, 42, 111, 210n71 Székely, 91 Transylvanian variant, 91 use by ACLU, 100, 101, 109 use inion, 91,106-13 use in Transylvania, 10,18, 30,95,109,152 and world literature, 102 Hungarian revolution, 94,127 Hungarians bourgeoisie, 36 churches of, 157-158 cultural traditions, 96 in the Habsburg Empire, 164-65 as landowners, 30, 31, 32, 33, 41-42, 52,118 nobility, 31, 59,120, 122, 153,188nl6 peasants, 32,42,86,101 in Transylvania, 17-22,159 women, 117, 146 Hungary nationalities within, 96 See also Austro-Hungarian Empire; Habsburg Empire Huntington, Samuel, 77,162 imperialism bureaucracy in, 52-53 and colonialism, 28 Eastern, 23 in West Europe, 50 Western, 23 imperiality, 9,20 See also inter-imperiality India, 5,168 British census in, 52-53 colonial, 78,143 religion in, 167 industrialization, 3,7,46,55 intellectuals anti-imperialist, 45,106,137 inion, 44,45,66,106, 111, 123,135,137, 139,146, 152,171,172-73
INDEX literary, 15 nationalist, 123,135, 139,152,172 priests as, 172-73,223n37 interglottism, 4, 28, 53, 92, 92-93, 98-99,113, 152 in Rebreanu’s work, 103-10 Transylvanian, 114 inter-imperiality, 2-3,10 and capitalist expansion, 50 and coloniality, 4-11, 22 and global modernism, 15 of Ion, 26,92 and knowledge production, 13 and the land question, 29 linguistic, 92 modernity as, 11-15 regional, 113 and religion, 17 in Romania, 60 and rurality, 45-48 and the Russian Empire, 127 in Transylvania, 98,126 of Transylvanian Romanians, 112 and virginity, 127 internal peripheries, 46 International Woman Suffrage Alliance, 146-47 interpositioning, 15 Ion (Rebreanu), 1,2 antisemitism in, 62-65,150-51,169-70 citizenship rights in, 36 desire for land as eroticized affect, 33-39 dowry plot in, 122-27, 172 feminism in, 138-139 fictional village of Pripas, 24-26,27, 28, 31, 87-88, 160, 168,171-72, 204-5Ո102 fictional/documentary impulses of, 11-12 impact of, 11-12 as inter-imperial text, 14,92 Ion’s marriage, 37-39 and the land question, 24,26-27,31-33,48 mapping in, 26-27 as minor text, 13 as modern Romanian novel, 14 as multilingual, 13 place names in, 26-27 racial creolization in, 24-25 religion in, 166,168-80 and the rights to the commons, 44-45 Romani characters in, 68-70 Romani musicians in, 82-89 Romanian-language reception of, 122 Romanian-Saxon conflict, 41-42 Someş/Szamos/Somesch valley, 27 253 story of Ana, 116,122-27,130-38 story of Laura, 138-39, 141-44,147-51,154 story of Margareta Bobescu, 141-42 story of Titu, 105-6,108-13, 123-24,135, 138-40, 150-51, 154,155, 172
translations of, 14 use of Romanian language in, 12-14,24, 26-29, 39,41,44, 63-64, 83,90-92, 105-13, 122, 126-27, 130, 136,156,168, 172, 179 Iorga, Nicolae, 169,213 Ireland, 5,56, 98 Irish people, 97-98 Iser, Wolfgang, 126 Islam, 157-59, 162 conversion of the Moors, 160,161 Istria, Dora d,’ 100,102, 208n36 Jabeen, Neelam, 34 Japan, 5, 8, 12,14,119, 141 Jayawardena, Kumari, 153 Jesuits, 163 Jews Ashkenazi, 17 in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 64,150 in Bohemia and Moravia, 196n61 conversions of, 159 emancipation of, 164 expulsion of from Iberian peninsula, 17, 22, 161 persecution of, 160 racialization of, 60-62,150 secular, 170 Sephardic, 17, 22-23, 57 in Transylvania, 17,19, 23, 57,157-58 Zionist, 20 See also antisemitism; Judaism Joseph II, 40, 58,77, 93, 160,165 Jovanovič, Miloš, 8 Judaism conversion to, 158-59 decolonial, 197n76 official recognition of, 160 women’s organizations, 146 See also Jews Judson, Peter, 58 Jusová, Iveta, 64 Kafka, Franz, 25,42-43, 108, 197n63, 205nlll Karides, Marina, 46 Kogălniceanu, Mihail, 76 Komlosy, Andrea, 46, 50 Korzeniewicz, Roberto, 119 Kulturboden, 21
254 INDEX labor aesthetic, 82 commodification of, 30 control of, 45 enslaved, 67,75 history of, 67, 70 indentured, 67,202n45 Romani, 85, 87-88 rural, 7 waged/remunerated, 67,90,154 ofwomen, 115,116,120, 130-32, 138 See also division of labor; Romani music/ musicians labor exploitation, 7,30 coerced cash-crop labor, 30 forced labor, 47 and serfdom, 18 in Transylvania, 46 of women, 17 labor migration, 2 land fragmentation, 30 land ownership in the Americas, 46 and bank credit, 52 by the church, 30 commodification of land, 47 in East Europe, 45 as eroticized affect, 33-39 formalization of land rights, 40-44,46 and gender, 34-39,117-20 inter-imperial, 115 by Jews, 57-58 and land redistribution, 111 and marriage, 122,124-25 by the nobility, 31 privatization of property, 42 and the rights to the commons, 39-45,50-51 and the Roma, 88 and social capital, 36 and the state, 30,35 in Transylvania, 1-2,16,28-33,120 by women, 129 See also property rights languages Armenian, 11,18,92, 94,152, 212nl05 Croatian, 14,94 Czech, 13,14,196n61 Dutch, 100 English, 6, 9,14, 16, 59, 96, 99,100,104-5, 160,196n52,208n41 French, 9,14, 76,90, 91, 92,96, 99,100, 102, 104, 109, 112-13, 145,147, 152,190n42, 211Ո98,217-18n29 Greek, 21, 57, 72 Hebrew, 60,206nl0 Icelandic, 100 Italian, 14, 99,100, 104,112,113 Japanese, 14 Ladino, 206nl0 Latin, 93, 94,104, 107 Magyar, 113 Persian, 14 Polish, 14, 59, 192n2 Portuguese, 100 principle of equality of, 96-97 Russian, 14, 102,105,175 Ruthenian, 94, 96, 102 Saxon, 91, 109, 120 Serbian, 94, 96 Slovakian, 94, 96 Slovenian, 14 Spanish, 99,100, 161 Swedish, 100 Turkish,
9,14, 90, 142 Yiddish, 11,14,26,60, 91,92,94,152,206nl0 See also German language; Hungarian language; Romani language; Romanian language Latin America, 5 colonialism in, 6 decoloniality and, 6 inequality in, 119 as “New Romania,” 20 railroad in, 55 Transylvanian migration to, 20, 53 Latinity, 164 Lăutaru, Barbu, 82 law of nationalities, 95-96, 101-2 League of Nations, 32 liberalism, Western, 35-36 linguistic estrangement, 112 Lionnet, Françoise, 4 Liszt, Franz, 61,68, 80, 82,83 literary criticism feminist, 116, 138,139,151 Meltzľs opinion, 100 Romanian language, 64, 84, 90,112,126, 188nl3 secular, 168, 170 literary studies, 13-14 comparative, 15 literary comparatism, 16 literary theory, 6-7 See also comparative literature literature commodification of, 65-66 folk, 101, 110,208n41 German, 61,91,100-101,109
INDEX Hungarian, 59-60, 91, 103,113, 115,151, 153,208ո41 inter-imperiality in, 27 Irish, 25, 26 metalepsis in, 66 minor, 13-14 postcolonial, 25 Romani, 89-90 Romanian, 102,113,219-20n58 Russian, 102 translation, 99 of Transylvania, 101 world, 12,15,100,103 Locke, John, 36 López, Alfred J., 100 Lovinescu, Eugen, 14,184 Loy, Mina, 116 Lu Xun, 12 Lutheran church, 157-59 Macaulay, Thomas, 58 macrosociology, 16 Magyarization, 20, 59-60, 64, 111, 113, 154, 165, 176 Magyars, 95-96, 207n21 Mahmood, Saba, 162,164,165,168 Malaysia, 5 mapping, 26-28 See also counter-mapping Maria Theresa (Empress), 31,77,80 marriage Austrian Code, 218n35 vs. celibacy, 174 dowry lists, 128-30 of enslaved people, 73 intermarriage, 53,117-18, 143,214n37 lower-middle-class, 147-51 Romani, 118 secularization of, 165 and social mobility, 37-38 as transaction, 122-25, 139 and trousseaux, 147 See also virginity Martirii (Hodoș), 155-56 Marx, Karl, 53,173 masculinism, 135-36, 156 McClintock, Anne, 26,33, 36 Meltzl, Hugó, 92,98-99, 206n4 and comparative literature, 99-101 theoretical writings, 102-3 at the University, 101-2 Memorandum ofRomanians in Transylvania and Hungary, 97 Mendelsohn, Ezra, 57 255 metalepsis, 66,198n89 Mețianu, Ioan, 97, 111 Micu-Klein, Inochentie, 167 Mies, Maria, 130,153 Mignolo, Walter, 101,104 migration, 14,18,20,23, 37 heterogeneous, 2,29 Hungarian, 17 labor, 2,50,53 overseas, 22, 53-54,84-85 Romani, 17,76,79 Romanian, 111 by women, 137 migration studies, 14 Mihai/Michael the Brave, 85 mobility and capitalist integration, 53-56 cultural, 166 of goods, 53-54 of information, 53 of
people (for labor), 53-54 of women, 147 See also migration; social mobility Mocioni, Alexandru, 52,96-97,167 Mocsonyi Sándor. See Mocioni, Alexandru modernism, 13,15, 26, 29, 84, 90,105,113 global, 15, 116, 120-21 Indian, 84 in Ion, 29 literary, 15 in literature, 23 semiperipheral, 15,116 and women’s education, 139,155 modernity as anti-imperial national emancipation, 152-53 and coloniality, 4,160 European, 51, 164 in Hungary, 147 industrial, 55 and inter-imperiality, 11-15,160 linked to West European languages, 113 and nationalism, 166 political economy of, 6-7 postcolonial, 84 and religion, 158 and secularism, 166, 174 study of, 121-22 as urbanization. 111 and women’s education, 153 modernization, 30,42, 49, 55, 85,140,162, 197n74 See also modernity Mohanty, Chandra Talpadé, 140
256 INDEX Moldova, 18, 70-73 Mongol Empire, 17 monoglottism, 110-14,152 Moors, 160,161 Moran, Timothy, 119 Moriscos, 161 Morrison, Toni, 86,87 Mufti, Aamir, 103, 167 Mughal empire, 8 multiconfessionalism, 2, 19,158, 164, 166, 171 multiculturalism, 19, 64, 95, 146, 164-65 multilingualism, 4,12,16,19,23,97,98 See also interglottism; polyglottism Muscovites, 163 Muslims. See Islam Napoleon (Bonaparte), 35 nationalism anti֊, 99 anticolonial, 143 anti-imperial, 59, 106, 112,127, 152-53, 166, 167,171 antisemitic dimension of, 63 economic dimension of, 57 expressed in dress, 149 and feminism, 145, 151 inter-imperial, 115, 150, 151, 166-67, 179 in Ion, 12, 180 Irish, 98 Meltzl’s opposition to, 110 methodological, 3,11,17 and modernity, 166 and patriotism, 176 and the peasants, 172 postcolonial, 143,167 postsecular, 165-68 and racial hatred, 64 and religion, 158,167 Romanian, 21, 22, 60,85,113 in Transylvania, 19,96,99,138, 143 Transylvanian Romanian, 55,97,138,167 nationalist intellectuals, 123,135, 139,152, 172 nation-states, 11, 23, 27, 50,119,198n2 Native Americans, 161 naturalism, 12, 15,33,45,172 vs. modernism, 121 modernist, 120-22 in Rebreanu’s work, 122,123 Nãsáud/Nassod/Naszód, 11,31,40,41,52, 151,171,197n75 Neumann, Victor, 57 New Christians, 77,160,161 New Woman, 120-21,138-39,141-42,148, 154,156 New World, 147,161,164 See also Americas Nirenberg, David, 57,62 Occidentalism, 14,23,127 October Diploma, 94-95 onomatopoeia, 83 Orientalism, 5, 76, 78-79, 102,113,162 Orthodox Church, 171, 223n37 Ottoman Empire dissolution of, 6-7,160 as empire, 5,8,9, 28 Jews from, 18, 23
land ownership in, 29-30 legal reforms, 71 marriage customs, 127 “new,” 133-34,143 and the Reformation, 159 religious tolerance in, 160, 162,170 Roma and, 69,71,72,81 and Romania, 112 Saxons and,44 enslavement in, 71,72,75 inter-imperial tensions, 10,18,21,22,46, 120,159, 220n6 Transylvania and, 2,18,103 Pacific archipelago, 5 Palestine, 5 Papadat-Bengescu, Hortensia, 156,219-220 Paris peace treaty, 32 patriarchy, 158 new, 133-34,143 patriotism, 64, 176 peasant revolts, 51, 57 Penck, Albrecht, 21 peripheraiization, 50, 51, 57, 58,66, 80 Persian Empire, 18 Petőfi, Sándor, 100,102 placedness, 15 pluralism, 164,165 Poland-Lithuania, 18 political economy, 6, 16, 90 polyglottism, 92,98-99,100-101, 113-14 of ACLU, 103 global, 100 limits of, 102 Transylvanian, 93-98 Pop, Xenia, 1,2 postcolonial feminist criticism, 116 postcolonial gaze, 8
INDEX postcolonial studies, 143 postcolonial theory, 4-5 postcolonialism, 5,6, 13 in the Balkans, 5 in East Europe, 98 Irish, 98 in literature, 25 and modernity, 84 postsecularism, 3, 166,168, 174 poststructuralism, 6 Potra, George, 76 poverty, 53, 79, 83, 86, 146,152, 171,175 power analysis of, 170-77 coloniality of, 6,204n99 and creolization, 182nl2 institutional, 16 labor, 56 and religion, 170-77 Pratt, Mary Louise, 92 property rights and capitalism, 47 and citizenship, 139 of indigenous populations, 47 of peasants, 30-31 in the world-system, 191n60 See also land ownership prostitution, 122,125,136-37, 201-2n43, 215-16n63 Protestant churches, 157-59,165 Protestant Reformation, 158,159,165 Proust, Marcel, 142 Prussia, 19, 21, 146, 192-93n2 Puerto Rico, 5 Quijano, Anibal, 45 race. See racialization; racism; Roma racialization, 115 comparative, 199,200 economic, 83 of local populations, 118 of religion, 61,140,159 of the Roma, 78-80, 82-85,146 relational, 16, 61-62,68,199, 200 racism anti-Roma, 70,198֊99n3 anti-Jewish, 170 under the Habsburgs, 79 See also antisemitism railroads, 54-56,109 Ramazani, Jahan, 26,112 Ränki, György, 31 257 reader-response theory, 126 realism, 12,15,121 Rebreanu, Liviu, 2,11-15 biography of, 112, 133 use of ellipses, 126 use of interglottism, 104-10 See also Ion (Rebreanu) Reddock, Rhoda, 135 Reformation, 158, 159,165 Regulamentul Organic, 71-73 religion churches in Transylvania, 157-58 and coloniality, 167 and feminism, 151 and inter-imperiality, 17,157 in Ion, 170-180 and nationalism, 158,167 and power, 170-77 See also Christianity religious
tolerance, 159-60, 165, 220-21ՈՈ9-11 in the Ottoman Empire, 160,162,170 reparations, 45,75-76 Rexhepi, Piro, 166, 168 Ritchie, Susan, 159 Ritoók, Emma, 145, 153-54 Roma people assimilation of, 77,160 churches of, 158 compared to the Jews, 80 enslavement of, 16, 18, 71-73, 76, 201n39 essentialized poverty of, 86 in the Habsburg Empire, 77-78 history of, 198-99n3 land ownership by, 88 migration of, 17, 69 occupations of, 81 Orientalization of, 163 racialization of, 61, 78-80, 82-85, 118, 146, 201Ո39 registration of, 118 segregation of, 77, 83-84 stereotypes of, 81,83, 86-87,89 in Transylvania, 19,67-68,76-80, 186֊87n77 See also Romani language; Romani music/ musicians Roman Catholic Church, 157-58,159, 165,171 Roman Empire, 20-21, 111-12,127 Romani diaspora, 69 Romani language ban on use of, 77 as composite language, 91
258 INDEX Romani language (continued) folk poetry, 99 folk songs, 205nll0 inion, 14 literature in, 89-90 as minor language, 11,92,94,206nl0 vs. Romanian, 68 Romani music/musicians, 68-70,74,80-85, 89-90, 155,199n8 Romania banking in, 52 migration to, 20 national anthem of, 85, 154-55 Transylvanian migration to, 37,53 See also Socialist Republic of Romania Romanian language and antisemitism, 64,68 association with Romance languages, 112 in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 96 in education, 32, 102,105, 111, 152, 153, 167 folk traditions, 83,84,101-2 as imperial language, 43,60 literary criticism, 64,84,90,112,126,188nl3 literature, 1, 12-14,82, 90, 101,102, 126, 168-69 in Moldova and Wallachia, 71, 77,85,166 nationalist approach to, 179 not included on ACLU’s list, 100-101 as official language, 95 in Rebreanu’s writings, 12-14, 24, 27-29, 28, 39,41, 44, 63-64, 83, 85-87, 90-92, 104-13,122, 126-27,130, 136,156, 168, 172,179 and religion, 166,168,176 and the Romanian national anthem, 85, 154-55 and Romanian nationalism, 77,94,111-13 as rural language, 109 spoken by Armenians, 113,212nl05 spoken by Jews, 60,197n63,206nl0 spoken by Rebreanu, 104-5 spoken by serfs, 120 translation of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 76 in Transylvania, 10,17-18,85,91,95,109,152 use in education, 32, 152,154, 167,176 usebyMocioni, 96 weaponization of, 113 in women’s literature, 156 Romanian Transylvanian enlightenment, 31 Romanian Transylvanian Orthodox church, 166 Romanian Transylvanians. See Transylvanian Romanians Romanianization, 111 Romanians bourgeoisie, 36,194nl4 cultural traditions of, 96, 127, 133 as
landowners, 31, 33, 38,41,42 middle class, 52 migrants, 37, 111 nationalists, 109, 111 oppression of, 84 Orientalization of, 163 peasants, 30-32, 35-36,42,44,50,59,86,88, 107,111 and the Roman Empire, 20-21,111-12 in Transylvania, 19,20,117 women, 117 See also Transylvanian Romanians Romanian-Saxon conflict, 40,41-42 Romanov empire, 5 See also Russian Empire romanticism, German, 21 Rubin, Gayle, 37 rurality, 2, 3,14, 45-48 Russia, 8,10 See also Soviet Union Russian Empire, 5, 9, 10, 19, 22,112, 120,127 Russian Orthodox Church, 163 Russian Tsardom, 9,18-19,21 Sabbatarians (Szambatos), 158,220nl Şaguna, Andrei, 167 Said, Edward, 5,25, 26,98,173 Saxon Transylvanians. See Transylvanian Saxons Saxons, 50,159 See also Transylvanian Saxons Schorske, Carl E., 15 secularism, 3 and modernity, 166,174 in Transylvania, 180 in West Europe, 162 Western, 163-65 as Western ideology, 168 secularization, 12,165,167-68,172, 222n26, 223-24n50 semiperiphery/ies, 7-8,12, 22,49, 55,156 serfdom abolition of, 33 exploitation of, 31-32 in Galicia, 46 in the Habsburg Empire, 30 “second,” 30 in Transylvania, 18, 30-31, 45,67 Sexton, Jay, 10 Shachar, Ayelet, 118-19 Shih, Shu-mei, 4,8,198,199,205
INDEX Shohat, Ella, 160 Sibiu/Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben, 55,61,108, 111 Silaşi, Gregoriu, 102 Simmel, Georg, 154 Sinha, Mrinalini, 144 slavery abolition of, 117 in the Caribbean, 75 comparative, 200nl6 in the French colonies, 35 under the Ottoman Empire, 75 racial, 120 in Romania, 70-71 white, 136-137 See also enslavement Snow, C. P„ 15 social mobility, 37-38, 53, 58,81, 83, 85-86, 104,106 social science, 16 Socialist Republic of Romania, 21-22 See also Romania sociology of absences, 13 sociology of inequalities, 118 Sombart, Werner, 142 Someş/Szamos/Somesch valley, 27 South America, 5 Transylvanian migration to, 20,121 See also Brazil Southeast Asia, 6 Southeast Europe, 19 See also East Europe Soviet Union, 32 See also Russia; Russian Empire; Russian Tsardom Spain Castilian, 161 Habsburg, 77,160 Jews’ expulsion from, 17,22, 161 property rights in, 47 Spanish Empire, 161 spirituality pre-Christian, 174 See also Christianity; religion Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, 98,103 St. Domingue, Haiti, 61, 97,117, 119-20 Stam, Robert, 160 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 76 Stritt, Marie, 146 structure of feeling, 44, 135 suicide, 116, 134-37 Suleiman 1,18 synchronism, 14 Szambatos (Sabbatarians), 158,220nl 259 Szász, Zoltán, 35,49 Szeklers, 18,19,158,159, 220nl Tanzimat period, 9 Taylor, Charles, 163,164,166,167 Tazzioli, Martina, 27 Thiong’o, Ngûgï wa, 110 Third World, 5,140 Thorsteinsson, Steingrimur, 100 Todorova, Maria, 5,8 toleration, 159-60, 165, 220-21nn9֊ll Tomich, Dale, 55 Török, Borbála Zsuzsanna, 92 trade Armenian, 18,61 exploitative, 57 in cities, 3 free, 51 history of, 58-59 and
integration, 56 Levantine, 18, 57 Saxon, 61 silk, 142 slave, 70,73, 117 trade associations, 149 world market, 47, 51, 54 trans-imperial, 3, 10-11, 20, 32,44,47, 50-51, 54, 56,97,98, 115,127,137,138,154, 183n32 translation literature, 99 transportation railroads, 54-55 roads, 54 Transylvania agrarian economy in, 28,39,47,49 agrarian reforms, 30-31 anti-imperialism in, 10 churches in, 157-58 between coloniality and inter-imperiality, 4-11 commodity frontier in, 46 cross- and trans-imperial entanglements, 8-9 as estate-based principality, İ7-18, 29 ethnic identity in, 19 under the Habsburgs, 18-19 history of, 9,12,17-23 incorporated into Romania, 32 independence of, 21 as inter-imperial space, 8 inter-imperiality in, 10-11,16,17-23,22-23 Jewish minority in, 57 land ownership in, 1-2,16, 28-33 languages spoken in, 10-11,16,19, 21, 24
260 INDEX Transylvania (continued) minorities in, 22 Nãsãud/Nassod/Naszód region, 11, 32, 40, 41 neoliberal period, 22 as origin of comparative literature, 103-4 as part of Hungary, 21-22 peripheral position of, 49-50 : population demographics, 10,22 railroad in, 55 : religious toleration in, 159-60 Romanian migration to cities in, 111 Soviet administration of, 21 two types of commons in, 42 union with Hungary, 95 union with Romania, 21-22 unique positioning of, 2-3 voting rights in, 36 world-historical perspective, 22 Transylvanian Diet, 42,95 Transylvanian Hungarians, 159 Transylvanian Orthodox Church, 165 Transylvanian Romanians antisemitism among, 60 bourgeoisie, 111 churches of, 61,157, 163, 165, 166 land owners, 120 language taught to, 107,154,176 literacy among, 172-73 nationalists, 55,65,69, 97-98, 122,138,146, 154, 167 peasants, 59, 64, 84, 85,87, 107-8, 122,137, 138,179 priests, 172 use of Romanian language by, 112 as Romanians, 84 structure of feeling, 135 writers, 140,145,155-56 women, 120,141,143-45,154,155-56 Transylvanian Saxon Trade Society, 60-61 Transylvanian Saxons, 18,19, 21, 32,43-44, 97,120,145-46,158,186n68 Transylvanian School (Școala Ardeleană), 167 Transyivanianism, 146 Treaty of Trianon, 21 Treford law, 97 Trumpener, Katie, 69 Tsarist Empire, 6-7, 75 See also Russian Empire; Russian Tsardom Tzara, Tristan, 211n99 Uncle Tom ’s Cabin (Stowe), 76 Uniate Church, 32,159,163,166,167,178 Unitarian church, 157-59 United States European migration to, 53 Transylvanian migration to, 20,22, 37, 53, 84-85,190n43 universalism, 162 urbanization, 3, 111 Urechia,
V.A., 76 Vaida-Voievod, Alexandru, 141 van der Veer, Peter, 163 Vasile, Monica, 42 Venice, 22 Verdery, Katherine, 29, 36,49 Vienna as financial capital, 51 and the Habsburg Empire, 18-19, 41-42, 51 historical archives, 11 influence of, 41 literature in, 15 Meltzl in, 99 Mocioni in, 96 silk industry in, 142 tensions with Budapest, 22, 55,126-27 Transylvania’s connection with, 54 women’s movement in, 116,153 violence domestic, 146, 177,215n55 sexual, 116, 125-26, 128,132 against women, 17,115, 116, 132-34, 158 virginity, 122-28,139 voting rights, 36 of Jews, 64-65 of Romanians, 36 of women, 146-47 Walkowitz, Rebecca, 14,103 Wallerstein, Immanuel, 7, 30, 40, 42,45, 47,59 Warwick Research Collective, 16,121 Washington, Booker T., 84, 131 Weinreich, Max, 94 West Europe Enlightenment, 162 imperialism in, 50 as metropolitan center, 7 secularism in, 162 Transylvanian migration to, 22 Williams, Raymond, 3, 33, 37, 38,40,124-25 Winkiel, Laura, 15 Wlislocki, Heinrich, 80-81 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 152 women as Angel in the House, 120-21 childless, 150,156
INDEX citizenship rights of, 118, 120 and dowry lists, 128-30 education of, 138-41, 143-46,151-56, 219n48 and the gendering of land ownership, 33-39 in higher education, 153-54 labor exploitation, 17 labor of, 120, 130-32,138 and marriage, 37-38 “modern,” 156 naturalization of, 153 New Woman, 120-21, 138-39, 141-42,148, 154,156 and property rights, 129 and religion, 158 rights of, 3, 141, 146, 150,152 Romanian Transylvanian, 154 Saxon Transylvanian, 145-46 silencing of, 116, 120,124, 125, 130, 134, 136, 139, 147, 150, 177 social status of, 117 and spinsterhood, 141, 148 suicide by, 116, 134-37 trafficking of, 215-16n63 violence against, 17, 115, 116, 132-34, 158 voting rights for, 146-47 as writers, 116,155-56 261 See also gender issues; marriage; prostitu tion; virginity women’s movement, 116,140,145 See also feminism Woolf, Virginia, 151,155 To the Lighthouse, 120-21,150 A Room of One’s Own, 138-39 world history, 2, 8,12, 16, 39, 103 perspective of Transylvania, 22 world literature, 12, 15,100, 103 World Postal Union, 56 World War I, 21, 22, 57, 60, 145-46,156 World War II, 5, 21 world-system, modern, 5,7, 13,15, 23,47, 141, 175 181ՈՅ world-systems analysis, 5, 7, 8 and capitalism, 30 and East Europe, 6-7 land rights, 191n60 and semiperipheries, 7-8 Wynter, Sylvia, 79 Zahra, Tara, 84, 186n74,187n77,187n80, 200nl3,213n21 Zionism, 20 Zola, Émile, 122 zones of resistance, 40 |
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| author | Parvulescu, Anca |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1075605326 (DE-588)124311873 |
| author_facet | Parvulescu, Anca |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Parvulescu, Anca |
| author_variant | a p ap |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048552605 |
| contents | The face of land: peasants, property, and the land question -- Transylvania in the world-system: capitalist integration, peripheralization, antisemitism -- The longue durée of enslavement: extracting labor from Romani music -- (Dis)Counting languages: Transylvanian interglottism between Hugo Meltzl and Liviu Rebreanu -- The interimperial dowry plot: nationalism, women's labor, violence against women -- Feminist whims: women's education in an interimperial framework -- God is the new church: the ethnicization of religion |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1349335413 (DE-599)BVBBV048552605 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV048552605 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:57:46Z |
| indexdate | 2024-10-14T10:02:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781501766565 9781501765728 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033928952 |
| oclc_num | 1349335413 |
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| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | vii, 261 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230411 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Cornell University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Parvulescu, Anca Verfasser (DE-588)1075605326 aut Creolizing the modern Transylvania across empires Anca Parvulescu and Manuela Boatcă Ithaca ; London Cornell University Press 2022 vii, 261 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The face of land: peasants, property, and the land question -- Transylvania in the world-system: capitalist integration, peripheralization, antisemitism -- The longue durée of enslavement: extracting labor from Romani music -- (Dis)Counting languages: Transylvanian interglottism between Hugo Meltzl and Liviu Rebreanu -- The interimperial dowry plot: nationalism, women's labor, violence against women -- Feminist whims: women's education in an interimperial framework -- God is the new church: the ethnicization of religion "The book analyzes Transylvania's role in modernity and modernism in juxtaposition with coloniality and inter-imperiality. It does so through an interrogation of the main themes in Liviu Rebreanu's 1920 novel "Ion"--ranging from the land question and capitalist integration through antisemitism and Roma enslavement up to multilingualism, gender relations and religion"-- Rebreanu, Liviu 1885-1944 Ion (DE-588)1285891783 gnd rswk-swf Siebenbürgen Motiv (DE-588)4196129-8 gnd rswk-swf Gesellschaft Motiv (DE-588)4157054-6 gnd rswk-swf Rebreanu, Liviu / 1885-1944 / Ion Literature and globalization / Romania / Transylvania Literature and transnationalism / Romania / Transylvania Land use / Social aspects / Romania / Transylvania Imperialism Transylvania (Romania) / Social conditions Transylvania (Romania) / Ethnic relations Transylvania (Romania) / History Ethnic relations Land use / Social aspects Literature and globalization Literature and transnationalism Social conditions Romania / Transylvania History Rebreanu, Liviu 1885-1944 Ion (DE-588)1285891783 u Siebenbürgen Motiv (DE-588)4196129-8 s Gesellschaft Motiv (DE-588)4157054-6 s DE-604 Boatcă, Manuela Sonstige (DE-588)124311873 oth Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-5017-6573-5 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-5017-6574-2 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033928952&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033928952&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033928952&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Parvulescu, Anca Creolizing the modern Transylvania across empires The face of land: peasants, property, and the land question -- Transylvania in the world-system: capitalist integration, peripheralization, antisemitism -- The longue durée of enslavement: extracting labor from Romani music -- (Dis)Counting languages: Transylvanian interglottism between Hugo Meltzl and Liviu Rebreanu -- The interimperial dowry plot: nationalism, women's labor, violence against women -- Feminist whims: women's education in an interimperial framework -- God is the new church: the ethnicization of religion Rebreanu, Liviu 1885-1944 Ion (DE-588)1285891783 gnd Siebenbürgen Motiv (DE-588)4196129-8 gnd Gesellschaft Motiv (DE-588)4157054-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1285891783 (DE-588)4196129-8 (DE-588)4157054-6 |
| title | Creolizing the modern Transylvania across empires |
| title_auth | Creolizing the modern Transylvania across empires |
| title_exact_search | Creolizing the modern Transylvania across empires |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Creolizing the modern Transylvania across empires |
| title_full | Creolizing the modern Transylvania across empires Anca Parvulescu and Manuela Boatcă |
| title_fullStr | Creolizing the modern Transylvania across empires Anca Parvulescu and Manuela Boatcă |
| title_full_unstemmed | Creolizing the modern Transylvania across empires Anca Parvulescu and Manuela Boatcă |
| title_short | Creolizing the modern |
| title_sort | creolizing the modern transylvania across empires |
| title_sub | Transylvania across empires |
| topic | Rebreanu, Liviu 1885-1944 Ion (DE-588)1285891783 gnd Siebenbürgen Motiv (DE-588)4196129-8 gnd Gesellschaft Motiv (DE-588)4157054-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Rebreanu, Liviu 1885-1944 Ion Siebenbürgen Motiv Gesellschaft Motiv |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033928952&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033928952&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033928952&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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