City gates in the Roman west: forms and functions
This book discusses various aspects of city gates in the Western Roman Empire: Italy, Spain, Gaul, Germany and Britain. In these countries many Roman city gates are to be found, sometimes still in a good condition, like the Porta Nigra in Trier and the Porta Appia in Rome. Similarly to medieval or e...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Leiden
Sidestone Press
[2022]
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | This book discusses various aspects of city gates in the Western Roman Empire: Italy, Spain, Gaul, Germany and Britain. In these countries many Roman city gates are to be found, sometimes still in a good condition, like the Porta Nigra in Trier and the Porta Appia in Rome. Similarly to medieval or early-modern city gates, Roman city gates did not all have the same design but show an evolution over time and depending on the circumstances: sometimes they appear as simple, narrow passages (which were easy to defend), sometimes as impressively monumental complexes (which were comfortable for increased traffic and were comparable in their function to triumphal arches: both served as symbols of urbanitas, expressing Roman power). But city gates had more functions than being a part of the city defence system and the road infrastructure. In many cases, they played a role in the supply of drinking-water and the removal of waste water. Furthermore they were connected to social and magico-religious aspects of city life. This book brings together all available material concerning those city gates in the Roman West that are preserved in a good enough condition to be described and discussed. It focusses on the forms and functions of the gates. In addition, it comprises textual sources (both literary and epigraphic material) containing information on the uses of city gates |
| Beschreibung: | 273 Seiten Illustrationen, Pläne |
| ISBN: | 9789464261073 9789464261080 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents Acknowledgements 9 Preface 11 Introduction 15 Aim of this publication 15 This book in relation to previous research 16 Structure of the book 18 PART I. PREDECESSORS 23 1. City gates in the Middle East, Greece and Gaul 25 Introduction 25 The first city gates 25 Creek city gates 29 Callie city gates 33 PART II. FORMS 37 2. The first city gates: Wide enough for traffic 39 Introduction 39 Etruscan city gates 40 The city gates of Pompeii 42 The first city gates of Rome 47 3. From single-portalled to three-portalled gates 51 Introduction 51 Double-portalled gates: symmetrical and asymmetrical city gates 52 The rise of the three-portalled city gate 59 4. The Empire: Imposing city gate complexes Introduction 65 65 City gates with a semicircular forecourt: Fréjus 67 City gates with one floor 69 City gates with two floors 79
City gates in Germany and Britain 82 Cates in army camps 92 5. Late Antiquity: Back to city defence 93 Introduction 93 Cities are reinforced: London and Trier 93 City gates in the Aurelian Wall 97 Depopulation and struggle 104 6. Five city gates in more detail 107 Introduction ’ 107 Porta all'Arco, Volterra (a) 108 Porta di Ercolano, Pompeii (b) 109 Porta Paphia, Cologne (c) 113 Porta Nigra, Trier (d) 116 Porta Appia, Rome (e) 120 7. Summary of part I and II 123 PART III. FUNCTIONS 127 8. City defence 129 Introduction 129 How many city gates? 129 How many city gates in Rome? 130 Strong and weak city gates 133 A gate under attack 136 9. Traffic 141 Introduction 141 Positioning of city gates 141 Traffic flow 142 Rush hour traffic and extramural buildings 147 10. Water management 153 Introduction 153 City gates and drinking water supply 153 City gates and wastewater discharge 159 11. Status and decoration 163 Introduction 163 Approaching a city gate 163 Decoration 167 Etruscan city gates 169 Late republic and imperial period 172 Late Antiquity 175
12. Watching and toll 179 Introduction 179 City gate facilities 179 Opening- and closing times and gatekeepers 182 Toll 183 13. Meeting points and economy 187 Introduction 187 City gates as a meeting point 187 City gates and economy 188 Welcome and farewell 193 14. Religion and magic 197 Introduction City gates, names and deities , 197 197 Janus 200 Rites of passage 202 The pomérium 204 Pomérium, gates and arches 205 15. Summary of part III 209 Summary and conclusion 213 APPENDICES Appendix 1. Dating city gates 217 219 Porta di Ercolano, Pompeii 220 City gates with two floors: Verona, Turin and Trier 221 Appendix 2. Plans of city gate types 225 Appendix 3. Dimensions of significant city gates 227 Bibliography 231 Abbreviations and classical sources 231 Epigraphical sources 233 Modern literature 233 Figure credits 251 Index locorum 255 Indexof city gates 259 Index of other geographical names 265 General index 267 |
| adam_txt |
Contents Acknowledgements 9 Preface 11 Introduction 15 Aim of this publication 15 This book in relation to previous research 16 Structure of the book 18 PART I. PREDECESSORS 23 1. City gates in the Middle East, Greece and Gaul 25 Introduction 25 The first city gates 25 Creek city gates 29 Callie city gates 33 PART II. FORMS 37 2. The first city gates: Wide enough for traffic 39 Introduction 39 Etruscan city gates 40 The city gates of Pompeii 42 The first city gates of Rome 47 3. From single-portalled to three-portalled gates 51 Introduction 51 Double-portalled gates: symmetrical and asymmetrical city gates 52 The rise of the three-portalled city gate 59 4. The Empire: Imposing city gate complexes Introduction 65 65 City gates with a semicircular forecourt: Fréjus 67 City gates with one floor 69 City gates with two floors 79
City gates in Germany and Britain 82 Cates in army camps 92 5. Late Antiquity: Back to city defence 93 Introduction 93 Cities are reinforced: London and Trier 93 City gates in the Aurelian Wall 97 Depopulation and struggle 104 6. Five city gates in more detail 107 Introduction ’ 107 Porta all'Arco, Volterra (a) 108 Porta di Ercolano, Pompeii (b) 109 Porta Paphia, Cologne (c) 113 Porta Nigra, Trier (d) 116 Porta Appia, Rome (e) 120 7. Summary of part I and II 123 PART III. FUNCTIONS 127 8. City defence 129 Introduction 129 How many city gates? 129 How many city gates in Rome? 130 Strong and weak city gates 133 A gate under attack 136 9. Traffic 141 Introduction 141 Positioning of city gates 141 Traffic flow 142 Rush hour traffic and extramural buildings 147 10. Water management 153 Introduction 153 City gates and drinking water supply 153 City gates and wastewater discharge 159 11. Status and decoration 163 Introduction 163 Approaching a city gate 163 Decoration 167 Etruscan city gates 169 Late republic and imperial period 172 Late Antiquity 175
12. Watching and toll 179 Introduction 179 City gate facilities 179 Opening- and closing times and gatekeepers 182 Toll 183 13. Meeting points and economy 187 Introduction 187 City gates as a meeting point 187 City gates and economy 188 Welcome and farewell 193 14. Religion and magic 197 Introduction City gates, names and deities , 197 197 Janus 200 Rites of passage 202 The pomérium 204 Pomérium, gates and arches 205 15. Summary of part III 209 Summary and conclusion 213 APPENDICES Appendix 1. Dating city gates 217 219 Porta di Ercolano, Pompeii 220 City gates with two floors: Verona, Turin and Trier 221 Appendix 2. Plans of city gate types 225 Appendix 3. Dimensions of significant city gates 227 Bibliography 231 Abbreviations and classical sources 231 Epigraphical sources 233 Modern literature 233 Figure credits 251 Index locorum 255 Indexof city gates 259 Index of other geographical names 265 General index 267 |
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| spelling | Tilburg, Cornelis van 1965- Verfasser (DE-588)134268067 aut City gates in the Roman west forms and functions Cornelis van Tilburg Leiden Sidestone Press [2022] © 2022 273 Seiten Illustrationen, Pläne txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier This book discusses various aspects of city gates in the Western Roman Empire: Italy, Spain, Gaul, Germany and Britain. In these countries many Roman city gates are to be found, sometimes still in a good condition, like the Porta Nigra in Trier and the Porta Appia in Rome. Similarly to medieval or early-modern city gates, Roman city gates did not all have the same design but show an evolution over time and depending on the circumstances: sometimes they appear as simple, narrow passages (which were easy to defend), sometimes as impressively monumental complexes (which were comfortable for increased traffic and were comparable in their function to triumphal arches: both served as symbols of urbanitas, expressing Roman power). But city gates had more functions than being a part of the city defence system and the road infrastructure. In many cases, they played a role in the supply of drinking-water and the removal of waste water. Furthermore they were connected to social and magico-religious aspects of city life. This book brings together all available material concerning those city gates in the Roman West that are preserved in a good enough condition to be described and discussed. It focusses on the forms and functions of the gates. In addition, it comprises textual sources (both literary and epigraphic material) containing information on the uses of city gates Architektur (DE-588)4002851-3 gnd rswk-swf Stadttor (DE-588)4136701-7 gnd rswk-swf Weströmisches Reich (DE-588)4107101-3 gnd rswk-swf Stadttore (DE-2581)TH000008104 gbd Befestigungen (DE-2581)TH000008048 gbd Römische Architektur (DE-2581)TH000008033 gbd Weströmisches Reich (DE-588)4107101-3 g Stadttor (DE-588)4136701-7 s Architektur (DE-588)4002851-3 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-94-6426-109-7 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033927231&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title | City gates in the Roman west forms and functions |
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