Energy economics:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London ; New York
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
2023
|
| Ausgabe: | Second edition |
| Schriftenreihe: | Routledge textbooks in environmental and agricultural economics
[9] |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xxvii, 440 Seiten Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780367756086 9780367755171 |
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| adam_text | Contents List offigures List of tables Preface to the second edition Acknowledgments List of abbreviations xv xvii xviii xx xxii PART I Fundamentals of energy economics 1 Introduction 1 3 Why energy economics? 3 Oil market peformance from the 1970s to the present 4 The content of energy economics 6 Economic approach 9 Efficiency and inefficiency 9 Market failure and government failure 10 A roadmap 10 References 15 2 Energy, markets, and society Introduction 17 What is different about energy? 19 Efficiency 21 Market failure 22 Monopoly 22 Economies of scale 23 Externalities 23 Public goods 23 Other potential market failures 24 Social welfare 26 Pareto and Hicks-Kaldor efficiency 26 Efficiency vs. equity 26 Cost-benefit analysis 27 17
vi Contents Sustainability 28 Sustainability may conflict with efficiency and social welfare 29 Equity forfuture generations 29 Summary 30 References 33 3 Static efficiency: applying supply and demand to energy markets 35 Introduction 35 Supply and demand 3 6 Demand 36 Supply 40 Production 41 Cost 43 Additional cost concepts 44 Combining supply and demand 45 Equilibrium 45 Perfect competition 46 Assumptions of the perfectly competitive model 46 Short-run equilibrium 47 Long-run equilibrium 48 Efficiency and social welfare 49 Market failure 51 Monopoly 51 Externalities 53 Public goods 54 Coming full circle: social welfare 56 Summary 57 References 58 Appendix ЗА: supply and demand basics 59 Appendix 3B: the calculus behind supply and demand 62 4 Dynamic efficiency: energy decisions over time Introduction 65 Dynamic efficiency 66 When to use dynamic efficiency 67 Renewable vs. nonrenewable resources 67 Competition in a dynamic framework 69 MC = 0 69 MOO 76 Constant MC 76 Increasing MC 78 Hotelling’s rule 79 Monopoly 80 Otherfactors influencing dynamic efficiency 82 Change in demand 82 Change in total reserves 83 65
Contents vii Change in technology 84 Change in backstop technology 84 Change in discount rate 85 Social vs. private discount rate 86 Implications for sustainability 87 Managing energy price volatility 88 Is the oil market dynamically efficient? 89 Summary 90 References 92 PART II Conventional energy sources 95 5 Oil: has it reached its peak? 97 Introduction 97 A brief economic history 98 Rockefeller and Standard Oil 100 The Majors 102 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 102 Oil consumption 104 Oil as a transportation fuel 104 Other uses ofpetroleum 104 Oil production 107 The supply chain for oil and gasoline 109 Market models of OPEC behavior 111 Cartel model 112 Saudi Arabia as swing producer 113 Dominant firm price leadership model 114 Environmental regulation 115 Oil financial instruments 116 Forwards and futures 116 Futures contracts 116 Options contracts 118 Summary 119 References 120 6 Natural gas: a bridge to the future? Introduction 122 Brief economic history of natural gas use 124 Natural history 125 Regulation and deregulation 127 Natural gas production 128 Supply chain 128 Processing 130 Delivery system 130 122
viii Contents Cost 131 Levelized cost 132 Capital costs 133 Processing costs 134 Capacity and reliability 134 GHG emissions and other environmental impacts 135 Determining price 136 Determining price under regulation 13 6 Market determination ofprice 138 Summary 141 References 144 Ί Coal: no longer king? 146 Introduction 146 A brief economic history of coal 148 Production and the supply chain 149 Extraction 150 Mining operations—surface mining 150 Mining operations—underground mining 150 Location of supply 151 Processing 151 Transportation 152 Cost 153 Extraction 153 Types of coal 153 Capital costs 155 Process ing cos ts 155 transportation costs 156 Cost to generate electricity 156 Market structure 157 Competition 157 Noncompetitive markets 158 Emissions and other environmental impacts 159 Greenhouse gases and other emissions 160 Water contamination 161 Land degradation 162 Human health effects 163 Summary 163 References 165 8 Nuclear energy: too expensive to matter? Introduction 167 A brief economic history of nuclear power 169 Eission vs. fusion 171 Private cost 173 Levelized cost 173 167
Contents ix Capital costs 174 Operating and Maintenance (O M) costs 176 Regulation 176 Spent fuel 177 Reprocessing 177 Additional costs due to Fukushima 178 Private cost revisited 179 Social cost 181 Nuclear waste 181 Terrorist threats 183 Carbon emissions 184 Summary 185 References 187 PART 111 Alternative energy sources 9 Renewable energy: cheap, clean, but complicated 191 193 Introduction 193 Why alternative fuels? 194 Advantages of renewable fuels 196 Political support 198 Government support 199 Renewable portfolio standards 200 Feed-in tariffs 202 Social cost comparison 203 Intermittent and nondispatchable characteristics 204 Environmental shortcomings 206 Other currently available renewables 207 Hydropower 207 Geothermal 209 Summary 209 References 212 10 Next-generation alternatives: the road to net-zero? Introduction 215 What is a next-generation energy alternative? 216 Incentives to develop next-generation energy alternatives 216 Next-generation renewable energy 217 Wind 217 Onshore development 217 Offshore wind 218 Solar 219 Solar PV vs. thermal 219 Next-generation solar 220 215
x Contents Next-generation biofuels 222 Alternatives to food-based ethanol 222 Next-generation biodiesel 223 Nonrenewables 224 Carbon capture, use, and storage 224 Nuclear energy 226 Small nuclear reactors 22 6 Alternative designs and fuels 227 Nuclear fusion 228 Other next-generation alternatives 230 Water power 230 Small-scale hydro 230 Wave power, tidal power, and ocean thermal energy conversion 230 Hydrogen 231 Fuel cells 232 Electricity 233 The role of markets and governmen ts in next-generation technology 234 Summary 234 References 235 11 Energy efficiency: an offer we can’t refuse? Introduction 239 Energy efficiency and economic efficiency 240 Energy efficiency vs. economic efficiency 240 Energy intensity 243 Energy efficiency in production 244 Energy input—product output relationship 244 Short run 245 Long run 246 Energy input-energy output relationship 248 Energy efficiency in consumption 249 Energy efficiency gap 250 Reasons for an energy efficiency gap 252 High discount rate 252 Bounded rationality 252 Principal/agent problems 253 Reasons why there may not be a gap 254 Rebound effect 255 Taxonomy of rebound effects 256 Magnitude of rebound effects 256 Government intervention to encourage energy efficiency 257 Standards vs. incentive-based approaches 257 Voluntary vs. mandatory standards 257 Government failures 258 Free riders 258 Picking winners 259 Summary 259 References 260 239
Contents xi PART IV Electricity 263 12 Traditional electricity regulation: is monopoly still natural? 2íõ Introduction 265 A brief economic history of electricity and its regulation 266 The origins of electricity 266 Predecessors to electric lighting 267 The evolution of U.S. electric utility regulation 268 Overview oj the electric industry 269 Customer sectors 270 Industrial sector 270 Commercial sector 271 Residential sector 271 Global trends in electricity use 272 The electric system supply chain 272 Generation 273 Transmission 274 Distribution 274 Regulating the electricity industry 274 State regulations 274 Who regulates? 274 Rate-of-return regulation 276 Alternative forms of regulation 282 Marginal cost pricing 282 Peak load pricing 282 Critical peak pricing 286 Demand response 286 Other alternatives 289 Energy efficiency 289 Decoupling 289 Incentive regulation 289 Summary 290 References 292 13 Electricity restructuring and deregulation: a better way? Introduction 294 A brief economic history of electricity deregulation and restructuring 295 Restructuring 296 Challenges for electricity restructuring 297 Transactions costs 300 Two paths to restructuring 3 02 The U.K. 302 California 309 Other examples of electricity deregulation and restructuring 312 PJM 312 ERGOT 315 European Union 316 294
xii Contents Summary 317 References 319 14 Electric vehicles: charging ahead? 322 Introduction 322 Enabling technologies 324 Computerization 324 Batteries 325 Range anxiety and range serenity 325 Repair costs 327 Technologies forfuel economy and emissions compliance 327 Markets and market failures 329 Carbon emissions 329 Other emissions 330 Battery considerations 331 Perspectives of market participan ts 332 Individual consumers 332 Charging options 332 Corporate and fleet customers 334 Electric utilities 335 Electricity pricing 335 Impact on production 335 Impact on distribution system 336 Regional infrastructure considerations 336 Charging networks 337 Charging network models 337 Automakers 339 Emissions and regulations 339 Development and production cost 339 Pe forman ce 339 Government intervention 340 Subsidies and their redistributive effects 340 Benefits and costs 342 Summary 343 References 344 PART V Energy policy 347 15 Energy and the environment: paying the full social cost of our energy choices 349 Introduction 349 Growth of the environmental movement 350 Regulation 358 Environmental regulation of energy production 358 Oil production 358 Natural gas production 360
Contents xiii Environmental regulation of electricity production 5 60 Federal 360 State 362 International 362 Policy options 3 63 Summary 365 References 366 16 Energy and sustainability: what do we owe the future? 368 Introduction 368 Meaning of sustainability 369 Limits to growth revisited 370 Ethics 372 Dynamic energy market conditions 3 73 Impacts ofgrowing global demand for energy 373 Supply considerations 375 Sustainable energy 377 Wind and solar energy 377 Biomass energy 378 Hydroelectric 379 Algae 380 Nuclear 380 Coal 381 Advanced combustion 381 Carbon capture, utilization, and storage 382 Energy efficiency and conservation 3 82 Negawatts vs. megawatts 3 83 Energy efficiency 384 Challenges of applying economics to sustainability 385 Summary 385 References 387 17 Energy security: old and new dilemmas Introduction 389 Definition of energy security 390 History of oil security since 1973 391 OPEC and the 1973 oil embargo 391 Prices and price volatility 394 Current issues in primary energy source security 394 Energy, other resource prices, and imports 394 Natural gas 395 Climate change 395 Nuclear energy 396 Energy infrastructure 397 Electricity and energy security 398 Outages 399 Microgrids 400 Grid modernization 400 389
xiv Contents Cybersecurity 401 Costs and benefits of energy security 402 Oil prices and oil price shocks 402 Strategic petroleum reserve 403 Military costs 403 Electricity reliability and resilience 404 Smart grid 406 Sun unary 407 References 408 18 A comprehensive energy policy: the big picture 411 Introduction 411 First-best and second-best policies 413 Incentive-based policies vs. command-and-control 414 Energy-using sectors 415 Transportation 415 Electric utilities 418 Industry 421 Buildings and commercial users 422 Buildings and residential users 423 Markets and government 424 Summary 424 References 427 Index 429
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| adam_txt |
Contents List offigures List of tables Preface to the second edition Acknowledgments List of abbreviations xv xvii xviii xx xxii PART I Fundamentals of energy economics 1 Introduction 1 3 Why energy economics? 3 Oil market peformance from the 1970s to the present 4 The content of energy economics 6 Economic approach 9 Efficiency and inefficiency 9 Market failure and government failure 10 A roadmap 10 References 15 2 Energy, markets, and society Introduction 17 What is different about energy? 19 Efficiency 21 Market failure 22 Monopoly 22 Economies of scale 23 Externalities 23 Public goods 23 Other potential market failures 24 Social welfare 26 Pareto and Hicks-Kaldor efficiency 26 Efficiency vs. equity 26 Cost-benefit analysis 27 17
vi Contents Sustainability 28 Sustainability may conflict with efficiency and social welfare 29 Equity forfuture generations 29 Summary 30 References 33 3 Static efficiency: applying supply and demand to energy markets 35 Introduction 35 Supply and demand 3 6 Demand 36 Supply 40 Production 41 Cost 43 Additional cost concepts 44 Combining supply and demand 45 Equilibrium 45 Perfect competition 46 Assumptions of the perfectly competitive model 46 Short-run equilibrium 47 Long-run equilibrium 48 Efficiency and social welfare 49 Market failure 51 Monopoly 51 Externalities 53 Public goods 54 Coming full circle: social welfare 56 Summary 57 References 58 Appendix ЗА: supply and demand basics 59 Appendix 3B: the calculus behind supply and demand 62 4 Dynamic efficiency: energy decisions over time Introduction 65 Dynamic efficiency 66 When to use dynamic efficiency 67 Renewable vs. nonrenewable resources 67 Competition in a dynamic framework 69 MC = 0 69 MOO 76 Constant MC 76 Increasing MC 78 Hotelling’s rule 79 Monopoly 80 Otherfactors influencing dynamic efficiency 82 Change in demand 82 Change in total reserves 83 65
Contents vii Change in technology 84 Change in backstop technology 84 Change in discount rate 85 Social vs. private discount rate 86 Implications for sustainability 87 Managing energy price volatility 88 Is the oil market dynamically efficient? 89 Summary 90 References 92 PART II Conventional energy sources 95 5 Oil: has it reached its peak? 97 Introduction 97 A brief economic history 98 Rockefeller and Standard Oil 100 The Majors 102 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 102 Oil consumption 104 Oil as a transportation fuel 104 Other uses ofpetroleum 104 Oil production 107 The supply chain for oil and gasoline 109 Market models of OPEC behavior 111 Cartel model 112 Saudi Arabia as swing producer 113 Dominant firm price leadership model 114 Environmental regulation 115 Oil financial instruments 116 Forwards and futures 116 Futures contracts 116 Options contracts 118 Summary 119 References 120 6 Natural gas: a bridge to the future? Introduction 122 Brief economic history of natural gas use 124 Natural history 125 Regulation and deregulation 127 Natural gas production 128 Supply chain 128 Processing 130 Delivery system 130 122
viii Contents Cost 131 Levelized cost 132 Capital costs 133 Processing costs 134 Capacity and reliability 134 GHG emissions and other environmental impacts 135 Determining price 136 Determining price under regulation 13 6 Market determination ofprice 138 Summary 141 References 144 Ί Coal: no longer king? 146 Introduction 146 A brief economic history of coal 148 Production and the supply chain 149 Extraction 150 Mining operations—surface mining 150 Mining operations—underground mining 150 Location of supply 151 Processing 151 Transportation 152 Cost 153 Extraction 153 Types of coal 153 Capital costs 155 Process ing cos ts 155 'transportation costs 156 Cost to generate electricity 156 Market structure 157 Competition 157 Noncompetitive markets 158 Emissions and other environmental impacts 159 Greenhouse gases and other emissions 160 Water contamination 161 Land degradation 162 Human health effects 163 Summary 163 References 165 8 Nuclear energy: too expensive to matter? Introduction 167 A brief economic history of nuclear power 169 Eission vs. fusion 171 Private cost 173 Levelized cost 173 167
Contents ix Capital costs 174 Operating and Maintenance (O M) costs 176 Regulation 176 Spent fuel 177 Reprocessing 177 Additional costs due to Fukushima 178 Private cost revisited 179 Social cost 181 Nuclear waste 181 Terrorist threats 183 Carbon emissions 184 Summary 185 References 187 PART 111 Alternative energy sources 9 Renewable energy: cheap, clean, but complicated 191 193 Introduction 193 Why alternative fuels? 194 Advantages of renewable fuels 196 Political support 198 Government support 199 Renewable portfolio standards 200 Feed-in tariffs 202 Social cost comparison 203 Intermittent and nondispatchable characteristics 204 Environmental shortcomings 206 Other currently available renewables 207 Hydropower 207 Geothermal 209 Summary 209 References 212 10 Next-generation alternatives: the road to net-zero? Introduction 215 What is a next-generation energy alternative? 216 Incentives to develop next-generation energy alternatives 216 Next-generation renewable energy 217 Wind 217 Onshore development 217 Offshore wind 218 Solar 219 Solar PV vs. thermal 219 Next-generation solar 220 215
x Contents Next-generation biofuels 222 Alternatives to food-based ethanol 222 Next-generation biodiesel 223 Nonrenewables 224 Carbon capture, use, and storage 224 Nuclear energy 226 Small nuclear reactors 22 6 Alternative designs and fuels 227 Nuclear fusion 228 Other next-generation alternatives 230 Water power 230 Small-scale hydro 230 Wave power, tidal power, and ocean thermal energy conversion 230 Hydrogen 231 Fuel cells 232 Electricity 233 The role of markets and governmen ts in next-generation technology 234 Summary 234 References 235 11 Energy efficiency: an offer we can’t refuse? Introduction 239 Energy efficiency and economic efficiency 240 Energy efficiency vs. economic efficiency 240 Energy intensity 243 Energy efficiency in production 244 Energy input—product output relationship 244 Short run 245 Long run 246 Energy input-energy output relationship 248 Energy efficiency in consumption 249 Energy efficiency gap 250 Reasons for an energy efficiency gap 252 High discount rate 252 Bounded rationality 252 Principal/agent problems 253 Reasons why there may not be a gap 254 Rebound effect 255 Taxonomy of rebound effects 256 Magnitude of rebound effects 256 Government intervention to encourage energy efficiency 257 Standards vs. incentive-based approaches 257 Voluntary vs. mandatory standards 257 Government failures 258 Free riders 258 Picking winners 259 Summary 259 References 260 239
Contents xi PART IV Electricity 263 12 Traditional electricity regulation: is monopoly still natural? 2íõ Introduction 265 A brief economic history of electricity and its regulation 266 The origins of electricity 266 Predecessors to electric lighting 267 The evolution of U.S. electric utility regulation 268 Overview oj the electric industry 269 Customer sectors 270 Industrial sector 270 Commercial sector 271 Residential sector 271 Global trends in electricity use 272 The electric system supply chain 272 Generation 273 Transmission 274 Distribution 274 Regulating the electricity industry 274 State regulations 274 Who regulates? 274 Rate-of-return regulation 276 Alternative forms of regulation 282 Marginal cost pricing 282 Peak load pricing 282 Critical peak pricing 286 Demand response 286 Other alternatives 289 Energy efficiency 289 Decoupling 289 Incentive regulation 289 Summary 290 References 292 13 Electricity restructuring and deregulation: a better way? Introduction 294 A brief economic history of electricity deregulation and restructuring 295 Restructuring 296 Challenges for electricity restructuring 297 Transactions costs 300 Two paths to restructuring 3 02 The U.K. 302 California 309 Other examples of electricity deregulation and restructuring 312 PJM 312 ERGOT 315 European Union 316 294
xii Contents Summary 317 References 319 14 Electric vehicles: charging ahead? 322 Introduction 322 Enabling technologies 324 Computerization 324 Batteries 325 Range anxiety and range serenity 325 Repair costs 327 Technologies forfuel economy and emissions compliance 327 Markets and market failures 329 Carbon emissions 329 Other emissions 330 Battery considerations 331 Perspectives of market participan ts 332 Individual consumers 332 Charging options 332 Corporate and fleet customers 334 Electric utilities 335 Electricity pricing 335 Impact on production 335 Impact on distribution system 336 Regional infrastructure considerations 336 Charging networks 337 Charging network models 337 Automakers 339 Emissions and regulations 339 Development and production cost 339 Pe forman ce 339 Government intervention 340 Subsidies and their redistributive effects 340 Benefits and costs 342 Summary 343 References 344 PART V Energy policy 347 15 Energy and the environment: paying the full social cost of our energy choices 349 Introduction 349 Growth of the environmental movement 350 Regulation 358 Environmental regulation of energy production 358 Oil production 358 Natural gas production 360
Contents xiii Environmental regulation of electricity production 5 60 Federal 360 State 362 International 362 Policy options 3 63 Summary 365 References 366 16 Energy and sustainability: what do we owe the future? 368 Introduction 368 Meaning of sustainability 369 Limits to growth revisited 370 Ethics 372 Dynamic energy market conditions 3 73 Impacts ofgrowing global demand for energy 373 Supply considerations 375 Sustainable energy 377 Wind and solar energy 377 Biomass energy 378 Hydroelectric 379 Algae 380 Nuclear 380 Coal 381 Advanced combustion 381 Carbon capture, utilization, and storage 382 Energy efficiency and conservation 3 82 Negawatts vs. megawatts 3 83 Energy efficiency 384 Challenges of applying economics to sustainability 385 Summary 385 References 387 17 Energy security: old and new dilemmas Introduction 389 Definition of energy security 390 History of oil security since 1973 391 OPEC and the 1973 oil embargo 391 Prices and price volatility 394 Current issues in primary energy source security 394 Energy, other resource prices, and imports 394 Natural gas 395 Climate change 395 Nuclear energy 396 Energy infrastructure 397 Electricity and energy security 398 Outages 399 Microgrids 400 Grid modernization 400 389
xiv Contents Cybersecurity 401 Costs and benefits of energy security 402 Oil prices and oil price shocks 402 Strategic petroleum reserve 403 Military costs 403 Electricity reliability and resilience 404 Smart grid 406 Sun unary 407 References 408 18 A comprehensive energy policy: the big picture 411 Introduction 411 First-best and second-best policies 413 Incentive-based policies vs. command-and-control 414 Energy-using sectors 415 Transportation 415 Electric utilities 418 Industry 421 Buildings and commercial users 422 Buildings and residential users 423 Markets and government 424 Summary 424 References 427 Index 429 |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:55:27Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:41:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780367756086 9780367755171 |
| language | English |
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| series | Routledge textbooks in environmental and agricultural economics |
| series2 | Routledge textbooks in environmental and agricultural economics |
| spelling | Schwarz, Peter Martin 1952- Verfasser (DE-588)170172880 aut Energy economics Peter M. Schwarz Second edition London ; New York Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2023 xxvii, 440 Seiten Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Routledge textbooks in environmental and agricultural economics [9] Energy consumption Economic aspects Energy development Energy industries Energy policy Energiewirtschaft (DE-588)4014743-5 gnd rswk-swf Energiewirtschaft (DE-588)4014743-5 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-003-16319-0 Routledge textbooks in environmental and agricultural economics [9] (DE-604)BV039532088 9 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033919786&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Schwarz, Peter Martin 1952- Energy economics Routledge textbooks in environmental and agricultural economics Energy consumption Economic aspects Energy development Energy industries Energy policy Energiewirtschaft (DE-588)4014743-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4014743-5 |
| title | Energy economics |
| title_auth | Energy economics |
| title_exact_search | Energy economics |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Energy economics |
| title_full | Energy economics Peter M. Schwarz |
| title_fullStr | Energy economics Peter M. Schwarz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Energy economics Peter M. Schwarz |
| title_short | Energy economics |
| title_sort | energy economics |
| topic | Energy consumption Economic aspects Energy development Energy industries Energy policy Energiewirtschaft (DE-588)4014743-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Energy consumption Economic aspects Energy development Energy industries Energy policy Energiewirtschaft |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033919786&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV039532088 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT schwarzpetermartin energyeconomics |