Holdings: Quantum Technologies

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Bibliographic Details
Other Authors:	Neugebauer, Reimund 1953- (Editor)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Stuttgart, Germany Fraunhofer Verlag [2022]
Series:	Fraunhofer-Forschungsfokus
Subjects:	Sensor Quantencomputer Quantentechnologie Quantenkommunikation Applied optics Communications engineering Electronic engineering Entwicklungsingenieure Industrial applications Physiker Quantum field theory Quantum mechanics Quantum physics Scientific research Technological innovation Technologiemanager Aufsatzsammlung
Online Access:	Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	425 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 21 cm x 14.8 cm
ISBN:	3839618509 9783839618509

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Record in the Search Index

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adam_text	TABLE OF CONTENTS THE QUANTUM LEAP FROM LAB TO APPLICATION ...................... 13 1 QUANTUM SOLUTIONS - BEYOND CLASSICAL LIMITATIONS ........... 13 2 FROM THE FIRST TO THE SECOND QUANTUM REVOLUTION ............... 14 3 TECHNOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC PROSPECTS ................................. 16 GAUGING THE STATE OF DEVELOPMENTS ..................................... 19 1 ON THE ROUTE TO A KEY EMERGENT TECHNOLOGY ........................ 19 1.1 MOTIVATION AND INSPIRATION .............................................. 19 1.2 PATHWAYS TO INNOVATION AND QUANTUM ECOSYSTEMS .... 20 1.3 EVALUATING AND DIRECTING PROGRESS IN THE FIELD ............... 22 2 CURRENT TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES .......................................... 24 2.1 INTEGRATION AND UPSCALING .............................................. 24 2.2 QUANTUM INFRASTRUCTURES ................................................ 27 3 CURRENT STRATEGICAL CHALLENGES .............................................. 31 3 TRIBUTES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS ................................................ 34 1 QUANTUM SENSING 40 SENSITIVE OPPORTUNITIES IN A NEW WORLD ............................... 41 NITROGEN-VACANCY CENTERS: A QUANTUM SENSOR FOR MAGNETIC FIELDS .................................................................... 43 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 43 2 QUANTUM MAGNETOMETRY WITH NV CENTERS .......................... 44 2.1 ADVANTAGES ...................................................................... 48 2.2 LIMITATIONS ........................................................................ 49 2.3 OVERCOMING LIMITATIONS WITH THE WIDE-FIELD MAGNETOMETER ........................................................... 50 2.4 THE INSTRUMENT ............................................................... 51 3 SPECIFIC DIAMOND DEVELOPMENT FOR WIDE-FIELD ...................... 54 3.1 DIAMOND SUBSTRATES, HOMOEPITAXIAL GROWTH, AND NITROGEN-DOPED 6-LAYERS ......................................... 54 4 APPLICATIONS ............................................................................ 57 4.1 MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLE MEASUREMENT ............................ 58 4.2 MATERIAL SCIENCE - STEEL ALLOYS .......................................... 61 5 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK ....................................................... 64 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................ 65 7 REFERENCES ............................................................................... 66 QUANTUM MAGNETOMETRY BASED FLOW METERING .................. 69 1 QUANTUM MAGNETOMETRY WITH OPTICALLY PUMPED MAGNETOMETERS ................................................................... 70 2 THE CONCEPT OF QUANTUM MAGNETOMETRY-BASED FLOW METERING ..................................................................... 72 3 THE ADDED VALUE FOR FLOW METERING ..................................... 76 4 REFERENCES ............................................................................... 79 LASER THRESHOLD MAGNETOMETRY .............................................. 81 1 THE IDEA: IMPROVING SENSITIVITY VIA LASER READOUT .................. 81 2 MEASURING STIMULATED EMISSION FROM NV CENTERS ............... 86 3 MAGNETIC-FIELD-DEPENDENT LIGHT AMPLIFICATION WITH STRONG SIGNALS AND RECORD CONTRAST .................................... 89 4 REFERENCES ............................................................................... 92 MATERIAL TESTING WITH OPTICALLY PUMPED MAGNETOMETERS .. 95 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................. 96 2 MAGNETIC MEASURING OF DEFECTS IN MATERIALS ........................ 96 3 QUANTUM SENSING WITH OPTICALLY PUMPED MAGNETOMETERS . . 98 4 MAGNETIC RESPONSE TO THE FATIGUE PROCESSES ........................ 100 5 MEASURING THE MAGNETIC FATIGUE RESPONSE .......................... 102 6 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK ....................................................... 107 7 REFERENCES ............................................................................... 108 FRAUNHOFER CAP ........................................................................... 111 1 FRAUNHOFER CAP AND THE UK PERSPECTIVE ............................. 111 2 COLD-ATOM SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES ............................................ 112 2.1 INTRODUCTION TO ATOM INTERFEROMETERS ............................. 113 2.2 INTRODUCTION TO LASER REQUIREMENTS FOR QUANTUM SENSORS 114 2.3 TAPERED AMPLIFIER DEVELOPMENT ..................................... 117 3 SPADS FOR TIME-RESOLVED REMOTE SPECTROSCOPY .................... 118 3.1 REMOTE SENSING OF HYDROGEN .......................................... 118 3.2 RESULTS ON REMOTE SENSING OF HYDROGEN ........................ 120 4 PHOTONIC INTEGRATION FOR QUANTUM SENSING .......................... 122 4.1 INTEGRATED SOURCES OF QUANTUM LIGHT ............................ 122 4.2 MICRO-OPTIC INTEGRATION FOR SCANNING MAGNETOMETERS . . 125 5 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK ....................................................... 128 6 REFERENCES ............................................................................... 129 2 QUANTUM IMAGING 134 CORRELATED PHOTON PAIRS PERFORM DIVISION OF LABOR ACROSS WAVELENGTH REGION ....................................................... 135 REFERENCES ................................................................................. 140 QUANTUM HOLOGRAPHY WITH UNDETECTED LIGHT ..................... 141 1 FROM CLASSICAL TO QUANTUM HOLOGRAPHY ................................. 141 2 NONLINEAR INTERFEROMETER FOR IMAGING ................................... 143 3 PHASE-SHIFTING HOLOGRAPHY .................................................... 145 4 QUANTUM HOLOGRAPHY WITH UNDETECTED LIGHT ...................... 147 5 NOISE RESILIENCE ...................................................................... 148 6 REFERENCES ............................................................................... 151 QUANTUM GHOST IMAGING WITH ASYNCHRONOUS DETECTION . . 153 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 153 2 QUANTUM GHOST IMAGING (QGI) .............................................. 155 3 RESULTS ..................................................................................... 160 4 IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION ............................................................. 161 5 RELEVANT QUANTUM BENEFITS .................................................. 162 5.1 UNIFORM ENERGY DISTRIBUTION: RELAXED SAFETY THRESHOLDS . . 162 5.2 INCOHERENT SOURCE: IMPROVED IMAGE QUALITY ................. 163 5.3 INHERENT RANDOMNESS: NON-DETECTABILITY AND SUPERIOR PROTECTION ..................................................... 163 6 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK ....................................................... 164 7 REFERENCES ............................................................................... 165 QUANTUM FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY ........... 167 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 167 2 THE QUANTUM FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTROMETER .................... 169 2.1 CORRELATED PHOTON SOURCE .............................................. 169 2.2 NONLINEAR INTERFEROMETER ................................................ 171 2.3 SPECTRAL ANALYSIS ............................................................... 173 3 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK ....................................................... 178 4 REFERENCES .............................................................................. 178 QUANTUM IMAGING WITH UNDETECTED PHOTONS IN THE MID-INFRARED ........................................................................ 181 1 QUANTUM IMAGING IN NONLINEAR INTERFEROMETERS ................. 181 1.1 SPONTANEOUS PARAMETRIC DOWNCONVERSION. SOURCES FOR CORRELATED PHOTON PAIRS ............................... 182 1.2 IMAGING WITH UNDETECTED PHOTONS IN NONLINEAR INTERFEROMETERS ......................................................... 183 1.3 STATE-OF-THE-ART QUANTUM IMAGING IN THE MID-INFRARED . . 184 2 MIR QUANTUM IMAGING WITH LARGE APERTURE CRYSTALS IN LONG-PASS INTERFEROMETER CONFIGURATION ........................... 185 2.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ..................................................... 185 2.2 SETUP AND RESULTS ............................................................. 187 2.3 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK ................................................ 190 3 REFERENCES ............................................................................... 190 TERAHERTZ SPECTROSCOPY WITH VISIBLE PHOTONS ...................... 193 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 194 2 GENERATION OF CORRELATED TERAHERTZ-VISIBLE PHOTON PAIRS ... 195 3 TERAHERTZ SPECTROSCOPY WITH VISIBLE LIGHT ............................... 199 4 QUANTUM-INSPIRED TERAHERTZ SPECTROSCOPY WITH PULSED SOURCES ..................................................................... 202 5 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK ....................................................... 204 6 REFERENCES ............................................................................... 205 3 QUANTUM COMMUNICATION 210 QUANTUM COMMUNICATION: SECURE COMMUNICATION BY QUANTUM KEY DISTRIBUTION ................................................ 211 QUANTUM COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND PROTOCOLS ............. 213 1 MOTIVATION ............................................................................... 213 2 QUANTUM COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS FOR OPTICAL NETWORKS ... 215 2.1 MASSIVELY MULTIPLEXED QUANTUM CHANNELS ...................... 215 2.2 SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION OF QUANTUM AND CLASSICAL CHANNELS ....................................................... 217 2.3 A REAL-TIME EXPERIMENTATION QKD PLATFORM FOR QUANTUM-SECURE TELECOM INFRASTRUCTURES ............... 218 3 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK ....................................................... 223 4 REFERENCES ............................................................................... 223 SATELLITE-BASED ENTANGLEMENT COMMUNICATION AT FRAUNHOFER IOF ...................................................................... 225 1 ENTANGLEMENT-BASED QUANTUM COMMUNICATION IN SPACE . . . 225 2 BASIC LINK CONSIDERATIONS ....................................................... 227 3 HIGH PERFORMANT ENTANGLED PHOTON SOURCES ........................ 230 4 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK ....................................................... 233 5 REFERENCES ............................................................................... 234 PHOTONIC COMPONENTS FOR QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES ............. 235 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 235 2 ACTIVE COMPONENTS FOR INTEGRATION ....................................... 236 2.1 SINGLE-PHOTON AVALANCHE DETECTORS ............................... 237 2.2 INP-BASED PHOTONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS .......................... 239 3 HYBRID INTEGRATION .................................................................. 241 3.1 POLYBOARD PLATFORM ......................................................... 242 3.2 MICRO-OPTICAL BENCH ......................................................... 246 4 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK ....................................................... 249 5 REFERENCES ............................................................................... 249 MODULAR NANOELECTRONICS FOR QUANTUM COMMUNICATION .. 251 1 MOTIVATION ............................................................................... 251 2 MODULAR ELECTRONICS PLATFORM ................................................ 253 2.1 CHIPLET TECHNOLOGY ......................................................... 254 2.2 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS .................................................. 256 2.3 ANALOG DIGITAL CONVERTER .................................................. 257 2.4 DIGITAL ANALOG CONVERTER .................................................. 259 2.5 TIME-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTERS .............................................. 259 2.6 FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHIPLET TOOLBOX .................. 260 3 QKD TEST ENVIRONMENT FOR CIRCUIT DEVELOPMENT .................. 261 4 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK ....................................................... 263 5 REFERENCES ............................................................................... 264 LOW-NOISE QUANTUM FREQUENCY CONVERTERS FOR THE QUANTUM INTERNET ...................................................................... 267 1 QUANTUM INTERNET ................................................................. 268 1.1 QUANTUM NETWORKS ......................................................... 269 1.2 THE QUANTUM INTERFACE .................................................. 270 1.3 THE QUANTUM INTERNET DEMONSTRATOR PROJECT ATQUTECH .................................................................. 271 2 QUANTUM FREQUENCY CONVERSION ............................................ 272 2.1 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS OF A QFC, EVERY PHOTON COUNTS ................................................ 272 2.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE, DESIGN CHALLENGES, AND STATE OF THE ART ................................................................... 273 2.3 NORA - A NOISE-REDUCED APPROACH FOR A QFC ............. 274 2.4 PROTOTYPING AND TESTING OF NORA QFC .......................... 276 3 NEXT STEPS ............................................................................... 279 4 REFERENCES ............................................................................... 280 4 QUANTUM COMPUTING 284 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 285 QUANTUM COMPUTING FROM MATERIALS TO APPLICATION ......... 291 1 SILICON CARBIDE - A PROMISING MATERIAL FOR QUANTUM COMPUTING ............................................................................ 292 2 SIC SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY AND SIMULATION ..................... 295 3 INTEGRATION AND MATERIAL ASPECTS FOR QUANTUM COMPUTING ............................................................................... 298 4 QUANTUM COMPUTING FOR SIMULATION UND OPTIMIZATION .... 301 5 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK ....................................................... 305 6 REFERENCES ............................................................................... 306 LEVERAGING MICROELECTRONICS FOR LARGE-SCALE QUANTUM COMPUTING HARDWARE ............................................ 309 1 INTRODUCTION HARDWARE FOR QUANTUM COMPUTING .................. 310 1.1 QUBIT PLATFORMS - A TECHNOLOGIC OVERVIEW .................... 311 2 CHALLENGES TOWARD MEANINGFUL SYSTEMS ............................... 312 3 CONCRETE POTENTIAL FOR SEGMENTS OF THE QUANTUM COMPUTING STACK ................................................................. 313 3.1 SUPERCONDUCTING QUBITS .................................................. 314 3.2 SPIN-BASED QUANTUM DOT QUBITS ..................................... 317 3.3 PHOTONIC QUBITS ................................................................ 318 3.4 NEUTRAL ATOMS .................................................................. 319 3.5 2D AND 3D INTEGRATION ..................................................... 320 3.6 CO-INTEGRATION WITH CMOS LOGIC ................................... 321 4 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK ....................................................... 322 5 REFERENCES ...................... 323 ERROR CHARACTERIZATION, MITIGATION, AND CORRECTION ........... 325 1 QUANTUM GATE ERROR CHARACTERIZATION ................................... 325 1.1 FROM PROCESS TO GATE SET TOMOGRAPHY .......................... 326 1.2 LONG-SEQUENCE QUANTUM PROCESS TOMOGRAPHY ............. 330 1.3 CROSSTALK CHARACTERIZATION .............................................. 331 2 ERROR MITIGATION ...................................................................... 332 3 QUANTUM ERROR CORRECTION ..................................................... 336 3.1 CLASSICAL ERROR CORRECTION ................................................ 337 3.2 THREE-QUBIT BITFLIP CODE .................................................. 338 3.3 THRESHOLD THEOREM OF FAULT-TOLERANT QUANTUM COMPUTING .................................................................. 339 4 REFERENCES ............................................................................... 340 QUANTUM HPC ALGORITHMS AND WORKFLOWS .......................... 343 1 MOTIVATION: QUANTUM COMPUTERS AS ACCELERATORS OF HPC SYSTEMS ..................................................... 343 2 TECHNOLOGIES AND APPROACHES ................................................ 344 3 HYBRID SIMULATION AT THE ALGORITHMIC LEVEL ............................ 345 4 NISQ QUANTUM APPLICATIONS .................................................. 347 5 TOWARD HYBRID HPC / QUANTUM WORKFLOWS .......................... 349 6 CHARACTERIZATION OF HYBRID WORKFLOWS AND ALGORITHMS ......... 350 7 IMPORTANT PARAMETERS FOR INTEGRATING QC INTO HPC SYSTEMS ....................................................................... 351 8 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK ....................................................... 353 9 REFERENCES ............................................................................... 354 QUANTUM MACHINE LEARNING .................................................. 355 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 355 2 WHAT IS MACHINE LEARNING? .................................................. 356 3 WHAT IS QUANTUM COMPUTING? ............................................ 357 4 WHAT IS QUANTUM MACHINE LEARNING? ................................. 359 5 CURRENT LIMITATIONS FOR QML .................................................. 363 6 SUGGESTIONS FOR QML IN THE NISQ ERA ................................... 367 7 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK ....................................................... 369 8 REFERENCES .............................................................................. 370 QOMPILER: INTEROPERABLE AND STANDARDIZABLE QUANTUM SOFTWARE STACK .................................. 373 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 374 2 PROGRESS BEYOND STATE OF THE ART ............................................ 375 3 THE NEED FOR A STANDARDIZED SOFTWARE STACK ........................ 377 4 QRISP: QUANTUM HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE ............ 379 5 STANDARDIZABLE INTERFACE ..................... 381 6 EXPLOITATION PATHS ................................................................. 383 7 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK ....................................................... 384 8 REFERENCES .............................................................................. 385 APPROACHES TO THE STRUCTURED DEVELOPMENT, TEST, AND OPERATION OF QUANTUM-BASED ICT SYSTEMS .................. 387 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 388 2 RELATED WORK ........................................................................... 388 3 QUANTUM DEVOPS .................................................................. 389 4 OVERVIEW OF TOOLS FOR QUANTUM DEVOPS ............................... 392 4.1 TOOLS FOR THE DEV SUBCYCLE .............................................. 393 4.2 TOOLS FOR THE OPS SUBCYCLE .............................................. 394 4.3 OVERALL DEVOPS AUTOMATION ............................................ 395 5 BENCHMARKING FOR QUANTUM DEVOPS ................................... 396 5.1 TRANSPILATION AND QUANTUM CIRCUIT OPTIMIZATION ........... 397 5.2 SIMULATIONS UNDER SUITABLE NOISE MODELS ...................... 398 5.3 QPU BACKEND DECISION ..................................................... 398 5.4 EXECUTION ON THE QPU ..................................................... 399 6 USE CASES ................................................................................. 400 6.1 TRAVELING SALESMAN PROBLEM IN QUANTUM DEVOPS ......... 400 6.2 VARIATIONAL QUANVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS WITH ENHANCED IMAGE ENCODING FOR IMAGE CLASSIFICATION .... 403 7 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK ....................................................... 405 8 REFERENCES ............................................................................... 406 FRAUNHOFER COMPETENCE NETWORK QUANTUM COMPUTING .. 409 1 FRAUNHOFER COMPETENCE NETWORK QUANTUM COMPUTING: AIM AND STRUCTURE ............................................................... 409 2 FRAUNHOFER AS AN ENABLER FOR RESEARCH AND INDUSTRY ............ 411 3 CURRENT PROJECTS USING THE IBM QUANTUM SYSTEM ONE .... 412 4 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK ....................................................... 414 5 REFERENCES ............................................................................... 415 LIST OF AUTHORS ............................................................................. 417
adam_txt	TABLE OF CONTENTS THE QUANTUM LEAP FROM LAB TO APPLICATION . 13 1 QUANTUM SOLUTIONS - BEYOND " CLASSICAL" LIMITATIONS . 13 2 FROM THE FIRST TO THE SECOND QUANTUM REVOLUTION . 14 3 TECHNOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC PROSPECTS . 16 GAUGING THE STATE OF DEVELOPMENTS . 19 1 ON THE ROUTE TO A KEY EMERGENT TECHNOLOGY . 19 1.1 MOTIVATION AND INSPIRATION . 19 1.2 PATHWAYS TO INNOVATION AND QUANTUM ECOSYSTEMS . 20 1.3 EVALUATING AND DIRECTING PROGRESS IN THE FIELD . 22 2 CURRENT TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES . 24 2.1 INTEGRATION AND UPSCALING . 24 2.2 QUANTUM INFRASTRUCTURES . 27 3 CURRENT STRATEGICAL CHALLENGES . 31 3 TRIBUTES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS . 34 1 QUANTUM SENSING 40 SENSITIVE OPPORTUNITIES IN A NEW WORLD . 41 NITROGEN-VACANCY CENTERS: A QUANTUM SENSOR FOR MAGNETIC FIELDS . 43 1 INTRODUCTION . 43 2 QUANTUM MAGNETOMETRY WITH NV CENTERS . 44 2.1 ADVANTAGES . 48 2.2 LIMITATIONS . 49 2.3 OVERCOMING LIMITATIONS WITH THE WIDE-FIELD MAGNETOMETER . 50 2.4 THE INSTRUMENT . 51 3 SPECIFIC DIAMOND DEVELOPMENT FOR WIDE-FIELD . 54 3.1 DIAMOND SUBSTRATES, HOMOEPITAXIAL GROWTH, AND NITROGEN-DOPED 6-LAYERS . 54 4 APPLICATIONS . 57 4.1 MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLE MEASUREMENT . 58 4.2 MATERIAL SCIENCE - STEEL ALLOYS . 61 5 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK . 64 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 65 7 REFERENCES . 66 QUANTUM MAGNETOMETRY BASED FLOW METERING . 69 1 QUANTUM MAGNETOMETRY WITH OPTICALLY PUMPED MAGNETOMETERS . 70 2 THE CONCEPT OF QUANTUM MAGNETOMETRY-BASED FLOW METERING . 72 3 THE ADDED VALUE FOR FLOW METERING . 76 4 REFERENCES . 79 LASER THRESHOLD MAGNETOMETRY . 81 1 THE IDEA: IMPROVING SENSITIVITY VIA LASER READOUT . 81 2 MEASURING STIMULATED EMISSION FROM NV CENTERS . 86 3 MAGNETIC-FIELD-DEPENDENT LIGHT AMPLIFICATION WITH STRONG SIGNALS AND RECORD CONTRAST . 89 4 REFERENCES . 92 MATERIAL TESTING WITH OPTICALLY PUMPED MAGNETOMETERS . 95 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION . 96 2 MAGNETIC MEASURING OF DEFECTS IN MATERIALS . 96 3 QUANTUM SENSING WITH OPTICALLY PUMPED MAGNETOMETERS . . 98 4 MAGNETIC RESPONSE TO THE FATIGUE PROCESSES . 100 5 MEASURING THE MAGNETIC FATIGUE RESPONSE . 102 6 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK . 107 7 REFERENCES . 108 FRAUNHOFER CAP . 111 1 FRAUNHOFER CAP AND THE UK PERSPECTIVE . 111 2 COLD-ATOM SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES . 112 2.1 INTRODUCTION TO ATOM INTERFEROMETERS . 113 2.2 INTRODUCTION TO LASER REQUIREMENTS FOR QUANTUM SENSORS 114 2.3 TAPERED AMPLIFIER DEVELOPMENT . 117 3 SPADS FOR TIME-RESOLVED REMOTE SPECTROSCOPY . 118 3.1 REMOTE SENSING OF HYDROGEN . 118 3.2 RESULTS ON REMOTE SENSING OF HYDROGEN . 120 4 PHOTONIC INTEGRATION FOR QUANTUM SENSING . 122 4.1 INTEGRATED SOURCES OF QUANTUM LIGHT . 122 4.2 MICRO-OPTIC INTEGRATION FOR SCANNING MAGNETOMETERS . . 125 5 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK . 128 6 REFERENCES . 129 2 QUANTUM IMAGING 134 CORRELATED PHOTON PAIRS PERFORM "DIVISION OF LABOR" ACROSS WAVELENGTH REGION . 135 REFERENCES . 140 QUANTUM HOLOGRAPHY WITH UNDETECTED LIGHT . 141 1 FROM CLASSICAL TO QUANTUM HOLOGRAPHY . 141 2 NONLINEAR INTERFEROMETER FOR IMAGING . 143 3 PHASE-SHIFTING HOLOGRAPHY . 145 4 QUANTUM HOLOGRAPHY WITH UNDETECTED LIGHT . 147 5 NOISE RESILIENCE . 148 6 REFERENCES . 151 QUANTUM GHOST IMAGING WITH ASYNCHRONOUS DETECTION . . 153 1 INTRODUCTION . 153 2 QUANTUM GHOST IMAGING (QGI) . 155 3 RESULTS . 160 4 IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION . 161 5 RELEVANT QUANTUM BENEFITS . 162 5.1 UNIFORM ENERGY DISTRIBUTION: RELAXED SAFETY THRESHOLDS . . 162 5.2 INCOHERENT SOURCE: IMPROVED IMAGE QUALITY . 163 5.3 INHERENT RANDOMNESS: NON-DETECTABILITY AND SUPERIOR PROTECTION . 163 6 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK . 164 7 REFERENCES . 165 QUANTUM FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY . 167 1 INTRODUCTION . 167 2 THE QUANTUM FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTROMETER . 169 2.1 CORRELATED PHOTON SOURCE . 169 2.2 NONLINEAR INTERFEROMETER . 171 2.3 SPECTRAL ANALYSIS . 173 3 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK . 178 4 REFERENCES . 178 QUANTUM IMAGING WITH UNDETECTED PHOTONS IN THE MID-INFRARED . 181 1 QUANTUM IMAGING IN NONLINEAR INTERFEROMETERS . 181 1.1 SPONTANEOUS PARAMETRIC DOWNCONVERSION. SOURCES FOR CORRELATED PHOTON PAIRS . 182 1.2 IMAGING WITH UNDETECTED PHOTONS IN NONLINEAR INTERFEROMETERS . 183 1.3 STATE-OF-THE-ART QUANTUM IMAGING IN THE MID-INFRARED . . 184 2 MIR QUANTUM IMAGING WITH LARGE APERTURE CRYSTALS IN LONG-PASS INTERFEROMETER CONFIGURATION . 185 2.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS . 185 2.2 SETUP AND RESULTS . 187 2.3 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK . 190 3 REFERENCES . 190 TERAHERTZ SPECTROSCOPY WITH VISIBLE PHOTONS . 193 1 INTRODUCTION . 194 2 GENERATION OF CORRELATED TERAHERTZ-VISIBLE PHOTON PAIRS . 195 3 TERAHERTZ SPECTROSCOPY WITH VISIBLE LIGHT . 199 4 QUANTUM-INSPIRED TERAHERTZ SPECTROSCOPY WITH PULSED SOURCES . 202 5 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK . 204 6 REFERENCES . 205 3 QUANTUM COMMUNICATION 210 QUANTUM COMMUNICATION: SECURE COMMUNICATION BY QUANTUM KEY DISTRIBUTION . 211 QUANTUM COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND PROTOCOLS . 213 1 MOTIVATION . 213 2 QUANTUM COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS FOR OPTICAL NETWORKS . 215 2.1 MASSIVELY MULTIPLEXED QUANTUM CHANNELS . 215 2.2 SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION OF QUANTUM AND CLASSICAL CHANNELS . 217 2.3 A REAL-TIME EXPERIMENTATION QKD PLATFORM FOR QUANTUM-SECURE TELECOM INFRASTRUCTURES . 218 3 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK . 223 4 REFERENCES . 223 SATELLITE-BASED ENTANGLEMENT COMMUNICATION AT FRAUNHOFER IOF . 225 1 ENTANGLEMENT-BASED QUANTUM COMMUNICATION IN SPACE . . . 225 2 BASIC LINK CONSIDERATIONS . 227 3 HIGH PERFORMANT ENTANGLED PHOTON SOURCES . 230 4 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK . 233 5 REFERENCES . 234 PHOTONIC COMPONENTS FOR QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES . 235 1 INTRODUCTION . 235 2 ACTIVE COMPONENTS FOR INTEGRATION . 236 2.1 SINGLE-PHOTON AVALANCHE DETECTORS . 237 2.2 INP-BASED PHOTONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS . 239 3 HYBRID INTEGRATION . 241 3.1 POLYBOARD PLATFORM . 242 3.2 MICRO-OPTICAL BENCH . 246 4 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK . 249 5 REFERENCES . 249 MODULAR NANOELECTRONICS FOR QUANTUM COMMUNICATION . 251 1 MOTIVATION . 251 2 MODULAR ELECTRONICS PLATFORM . 253 2.1 CHIPLET TECHNOLOGY . 254 2.2 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS . 256 2.3 ANALOG DIGITAL CONVERTER . 257 2.4 DIGITAL ANALOG CONVERTER . 259 2.5 TIME-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTERS . 259 2.6 FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHIPLET TOOLBOX . 260 3 QKD TEST ENVIRONMENT FOR CIRCUIT DEVELOPMENT . 261 4 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK . 263 5 REFERENCES . 264 LOW-NOISE QUANTUM FREQUENCY CONVERTERS FOR THE QUANTUM INTERNET . 267 1 QUANTUM INTERNET . 268 1.1 QUANTUM NETWORKS . 269 1.2 THE QUANTUM INTERFACE . 270 1.3 THE QUANTUM INTERNET DEMONSTRATOR PROJECT ATQUTECH . 271 2 QUANTUM FREQUENCY CONVERSION . 272 2.1 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS OF A QFC, EVERY PHOTON COUNTS . 272 2.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE, DESIGN CHALLENGES, AND STATE OF THE ART . 273 2.3 NORA - A NOISE-REDUCED APPROACH FOR A QFC . 274 2.4 PROTOTYPING AND TESTING OF NORA QFC . 276 3 NEXT STEPS . 279 4 REFERENCES . 280 4 QUANTUM COMPUTING 284 INTRODUCTION . 285 QUANTUM COMPUTING FROM MATERIALS TO APPLICATION . 291 1 SILICON CARBIDE - A PROMISING MATERIAL FOR QUANTUM COMPUTING . 292 2 SIC SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY AND SIMULATION . 295 3 INTEGRATION AND MATERIAL ASPECTS FOR QUANTUM COMPUTING . 298 4 QUANTUM COMPUTING FOR SIMULATION UND OPTIMIZATION . 301 5 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK . 305 6 REFERENCES . 306 LEVERAGING MICROELECTRONICS FOR LARGE-SCALE QUANTUM COMPUTING HARDWARE . 309 1 INTRODUCTION HARDWARE FOR QUANTUM COMPUTING . 310 1.1 QUBIT PLATFORMS - A TECHNOLOGIC OVERVIEW . 311 2 CHALLENGES TOWARD MEANINGFUL SYSTEMS . 312 3 CONCRETE POTENTIAL FOR SEGMENTS OF THE QUANTUM COMPUTING STACK . 313 3.1 SUPERCONDUCTING QUBITS . 314 3.2 SPIN-BASED QUANTUM DOT QUBITS . 317 3.3 PHOTONIC QUBITS . 318 3.4 NEUTRAL ATOMS . 319 3.5 2D AND 3D INTEGRATION . 320 3.6 CO-INTEGRATION WITH CMOS LOGIC . 321 4 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK . 322 5 REFERENCES . 323 ERROR CHARACTERIZATION, MITIGATION, AND CORRECTION . 325 1 QUANTUM GATE ERROR CHARACTERIZATION . 325 1.1 FROM PROCESS TO GATE SET TOMOGRAPHY . 326 1.2 LONG-SEQUENCE QUANTUM PROCESS TOMOGRAPHY . 330 1.3 CROSSTALK CHARACTERIZATION . 331 2 ERROR MITIGATION . 332 3 QUANTUM ERROR CORRECTION . 336 3.1 CLASSICAL ERROR CORRECTION . 337 3.2 THREE-QUBIT BITFLIP CODE . 338 3.3 THRESHOLD THEOREM OF FAULT-TOLERANT QUANTUM COMPUTING . 339 4 REFERENCES . 340 QUANTUM HPC ALGORITHMS AND WORKFLOWS . 343 1 MOTIVATION: QUANTUM COMPUTERS AS ACCELERATORS OF HPC SYSTEMS . 343 2 TECHNOLOGIES AND APPROACHES . 344 3 HYBRID SIMULATION AT THE ALGORITHMIC LEVEL . 345 4 NISQ QUANTUM APPLICATIONS . 347 5 TOWARD HYBRID HPC / QUANTUM WORKFLOWS . 349 6 CHARACTERIZATION OF HYBRID WORKFLOWS AND ALGORITHMS . 350 7 IMPORTANT PARAMETERS FOR INTEGRATING QC INTO HPC SYSTEMS . 351 8 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK . 353 9 REFERENCES . 354 QUANTUM MACHINE LEARNING . 355 1 INTRODUCTION . 355 2 WHAT IS MACHINE LEARNING? . 356 3 WHAT IS QUANTUM COMPUTING? . 357 4 WHAT IS QUANTUM MACHINE LEARNING? . 359 5 CURRENT LIMITATIONS FOR QML . 363 6 SUGGESTIONS FOR QML IN THE NISQ ERA . 367 7 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK . 369 8 REFERENCES . 370 QOMPILER: INTEROPERABLE AND STANDARDIZABLE QUANTUM SOFTWARE STACK . 373 1 INTRODUCTION . 374 2 PROGRESS BEYOND STATE OF THE ART . 375 3 THE NEED FOR A STANDARDIZED SOFTWARE STACK . 377 4 QRISP: QUANTUM HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE . 379 5 STANDARDIZABLE INTERFACE . 381 6 EXPLOITATION PATHS . 383 7 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK . 384 8 REFERENCES . 385 APPROACHES TO THE STRUCTURED DEVELOPMENT, TEST, AND OPERATION OF QUANTUM-BASED ICT SYSTEMS . 387 1 INTRODUCTION . 388 2 RELATED WORK . 388 3 QUANTUM DEVOPS . 389 4 OVERVIEW OF TOOLS FOR QUANTUM DEVOPS . 392 4.1 TOOLS FOR THE DEV SUBCYCLE . 393 4.2 TOOLS FOR THE OPS SUBCYCLE . 394 4.3 OVERALL DEVOPS AUTOMATION . 395 5 BENCHMARKING FOR QUANTUM DEVOPS . 396 5.1 TRANSPILATION AND QUANTUM CIRCUIT OPTIMIZATION . 397 5.2 SIMULATIONS UNDER SUITABLE NOISE MODELS . 398 5.3 QPU BACKEND DECISION . 398 5.4 EXECUTION ON THE QPU . 399 6 USE CASES . 400 6.1 TRAVELING SALESMAN PROBLEM IN QUANTUM DEVOPS . 400 6.2 VARIATIONAL QUANVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS WITH ENHANCED IMAGE ENCODING FOR IMAGE CLASSIFICATION . 403 7 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK . 405 8 REFERENCES . 406 FRAUNHOFER COMPETENCE NETWORK QUANTUM COMPUTING . 409 1 FRAUNHOFER COMPETENCE NETWORK QUANTUM COMPUTING: AIM AND STRUCTURE . 409 2 FRAUNHOFER AS AN ENABLER FOR RESEARCH AND INDUSTRY . 411 3 CURRENT PROJECTS USING THE IBM QUANTUM SYSTEM ONE . 412 4 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK . 414 5 REFERENCES . 415 LIST OF AUTHORS . 417
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spelling	Quantum Technologies Stuttgart, Germany Fraunhofer Verlag [2022] 425 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 21 cm x 14.8 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Fraunhofer-Forschungsfokus Sensor (DE-588)4038824-4 gnd rswk-swf Quantencomputer (DE-588)4533372-5 gnd rswk-swf Quantentechnologie (DE-588)1197831657 gnd rswk-swf Quantenkommunikation (DE-588)4596977-2 gnd rswk-swf Applied optics Communications engineering Electronic engineering Entwicklungsingenieure Industrial applications Physiker Quantum field theory Quantum mechanics Quantum physics Scientific research Technological innovation Technologiemanager (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Quantentechnologie (DE-588)1197831657 s Quantenkommunikation (DE-588)4596977-2 s Quantencomputer (DE-588)4533372-5 s Sensor (DE-588)4038824-4 s DE-604 Neugebauer, Reimund 1953- (DE-588)124315828 edt Fraunhofer IRB-Verlag (DE-588)4786605-6 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-8396-1855-4 X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=fdda3462040d40f5be374fb0affdb105&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033910004&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p vlb 20220927 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#vlb
spellingShingle	Quantum Technologies Sensor (DE-588)4038824-4 gnd Quantencomputer (DE-588)4533372-5 gnd Quantentechnologie (DE-588)1197831657 gnd Quantenkommunikation (DE-588)4596977-2 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4038824-4 (DE-588)4533372-5 (DE-588)1197831657 (DE-588)4596977-2 (DE-588)4143413-4
title	Quantum Technologies
title_auth	Quantum Technologies
title_exact_search	Quantum Technologies
title_exact_search_txtP	Quantum Technologies
title_full	Quantum Technologies
title_fullStr	Quantum Technologies
title_full_unstemmed	Quantum Technologies
title_short	Quantum Technologies
title_sort	quantum technologies
topic	Sensor (DE-588)4038824-4 gnd Quantencomputer (DE-588)4533372-5 gnd Quantentechnologie (DE-588)1197831657 gnd Quantenkommunikation (DE-588)4596977-2 gnd
topic_facet	Sensor Quantencomputer Quantentechnologie Quantenkommunikation Aufsatzsammlung
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work_keys_str_mv	AT neugebauerreimund quantumtechnologies AT fraunhoferirbverlag quantumtechnologies

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